{"id":391,"date":"2023-11-26T22:01:52","date_gmt":"2023-11-26T14:01:52","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/8.141.4.74\/?p=391"},"modified":"2024-05-22T17:08:38","modified_gmt":"2024-05-22T09:08:38","slug":"linux%e5%91%bd%e4%bb%a4%e8%af%a6%e8%a7%a3%ef%bc%88%e4%b8%80%ef%bc%89","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/8.141.4.74\/?p=391","title":{"rendered":"Linux\u547d\u4ee4\u8be6\u89e3\uff08\u4e00\uff09"},"content":{"rendered":"<h1>Linux\u547d\u4ee4\u8be6\u89e3<\/h1>\n<h2>arp<\/h2>\n<p><code>arp<\/code> \u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7528\u4e8e\u7ba1\u7406 Linux \u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u7684 ARP \u7f13\u5b58\u8868\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u3002ARP\uff08Address Resolution Protocol\uff0c\u5730\u5740\u89e3\u6790\u534f\u8bae\uff09\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u7f51\u7edc\u534f\u8bae\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u5c06 IP \u5730\u5740\u6620\u5c04\u5230\u7269\u7406\u5730\u5740\uff08\u5982 MAC \u5730\u5740\uff09\u3002\u5728\u8f83\u65b0\u7684 Linux \u53d1\u884c\u7248\u4e2d\uff0c<code>arp<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u5df2\u88ab <code>ip neigh<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u53d6\u4ee3\u3002\u4f46\u5728\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u4fa7\u91cd\u4e8e\u8bb2\u89e3\u4f20\u7edf\u7684 <code>arp<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>1. \u67e5\u770b ARP \u8868\uff1a<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u8981\u67e5\u770b ARP \u7f13\u5b58\u8868\u4e2d\u7684\u6240\u6709\u6761\u76ee\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 <code>-a<\/code>\uff08<code>--display<\/code>\uff09\u9009\u9879\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">arp -a\narp -n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><strong>2. \u6dfb\u52a0\u9759\u6001 ARP \u6761\u76ee\uff1a<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u8981\u6dfb\u52a0\u4e00\u4e2a\u9759\u6001 ARP \u6761\u76ee\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 <code>-s<\/code>\uff08<code>--set<\/code>\uff09\u9009\u9879\u3002\u8fd9\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u7279\u6b8a\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u53ef\u80fd\u5f88\u6709\u7528\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u5728\u9700\u8981\u624b\u52a8\u6620\u5c04 IP \u5730\u5740\u548c MAC \u5730\u5740\u65f6\u3002<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">arp -s &lt;IP\u5730\u5740&gt; &lt;MAC\u5730\u5740&gt;\narp -s 192.168.1.2 00:11:22:33:44:55<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><strong>3. \u5220\u9664 ARP \u6761\u76ee\uff1a<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u8981\u4ece ARP \u8868\u4e2d\u5220\u9664\u4e00\u4e2a\u6761\u76ee\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 <code>-d<\/code>\uff08<code>--delete<\/code>\uff09\u9009\u9879\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">arp -d &lt;IP\u5730\u5740&gt;\narp -d 192.168.1.2\n\n#\u6e05\u7a7aarp\u7f13\u51b2\narp -d<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><strong>4. \u8bbe\u7f6e ARP \u6761\u76ee\u7684\u8d85\u65f6\uff1a<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 <code>\/proc<\/code> \u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u8bbe\u7f6e ARP \u7f13\u5b58\u9879\u7684\u8d85\u65f6\u503c\u3002\u8981\u8bbe\u7f6e ARP \u7f13\u5b58\u9879\u7684\u751f\u5b58\u65f6\u95f4\uff08\u4ee5\u79d2\u4e3a\u5355\u4f4d\uff09\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4fee\u6539 <code>\/proc\/sys\/net\/ipv4\/neigh\/default\/gc_stale_time<\/code> \u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u503c\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u8981\u5c06 ARP \u7f13\u5b58\u9879\u7684\u8d85\u65f6\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e3a 10 \u5206\u949f\uff08600 \u79d2\uff09\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u6267\u884c\u4ee5\u4e0b\u547d\u4ee4\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">echo 600 | sudo tee \/proc\/sys\/net\/ipv4\/neigh\/default\/gc_stale_time<\/code><\/pre>\n<h2>awk<\/h2>\n<p><code>awk<\/code> \u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u6587\u672c\u5904\u7406\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u5b83\u4e3b\u8981\u7528\u4e8e\u5728 Linux \u548c Unix \u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u5bf9\u6587\u672c\u6587\u4ef6\u8fdb\u884c\u5206\u6790\u3001\u5904\u7406\u548c\u751f\u6210\u62a5\u544a\u3002<code>awk<\/code> \u662f\u57fa\u4e8e\u4e00\u79cd\u540d\u4e3a AWK \u7684\u7f16\u7a0b\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u5b9e\u73b0\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u540d\u5b57\u6765\u6e90\u4e8e\u5176\u521b\u59cb\u4eba Alfred Aho\u3001Peter Weinberger \u548c Brian Kernighan \u7684\u59d3\u6c0f\u9996\u5b57\u6bcd\u3002<code>awk<\/code>\u901a\u5e38\u7528\u4e8e\u5bf9\u5217\u5f0f\u6570\u636e\u8fdb\u884c\u64cd\u4f5c\uff0c\u5b83\u4f1a\u6309\u7167\u9884\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u5b57\u6bb5\u5206\u9694\u7b26\uff08\u9ed8\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7a7a\u683c\uff09\u6765\u5206\u9694\u6587\u672c\u884c\u3002<\/p>\n<p><code>awk<\/code> \u7684\u57fa\u672c\u8bed\u6cd5\u662f\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-lua\">awk [options] &#039;pattern { action }&#039; input-file(s)\nawk [options] -f scriptfile var=value file(s)<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0c<code>pattern<\/code> \u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7528\u4e8e\u5339\u914d\u6587\u672c\u884c\u7684\u6b63\u5219\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\uff0c\u800c <code>action<\/code> \u5219\u662f\u9488\u5bf9\u5339\u914d\u5230\u7684\u884c\u8981\u6267\u884c\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c\u3002\u5f53 <code>awk<\/code> \u4ece\u8f93\u5165\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u8bfb\u53d6\u4e00\u884c\u65f6\uff0c\u5b83\u4f1a\u68c0\u67e5\u8be5\u884c\u662f\u5426\u5339\u914d <code>pattern<\/code>\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5339\u914d\uff0c\u5219\u6267\u884c\u76f8\u5e94\u7684 <code>action<\/code>\u3002<\/p>\n<p><code>option<\/code>\u9009\u9879\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>-f scriptfile<\/code>: \u4ece\u6587\u4ef6\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u547d\u4ee4\u884c\u8bfb\u53d6awk\u811a\u672c\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-F fs<\/code>: \u6307\u5b9a\u8f93\u5165\u5b57\u6bb5\u5206\u9694\u7b26\uff0c<code>fs<\/code>\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u6216\u4e00\u4e2a\u6b63\u5219\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-v var=value<\/code>: \u8bbe\u7f6e\u53d8\u91cf\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u57fa\u672c\u8bed\u6cd5\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>BEGIN { action }<\/code>: \u5728\u5f00\u59cb\u5904\u7406\u8f93\u5165\u884c\u4e4b\u524d\u6267\u884c\u4e00\u6b21action\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>{ action }<\/code>: \u5bf9\u8f93\u5165\u7684\u6bcf\u4e00\u884c\u6267\u884caction\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>END { action }<\/code>: \u5728\u5904\u7406\u5b8c\u8f93\u5165\u884c\u4e4b\u540e\u6267\u884c\u4e00\u6b21action\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u5185\u7f6e\u53d8\u91cf\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>FS<\/code>: \u8f93\u5165\u5b57\u6bb5\u5206\u9694\u7b26 (Field Separator)\uff0c\u9ed8\u8ba4\u662f\u7a7a\u683c\u548c\u5236\u8868\u7b26\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>OFS<\/code>: \u8f93\u51fa\u5b57\u6bb5\u5206\u9694\u7b26 (Output Field Separator)\uff0c\u9ed8\u8ba4\u662f\u7a7a\u683c\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>RS<\/code>: \u8f93\u5165\u8bb0\u5f55\u5206\u9694\u7b26 (Record Separator)\uff0c\u9ed8\u8ba4\u662f\u6362\u884c\u7b26\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>ORS<\/code>: \u8f93\u51fa\u8bb0\u5f55\u5206\u9694\u7b26 (Output Record Separator)\uff0c\u9ed8\u8ba4\u662f\u6362\u884c\u7b26\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>NR<\/code>: \u5f53\u524d\u5904\u7406\u7684\u8bb0\u5f55\u6570 (Number of Records)\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u884c\u6570\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>NF<\/code>: \u5f53\u524d\u8bb0\u5f55\u7684\u5b57\u6bb5\u6570\u91cf (Number of Fields)\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>FILENAME<\/code>: \u5f53\u524d\u8f93\u5165\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u540d\u79f0 (File NAME)\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>$0<\/code>: \u5b8c\u6574\u7684\u8f93\u5165\u8bb0\u5f55\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>$n<\/code>: \u7b2cn\u4e2a\u5b57\u6bb5\uff0c\u5176\u4e2dn\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6b63\u6574\u6570\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c<code>$1<\/code> \u5c31\u662f\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b57\u6bb5\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u5185\u7f6e\u51fd\u6570\uff1a<\/p>\n<p><code>awk<\/code>\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u8bb8\u591a\u5185\u7f6e\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u51fd\u6570\uff08\u5982<code>split<\/code>, <code>sub<\/code>, <code>gsub<\/code>, <code>index<\/code>\uff09\uff0c\u6570\u503c\u51fd\u6570\uff08\u5982<code>sin<\/code>, <code>cos<\/code>, <code>exp<\/code>, <code>log<\/code>, <code>sqrt<\/code>\uff09\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u7c7b\u578b\u548c\u65f6\u95f4\u51fd\u6570\u3002<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u6570\u5b66\u51fd\u6570\uff1a <code>atan2(y,x)<\/code>, <code>cos(x)<\/code>, <code>sin(x)<\/code>, <code>exp(x)<\/code>, <code>log(x)<\/code>, <code>sqrt(x)<\/code>, <code>int(x)<\/code>, <code>rand()<\/code>, <code>srand([x])<\/code>\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u51fd\u6570\uff1a <code>gensub(r, s, h [, t])<\/code>, <code>gsub(r, s [, t])<\/code>, <code>index(s, t)<\/code>, <code>length([s])<\/code>, <code>match(s, r [, a])<\/code>, <code>split(s, a [, fs])<\/code>, <code>sprintf(fmt, expr, ...)<\/code>\uff0c<code>sub(r, s [, t])<\/code>, <code>substr(s, i [, n])<\/code>, <code>tolower(s)<\/code>, <code>toupper(s)<\/code>\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u65f6\u95f4\u51fd\u6570\uff08GNU awk\uff09\uff1a <code>systime()<\/code>, <code>strftime([format [, timestamp]])<\/code>, <code>mktime(datespec)<\/code>\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u63a7\u5236\u6d41\u8bed\u53e5\uff1a<\/p>\n<p><code>awk<\/code> \u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u6d41\u8bed\u53e5\uff0c\u5305\u62ec <code>if-else<\/code>\uff0c<code>while<\/code>\uff0c<code>for<\/code>\uff0c<code>break<\/code>\uff0c<code>continue<\/code>\uff0c<code>exit<\/code> \u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">awk &#039;BEGIN { if (1+1 == 2) print &quot;1+1 equals 2&quot;; else print &quot;1+1 does not equal 2&quot;; }&#039;<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u6570\u7ec4\uff1a<\/p>\n<p><code>awk<\/code> \u652f\u6301\u4e00\u7ef4\u548c\u591a\u7ef4\u6570\u7ec4\u3002\u4f8b\u5982:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\"># \u4e00\u7ef4\u6570\u7ec4\nawk &#039;BEGIN { fruit[&quot;apple&quot;] = 1; fruit[&quot;banana&quot;] = 2; print fruit[&quot;apple&quot;]; }&#039;\n\n# \u591a\u7ef4\u6570\u7ec4\uff08\u4f7f\u7528\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u8fde\u63a5\u4f5c\u4e3a\u952e\uff09\nawk &#039;BEGIN { fruit[&quot;apple&quot;][&quot;red&quot;] = 1; fruit[&quot;banana&quot;][&quot;yellow&quot;] = 2; print fruit[&quot;apple&quot;][&quot;red&quot;]; }&#039;<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u6a21\u5f0f\u548c\u52a8\u4f5c\uff1a<\/p>\n<p><code>awk<\/code> \u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u529f\u80fd\u662f\u5728\u8f93\u5165\u884c\u5339\u914d\u7279\u5b9a\u6a21\u5f0f\u65f6\u6267\u884c\u52a8\u4f5c\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\"># \u5f53\u8f93\u5165\u884c\u5305\u542b &quot;error&quot; \u65f6\u6253\u5370\u6574\u884c\nawk &#039;\/error\/ { print }&#039; \/var\/log\/syslog<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u5728 <code>awk<\/code> \u8bed\u6cd5\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e0b\u662f\u4e00\u4e9b\u5e38\u7528\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u548c\u5143\u7d20\uff1a<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>\u5b57\u6bb5<\/strong>\uff1a<code>awk<\/code> \u9ed8\u8ba4\u4f7f\u7528\u7a7a\u683c\u6216\u5236\u8868\u7b26\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5b57\u6bb5\u5206\u9694\u7b26\uff0c\u5c06\u6bcf\u884c\u6587\u672c\u5206\u5272\u6210\u591a\u4e2a\u5b57\u6bb5\u3002\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 <code>-F<\/code> \u9009\u9879\u66f4\u6539\u5b57\u6bb5\u5206\u9694\u7b26\u3002\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5b57\u6bb5\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 <code>$n<\/code> \u5f15\u7528\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d <code>n<\/code> \u662f\u5b57\u6bb5\u7684\u5e8f\u53f7\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c<code>$1<\/code> \u8868\u793a\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b57\u6bb5\uff0c<code>$2<\/code> \u8868\u793a\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u5b57\u6bb5\uff0c\u4ee5\u6b64\u7c7b\u63a8\u3002<code>$0<\/code> \u8868\u793a\u6574\u884c\u6587\u672c\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u5185\u7f6e\u53d8\u91cf<\/strong>\uff1a<code>awk<\/code> \u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u5185\u7f6e\u53d8\u91cf\u4ee5\u65b9\u4fbf\u5904\u7406\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c<code>NF<\/code> \u8868\u793a\u5f53\u524d\u884c\u7684\u5b57\u6bb5\u6570\u91cf\uff0c<code>NR<\/code> \u8868\u793a\u5f53\u524d\u884c\u7684\u884c\u53f7\uff0c<code>FS<\/code> \u8868\u793a\u5b57\u6bb5\u5206\u9694\u7b26\uff0c<code>OFS<\/code> \u8868\u793a\u8f93\u51fa\u5b57\u6bb5\u5206\u9694\u7b26\u7b49\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u6761\u4ef6\u548c\u5faa\u73af<\/strong>\uff1a<code>awk<\/code> \u652f\u6301\u4e00\u4e9b\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u548c\u5faa\u73af\u8bed\u53e5\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982 <code>if<\/code>\u3001<code>else<\/code>\u3001<code>for<\/code>\u3001<code>while<\/code> \u7b49\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u5185\u7f6e\u51fd\u6570<\/strong>\uff1a<code>awk<\/code> \u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u5185\u7f6e\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u5982\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u5904\u7406\u51fd\u6570 <code>length()<\/code>\u3001<code>substr()<\/code>\u3001<code>index()<\/code>\uff0c\u6570\u503c\u5904\u7406\u51fd\u6570 <code>int()<\/code>\u3001<code>sqrt()<\/code> \u7b49\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u4e0b\u9762\u662f\u4e00\u4e9b <code>awk<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u793a\u4f8b\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>\u6253\u5370\u6bcf\u884c\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b57\u6bb5\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-lua\">awk &#039;{ print $1 }&#039; input-file<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8ba1\u7b97\u8f93\u5165\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u7684\u884c\u6570\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-lua\">awk &#039;END { print NR }&#039; input-file<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u67e5\u627e\u5305\u542b\u7279\u5b9a\u6a21\u5f0f\u7684\u884c\u5e76\u6253\u5370\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u5b57\u6bb5\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-lua\">awk &#039;\/pattern\/ { print $2 }&#039; input-file<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8ba1\u7b97\u8f93\u5165\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u6240\u6709\u6570\u5b57\u7684\u603b\u548c\uff08\u5047\u8bbe\u6bcf\u884c\u53ea\u5305\u542b\u4e00\u4e2a\u6570\u5b57\uff09\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-lua\">awk &#039;{ sum += $1 } END { print sum }&#039; input-file<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u4f7f\u7528\u9017\u53f7\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5b57\u6bb5\u5206\u9694\u7b26\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-lua\">awk -F, &#039;{ print $1 }&#039; input-file<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u4f7f\u7528\u5185\u7f6e\u53d8\u91cf\uff1a<code>awk<\/code>\u5177\u6709\u591a\u4e2a\u5185\u7f6e\u53d8\u91cf\uff0c\u5982<code>NR<\/code>\uff08\u5f53\u524d\u884c\u53f7\uff09\u3001<code>NF<\/code>\uff08\u5f53\u524d\u884c\u7684\u5b57\u6bb5\u6570\u91cf\uff09\u7b49\u3002\u4ee5\u4e0b\u662f\u4e00\u4e9b\u793a\u4f8b:<\/p>\n<p>a. \u8f93\u51fa\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u7684\u6bcf\u4e00\u884c\u53ca\u5176\u884c\u53f7\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">awk &#039;{ print NR, $0 }&#039; input-file<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>b. \u8f93\u51fa\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u7684\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u5217\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">awk &#039;{ print $NF }&#039; input-file<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u4f7f\u7528\u6761\u4ef6\u8bed\u53e5\uff1a<code>awk<\/code>\u652f\u6301<code>if-else<\/code>\u6761\u4ef6\u8bed\u53e5\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u6839\u636e\u6761\u4ef6\u8fdb\u884c\u64cd\u4f5c\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u8f93\u51fa\u7b2c\u4e00\u5217\u5927\u4e8e10\u7684\u884c:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">awk &#039;{ if ($1 &gt; 10) print $0 }&#039; input-file<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u4f7f\u7528\u5faa\u73af\uff1a<code>awk<\/code>\u652f\u6301<code>for<\/code>\u5faa\u73af\uff0c\u53ef\u7528\u4e8e\u904d\u5386\u6587\u672c\u884c\u7684\u6240\u6709\u5b57\u6bb5\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5c06\u6240\u6709\u5b57\u6bb5\u503c\u52a0\u500d:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">awk &#039;{ for (i = 1; i &lt;= NF; i++) $i *= 2; print }&#039; input-file<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u4f7f\u7528\u5185\u7f6e\u51fd\u6570\uff1a<code>awk<\/code>\u5177\u6709\u591a\u4e2a\u5185\u7f6e\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u5982\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u5904\u7406\u51fd\u6570<code>length<\/code>\uff08\u8ba1\u7b97\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u957f\u5ea6\uff09\u3001<code>substr<\/code>\uff08\u83b7\u53d6\u5b50\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\uff09\u7b49\u3002\u4ee5\u4e0b\u662f\u4e00\u4e9b\u793a\u4f8b\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>a. \u8ba1\u7b97\u6bcf\u884c\u7684\u957f\u5ea6\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">awk &#039;{ print length }&#039; input-file<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>b. \u63d0\u53d6\u6bcf\u884c\u7684\u524d\u4e09\u4e2a\u5b57\u7b26\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">awk &#039;{ print substr($0, 1, 3) }&#039; input-file<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u81ea\u5b9a\u4e49\u51fd\u6570\uff1a<code>awk<\/code>\u5141\u8bb8\u521b\u5efa\u81ea\u5b9a\u4e49\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u53ef\u7528\u4e8e\u6267\u884c\u590d\u6742\u4efb\u52a1\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u7f16\u5199\u4e00\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570\u8ba1\u7b97\u5e73\u65b9\u548c\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">awk &#039;function square_sum(a, b) { return a * a + b * b }\n     { print square_sum($1, $2) }&#039; input-file<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u5904\u7406\u591a\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\uff1a<code>awk<\/code>\u53ef\u4ee5\u540c\u65f6\u5904\u7406\u591a\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u8ba1\u7b97\u6240\u6709\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u603b\u884c\u6570\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">awk &#039;END { print NR }&#039; file1 file2 file3<\/code><\/pre>\n<h2>alias<\/h2>\n<blockquote>\n<p>\u5728Linux\u4e2d\uff0calias\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7528\u4e8e\u521b\u5efa\u547d\u4ee4\u522b\u540d\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u3002\u4f7f\u7528alias\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06\u4e00\u4e2a\u8f83\u957f\u6216\u8f83\u96be\u8bb0\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u540d\u79f0\u6620\u5c04\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u522b\u540d\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u60a8\u9700\u8981\u7ecf\u5e38\u4f7f\u7528ls -alh\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u60a8\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528alias\u5c06\u5176\u6620\u5c04\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u522b\u540d:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">alias ll=&#039;ls -alh&#039;<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0cll\u662f\u60a8\u521b\u5efa\u7684\u522b\u540d\uff0c'ls -alh'\u662f\u8981\u6620\u5c04\u5230\u522b\u540d\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u3002\u73b0\u5728\uff0c\u6bcf\u5f53\u60a8\u8f93\u5165ll\u65f6\uff0c\u7cfb\u7edf\u4f1a\u81ea\u52a8\u5c06\u5176\u89e3\u91ca\u4e3als -alh\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u60a8\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd0\u884calias\u547d\u4ee4\u67e5\u770b\u60a8\u5f53\u524d\u7684\u522b\u540d\u5217\u8868\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">alias<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8981\u5220\u9664\u4e00\u4e2a\u522b\u540d\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528unalias\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u540e\u8ddf\u522b\u540d\u540d\u79f0\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">unalias ll<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8fd9\u5c06\u5220\u9664\u540d\u4e3all\u7684\u522b\u540d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8bf7\u6ce8\u610f\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u522b\u540d\u53ea\u5728\u5f53\u524dshell\u4f1a\u8bdd\u4e2d\u6709\u6548\u3002\u5982\u679c\u60a8\u5e0c\u671b\u5728\u6bcf\u6b21\u542f\u52a8shell\u65f6\u90fd\u81ea\u52a8\u52a0\u8f7d\u522b\u540d\uff0c\u5219\u9700\u8981\u5c06\u5b83\u4eec\u6dfb\u52a0\u5230\u60a8\u7684shell\u914d\u7f6e\u6587\u4ef6\uff08\u4f8b\u5982~\/.bashrc\u6216~\/.zshrc\uff09\u4e2d\u3002<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">[root@centos8 etc]#vim \/root\/.bashrc\n# .bashrc\n\n# User specific aliases and functions\n\nalias rm=&#039;rm -i&#039;\nalias cp=&#039;cp -i&#039;\nalias mv=&#039;mv -i&#039;\nalias vi=&#039;vim&#039;\n# Source global definitions\nif [ -f \/etc\/bashrc ]; then\n    . \/etc\/bashrc\nfi\n\nalias scandisk=&#039;echo &#039;\\&#039;&#039;- - -&#039;\\&#039;&#039; &gt; \/sys\/class\/scsi_host\/host0\/scan;echo &#039;\\&#039;&#039;- - -&#039;\\&#039;&#039; &gt; \/sys\/class\/scsi_host\/host1\/scan;echo &#039;\\&#039;&#039;- - -&#039;\\&#039;&#039; &gt; \/sys\/class\/scsi_host\/host2\/scan&#039;\nalias nm=&#039;systemctl restart NetworkManager&#039;\nalias yy=&#039;yum -y install&#039;\nalias yr=&#039;yum remove&#039;\nalias lh=&#039;ls -lh --color=auto&#039;\nalias cdnet=&#039;cd \/etc\/sysconfig\/network-scripts\/&#039;\nalias cdrepo=&#039;cd \/etc\/yum.repos.d\/&#039;\nalias viens160=&#039;vim \/etc\/sysconfig\/network-scripts\/ifcfg-ens160&#039;\nalias epel=&#039;sed -ri \/enabled\/s\/enabled=0\/enabled=1\/\/etc\/yum.repos.d\/base.repo&#039;\nalias disepel=&#039;sed -ri \/enabled\/s\/enabled=1\/enabled=0\/\/etc\/yum.repos.d\/base.repo&#039;\nalias rm=&#039;rm -i&#039;\nalias cdnet=&#039;cd \/etc\/sysconfig\/network-scripts\/&#039;\nalias editnet=&#039;vim \/etc\/sysconfig\/network-scripts\/ifcfg-eth0&#039;\n\n#\u4ec5\u5bf9\u5f53\u524d\u7528\u6237\uff1a~\/.bashrc\n#\u5bf9\u6240\u6709\u7528\u6237\u6709\u6548\uff1a\/etc\/bashrc\n\n#\u751f\u6548\nsource \/root\/.bashrc\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<h2>atime\u3001mtime\u3001ctime<\/h2>\n<p>\u5728Linux\u4e2d\uff0c\u6709\u56db\u79cd\u65f6\u95f4\u6233\u4e0e\u6587\u4ef6\u76f8\u5173\uff1a\u8bbf\u95ee\u65f6\u95f4\uff08access time\uff0catime\uff09\u3001\u4fee\u6539\u65f6\u95f4\uff08modification time\uff0cmtime\uff09\u3001\u72b6\u6001\u6539\u53d8\u65f6\u95f4\uff08change time\uff0cctime\uff09\u548c\u5907\u4efd\u65f6\u95f4\uff08backup time\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u65f6\u95f4\u6233\u8bb0\u5f55\u4e86\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u5c5e\u6027\u548c\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u4e8e\u8bca\u65ad\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u8ddf\u8e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u53d8\u66f4\u7b49\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u8bbf\u95ee\u65f6\u95f4\uff08atime\uff09\uff1a\u8bb0\u5f55\u6587\u4ef6\u4e0a\u4e00\u6b21\u88ab\u8bbf\u95ee\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u6233\u3002\u5f53\u6587\u4ef6\u88ab\u8bfb\u53d6\u6216\u6267\u884c\u65f6\uff0c\u5b83\u7684atime\u4f1a\u88ab\u66f4\u65b0\u3002\u5728\u4e00\u4e9b\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\uff0c\u6bcf\u6b21\u5bf9\u6587\u4ef6\u8fdb\u884c\u4efb\u4f55\u64cd\u4f5c\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u4ec5\u4ec5\u6253\u5f00\u6587\u4ef6\uff09\u65f6\uff0catime\u90fd\u4f1a\u88ab\u66f4\u65b0\u3002atime\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528<code>ls -l<\/code>\u6216<code>stat<\/code>\u547d\u4ee4\u6765\u67e5\u770b\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u4fee\u6539\u65f6\u95f4\uff08mtime\uff09\uff1a\u8bb0\u5f55\u6587\u4ef6\u4e0a\u4e00\u6b21\u88ab\u4fee\u6539\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u6233\u3002\u5f53\u6587\u4ef6\u5185\u5bb9\u53d1\u751f\u6539\u53d8\u65f6\uff0c\u5b83\u7684mtime\u4f1a\u88ab\u66f4\u65b0\u3002mtime\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528<code>ls -l<\/code>\u6216<code>stat<\/code>\u547d\u4ee4\u6765\u67e5\u770b\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u72b6\u6001\u6539\u53d8\u65f6\u95f4\uff08ctime\uff09\uff1a\u8bb0\u5f55\u6587\u4ef6\u72b6\u6001\u53d1\u751f\u6539\u53d8\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u6233\u3002\u5f53\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u6216\u6743\u9650\u53d1\u751f\u53d8\u5316\u65f6\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u6587\u4ef6\u88ab\u521b\u5efa\u6216\u5220\u9664\u65f6\uff0c\u5b83\u7684ctime\u4f1a\u88ab\u66f4\u65b0\u3002ctime\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528<code>ls -l<\/code>\u6216<code>stat<\/code>\u547d\u4ee4\u6765\u67e5\u770b\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u5907\u4efd\u65f6\u95f4\uff08backup time\uff09\uff1a\u8bb0\u5f55\u6587\u4ef6\u4e0a\u4e00\u6b21\u88ab\u5907\u4efd\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u6233\u3002\u901a\u5e38\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u5907\u4efd\u65f6\u95f4\u662f\u4e0d\u53d7\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u7ba1\u7406\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u7531\u5907\u4efd\u5de5\u5177\u8bb0\u5f55\u7684\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u5728Linux\u4e2d\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528<code>touch<\/code>\u547d\u4ee4\u6765\u4fee\u6539\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u6233\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528<code>touch -a<\/code>\u547d\u4ee4\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ec5\u66f4\u65b0\u6587\u4ef6\u7684atime\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528<code>touch -m<\/code>\u547d\u4ee4\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ec5\u66f4\u65b0\u6587\u4ef6\u7684mtime\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u76f8\u6bd4\u8f83\u4e8eatime\uff0crelatime\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u4f18\u5316\u9009\u9879\u3002\u5728relatime\u6a21\u5f0f\u4e0b\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u5f53\u6587\u4ef6\u7684atime\u6bd4\u6587\u4ef6\u7684mtime\u6216ctime\u8981\u65e9\u65f6\uff0c\u624d\u4f1a\u66f4\u65b0atime\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u51cf\u5c11\u7cfb\u7edf\u66f4\u65b0atime\u7684\u6b21\u6570\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u51cf\u5c11\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684I\/O\u8d1f\u8f7d\u3002\u76ee\u524d\uff0crelatime\u5df2\u6210\u4e3aLinux\u5185\u6838\u4e2d\u7684\u9ed8\u8ba4\u9009\u9879\u3002<\/p>\n<h2>\u4e0e\u7cfb\u7edf\u6709\u5173<\/h2>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">#\u67e5\u770bcpu\nlscpu\ncat \/proc\/cpuinfo\n\n#\u67e5\u770b\u5185\u5b58\ncat \/proc\/meminfo(\u5927\u9875\u4e5f\u5728\u91cc\u9762\u770b)\nfree -h\n\n#\u67e5\u770b\u5206\u533a\nlsblk\ncat \/proc\/partitions\n\n#\u67e5\u770b\u7cfb\u7edf\u67b6\u6784\narch\n\n#\u67e5\u770b\u5185\u6838\u7248\u672c\nuname -r\n\n#\u67e5\u770b\u7cfb\u7edf\u53d1\u884c\u7248\u672c\ncat \/etc\/redhat-release(\u8fd9\u6761\u547d\u4ee4\u5c31\u662f\u4eceos-release\u91cc\u9762\u8bfb\u53d6\u51fa\u6765\u7684)\ncat \/etc\/os-release\nlsb_release -a\n\n#ubuntu\u67e5\u770b\u53d1\u578b\u7248\u672c\u547d\u4ee4\ncat \/etc\/os-release\ncat \/etc\/issue\nlsb_release -a\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<h2>blkid<\/h2>\n<blockquote>\n<p>\u5728Linux\u4e2d\uff0c<code>blkid<\/code>\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7528\u4e8e\u67e5\u8be2\u5757\u8bbe\u5907\uff08\u5982\u786c\u76d8\u3001\u5206\u533a\u7b49\uff09\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u884c\u5de5\u5177\u3002\u5b83\u53ef\u4ee5\u663e\u793a\u6709\u5173\u5757\u8bbe\u5907\u7684\u5143\u6570\u636e\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u7c7b\u578b\u3001UUID\uff08Universally Unique Identifier\uff09\u3001\u6807\u7b7e\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u5c5e\u6027\u3002<code>blkid<\/code>\u547d\u4ee4\u901a\u5e38\u7528\u4e8e\u8bc6\u522b\u548c\u67e5\u627e\u8bbe\u5907\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u6807\u8bc6\u7b26\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u786e\u5b9a\u8bbe\u5907\u4e0a\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u7c7b\u578b\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p><code>blkid<\/code>\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u8bed\u6cd5\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">blkid [\u9009\u9879] [\u8bbe\u5907...]<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><code>-c, --cache-file &lt;file&gt;<\/code>\uff1a\u6307\u5b9a\u8981\u8bfb\u53d6\u7684\u7f13\u5b58\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u9ed8\u8ba4\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u4e3a\u9ed8\u8ba4\u7f13\u5b58\u6587\u4ef6\uff08<code>\/etc\/blkid.tab<\/code>\uff09\u3002\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528<code>-c \/dev\/null<\/code>\u7981\u7528\u7f13\u5b58\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u793a\u4f8b\uff1a\u7981\u7528\u7f13\u5b58\u5e76\u6267\u884c\u8bbe\u5907\u63a2\u6d4b<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">$ blkid -c \/dev\/null \/dev\/sda1<\/code><\/pre>\n<ul>\n<li><code>-d, --no-encoding<\/code>\uff1a\u4e0d\u5bf9\u975e\u6253\u5370\u5b57\u7b26\u8fdb\u884c\u7f16\u7801\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-g, --garbage-collect<\/code>\uff1a\u6e05\u7406<code>blkid<\/code>\u7f13\u5b58\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u5220\u9664\u65e0\u6548\u7684\u6761\u76ee\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-o, --output &lt;format&gt;<\/code>\uff1a\u6307\u5b9a\u8f93\u51fa\u7684\u683c\u5f0f\uff0c\u53ef\u9009\u503c\u4e3a<code>value<\/code>\u3001<code>device<\/code>\u3001<code>export<\/code>\u6216<code>full<\/code>\u3002\u9ed8\u8ba4\u503c\u4e3a<code>full<\/code>\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u793a\u4f8b\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u8bbe\u5907\u7684UUID\u548c\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u7c7b\u578b<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">[root@Cenos8 ~]#blkid -o value -s UUID -s TYPE \/dev\/sda1 #(\/dev\/sda1\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e0d\u52a0\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5c31\u662f\u67e5\u8be2\u5168\u90e8)\n[root@Cenos8 ~]#blkid -o device -s UUID -s TYPE \/dev\/sda1\n[root@Cenos8 ~]#blkid -o export -s UUID -s TYPE \/dev\/sda1<\/code><\/pre>\n<ul>\n<li><code>-k, --list-filesystems<\/code>\uff1a\u5217\u51fa\u6240\u6709\u5df2\u77e5\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\/RAID\u7c7b\u578b\u5e76\u9000\u51fa\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-s, --match-tag &lt;tag&gt;<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u6807\u7b7e\uff08tag\uff09\uff0c\u9ed8\u8ba4\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u663e\u793a\u6240\u6709\u6807\u7b7e\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-t, --match-token &lt;token&gt;<\/code>\uff1a\u6839\u636e\u7279\u5b9a\u7684token\uff08\u540d\u79f0=\u503c\u5bf9\uff09\u67e5\u627e\u8bbe\u5907\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u793a\u4f8b\uff1a\u6839\u636eUUID\u67e5\u627e\u8bbe\u5907<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">blkid -t UUID=01234567-89ab-cdef-0123-456789abcdef<\/code><\/pre>\n<ul>\n<li><code>-l, --list-one<\/code>\uff1a\u4ec5\u67e5\u627e\u5177\u6709\u7531<code>-t<\/code>\u9009\u9879\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u6807\u7b7e\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bbe\u5907\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-L, --label &lt;label&gt;<\/code>\uff1a\u5c06LABEL\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a\u8bbe\u5907\u540d\u79f0\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u793a\u4f8b\uff1a\u6839\u636eLABEL\u67e5\u627e\u8bbe\u5907<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">blkid -L MyLabel<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><code>-U, --uuid &lt;uuid&gt;<\/code>\uff1a\u5c06UUID\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a\u8bbe\u5907\u540d\u79f0\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u793a\u4f8b\uff1a\u6839\u636eUUID\u67e5\u627e\u8bbe\u5907<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">blkid -U 01234567-89ab-cdef-0123-456789abcdef<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><code>&lt;dev&gt;<\/code>\uff1a\u6307\u5b9a\u8981\u63a2\u6d4b\u7684\u8bbe\u5907\uff0c\u9ed8\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6240\u6709\u8bbe\u5907\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u793a\u4f8b\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u7279\u5b9a\u8bbe\u5907\u7684\u4fe1\u606f<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">blkid \/dev\/sda1<\/code><\/pre>\n<ul>\n<li><code>-p, --probe<\/code>\uff1a\u6267\u884c\u4f4e\u7ea7\u522b\u7684\u8d85\u7ea7\u5757\u63a2\u6d4b\uff0c\u7ed5\u8fc7\u7f13\u5b58\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-i, --info<\/code>\uff1a\u6536\u96c6\u6709\u5173I\/O\u9650\u5236\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-S, --size &lt;size&gt;<\/code>\uff1a\u8986\u76d6\u8bbe\u5907\u7684\u5927\u5c0f\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-O, --offset &lt;offset&gt;<\/code>\uff1a\u5728\u7ed9\u5b9a\u7684\u504f\u79fb\u91cf\u5904\u8fdb\u884c\u63a2\u6d4b\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-u, --usages &lt;list&gt;<\/code>\uff1a\u6309\u7167&quot;usage&quot;\uff08\u7528\u9014\uff09\u8fdb\u884c\u8fc7\u6ee4\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-n, --match-types &lt;list&gt;<\/code>\uff1a\u6309\u7167\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u7c7b\u578b\u8fdb\u884c\u8fc7\u6ee4\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-D, --no-part-details<\/code>\uff1a\u4e0d\u663e\u793a\u5206\u533a\u8868\u7684\u8be6\u7ec6\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-h, --help<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u5e2e\u52a9\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-V, --version<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u7248\u672c\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">1.\u663e\u793a\u6240\u6709\u8bbe\u5907\u7684UUID\u548c\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u7c7b\u578b\nblkid -o value -s UUID -s TYPE\n\n2.\u6839\u636e\u8bbe\u5907\u8def\u5f84\u83b7\u53d6\u8bbe\u5907\u7684\u6807\u7b7e\nblkid -o value -s LABEL \/dev\/sda1\n\n3.\u6839\u636e\u8bbe\u5907\u7684UUID\u83b7\u53d6\u8bbe\u5907\u7684\u8def\u5f84\nblkid -U 01234567-89ab-cdef-0123-456789abcdef\n\n4.\u6839\u636e\u8bbe\u5907\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u7c7b\u578b\u5217\u51fa\u8bbe\u5907\nblkid -t TYPE=ext4\n\n5.\u7981\u7528\u7f13\u5b58\u5e76\u6267\u884c\u8bbe\u5907\u63a2\u6d4b\nblkid -c \/dev\/null \/dev\/sda1\n\n6.\u5217\u51fa\u6240\u6709\u5df2\u77e5\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\/RAID\u7c7b\u578b\nblkid -k\n\n7.\u6e05\u7406blkid\u7f13\u5b58\u6587\u4ef6\nblkid -g<\/code><\/pre>\n<h2>bzip2<\/h2>\n<blockquote>\n<p><code>bzip2<\/code> \u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u6570\u636e\u538b\u7f29\u7b97\u6cd5\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f Linux \u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u5e38\u7528\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u538b\u7f29\u5de5\u5177\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u5b83\u53ef\u4ee5\u538b\u7f29\u6587\u4ef6\u5230\u6bd4 <code>gzip<\/code> \u66f4\u5c0f\u7684\u4f53\u79ef\uff0c\u5e76\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u66f4\u9ad8\u7684\u538b\u7f29\u6bd4\u548c\u66f4\u5feb\u7684\u538b\u7f29\u901f\u5ea6\u3002\u4e0b\u9762\u5bf9 <code>bzip2<\/code> \u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u65b9\u6cd5\u8fdb\u884c\u8be6\u7ec6\u8bb2\u89e3\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p><code>bzip2<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u6709\u4ee5\u4e0b\u5e38\u7528\u9009\u9879\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>-c<\/code>: \u5c06\u8f93\u51fa\u53d1\u9001\u5230\u6807\u51c6\u8f93\u51fa\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u4e0e\u91cd\u5b9a\u5411\u7b26\u53f7\u4e00\u8d77\u4f7f\u7528\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-d<\/code>: \u89e3\u538b\u7f29\u538b\u7f29\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6587\u4ef6\u540d\u4ee5 <code>.bz2<\/code> \u7ed3\u5c3e\uff0c\u5219\u6b64\u9009\u9879\u53ef\u4ee5\u7701\u7565\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-f<\/code>: \u5f3a\u5236\u6267\u884c\u64cd\u4f5c\uff0c\u8986\u76d6\u76ee\u6807\u6587\u4ef6\u800c\u4e0d\u8be2\u95ee\u7528\u6237\u786e\u8ba4\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-k<\/code>: \u4fdd\u7559\u6e90\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u5373\u4e0d\u8986\u76d6\u539f\u6587\u4ef6\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-t<\/code>: \u6d4b\u8bd5\u538b\u7f29\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u5b8c\u6574\u6027\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u89e3\u538b\u7f29\u5b83\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-v<\/code>: \u663e\u793a\u64cd\u4f5c\u7684\u8be6\u7ec6\u8f93\u51fa\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-z<\/code>: \u538b\u7f29\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6587\u4ef6\u540d\u4ee5 <code>.bz2<\/code> \u7ed3\u5c3e\uff0c\u5219\u6b64\u9009\u9879\u53ef\u4ee5\u7701\u7565\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-q<\/code>\uff1a\u538b\u7f29\u6216\u89e3\u538b\u7f29\u65f6\u4e0d\u663e\u793a\u4efb\u4f55\u4fe1\u606f,\u9759\u9ed8\u6a21\u5f0f<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u538b\u7f29\u4e00\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u5e76\u4fdd\u7559\u6e90\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u4ee5\u4e0b\u547d\u4ee4\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">bzip2 -k filename<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u89e3\u538b\u7f29\u4e00\u4e2a\u538b\u7f29\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u4ee5\u4e0b\u547d\u4ee4<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">bzip2 -d filename.bz2<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8be5\u547d\u4ee4\u5c06\u4f1a\u5c06 <code>filename.bz2<\/code> \u6587\u4ef6\u89e3\u538b\u7f29\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u65b0\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u540d\u5c06\u662f <code>filename<\/code>\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u60f3\u5728\u89e3\u538b\u65f6\u4fdd\u7559\u539f\u59cb\u538b\u7f29\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 <code>-k<\/code> \u9009\u9879\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">bzip2 -dk filename.bz2<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u4e0a\u9762\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u5c06\u5728\u89e3\u538b\u7f29\u65f6\u4fdd\u7559\u539f\u59cb\u7684 <code>filename.bz2<\/code> \u6587\u4ef6\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8981\u4f7f\u7528 <code>bzip2<\/code> \u538b\u7f29\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u4ee5\u4e0b\u547d\u4ee4\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">bzip2 filename<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8be5\u547d\u4ee4\u5c06\u4f1a\u5c06 <code>filename<\/code> \u6587\u4ef6\u538b\u7f29\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a <code>.bz2<\/code> \u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u60f3\u5728\u538b\u7f29\u65f6\u6307\u5b9a\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u538b\u7f29\u7ea7\u522b\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 <code>-k<\/code> \u9009\u9879\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">bzip2 -k -9 filename<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u4e0a\u9762\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u5c06\u4f7f\u7528\u6700\u9ad8\u7684\u538b\u7f29\u7ea7\u522b <code>-9<\/code> \u6765\u538b\u7f29\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u4fdd\u7559\u539f\u59cb\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\u8be5\u547d\u4ee4\u5c06\u751f\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684 <code>.bz2<\/code> \u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u800c\u539f\u59cb\u6587\u4ef6\u5219\u4e0d\u4f1a\u88ab\u5220\u9664\u30021-9,\u9ed8\u8ba4\u662f9<\/p>\n<p>\u8981\u67e5\u770b <code>bzip2<\/code> \u538b\u7f29\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u4ee5\u4e0b\u547d\u4ee4\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">bzip2 -l filename.bz2<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8be5\u547d\u4ee4\u5c06\u8f93\u51fa <code>filename.bz2<\/code> \u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u538b\u7f29\u6bd4\u3001\u6587\u4ef6\u5927\u5c0f\u3001\u538b\u7f29\u65f6\u95f4\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8981\u5c06\u591a\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u538b\u7f29\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a <code>.bz2<\/code> \u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u4ee5\u4e0b\u547d\u4ee4\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">bzip2 -k -c file1 file2 file3 &gt; archive.bz2<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8be5\u547d\u4ee4\u5c06\u4f1a\u5c06 <code>file1<\/code>\u3001<code>file2<\/code> \u548c <code>file3<\/code> \u6587\u4ef6\u538b\u7f29\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a <code>.bz2<\/code> \u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u8be5\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u540d\u662f <code>archive.bz2<\/code>\u3002\u4f7f\u7528 <code>-c<\/code> \u9009\u9879\u5c06\u8f93\u51fa\u7ed3\u679c\u76f4\u63a5\u8f93\u51fa\u5230\u6807\u51c6\u8f93\u51fa\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u4f7f\u7528\u91cd\u5b9a\u5411\u7b26 <code>&gt;<\/code> \u5c06\u6807\u51c6\u8f93\u51fa\u4fdd\u5b58\u5230\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8981\u89e3\u538b\u4e00\u4e2a\u538b\u7f29\u4e86\u591a\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u7684 <code>.bz2<\/code> \u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u4ee5\u4e0b\u547d\u4ee4\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">bzip2 -dk archive.bz2<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8be5\u547d\u4ee4\u5c06\u4f1a\u5c06 <code>archive.bz2<\/code> \u6587\u4ef6\u89e3\u538b\u7f29\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4fdd\u7559\u539f\u59cb\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u5c06\u8fd8\u539f\u5230\u5b83\u4eec\u539f\u6765\u6240\u5728\u7684\u76ee\u5f55\u4e2d\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>tar\u3001gzip\u3001bzip2\u3001xz\u7684\u533a\u522b<\/h3>\n<blockquote>\n<p>\u5728 Linux \u4e2d\uff0c <code>tar<\/code> \u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6253\u5305\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u5c06\u591a\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u6216\u76ee\u5f55\u6253\u5305\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u5355\u72ec\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u3002 <code>gzip<\/code>\uff0c<code>bzip2<\/code>\uff0c<code>xz<\/code> \u662f\u538b\u7f29\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06\u6587\u4ef6\u6216\u6570\u636e\u6d41\u8fdb\u884c\u538b\u7f29\uff0c\u4ee5\u51cf\u5c0f\u6587\u4ef6\u5927\u5c0f\uff0c\u63d0\u9ad8\u6587\u4ef6\u4f20\u8f93\u6548\u7387.<\/p>\n<p>gzip\u3001bzip2\u3001xz\u4e00\u822c\u53ea\u80fd\u6253\u5305\u4e00\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u4e00\u822c\u90fd\u662f\u5c06\u6587\u4ef6\u6216\u76ee\u5f55\u6253\u6210tar\u5305\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u518d\u4f7f\u7528\u4e09\u79cd\u8fdb\u884c\u538b\u7f29\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>\u533a\u522b\uff1a<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u538b\u7f29\u7b97\u6cd5\u4e0d\u540c\uff1agzip\u91c7\u7528\u7684\u662fLempel-Ziv\u7b97\u6cd5\uff0cbzip2\u91c7\u7528\u7684\u662fBurrows-Wheeler\u7b97\u6cd5\uff0cxz\u91c7\u7528\u7684\u662fLZMA\u7b97\u6cd5\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u538b\u7f29\u7387\u4e0d\u540c\uff1a\u4e00\u822c\u6765\u8bf4\uff0cbzip2\u7684\u538b\u7f29\u7387\u6bd4gzip\u9ad8\uff0cxz\u7684\u538b\u7f29\u7387\u53c8\u6bd4bzip2\u9ad8\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u9ad8\u538b\u7f29\u7387\u4e5f\u4f1a\u5e26\u6765\u66f4\u957f\u7684\u538b\u7f29\u65f6\u95f4\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u538b\u7f29\/\u89e3\u538b\u901f\u5ea6\u4e0d\u540c\uff1agzip\u7684\u538b\u7f29\/\u89e3\u538b\u901f\u5ea6\u662f\u6700\u5feb\u7684\uff0cbzip2\u7684\u901f\u5ea6\u6bd4gzip\u6162\uff0cxz\u7684\u901f\u5ea6\u6bd4bzip2\u6162\u5f97\u591a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u901a\u5e38\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c <code>tar<\/code> \u548c\u538b\u7f29\u547d\u4ee4\u4e00\u8d77\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u4ee5\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f52\u6863\u6587\u4ef6\u5e76\u8fdb\u884c\u538b\u7f29\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2atar\u548cgzip\u538b\u7f29\u7684\u5f52\u6863\u6587\u4ef6\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">tar -czvf archive.tar.gz \/path\/to\/directory<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2atar\u548cbzip2\u538b\u7f29\u7684\u5f52\u6863\u6587\u4ef6:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">tar -cjvf archive.tar.bz2 \/path\/to\/directory<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2atar\u548cxz\u538b\u7f29\u7684\u5f52\u6863\u6587\u4ef6\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">tar -cJvf archive.tar.xz \/path\/to\/directory<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u6ce8\u610f\uff0c\u5728\u89e3\u538b\u5f52\u6863\u6587\u4ef6\u65f6\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u4f7f\u7528\u76f8\u5e94\u7684\u538b\u7f29\u547d\u4ee4\u8fdb\u884c\u89e3\u538b\u7f29\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u8981\u89e3\u538b <code>archive.tar.gz<\/code> \u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u4ee5\u4e0b\u547d\u4ee4\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">gzip -d archive.tar.gz\ntar -xvf archive.tar<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u6216\u8005\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u4ee5\u4e0b\u547d\u4ee4\u8fdb\u884c\u4e00\u6b21\u6027\u89e3\u538b\u7f29\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">tar -xzvf archive.tar.gz<\/code><\/pre>\n<h2>chkconfig<\/h2>\n<p><code>chkconfig<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u5728 Linux \u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u7528\u4e8e\u7ba1\u7406\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u811a\u672c\u3002\u5b83\u7528\u4e8e\u6dfb\u52a0\u3001\u5220\u9664\u3001\u542f\u52a8\u3001\u91cd\u542f\u3001\u5173\u95ed\u7cfb\u7edf\u670d\u52a1\u3002\u5b83\u4e3b\u8981\u7528\u4e8e\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u8fd0\u884c\u7ea7\u522b\u4e2d\u5f00\u542f\u6216\u5173\u95ed\u7cfb\u7edf\u670d\u52a1\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u975e\u5e38\u6709\u7528\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u4e00\u6761\u547d\u4ee4\u4e2d\u63a7\u5236\u591a\u4e2a\u8fd0\u884c\u7ea7\u522b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4ee5\u4e0b\u662f <code>chkconfig<\/code> \u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u5e38\u89c1\u9009\u9879\u548c\u7528\u6cd5\uff1a<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><code>chkconfig --list [service]<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u6240\u6709\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u670d\u52a1\u7684\u542f\u52a8\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6307\u5b9a\u4e86\u670d\u52a1\u540d\u79f0\uff0c\u5c31\u53ea\u663e\u793a\u90a3\u4e2a\u670d\u52a1\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>chkconfig --add [service]<\/code>\uff1a\u589e\u52a0\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u670d\u52a1\uff0c\u8ba9 <code>chkconfig<\/code> \u8fdb\u884c\u7ba1\u7406\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>chkconfig --del [service]<\/code>\uff1a\u5220\u9664\u4e00\u4e2a\u670d\u52a1\uff0c\u4e0d\u518d\u7531 <code>chkconfig<\/code> \u8fdb\u884c\u7ba1\u7406\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>chkconfig [service] on<\/code>\uff1a\u5728\u5f53\u524d\u8fd0\u884c\u7ea7\u522b\u4e2d\u542f\u52a8\u4e00\u4e2a\u670d\u52a1\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5728\u7cfb\u7edf\u542f\u52a8\u65f6\u9ed8\u8ba4\u542f\u52a8\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>chkconfig [service] off<\/code>\uff1a\u5173\u95ed\u4e00\u4e2a\u670d\u52a1\uff0c\u963b\u6b62\u5b83\u5728\u7cfb\u7edf\u542f\u52a8\u65f6\u542f\u52a8\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>chkconfig --level [levels] [service] on\/off<\/code>\uff1a\u8bbe\u7f6e\u6307\u5b9a\u8fd0\u884c\u7ea7\u522b\u7684\u670d\u52a1\u662f\u5426\u542f\u52a8\u3002<code>levels<\/code> \u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6216\u591a\u4e2a\u6570\u5b57\uff0c\u4ee3\u8868\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u8fd0\u884c\u7ea7\u522b\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>chkconfig [service] --list<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u4e00\u4e2a\u670d\u52a1\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u8fd0\u884c\u7ea7\u522b\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u60f3\u5728\u8fd0\u884c\u7ea7\u522b 3 \u548c 5 \u4e2d\u542f\u52a8 httpd \u670d\u52a1\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u4ee5\u4e0b\u547d\u4ee4\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">chkconfig --level 35 httpd on<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u60f3\u67e5\u770b\u6240\u6709\u670d\u52a1\u7684\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u4ee5\u4e0b\u547d\u4ee4\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">chkconfig --list<\/code><\/pre>\n<h2>curl<\/h2>\n<p><code>curl<\/code> \u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7528\u4e8e\u5728\u547d\u4ee4\u884c\u4e2d\u8fdb\u884c\u6570\u636e\u4f20\u8f93\u7684\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u652f\u6301\u591a\u79cd\u534f\u8bae\uff0c\u5982 HTTP\u3001HTTPS\u3001FTP \u7b49\u3002\u4e0b\u9762\u662f <code>curl<\/code> \u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u5e38\u89c1\u7528\u6cd5\u548c\u793a\u4f8b\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>\u57fa\u672c\u7528\u6cd5<\/h3>\n<h4>1. \u53d1\u9001 GET \u8bf7\u6c42<\/h4>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">curl http:\/\/example.com<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u4f1a\u53d1\u9001\u4e00\u4e2a GET \u8bf7\u6c42\u5230\u6307\u5b9a\u7684 URL \u5e76\u8fd4\u56de\u54cd\u5e94\u5185\u5bb9\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>2. \u53d1\u9001 POST \u8bf7\u6c42<\/h4>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">curl -X POST http:\/\/example.com -d &quot;name=value&quot;<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><code>-X POST<\/code> \u6307\u5b9a\u4f7f\u7528 POST \u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c<code>-d<\/code> \u9009\u9879\u7528\u6765\u53d1\u9001\u6570\u636e\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>3. \u53d1\u9001\u5e26\u6709\u5934\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u8bf7\u6c42<\/h4>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">curl -H &quot;Content-Type: application\/json&quot; http:\/\/example.com<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><code>-H<\/code> \u9009\u9879\u7528\u6765\u6dfb\u52a0\u8bf7\u6c42\u5934\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>4. \u53d1\u9001 JSON \u6570\u636e\u7684 POST \u8bf7\u6c42<\/h4>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">curl -X POST http:\/\/example.com -H &quot;Content-Type: application\/json&quot; -d &#039;{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;value&quot;}&#039;<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u4f1a\u53d1\u9001\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e26\u6709 JSON \u6570\u636e\u7684 POST \u8bf7\u6c42\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>5. \u4e0b\u8f7d\u6587\u4ef6<\/h4>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">curl -O http:\/\/example.com\/file.txt<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><code>-O<\/code> \u9009\u9879\u4f1a\u5c06\u6587\u4ef6\u4e0b\u8f7d\u5e76\u4fdd\u5b58\u5230\u672c\u5730\uff0c\u6587\u4ef6\u540d\u4e0e\u8fdc\u7a0b\u6587\u4ef6\u76f8\u540c\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>6. \u4f7f\u7528\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u540d\u4e0b\u8f7d\u6587\u4ef6<\/h4>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">curl -o myfile.txt http:\/\/example.com\/file.txt<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><code>-o<\/code> \u9009\u9879\u5141\u8bb8\u4f60\u6307\u5b9a\u4e0b\u8f7d\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u540d\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>7. \u53d1\u9001\u5e26\u6709\u8ba4\u8bc1\u7684\u8bf7\u6c42<\/h4>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">curl -u username:password http:\/\/example.com<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><code>-u<\/code> \u9009\u9879\u7528\u6765\u8bbe\u7f6e HTTP \u57fa\u672c\u8ba4\u8bc1\u7684\u7528\u6237\u540d\u548c\u5bc6\u7801\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>8. \u8ddf\u8e2a\u91cd\u5b9a\u5411<\/h4>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">curl -L http:\/\/example.com<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><code>-L<\/code> \u9009\u9879\u7528\u6765\u8ba9 <code>curl<\/code> \u8ddf\u8e2a\u91cd\u5b9a\u5411\u8bf7\u6c42\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>\u8fdb\u9636\u7528\u6cd5<\/h3>\n<h4>1. \u4fdd\u5b58 cookie<\/h4>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">curl -c cookies.txt http:\/\/example.com<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><code>-c<\/code> \u9009\u9879\u7528\u6765\u5c06 cookies \u4fdd\u5b58\u5230\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>2. \u4f7f\u7528\u4fdd\u5b58\u7684 cookie<\/h4>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">curl -b cookies.txt http:\/\/example.com<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><code>-b<\/code> \u9009\u9879\u7528\u6765\u4ece\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u8bfb\u53d6 cookies \u5e76\u53d1\u9001\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>3. \u9650\u5236\u8bf7\u6c42\u901f\u7387<\/h4>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">curl --limit-rate 100K http:\/\/example.com<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><code>--limit-rate<\/code> \u9009\u9879\u7528\u6765\u9650\u5236\u4e0b\u8f7d\u901f\u5ea6\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>4. \u8bbe\u7f6e\u81ea\u5b9a\u4e49\u8bf7\u6c42\u5934<\/h4>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">curl -H &quot;Authorization: Bearer token&quot; http:\/\/example.com<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><code>-H<\/code> \u9009\u9879\u7528\u6765\u8bbe\u7f6e\u81ea\u5b9a\u4e49\u8bf7\u6c42\u5934\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u7528\u4e8e\u6388\u6743\u7684 Bearer token\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>5. \u4e0a\u4f20\u6587\u4ef6<\/h4>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">curl -F &quot;file=@\/path\/to\/file&quot; http:\/\/example.com\/upload<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><code>-F<\/code> \u9009\u9879\u7528\u6765\u53d1\u9001\u8868\u5355\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d <code>@<\/code> \u540e\u9762\u8ddf\u6587\u4ef6\u8def\u5f84\u8868\u793a\u4e0a\u4f20\u6587\u4ef6\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>6. \u67e5\u770b\u8bf7\u6c42\u8be6\u7ec6\u4fe1\u606f<\/h4>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">curl -v http:\/\/example.com<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><code>-v<\/code> \u9009\u9879\u7528\u6765\u8f93\u51fa\u8be6\u7ec6\u7684\u8bf7\u6c42\u548c\u54cd\u5e94\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u65b9\u4fbf\u8c03\u8bd5\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>7. \u8f93\u51fa\u54cd\u5e94\u5934<\/h4>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">curl -I http:\/\/example.com<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><code>-I<\/code> \u9009\u9879\u7528\u6765\u53ea\u8f93\u51fa\u54cd\u5e94\u5934\uff0c\u4e0d\u5305\u62ec\u54cd\u5e94\u4f53\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>\u5e38\u89c1\u9009\u9879\u6c47\u603b<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><code>-X<\/code>\uff1a\u6307\u5b9a\u8bf7\u6c42\u65b9\u6cd5\uff08GET\u3001POST\u3001PUT\u3001DELETE \u7b49\uff09\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-d<\/code>\uff1a\u53d1\u9001\u6570\u636e\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-H<\/code>\uff1a\u8bbe\u7f6e\u8bf7\u6c42\u5934\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-u<\/code>\uff1a\u8bbe\u7f6e\u7528\u6237\u540d\u548c\u5bc6\u7801\u8fdb\u884c\u57fa\u672c\u8ba4\u8bc1\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-o<\/code> \u548c <code>-O<\/code>\uff1a\u4e0b\u8f7d\u6587\u4ef6\u5e76\u4fdd\u5b58\u5230\u672c\u5730\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-L<\/code>\uff1a\u8ddf\u8e2a\u91cd\u5b9a\u5411\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-c<\/code> \u548c <code>-b<\/code>\uff1a\u4fdd\u5b58\u548c\u8bfb\u53d6 cookies\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>--limit-rate<\/code>\uff1a\u9650\u5236\u4e0b\u8f7d\u901f\u7387\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-v<\/code>\uff1a\u8f93\u51fa\u8be6\u7ec6\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-I<\/code>\uff1a\u53ea\u8f93\u51fa\u54cd\u5e94\u5934\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>cd<\/h2>\n<blockquote>\n<p><code>cd<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u662f Linux \u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u6700\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u6539\u53d8\u5f53\u524d\u5de5\u4f5c\u76ee\u5f55\u3002\u5728 Linux \u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u6587\u4ef6\u548c\u76ee\u5f55\u90fd\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u548c\u76ee\u5f55\u90fd\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u76f8\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6839\u76ee\u5f55\u7684\u8def\u5f84\u3002\u5728 Linux \u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\uff0c\u5f53\u524d\u5de5\u4f5c\u76ee\u5f55\u662f\u7528\u6237\u5f53\u524d\u6b63\u5728\u64cd\u4f5c\u7684\u76ee\u5f55\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u7528\u6237\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u5f53\u524d\u76ee\u5f55\u4e2d\u521b\u5efa\u3001\u7f16\u8f91\u548c\u5220\u9664\u6587\u4ef6<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<ol>\n<li>\u8fdb\u5165\u5230 home \u76ee\u5f55\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">cd ~<\/code><\/pre>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li>\u8fdb\u5165\u5230\u4e0a\u4e00\u7ea7\u76ee\u5f55\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">cd ..<\/code><\/pre>\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li>\u8fdb\u5165\u5230\u6307\u5b9a\u76ee\u5f55\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">cd \/path\/to\/directory<\/code><\/pre>\n<ol start=\"4\">\n<li>\u5165\u5230\u6839\u76ee\u5f55:<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">cd \/<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u9700\u8981\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u76ee\u5f55\u540d\u5305\u542b\u7a7a\u683c\u6216\u5176\u4ed6\u7279\u6b8a\u5b57\u7b26\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u7528\u5f15\u53f7\u6216\u53cd\u659c\u6760\u8fdb\u884c\u8f6c\u4e49\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u6709\u7528\u7684 <code>cd<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u9009\u9879\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><code>cd -<\/code>\uff1a\u8fd4\u56de\u4e0a\u4e00\u6b21\u5de5\u4f5c\u76ee\u5f55\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>cd --<\/code>\uff1a\u5207\u6362\u5230\u5bb6\u76ee\u5f55\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u5f53\u524d\u7684 shell \u73af\u5883\u53d8\u91cf $HOME \u5df2\u88ab\u66f4\u6539\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>cd -P<\/code>\uff1a\u5207\u6362\u5230\u7269\u7406\u8def\u5f84\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u76ee\u5f55\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u7b26\u53f7\u94fe\u63a5\u6240\u6307\u5411\u7684\u8def\u5f84\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2>chpasswd<\/h2>\n<p><code>chpasswd<\/code>\u547d\u4ee4\u662f\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u66f4\u6539\u7528\u6237\u5bc6\u7801\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u65b9\u6cd5\u7565\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u3002<code>chpasswd<\/code>\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u662f\u4ece\u6807\u51c6\u8f93\u5165\u8bfb\u53d6\u7528\u6237\u540d\u548c\u5bc6\u7801\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u5b83\u4eec\u4fdd\u5b58\u5230\u7cfb\u7edf\u5bc6\u7801\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c<code>chpasswd<\/code>\u547d\u4ee4\u901a\u5e38\u7528\u4e8e\u6279\u91cf\u66f4\u6539\u7528\u6237\u5bc6\u7801\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u4ea4\u4e92\u5f0f\u66f4\u6539\u3002<\/p>\n<p><code>chpasswd<\/code>\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u8bed\u6cd5\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">$ chpasswd [OPTIONS]<\/code><\/pre>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\"># `chpasswd`\u547d\u4ee4\u652f\u6301\u4ee5\u4e0b\u9009\u9879\uff1a\n-c, --crypt-method METHOD: \u4f7f\u7528\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u52a0\u5bc6\u65b9\u6cd5\u6765\u52a0\u5bc6\u5bc6\u7801\u3002METHOD \u53c2\u6570\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f NONE, DES, MD5, SHA256, \u6216 SHA512\u3002\u8fd9\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e86\u5bc6\u7801\u5b58\u50a8\u65f6\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u52a0\u5bc6\u7b97\u6cd5\u3002\n-e, --encrypted: \u8868\u793a\u63d0\u4f9b\u7ed9\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u5bc6\u7801\u5df2\u7ecf\u662f\u52a0\u5bc6\u7684\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u518d\u6b21\u52a0\u5bc6\u3002\u8fd9\u5728\u4f60\u5df2\u7ecf\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u52a0\u5bc6\u7684\u5bc6\u7801\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u76f4\u63a5\u8bbe\u7f6e\u5b83\u4eec\u65f6\u5f88\u6709\u7528\u3002\n-h, --help: \u663e\u793a\u5e2e\u52a9\u4fe1\u606f\u5e76\u9000\u51fa\u3002\u8fd9\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u4f60\u5fd8\u8bb0\u4e86\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u53c2\u6570\u6216\u9009\u9879\u65f6\u4f7f\u7528\u3002\n-m, --md5: \u4f7f\u7528 MD5 \u7b97\u6cd5\u52a0\u5bc6\u660e\u6587\u5bc6\u7801\u3002\u6ce8\u610f\uff0cMD5 \u7b97\u6cd5\u73b0\u5728\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u4e0d\u591f\u5b89\u5168\u7684\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u4e0d\u5efa\u8bae\u7528\u4e8e\u5bc6\u7801\u52a0\u5bc6\u3002\n-R, --root CHROOT_DIR: \u4f7f\u7528 chroot \u5207\u6362\u5230\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u76ee\u5f55\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u9ad8\u7ea7\u9009\u9879\uff0c\u5141\u8bb8\u4f60\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u9694\u79bb\u7684\u76ee\u5f55\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u6267\u884c chpasswd \u547d\u4ee4\u3002\n-s, --sha-rounds: \u6307\u5b9a\u7528\u4e8e SHA* \u7b97\u6cd5\u7684\u8f6e\u6570\u3002\u589e\u52a0\u8f6e\u6570\u4f1a\u4f7f\u52a0\u5bc6\u66f4\u5b89\u5168\uff0c\u4f46\u4f1a\u6d88\u8017\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u5904\u7406\u80fd\u529b\u3002<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><code>chpasswd<\/code>\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u6700\u5e38\u89c1\u7528\u6cd5\u662f\u5c06\u7528\u6237\u540d\u548c\u5bc6\u7801\u5217\u8868\u4fdd\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u4f7f\u7528\u91cd\u5b9a\u5411\u5c06\u5176\u8f93\u5165\u5230<code>chpasswd<\/code>\u547d\u4ee4\u4e2d\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-makefile\">$ cat password.txt\nuser1:password1\nuser2:password2\nuser3:password3\n\nchpasswd &lt; password.txtz\ncat password.txt | chpasswd\n\u8fd9\u4f1a\u4f7f\u7528\u9ed8\u8ba4\u7684\u52a0\u5bc6\u65b9\u6cd5(DES)\u6765\u52a0\u5bc6\u5bc6\u7801\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u60f3\u4f7f\u7528\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u52a0\u5bc6\u7b97\u6cd5\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 -c \u9009\u9879\uff1a\ncat passwords.txt | chpasswd -c SHA512<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u4ee5\u4e0a\u793a\u4f8b\u5c06\u4ece<code>password.txt<\/code>\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u8bfb\u53d6\u7528\u6237\u540d\u548c\u5bc6\u7801\u5217\u8868\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u5b83\u4eec\u4fdd\u5b58\u5230\u7cfb\u7edf\u5bc6\u7801\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u3002<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">echo &quot;123456&quot; | passwd &quot;$username&quot; --stdin\n\necho &quot;username:123456&quot; | chpasswd<\/code><\/pre>\n<h2>cp<\/h2>\n<blockquote>\n<p><code>cp<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u662f Linux \u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e38\u7528\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u590d\u5236\u6587\u4ef6\u6216\u76ee\u5f55\u3002\u5728 Linux \u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\uff0c\u7528\u6237\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 <code>cp<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u5c06\u6587\u4ef6\u6216\u76ee\u5f55\u4ece\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f4d\u7f6e\u590d\u5236\u5230\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff0c\u4ee5\u5907\u4efd\u6570\u636e\u6216\u8fdb\u884c\u6587\u4ef6\u7ba1\u7406\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\"># \u9009\u9879\uff1a\n-a, --archive\uff1a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9009\u9879\u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e -dR --preserve=all\uff0c\u5b83\u4fdd\u7559\u94fe\u63a5\uff0c\u6587\u4ef6\u5c5e\u6027\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u9012\u5f52\u5730\u590d\u5236\u76ee\u5f55\u3002\n--attributes-only\uff1a\u53ea\u590d\u5236\u6587\u4ef6\u5c5e\u6027\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u590d\u5236\u6587\u4ef6\u6570\u636e\u3002\n--backup[=CONTROL]\uff1a\u5bf9\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5df2\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u6587\u4ef6\u521b\u5efa\u5907\u4efd\u3002\n-b\uff1a\u4e0e --backup \u7c7b\u4f3c\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u63a5\u53d7\u53c2\u6570\u3002\n--copy-contents\uff1a\u5728\u9012\u5f52\u590d\u5236\u65f6\uff0c\u590d\u5236\u7279\u6b8a\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u3002\n-d\uff1a\u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e --no-dereference --preserve=links\uff0c\u5b83\u5c1d\u8bd5\u4fdd\u7559\u94fe\u63a5\u3002\n-f, --force\uff1a\u5982\u679c\u65e0\u6cd5\u6253\u5f00\u5df2\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u5c1d\u8bd5\u79fb\u9664\u5b83\u5e76\u91cd\u8bd5\u3002\n-i, --interactive\uff1a\u5728\u8986\u76d6\u524d\u63d0\u793a\u7528\u6237\u3002\n-H\uff1a\u5728 SOURCE \u4e2d\u8ddf\u968f\u547d\u4ee4\u884c\u7b26\u53f7\u94fe\u63a5\u3002\n-l, --link\uff1a\u521b\u5efa\u786c\u94fe\u63a5\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u590d\u5236\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\n-L, --dereference\uff1a\u603b\u662f\u8ddf\u968f SOURCE \u4e2d\u7684\u7b26\u53f7\u94fe\u63a5\u3002\n-n, --no-clobber\uff1a\u5982\u679c\u5b58\u5728\u5df2\u6709\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u4e0d\u8fdb\u884c\u8986\u76d6\u3002\n-P, --no-dereference\uff1a\u6c38\u8fdc\u4e0d\u8ddf\u968f SOURCE \u4e2d\u7684\u7b26\u53f7\u94fe\u63a5\u3002\n-p\uff1a\u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e --preserve=mode,ownership,timestamps\uff0c\u4fdd\u7559\u6a21\u5f0f\u3001\u6240\u6709\u6743\u548c\u65f6\u95f4\u6233\u3002\n--preserve[=ATTR_LIST]\uff1a\u4fdd\u7559\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u3002\n--no-preserve=ATTR_LIST\uff1a\u4e0d\u4fdd\u7559\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u3002\n--parents\uff1a\u5728 DIRECTORY \u4e0b\u4f7f\u7528\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\u6e90\u6587\u4ef6\u540d\u3002\n-R, -r, --recursive\uff1a\u9012\u5f52\u5730\u590d\u5236\u76ee\u5f55\u3002\n--reflink[=WHEN]\uff1a\u63a7\u5236\u514b\u9686\/CoW\uff08\u5199\u65f6\u590d\u5236\uff09\u7684\u590d\u5236\u3002\n--remove-destination\uff1a\u5728\u5c1d\u8bd5\u6253\u5f00\u524d\uff0c\u5220\u9664\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\n--sparse=WHEN\uff1a\u63a7\u5236\u7a00\u758f\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u521b\u5efa\u3002\n--strip-trailing-slashes\uff1a\u4ece\u6bcf\u4e2a SOURCE \u53c2\u6570\u4e2d\u5220\u9664\u5c3e\u968f\u7684\u659c\u6760\u3002\n-s, --symbolic-link\uff1a\u521b\u5efa\u7b26\u53f7\u94fe\u63a5\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u590d\u5236\u3002\n-S, --suffix=SUFFIX\uff1a\u8986\u76d6\u901a\u5e38\u7684\u5907\u4efd\u540e\u7f00\u3002\n-t, --target-directory=DIRECTORY\uff1a\u5c06\u6240\u6709 SOURCE \u53c2\u6570\u590d\u5236\u5230 DIRECTORY\u3002\n-T, --no-target-directory\uff1a\u5c06 DEST \u5f53\u4f5c\u666e\u901a\u6587\u4ef6\u5bf9\u5f85\u3002\n-u, --update\uff1a\u53ea\u6709\u5f53 SOURCE \u6587\u4ef6\u6bd4\u76ee\u6807\u6587\u4ef6\u65b0\uff0c\u6216\u76ee\u6807\u6587\u4ef6\u7f3a\u5931\u65f6\uff0c\u624d\u8fdb\u884c\u590d\u5236\u3002\n-v, --verbose\uff1a\u89e3\u91ca\u6b63\u5728\u8fdb\u884c\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c\u3002\n-x, --one-file-system\uff1a\u505c\u7559\u5728\u5f53\u524d\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002\n-Z\uff1a\u5c06\u76ee\u6807\u6587\u4ef6\u7684 SELinux \u5b89\u5168\u4e0a\u4e0b\u6587\u8bbe\u4e3a\u9ed8\u8ba4\u7c7b\u578b\u3002\n--context[=CTX]\uff1a\u7c7b\u4f3c -Z\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u5982\u679c\u6307\u5b9a\u4e86 CTX\uff0c\u5219\u5c06 SELinux \u6216 SMACK \u5b89\u5168\u4e0a\u4e0b\u6587\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e3a CTX\u3002\n--help\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u5e2e\u52a9\u4fe1\u606f\u5e76\u9000\u51fa\u3002\n--version\uff1a\u8f93\u51fa\u7248\u672c\u4fe1\u606f\u5e76\u9000\u51fa\u3002<\/code><\/pre>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\"># \u6848\u4f8b\n# 1. \u590d\u5236\u6587\u4ef6\u5230\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u76ee\u5f55\uff1a\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u60f3\u5c06\u6587\u4ef6 &quot;file1.txt&quot; \u4ece\u5f53\u524d\u76ee\u5f55\u590d\u5236\u5230 &quot;\/path\/to\/destination&quot; \u76ee\u5f55\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\uff1a\ncp file1.txt \/path\/to\/destination\n\n# 2.\u590d\u5236\u591a\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u5230\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u76ee\u5f55\uff1a\u8981\u5c06 &quot;file1.txt&quot; \u548c &quot;file2.txt&quot; \u590d\u5236\u5230 &quot;\/path\/to\/destination&quot; \u76ee\u5f55\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\uff1a\ncp file1.txt file2.txt \/path\/to\/destination\n\n# 3.\u590d\u5236\u76ee\u5f55\u53ca\u5176\u6240\u6709\u5185\u5bb9\uff1a\u8981\u590d\u5236\u4e00\u4e2a\u6574\u4e2a\u76ee\u5f55\u53ca\u5176\u6240\u6709\u5185\u5bb9\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u5b50\u76ee\u5f55\u548c\u6587\u4ef6\uff09\uff0c\u4f60\u9700\u8981\u4f7f\u7528 -R \uff08\u6216 --recursive\uff09\u9009\u9879\uff0c\u5982\uff1a\ncp -R \/path\/to\/source_directory \/path\/to\/destination_directory\n\n# 4.\u4ea4\u4e92\u5f0f\u590d\u5236\uff1a\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u60f3\u5728\u8986\u76d6\u76ee\u6807\u6587\u4ef6\u4e4b\u524d\u5f97\u5230\u63d0\u793a\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 -i \uff08\u6216 --interactive\uff09\u9009\u9879\uff1a\ncp -i source_file \/path\/to\/destination\n\n# 5.\u590d\u5236\u5e76\u4fdd\u7559\u6587\u4ef6\u5c5e\u6027\uff1a\u8981\u590d\u5236\u6587\u4ef6\u6216\u76ee\u5f55\u5e76\u5c3d\u53ef\u80fd\u5730\u4fdd\u7559\u5176\u539f\u59cb\u5c5e\u6027\uff08\u5982\u6743\u9650\u3001\u65f6\u95f4\u6233\u3001\u6240\u6709\u6743\u7b49\uff09\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 -a \uff08\u6216 --archive\uff09\u9009\u9879\uff1a\ncp -a \/path\/to\/source_file \/path\/to\/destination<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u9700\u8981\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c <code>cp<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u9ed8\u8ba4\u4e0d\u4f1a\u590d\u5236\u76ee\u5f55\u53ca\u5176\u5b50\u76ee\u5f55\u548c\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u8981\u590d\u5236\u76ee\u5f55\u53ca\u5176\u6240\u6709\u5b50\u76ee\u5f55\u548c\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u4f7f\u7528 <code>-r<\/code> \u9009\u9879\u8fdb\u884c\u9012\u5f52\u590d\u5236\u3002\u5982\u679c\u8981\u5728\u590d\u5236\u6587\u4ef6\u65f6\u91cd\u547d\u540d\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u6307\u5b9a\u65b0\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u540d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u8981\u5c06\u4e00\u4e2a\u76ee\u5f55\u6216\u6587\u4ef6\u590d\u5236\u5230\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u76ee\u5f55\u4e0b\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u5728\u76ee\u6807\u4f4d\u7f6e\u6307\u5b9a\u76ee\u5f55\u540d\u79f0\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982 <code>\/path\/to\/newlocation\/<\/code>\u3002\u5982\u679c\u76ee\u6807\u4f4d\u7f6e\u662f\u5df2\u7ecf\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u76ee\u5f55\uff0c\u5219\u5c06\u6587\u4ef6\u6216\u76ee\u5f55\u590d\u5236\u5230\u8be5\u76ee\u5f55\u4e2d\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u76ee\u6807\u4f4d\u7f6e\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u76ee\u5f55\u540d\u79f0\uff0c\u5219\u4f1a\u521b\u5efa\u8be5\u76ee\u5f55\u5e76\u5c06\u6587\u4ef6\u6216\u76ee\u5f55\u590d\u5236\u5230\u5176\u4e2d<\/p>\n<h2>cut<\/h2>\n<blockquote>\n<p><code>cut<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u662f Linux \u64cd\u4f5c\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u6587\u672c\u5904\u7406\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u6765\u4ece\u6587\u672c\u6587\u4ef6\u6216\u6807\u51c6\u8f93\u5165\u4e2d\u526a\u5207\u51fa\u6307\u5b9a\u5217\u3002\u5e38\u7528\u4e8e\u5904\u7406\u5927\u578b\u65e5\u5fd7\u6587\u4ef6\u548c\u6570\u636e\u6587\u4ef6\u7b49\u3002\u4e0b\u9762\u662f <code>cut<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u5e38\u7528\u9009\u9879\u548c\u4f7f\u7528\u793a\u4f8b\uff1a<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>\u57fa\u672c\u7528\u6cd5<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">cut [options] filename<\/code><\/pre>\n<ul>\n<li><code>filename<\/code>\uff1a\u6307\u5b9a\u8981\u5904\u7406\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u540d\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u5e38\u7528\u9009\u9879<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>-d<\/code>\uff1a\u6307\u5b9a\u5206\u9694\u7b26\uff0c\u9ed8\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5236\u8868\u7b26\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-f<\/code>\uff1a\u6307\u5b9a\u8981\u63d0\u53d6\u7684\u5217\u6570\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u540c\u65f6\u6307\u5b9a\u591a\u5217\uff0c\u5217\u6570\u4e4b\u95f4\u4f7f\u7528\u9017\u53f7\u5206\u9694\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-c<\/code>\uff1a\u6307\u5b9a\u8981\u63d0\u53d6\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u8303\u56f4\uff0c\u5982 <code>1-4,7<\/code> \u8868\u793a\u63d0\u53d6\u7b2c 1 \u5230 4 \u4e2a\u5b57\u7b26\u548c\u7b2c 7 \u4e2a\u5b57\u7b26\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-n<\/code>\uff1a\u53d6\u6d88\u5206\u5272\u591a\u5b57\u8282\u5b57\u7b26\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>--complement<\/code>\uff1a\u8f93\u51fa\u9009\u5b9a\u5217\u4e4b\u5916\u7684\u5217\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>--output-delimiter<\/code>\uff1a\u6307\u5b9a\u8f93\u51fa\u7684\u5206\u9694\u7b26\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>--help<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u5e2e\u52a9\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>--version<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a <code>cut<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u7248\u672c\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol>\n<li>\u4ece\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u63d0\u53d6\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">$ cut -c 1-5 filename.txt<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u793a\u4f8b\u8f93\u51fa\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">hello\nworld<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8f93\u51fa\u4e2d\uff0c<code>-c 1-5<\/code> \u8868\u793a\u63d0\u53d6\u7b2c 1 \u5230\u7b2c 5 \u4e2a\u5b57\u7b26\u3002<\/p>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li>\u4ece\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u63d0\u53d6\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u5b57\u6bb5\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">$ cut -f 1,3 -d &quot;,&quot; filename.txt<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u793a\u4f8b\u8f93\u51fa\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">apple,red\npear,green<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8f93\u51fa\u4e2d\uff0c<code>-f 1,3<\/code> \u8868\u793a\u63d0\u53d6\u7b2c 1 \u5230\u7b2c 3 \u4e2a\u5b57\u6bb5\uff0c<code>-d &quot;,&quot;<\/code> \u8868\u793a\u5b57\u6bb5\u7684\u5206\u9694\u7b26\u4e3a\u9017\u53f7\u3002<\/p>\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li>\u4ece\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u63d0\u53d6\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u5b57\u6bb5\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">$ cut -c 1-5 --complement filename.txt\n``<\/code><\/pre>\n<ol start=\"4\">\n<li>\u63d0\u53d6\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u5217<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">$ cut -f 1 filename<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u793a\u4f8b\u8f93\u51fa\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">column1\nrow1_data1\nrow2_data1\nrow3_data1\n...<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8f93\u51fa\u4e2d\uff0c\u53ea\u5305\u542b\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u5217\u3002<\/p>\n<ol start=\"5\">\n<li>\u63d0\u53d6\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u5217\u548c\u7b2c\u4e09\u5217<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">$ cut -f 1,3 filename<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u793a\u4f8b\u8f93\u51fa\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">column1   column3\nrow1_data1 row1_data3\nrow2_data1 row2_data3\nrow3_data1 row3_data3\n...<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8f93\u51fa\u4e2d\uff0c\u53ea\u5305\u542b\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u5217\u548c\u7b2c\u4e09\u5217\u3002<\/p>\n<ol start=\"6\">\n<li>\u63d0\u53d6\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5217\u5230\u7b2c\u56db\u5217<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">$ cut -f 2-4 filename<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u793a\u4f8b\u8f93\u51fa\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">column2   column3   column4\nrow1_data2 row1_data3 row1_data4\nrow2_data2 row2_data3 row2_data4\nrow3_data2 row3_data3 row3_data4\n...<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8f93\u51fa\u4e2d\uff0c\u53ea\u5305\u542b\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5217\u5230\u7b2c\u56db\u5217\u3002<\/p>\n<ol start=\"7\">\n<li>\u63d0\u53d6\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u884c<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">$ head -n 1 filename | cut -f 2-4<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u793a\u4f8b\u8f93\u51fa\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">column2   column3   column4<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8f93\u51fa\u4e2d\uff0c\u53ea\u5305\u542b\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u884c\u7684\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5217\u5230\u7b2c\u56db\u5217\u3002<\/p>\n<ol start=\"8\">\n<li>\u4ee5\u5192\u53f7\u4e3a\u5206\u9694\u7b26\u63d0\u53d6\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5217\u548c\u7b2c\u56db\u5217<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">$ cut -d : -f 2,4 filename<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u793a\u4f8b\u8f93\u51fa\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">row1_data2:row1_data4\nrow2_data2:row2_data4\nrow3_data2:row3_data4\n...<\/code><\/pre>\n<ol start=\"9\">\n<li>\u4ee5\u7a7a\u683c\u4e3a\u5206\u9694\u7b26\u63d0\u53d6\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u5217<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">$ cut -d &quot; &quot; -f 1 filename<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u793a\u4f8b\u8f93\u51fa:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">column1\nrow1_data1\nrow2_data1\nrow3_data1\n...<\/code><\/pre>\n<ol start=\"10\">\n<li>\u53d6\u6d88\u5206\u5272\u591a\u5b57\u8282\u5b57\u7b26\uff0c\u4ee5\u5b57\u8282\u6570\u7edf\u8ba1\u5b57\u7b26\u6570<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">$ cut -b -f 1 filename<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u4f7f\u7528 <code>-b<\/code> \u9009\u9879\u53d6\u6d88\u5206\u5272\u591a\u5b57\u8282\u5b57\u7b26\u3002<\/p>\n<ol start=\"11\">\n<li>\u8f93\u51fa\u9009\u5b9a\u5217\u4e4b\u5916\u7684\u5217<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">$ cut --complement -f 2 filename<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u4f7f\u7528 <code>--complement<\/code> \u9009\u9879\u3002<\/p>\n<ol start=\"12\">\n<li>\u6307\u5b9a\u8f93\u51fa\u7684\u5206\u9694\u7b26<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">$ cut -d &quot; &quot; --output-delimiter=&quot;,&quot; -f 2-4 filename<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u793a\u4f8b\u8f93\u51fa\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">column2,column3,column4\nrow1_data2,row1_data3,row1_data4\nrow2_data2,row2_data3,row2_data4\nrow3_data2,row3_data3,row3_data4\n...<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8f93\u51fa\u4e2d\uff0c\u8f93\u51fa\u7684\u5206\u9694\u7b26\u4e3a\u9017\u53f7 <code>,<\/code>\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528 <code>--output-delimiter<\/code> \u9009\u9879\u6307\u5b9a\u3002<\/p>\n<h2>cat<\/h2>\n<blockquote>\n<p><code>cat<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u662f Linux \u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e38\u7528\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u663e\u793a\u6587\u4ef6\u5185\u5bb9\u3001\u5408\u5e76\u6587\u4ef6\u4ee5\u53ca\u521b\u5efa\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\u5728 Linux \u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\uff0c\u7528\u6237\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 <code>cat<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u6765\u663e\u793a\u4e00\u4e2a\u6216\u591a\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06\u591a\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u5408\u5e76\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>\u663e\u793a\u4e00\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">cat myfile.txt<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u5408\u5e76\u591a\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">cat file1.txt file2.txt &gt; combined.txt<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u6587\u4ef6\u5e76\u5411\u5176\u4e2d\u5199\u5165\u5185\u5bb9\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">cat &gt; newfile.txt\nThis is the content of the new file.\nPress Ctrl + D to save and exit.\n\n#\u591a\u884c\ncat &lt;&lt;EOF &gt;a.txt\n> 1\n> 1\n> 13\n> EOF\n\ncat a.txt<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u9700\u8981\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c <code>cat<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u4e8e\u663e\u793a\u6587\u4ef6\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5982\u679c\u6587\u4ef6\u5f88\u5927\u6216\u8005\u5185\u5bb9\u5f88\u957f\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 <code>more<\/code> \u6216 <code>less<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u8fdb\u884c\u5206\u9875\u663e\u793a\u3002\u5982\u679c\u8981\u5c06\u591a\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u5408\u5e76\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u4f7f\u7528\u91cd\u5b9a\u5411\u7b26 <code>&gt;<\/code> \u5c06\u8f93\u51fa\u91cd\u5b9a\u5411\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982 <code>cat file1.txt file2.txt &gt; combined.txt<\/code> \u5c06 <code>file1.txt<\/code> \u548c <code>file2.txt<\/code> \u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u5408\u5e76\u5230 <code>combined.txt<\/code> \u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u8981\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u6587\u4ef6\u5e76\u5411\u5176\u4e2d\u5199\u5165\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u4f7f\u7528\u91cd\u5b9a\u5411\u7b26 <code>&gt;<\/code> \u5c06\u8f93\u51fa\u91cd\u5b9a\u5411\u5230\u65b0\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\uff0c\u5e76\u8f93\u5165\u6587\u4ef6\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982 <code>cat &gt; newfile.txt<\/code> \u5c06\u65b0\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u8f93\u5165\u5230\u7ec8\u7aef\u4e2d\uff0c\u6309\u4e0b <code>Ctrl + D<\/code> \u952e\u4fdd\u5b58\u5e76\u9000\u51fa\u3002<\/p>\n<h2>chown<\/h2>\n<p><code>chown<\/code> \u662f Linux \u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u4e00\u4e2a\u7528\u4e8e\u66f4\u6539\u6587\u4ef6\u6216\u76ee\u5f55\u7684\u6240\u6709\u8005\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u3002\u66f4\u6539\u6587\u4ef6\u6216\u76ee\u5f55\u6240\u6709\u8005\u901a\u5e38\u9700\u8981 root \u6743\u9650\u3002<\/p>\n<p><code>chown<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u683c\u5f0f\u5982\u4e0b:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">chown [\u9009\u9879] [\u6240\u6709\u8005\u540d][:\u7ec4\u540d] \u6587\u4ef6\u6216\u76ee\u5f55\u540d<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u5176\u4e2d\uff0c<code>[\u9009\u9879]<\/code> \u4e3a\u53ef\u9009\u7684\u53c2\u6570\uff0c<code>[\u6240\u6709\u8005\u540d]<\/code> \u4e3a\u65b0\u7684\u6240\u6709\u8005\u540d\u79f0\uff0c<code>[:\u7ec4\u540d]<\/code> \u4e3a\u65b0\u7684\u7ec4\u540d\u79f0\uff08\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u6307\u5b9a\uff0c\u5219\u9ed8\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5f53\u524d\u7ec4\uff09\uff0c<code>\u6587\u4ef6\u6216\u76ee\u5f55\u540d<\/code> \u4e3a\u9700\u8981\u66f4\u6539\u6240\u6709\u8005\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u6216\u76ee\u5f55\u540d\u79f0\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e0b\u9762\u662f\u4e00\u4e9b\u5e38\u7528\u7684\u9009\u9879\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>-R<\/code> \u6216 <code>--recursive<\/code>\uff1a\u9012\u5f52\u5730\u66f4\u6539\u6307\u5b9a\u76ee\u5f55\u4e0b\u6240\u6709\u5b50\u76ee\u5f55\u548c\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u6240\u6709\u8005\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-c<\/code> \u6216 <code>--changes<\/code>\uff1a\u4ec5\u5728\u66f4\u6539\u4e86\u6587\u4ef6\u6216\u76ee\u5f55\u7684\u6240\u6709\u8005\u65f6\u624d\u8f93\u51fa\u63d0\u793a\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-f<\/code> \u6216 <code>--silent<\/code> \u6216 <code>--quiet<\/code>\uff1a\u4e0d\u8f93\u51fa\u9519\u8bef\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-v<\/code> \u6216 <code>--verbose<\/code>\uff1a\u8f93\u51fa\u8be6\u7ec6\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>--dereference<\/code>: \u5f71\u54cd\u6bcf\u4e2a\u7b26\u53f7\u94fe\u63a5\u7684\u5f15\u7528\u5bf9\u8c61\uff08\u8fd9\u662f\u9ed8\u8ba4\u7684\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u7b26\u53f7\u94fe\u63a5\u672c\u8eab\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-h, --no-dereference<\/code>: \u5f71\u54cd\u7b26\u53f7\u94fe\u63a5\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u4efb\u4f55\u5f15\u7528\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\uff08\u53ea\u5728\u53ef\u4ee5\u66f4\u6539\u7b26\u53f7\u94fe\u63a5\u7684\u6240\u6709\u6743\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0a\u6709\u7528\uff09\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>--from=CURRENT_OWNER:CURRENT_GROUP<\/code>: \u4ec5\u5f53\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u5f53\u524d\u6240\u6709\u8005\u548c\/\u6216\u7ec4\u5339\u914d\u8fd9\u91cc\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u503c\u65f6\uff0c\u624d\u66f4\u6539\u6bcf\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u6240\u6709\u8005\u548c\/\u6216\u7ec4\u3002\u53ef\u4ee5\u7701\u7565\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u4e2a\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u7701\u7565\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u5339\u914d\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>--no-preserve-root<\/code>: \u4e0d\u7279\u6b8a\u5bf9\u5f85 <code>\/<\/code>\uff08\u8fd9\u662f\u9ed8\u8ba4\u7684\uff09\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>--preserve-root<\/code>: \u5728 <code>\/<\/code> \u4e0a\u5931\u8d25\u65f6\u4e0d\u8fdb\u884c\u9012\u5f52\u64cd\u4f5c\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>--reference=RFILE<\/code>: \u4f7f\u7528 <code>RFILE<\/code> \u7684\u6240\u6709\u8005\u548c\u7ec4\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u6307\u5b9a <code>OWNER:GROUP<\/code> \u503c\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u8fd8\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u9009\u9879\u4f1a\u5f71\u54cd <code>-R<\/code> \u9009\u9879\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>-H<\/code>: \u5982\u679c\u547d\u4ee4\u884c\u53c2\u6570\u662f\u6307\u5411\u76ee\u5f55\u7684\u7b26\u53f7\u94fe\u63a5\uff0c\u5219\u904d\u5386\u5b83\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-L<\/code>: \u9047\u5230\u6bcf\u4e2a\u6307\u5411\u76ee\u5f55\u7684\u7b26\u53f7\u94fe\u63a5\u65f6\u90fd\u904d\u5386\u5b83\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-P<\/code>: \u4e0d\u904d\u5386\u4efb\u4f55\u7b26\u53f7\u94fe\u63a5\uff08\u9ed8\u8ba4\uff09\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><code>OWNER<\/code> \u548c <code>GROUP<\/code> \u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u7b26\u53f7\u7684\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u7528\u6237\u540d\u6216\u7ec4\u540d\uff09\u6216\u6570\u5b57\u7684\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u7528\u6237ID\u6216\u7ec4ID\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5982\u679c\u7701\u7565\u4e86 <code>OWNER<\/code>\uff0c\u5219\u4e0d\u4f1a\u66f4\u6539\u6240\u6709\u8005\u3002\u5982\u679c\u7701\u7565\u4e86 <code>GROUP<\/code>\uff0c\u5219\u4e0d\u4f1a\u66f4\u6539\u5b83\uff0c\u4f46\u5982\u679c <code>OWNER<\/code> \u540e\u9762\u8ddf\u7740 <code>:<\/code>\uff0c\u5219\u4f1a\u66f4\u6539\u4e3a\u767b\u5f55\u7ec4\u3002<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\"># 1. \u66f4\u6539\u6587\u4ef6\u6240\u6709\u8005\n\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u60a8\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u540d\u4e3a file1.txt \u7684\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u60a8\u60f3\u5c06\u5176\u6240\u6709\u8005\u66f4\u6539\u4e3a user1\uff1a\nchown user1 file1.txt\n\n# 2.\u66f4\u6539\u6587\u4ef6\u6240\u6709\u8005\u548c\u7ec4\nchown user1:group1 file1.txt\n\n# 3.-c \u6216 --changes\uff1a\u6b64\u9009\u9879\u5c06\u53ea\u62a5\u544a\u5df2\u66f4\u6539\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\nchown -c user1 file1.txt\n\u5982\u679c file1.txt \u7684\u6240\u6709\u8005\u88ab\u66f4\u6539\uff0c\u5219\u6b64\u547d\u4ee4\u5c06\u8f93\u51fa\u6d88\u606f\u3002\n\n# 4.-f \u6216 --silent \u6216 --quiet\uff1a\u6b64\u9009\u9879\u5c06\u6291\u5236\u5927\u591a\u6570\u9519\u8bef\u6d88\u606f\nchown -f user1 file1.txt\n\u8fd9\u5c06\u4e0d\u4f1a\u8f93\u51fa\u4efb\u4f55\u9519\u8bef\u6d88\u606f\u3002\n\n# 5.-v \u6216 --verbose\uff1a\u6b64\u9009\u9879\u5c06\u4e3a\u5904\u7406\u7684\u6bcf\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u8f93\u51fa\u6d88\u606f\u3002\nchown -v user1 file1.txt\n\u8fd9\u5c06\u8f93\u51fa\u6d88\u606f\uff0c\u6307\u793a file1.txt \u7684\u6240\u6709\u8005\u5df2\u66f4\u6539\u3002\n\n# 6.--dereference\uff1a\u6b64\u9009\u9879\u5c06\u5f71\u54cd\u6bcf\u4e2a\u7b26\u53f7\u94fe\u63a5\u7684\u5f15\u7528\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u7b26\u53f7\u94fe\u63a5\u672c\u8eab\nchown --dereference user1 symlink\n\u8fd9\u5c06\u66f4\u6539 symlink \u6307\u5411\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u6240\u6709\u8005\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f symlink \u672c\u8eab\u3002\n\n# 7.-h \u6216 --no-dereference\uff1a\u6b64\u9009\u9879\u5c06\u5f71\u54cd\u7b26\u53f7\u94fe\u63a5\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u7b26\u53f7\u94fe\u63a5\u5f15\u7528\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\nchown -h user1 symlink\n\u8fd9\u5c06\u66f4\u6539 symlink \u7684\u6240\u6709\u8005\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f symlink \u6307\u5411\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\n\n# 8.--from=CURRENT_OWNER:CURRENT_GROUP\uff1a\u6b64\u9009\u9879\u5c06\u53ea\u66f4\u6539\u5f53\u524d\u6240\u6709\u8005\u548c&quot;\/&quot;\u6216\u7ec4\u5339\u914d\u6307\u5b9a\u503c\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u6240\u6709\u8005\u548c&quot;\/&quot;\u6216\u7ec4\u3002\nchown --from=user2 user1 file1.txt\n\u8fd9\u5c06\u4ec5\u5728 file1.txt \u7684\u5f53\u524d\u6240\u6709\u8005\u4e3a user2 \u65f6\u624d\u5c06\u5176\u66f4\u6539\u4e3a user1\u3002\n\n# 9.--no-preserve-root\uff1a\u6b64\u9009\u9879\u4e0d\u4f1a\u7279\u6b8a\u5bf9\u5f85 &quot;\/&quot;\u3002\n# 10.--preserve-root\uff1a\u6b64\u9009\u9879\u5c06\u4e0d\u5bf9&quot;\/&quot;\u9012\u5f52\u64cd\u4f5c\u3002\n# 11.--reference=RFILE\uff1a\u6b64\u9009\u9879\u5c06\u66f4\u6539 FILE \u7684\u6240\u6709\u8005\u548c\u7ec4\uff0c\u4f7f\u5176\u4e0e RFILE \u7684\u6240\u6709\u8005\u548c\u7ec4\u76f8\u5339\u914d\u3002\nchown --reference=file2.txt file1.txt\n\u8fd9\u5c06\u4f7f file1.txt \u7684\u6240\u6709\u8005\u548c\u7ec4\u4e0e file2.txt \u7684\u6240\u6709\u8005\u548c\u7ec4\u76f8\u5339\u914d\u3002\n\n# 12.-R \u6216 --recursive\uff1a\u6b64\u9009\u9879\u5c06\u9012\u5f52\u66f4\u6539\u6587\u4ef6\u548c\u76ee\u5f55\u7684\u6240\u6709\u8005\u548c\u7ec4\u3002\nchown -R user1:group1 directory\n\u8fd9\u5c06\u66f4\u6539 directory \u53ca\u5176\u6240\u6709\u5b50\u6587\u4ef6\u548c\u5b50\u76ee\u5f55\u7684\u6240\u6709\u8005\u548c\u7ec4\u3002<\/code><\/pre>\n<h2>chgrp<\/h2>\n<p><code>chgrp<\/code>\u662fLinux\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u66f4\u6539\u6587\u4ef6\u6216\u76ee\u5f55\u7684\u7ec4\u5f52\u5c5e\u3002\u5b83\u53ef\u4ee5\u5e2e\u52a9\u7ba1\u7406\u5458\u548c\u7528\u6237\u7ba1\u7406\u6587\u4ef6\u548c\u76ee\u5f55\u7684\u8bbf\u95ee\u6743\u9650\u3002\u4e0b\u9762\u662f\u8be5\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u683c\u5f0f\uff0c\u9009\u9879\u548c\u4f7f\u7528\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u8be6\u7ec6\u89e3\u91ca\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u683c\u5f0f\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">chgrp [OPTIONS] GROUP FILE(s)<\/code><\/pre>\n<ul>\n<li><code>-R<\/code>\uff1a\u9012\u5f52\u5730\u66f4\u6539\u6307\u5b9a\u76ee\u5f55\u53ca\u5176\u5b50\u76ee\u5f55\u4e2d\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u6216\u76ee\u5f55\u7684\u7ec4\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>--reference=RFILE<\/code>\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u6216\u76ee\u5f55RFILE\u7684\u7ec4\u6765\u66f4\u6539FILE(s)\u7684\u7ec4\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u4f7f\u7528\u65b0\u7684\u7ec4\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>--help<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u5e2e\u52a9\u4fe1\u606f\u5e76\u9000\u51fa\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>--version<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u7248\u672c\u4fe1\u606f\u5e76\u9000\u51fa\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u8981\u66f4\u6539\u6587\u4ef6\u6216\u76ee\u5f55\u7684\u7ec4\uff0c\u8bf7\u4f7f\u7528\u4ee5\u4e0b\u547d\u4ee4\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">chgrp groupname filename<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8fd9\u5c06\u628a\u6587\u4ef6<code>filename<\/code>\u7684\u7ec4\u66f4\u6539\u4e3a<code>groupname<\/code>\u3002\u5982\u679c\u8981\u66f4\u6539\u591a\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u6216\u76ee\u5f55\u7684\u7ec4\uff0c\u8bf7\u5728\u547d\u4ee4\u4e2d\u6307\u5b9a\u6240\u6709\u6587\u4ef6\u6216\u76ee\u5f55\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">chgrp groupname file1 file2 dir1 dir2<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8981\u9012\u5f52\u66f4\u6539\u4e00\u4e2a\u76ee\u5f55\u53ca\u5176\u5b50\u76ee\u5f55\u4e2d\u7684\u6240\u6709\u6587\u4ef6\u6216\u76ee\u5f55\u7684\u7ec4\uff0c\u8bf7\u4f7f\u7528<code>-R<\/code>\u9009\u9879\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">chgrp -R groupname dirname<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u60a8\u53ef\u80fd\u5e0c\u671b\u5c06\u6587\u4ef6\u6216\u76ee\u5f55\u7684\u7ec4\u66f4\u6539\u4e3a\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u6216\u76ee\u5f55\u7684\u7ec4\u3002\u8fd9\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528<code>--reference<\/code>\u9009\u9879\u5b8c\u6210\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5047\u8bbe\u60a8\u5e0c\u671b\u5c06\u6587\u4ef6<code>file1<\/code>\u7684\u7ec4\u66f4\u6539\u4e3a\u4e0e\u6587\u4ef6<code>file2<\/code>\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u7ec4\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">chgrp --reference=file2 file1<\/code><\/pre>\n<h2>chmod<\/h2>\n<p><code>chmod<\/code>\u662fLinux\/Unix\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u7528\u4e8e\u6539\u53d8\u6587\u4ef6\u6216\u76ee\u5f55\u6743\u9650\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u3002\u5b83\u7684\u540d\u5b57\u6765\u81ea\u4e8e&quot;change mode&quot;\uff0c\u8868\u793a\u4fee\u6539\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u8bbf\u95ee\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002\u5728Linux\u4e2d\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u90fd\u67099\u4e2a\u6743\u9650\u4f4d\uff0c\u7528\u6765\u63a7\u5236\u6587\u4ef6\u6240\u6709\u8005\u3001\u6240\u5c5e\u7ec4\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u7528\u6237\u7684\u8bbf\u95ee\u6743\u9650\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6743\u9650\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u8bfb\u3001\u5199\u3001\u6267\u884c\u7684\u7ec4\u5408\u3002chmod\u547d\u4ee4\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u66f4\u6539\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6743\u9650\u4f4d\u6765\u63a7\u5236\u8bbf\u95ee\u6743\u9650\u3002<\/p>\n<p>chmod\u7684\u683c\u5f0f\u4e3a\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">chmod [\u9009\u9879] \u6a21\u5f0f \u6587\u4ef6\u540d<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u5176\u4e2d\uff0c\u9009\u9879\u548c\u6a21\u5f0f\u662f\u53ef\u9009\u7684\uff0c\u6587\u4ef6\u540d\u662f\u5fc5\u9700\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u9009\u9879\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>-c\uff0c--changes\uff1a\u53ea\u5728\u66f4\u6539\u4e86\u6743\u9650\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u624d\u663e\u793a\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/li>\n<li>-f\uff0c--silent\uff0c--quiet\uff1a\u4e0d\u663e\u793a\u9519\u8bef\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/li>\n<li>-R\uff0c--recursive\uff1a\u9012\u5f52\u5730\u66f4\u6539\u6307\u5b9a\u76ee\u5f55\u53ca\u5176\u5b50\u76ee\u5f55\u4e2d\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u6743\u9650\u3002<\/li>\n<li>-v\uff0c--verbose\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u6bcf\u4e2a\u66f4\u6539\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u6743\u9650\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u6a21\u5f0f\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>\u6a21\u5f0f\u7528\u6765\u6307\u5b9a\u9700\u8981\u66f4\u6539\u7684\u6743\u9650\u3002\u6a21\u5f0f\u6709\u4e24\u79cd\u683c\u5f0f\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u7b26\u53f7\u6a21\u5f0f\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528\u7b26\u53f7\u8868\u793a\u9700\u8981\u66f4\u6539\u7684\u6743\u9650\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u6570\u5b57\u6a21\u5f0f\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528\u6570\u5b57\u8868\u793a\u9700\u8981\u66f4\u6539\u7684\u6743\u9650\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u7b26\u53f7\u6a21\u5f0f\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>\u7b26\u53f7\u6a21\u5f0f\u7531\u4ee5\u4e0b\u51e0\u4e2a\u90e8\u5206\u7ec4\u6210\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u64cd\u4f5c\u7b26\uff1a\u8868\u793a\u9700\u8981\u8fdb\u884c\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f +\uff0c- \u6216 =\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u6743\u9650\uff1a\u9700\u8981\u66f4\u6539\u7684\u6743\u9650\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f r\uff0cw \u6216 x\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u8303\u56f4\uff1a\u8868\u793a\u9700\u8981\u66f4\u6539\u7684\u6743\u9650\u4f5c\u7528\u7684\u8303\u56f4\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f u\uff0cg\uff0co \u6216 a\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u8303\u56f4\u8868\u793a\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>u\uff1a\u8868\u793a\u6587\u4ef6\u6240\u6709\u8005\u3002<\/li>\n<li>g\uff1a\u8868\u793a\u6587\u4ef6\u6240\u5c5e\u7ec4\u3002<\/li>\n<li>o\uff1a\u8868\u793a\u5176\u4ed6\u7528\u6237\u3002<\/li>\n<li>a\uff1a\u8868\u793a\u6240\u6709\u7528\u6237\uff0c\u7b49\u4ef7\u4e8e ugo\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u8981\u5c06\u6587\u4ef6file.txt\u7684\u6240\u6709\u8005\u6743\u9650\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e3a\u53ef\u8bfb\u5199\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u4ee5\u4e0b\u547d\u4ee4\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">chmod u+rw file.txt<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u6570\u5b57\u6a21\u5f0f\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>\u6570\u5b57\u6a21\u5f0f\u7531\u4e09\u4e2a\u6570\u5b57\u7ec4\u6210\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u6570\u5b57\u8868\u793a\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u6743\u9650\u4f4d\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u6570\u5b57\uff1a\u8868\u793a\u6587\u4ef6\u6240\u6709\u8005\u7684\u6743\u9650\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u6570\u5b57\uff1a\u8868\u793a\u6587\u4ef6\u6240\u5c5e\u7ec4\u7684\u6743\u9650\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u7b2c\u4e09\u4e2a\u6570\u5b57\uff1a\u8868\u793a\u5176\u4ed6\u7528\u6237\u7684\u6743\u9650\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u6bcf\u4e2a\u6570\u5b57\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u4ee5\u4e0b\u6570\u503c\u4e4b\u4e00\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>0\uff1a\u6ca1\u6709\u6743\u9650\u3002<\/li>\n<li>1\uff1a\u6267\u884c\u6743\u9650\u3002<\/li>\n<li>2\uff1a\u5199\u6743\u9650\u3002<\/li>\n<li>3\uff1a\u5199\u548c\u6267\u884c\u6743\u9650\u3002<\/li>\n<li>4\uff1a\u8bfb\u6743\u9650\u3002<\/li>\n<li>5\uff1a\u8bfb\u548c\u6267\u884c\u6743\u9650\u3002<\/li>\n<li>6\uff1a\u8bfb\u548c\u5199\u6743\u9650\u3002<\/li>\n<li>7\uff1a\u8bfb\u3001\u5199\u548c\u6267\u884c\u6743\u9650\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u8981\u5c06\u6587\u4ef6file.txt\u7684\u6240\u6709\u8005\u6743\u9650\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e3a\u53ef\u8bfb\u5199\uff0c\u6240\u5c5e\u7ec4\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u7528\u6237\u7684\u6743\u9650\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e3a\u53ea\u8bfb\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u4ee5\u4e0b\u547d\u4ee4\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">chmod 644 file.txt<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u6ce8\u610f\uff0c\u7b26\u53f7\u6a21\u5f0f\u548c\u6570\u5b57\u6a21\u5f0f\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u6df7\u5408\u4f7f\u7528\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e0b\u547d\u4ee4\u5c06\u6587\u4ef6file.txt\u7684\u6240\u6709\u8005\u6743\u9650\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e3a\u53ef\u8bfb\u5199\uff0c\u6240\u5c5e\u7ec4\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u7528\u6237\u7684\u6743\u9650\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e3a\u53ea\u8bfb\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">chmod u+rw,go+r file.txt<\/code><\/pre>\n<h2>df<\/h2>\n<p>\u5728Linux\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\uff0cdf\u547d\u4ee4\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e38\u7528\u7684\u78c1\u76d8\u7a7a\u95f4\u67e5\u770b\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u663e\u793a\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u78c1\u76d8\u4f7f\u7528\u60c5\u51b5\u7edf\u8ba1\u4fe1\u606f,\u5177\u4f53\u5305\u62ec\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u5927\u5c0f\u3001\u5df2\u7528\u7a7a\u95f4\u3001\u53ef\u7528\u7a7a\u95f4\u7b49\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8bed\u6cd5\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">df [\u9009\u9879] [\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf]<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u5176\u4e2d\uff0c\u9009\u9879\u548c\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u90fd\u662f\u53ef\u9009\u53c2\u6570\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u6307\u5b9a\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u5219\u9ed8\u8ba4\u663e\u793a\u6240\u6709\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u78c1\u76d8\u4f7f\u7528\u60c5\u51b5\u7edf\u8ba1\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5e38\u7528\u7684\u9009\u9879\u5305\u62ec\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>-h<\/code>\uff1a\u4ee5\u6613\u4e8e\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u683c\u5f0f\u663e\u793a\u78c1\u76d8\u4f7f\u7528\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u5982\u4f7f\u7528GB\u3001MB\u7b49\u5355\u4f4d\uff1b<\/li>\n<li><code>-T<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u7c7b\u578b\uff1b<\/li>\n<li><code>-i<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793ainode\u4f7f\u7528\u60c5\u51b5\uff1b<\/li>\n<li><code>-x<\/code> \u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u7c7b\u578b\uff1a\u6392\u9664\u6307\u5b9a\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4e0b\u9762\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u5c06\u663e\u793a\u6240\u6709\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u78c1\u76d8\u4f7f\u7528\u60c5\u51b5\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">df<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8f93\u51fa\u7ed3\u679c\u5305\u62ec\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u540d\u79f0\u3001\u6302\u8f7d\u70b9\u3001\u603b\u5927\u5c0f\u3001\u5df2\u7528\u7a7a\u95f4\u3001\u53ef\u7528\u7a7a\u95f4\u3001\u5df2\u7528\u7a7a\u95f4\u767e\u5206\u6bd4\u548c\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u7c7b\u578b\u7b49\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5982\u679c\u9700\u8981\u4ee5\u6613\u4e8e\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u683c\u5f0f\u663e\u793a\u78c1\u76d8\u4f7f\u7528\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u5219\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528-h\u9009\u9879\uff0c\u5982\u4e0b\u6240\u793a\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">df -h<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8be5\u547d\u4ee4\u4f1a\u5c06\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u5927\u5c0f\u3001\u5df2\u7528\u7a7a\u95f4\u548c\u53ef\u7528\u7a7a\u95f4\u7b49\u4fe1\u606f\u4ee5GB\u3001MB\u7b49\u5355\u4f4d\u663e\u793a\uff0c\u66f4\u52a0\u6613\u4e8e\u7406\u89e3\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5982\u679c\u9700\u8981\u663e\u793a\u67d0\u4e2a\u7279\u5b9a\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u78c1\u76d8\u4f7f\u7528\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u5219\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u547d\u4ee4\u540e\u6307\u5b9a\u8be5\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u6302\u8f7d\u70b9\uff0c\u5982\u4e0b\u6240\u793a\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">df \/dev\/sda1<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8be5\u547d\u4ee4\u4f1a\u663e\u793a\/dev\/sda1\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u78c1\u76d8\u4f7f\u7528\u60c5\u51b5\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u603b\u7684\u6765\u8bf4\uff0cdf\u547d\u4ee4\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u975e\u5e38\u6709\u7528\u7684\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5e2e\u52a9\u7528\u6237\u53ca\u65f6\u4e86\u89e3\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u78c1\u76d8\u7a7a\u95f4\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u53ca\u65f6\u5904\u7406\u548c\u6e05\u7406\u65e0\u7528\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u4fdd\u8bc1\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u6b63\u5e38\u8fd0\u884c\u3002<\/p>\n<h2>dig<\/h2>\n<blockquote>\n<p><code>dig<\/code> \u662f &quot;Domain Information Groper&quot; \u7684\u7b80\u5199\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7f51\u7edc\u7ba1\u7406\u5458\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e DNS \u67e5\u627e\u548c\u6545\u969c\u6392\u67e5\u3002<code>dig<\/code> \u53ef\u4ee5\u4e3a\u4efb\u4f55\u7c7b\u578b\u7684 DNS \u67e5\u8be2\u63d0\u4f9b\u8be6\u7ec6\u7684\u54cd\u5e94\uff0c\u5305\u62ec A (\u5730\u5740) \u8bb0\u5f55\uff0cMX (\u90ae\u4ef6\u4ea4\u6362) \u8bb0\u5f55\uff0cNS (\u540d\u79f0\u670d\u52a1\u5668) \u8bb0\u5f55\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\"># dig \u57fa\u672c\u53c2\u6570\uff1a\n\n@global-server\uff1a\u6307\u5b9a\u5168\u5c40 DNS \u670d\u52a1\u5668\u7684\u5730\u5740\u3002\u5982\u679c\u672a\u6307\u5b9a\uff0cdig \u5c06\u4f7f\u7528 \/etc\/resolv.conf \u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u7684\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u3002\ndomain\uff1a\u9700\u8981\u67e5\u8be2\u7684\u57df\u540d\u3002\nq-type\uff1a\u67e5\u8be2\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982 A\u3001AAAA\u3001MX\u3001NS\u3001SOA \u7b49\u3002\u5982\u679c\u672a\u6307\u5b9a\uff0c\u9ed8\u8ba4\u4e3a A \u7c7b\u578b\u3002\nq-class\uff1a\u67e5\u8be2\u7c7b\u522b\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u4e3a IN\uff08Internet\uff09\u3002\u5982\u679c\u672a\u6307\u5b9a\uff0c\u9ed8\u8ba4\u4e3a IN \u7c7b\u522b\u3002\nq-opt\uff1a\u67e5\u8be2\u9009\u9879\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u8c03\u6574\u67e5\u8be2\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c+short \u53ef\u4ee5\u7b80\u5316\u8f93\u51fa\u7ed3\u679c\u3002\nglobal-d-opt\uff1a\u5168\u5c40\u8c03\u8bd5\u9009\u9879\u3002\nhost\uff1a\u6307\u5b9a\u8981\u67e5\u8be2\u7684\u4e3b\u673a\u3002\n@local-server\uff1a\u6307\u5b9a\u672c\u5730 DNS \u670d\u52a1\u5668\u7684\u5730\u5740\u3002\nlocal-d-opt\uff1a\u672c\u5730\u8c03\u8bd5\u9009\u9879\u3002\n\n# dig \u662f bind-utils \u5305\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 yum \u6216 apt-get \u5b89\u88c5 bind-utils \u5305\u4ee5\u83b7\u53d6 dig \u547d\u4ee4\u3002\u8fd9\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u4f60\u7684 Linux \u53d1\u884c\u7248\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5728 CentOS \u4e0a\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u4ee5\u4e0b\u547d\u4ee4\u6765\u5b89\u88c5 bind-utils\uff1a\nsudo yum install bind-utils\n\n# \u5728 Ubuntu \u6216 Debian \u4e0a\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u4ee5\u4e0b\u547d\u4ee4\u6765\u5b89\u88c5 dnsutils\uff08\u5305\u542b dig \u547d\u4ee4\uff09\uff1a\nsudo apt-get install dnsutils\n\n# \u7528\u6cd5\uff1a\ndig [\u9009\u9879] [\u57df\u540d] [\u67e5\u8be2\u7c7b\u578b]\n\n\u9009\u9879 \u662f\u4e00\u4e9b\u53ef\u9009\u7684\u53c2\u6570\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u6539\u53d8 dig \u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\n\u57df\u540d \u662f\u4f60\u8981\u67e5\u8be2\u7684\u57df\u540d\u3002\n\u67e5\u8be2\u7c7b\u578b \u662f\u4f60\u8981\u67e5\u8be2\u7684\u8bb0\u5f55\u7c7b\u578b\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u63d0\u4f9b\u67e5\u8be2\u7c7b\u578b\uff0cdig \u5c06\u9ed8\u8ba4\u8fdb\u884c A \u8bb0\u5f55\u67e5\u8be2\u3002<\/code><\/pre>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\"># dig \u6848\u4f8b\uff1a\n\n# 1.\u67e5\u8be2\u4e00\u4e2a\u57df\u540d\u7684 A \u8bb0\u5f55\uff08IPv4 \u5730\u5740\uff09\ndig www.google.com\n\n# 2.\u67e5\u8be2\u4e00\u4e2a\u57df\u540d\u7684 AAAA \u8bb0\u5f55\uff08IPv6 \u5730\u5740\uff09\ndig www.google.com AAAA\n\n# 3.\u8be2\u4e00\u4e2a\u57df\u540d\u7684 MX \u8bb0\u5f55\uff08\u90ae\u4ef6\u4ea4\u6362\u8bb0\u5f55\uff09\ndig gmail.com MX\n\n# 4.\u4f7f\u7528\u7279\u5b9a\u7684 DNS \u670d\u52a1\u5668\u8fdb\u884c\u67e5\u8be2\n# \u9ed8\u8ba4\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0cdig \u4f7f\u7528 \/etc\/resolv.conf \u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u7684 DNS \u670d\u52a1\u5668\u8fdb\u884c\u67e5\u8be2\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u6307\u5b9a\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0d\u540c\u7684 DNS \u670d\u52a1\u5668\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u60f3\u4f7f\u7528 Google \u7684\u516c\u5171 DNS \u670d\u52a1\u5668\u67e5\u8be2 \ndig @8.8.8.8 www.google.com\nor\ndig www.google.com @8.8.8.8\n\n# 5.\u4f7f\u7528 +short \u9009\u9879\u7b80\u5316\u8f93\u51fa\n# dig \u7684\u9ed8\u8ba4\u8f93\u51fa\u5305\u542b\u5927\u91cf\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u4f46\u6709\u65f6\u4f60\u53ea\u60f3\u770b\u5230\u67e5\u8be2\u7ed3\u679c\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 +short \u9009\u9879\uff1a\ndig www.google.com +short\n\n# 6.\u67e5\u8be2\u4e00\u4e2a\u57df\u540d\u7684\u6240\u6709\u8bb0\u5f55\ndig www.google.com ANY\n\n# 7.\u6293\u53d6DNS\u533a\u57df\u7684\u526f\u672c\ndig -t axfr magedu.org\n# -t \u9009\u9879\u6307\u5b9a\u4e86\u67e5\u8be2\u7c7b\u578b\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u4e2d\uff0c\u67e5\u8be2\u7c7b\u578b\u662f axfr\u3002\n# axfr \u662f &quot;Asynchronous Full Transfer Zone&quot; \u7684\u7b80\u5199\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f DNS \u534f\u8bae\u4e2d\u7528\u4e8e\u590d\u5236 DNS \u6570\u636e\u5e93\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\n\n# \u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u4f1a\u5c1d\u8bd5\u4ece magedu.org \u7684\u6743\u5a01 DNS \u670d\u52a1\u5668\u83b7\u53d6\u6574\u4e2a DNS \u533a\u57df\u7684\u526f\u672c\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u64cd\u4f5c\u901a\u5e38\u5728\u4e3b\u4ece DNS \u670d\u52a1\u5668\u4e4b\u95f4\u8fdb\u884c\u533a\u57df\u4f20\u8f93\u65f6\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u4f46\u5982\u679c\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u5bf9\u6b64\u6ca1\u6709\u9002\u5f53\u7684\u5b89\u5168\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u4efb\u4f55\u4eba\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c1d\u8bd5\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u533a\u57df\u4f20\u8f93\u3002\u8fd9\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u5b89\u5168\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u66b4\u9732\u7f51\u7edc\u4e2d\u7684\u6240\u6709\u4e3b\u673a\u540d\u548c IP \u5730\u5740\u3002\n\n# \u9700\u8981\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u53ef\u80fd\u5e76\u4e0d\u603b\u662f\u6709\u6548\u7684\u3002\u8bb8\u591a DNS \u670d\u52a1\u5668\u5bf9 AXFR \u8bf7\u6c42\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u4ee5\u9632\u6b62\u6f5c\u5728\u7684\u6ee5\u7528\u3002\u5982\u679c\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u6ca1\u6709\u914d\u7f6e\u4e3a\u63a5\u53d7\u6765\u81ea\u4f60\u7684 IP \u5730\u5740\u7684 AXFR \u8bf7\u6c42\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u5c06\u8fd4\u56de\u4e00\u4e2a\u9519\u8bef\u6216\u8005\u4e0d\u4f1a\u8fd4\u56de\u4efb\u4f55\u7ed3\u679c\u3002\n\n# \u9650\u5236\nvim \/etc\/named.conf\n\n#\u6dfb\u52a0\u4e00\u884c,\u6211\u8fd9\u91cc\u5141\u8bb8\u7684\u662fslave\u53ef\u4ee5\u83b7\u53d6\uff0c\u5176\u4f59\u4e0d\u53ef\u4ee5\u83b7\u53d6\nallow-transfer  {10.0.0.122;};\n\n#\u90a3\u4e48\u5728slave\u4e0a\u9762\u4e5f\u9700\u8981\u914d\u7f6e\nallow-transfer  {none;};\n\n# 8.\u67e5\u8be2\u7279\u5b9a\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u8bb0\u5f55\ndig -t mx magedu.org\n\n# 9.\u8fdb\u884c\u9006 DNS \u67e5\u8be2\uff1a\ndig -x 8.8.8.8\n\n# 10.\u67e5\u8be2\u77ed\u5f62\u5f0f\uff1a\ndig www.example.com +short\n\n# 11.\u8ffd\u8e2a DNS \u89e3\u6790\u8def\u5f84:\ndig www.example.com +trace<\/code><\/pre>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\"># \u547d\u4ee4\u8f93\u51fa\u4fe1\u606f\u6bb5\n\n[root@centos7 yum.repos.d]# dig www.baidu.com\n\n; &lt;&lt;&gt;&gt; DiG 9.11.4-P2-RedHat-9.11.4-26.P2.el7 &lt;&lt;&gt;&gt; www.baidu.com\n;; global options: +cmd\n;; Got answer:\n;; -&gt;&gt;HEADER&lt;&lt;- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 52144\n;; flags: qr rd ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 3, AUTHORITY: 5, ADDITIONAL: 10\n\n;; OPT PSEUDOSECTION:\n; EDNS: version: 0, flags:; udp: 1232\n;; QUESTION SECTION:\n;www.baidu.com.         IN  A\n\n;; ANSWER SECTION:\nwww.baidu.com.      1200    IN  CNAME   www.a.shifen.com.\nwww.a.shifen.com.   120 IN  A   110.242.68.4\nwww.a.shifen.com.   120 IN  A   110.242.68.3\n\n;; AUTHORITY SECTION:\na.shifen.com.       1200    IN  NS  ns4.a.shifen.com.\na.shifen.com.       1200    IN  NS  ns3.a.shifen.com.\na.shifen.com.       1200    IN  NS  ns2.a.shifen.com.\na.shifen.com.       1200    IN  NS  ns1.a.shifen.com.\na.shifen.com.       1200    IN  NS  ns5.a.shifen.com.\n\n;; ADDITIONAL SECTION:\nns1.a.shifen.com.   1200    IN  A   110.242.68.42\nns2.a.shifen.com.   1200    IN  A   220.181.33.32\nns3.a.shifen.com.   1200    IN  A   112.80.255.253\nns3.a.shifen.com.   1200    IN  A   36.152.45.198\nns4.a.shifen.com.   1200    IN  A   14.215.177.229\nns4.a.shifen.com.   1200    IN  A   111.20.4.28\nns5.a.shifen.com.   1200    IN  A   180.76.76.95\nns5.a.shifen.com.   600 IN  AAAA    240e:940:603:a:0:ff:b08d:239d\nns5.a.shifen.com.   600 IN  AAAA    240e:bf:b801:1006:0:ff:b04f:346b\n\n;; Query time: 660 msec\n;; SERVER: 10.0.0.100#53(10.0.0.100)\n;; WHEN: Fri Jul 21 15:12:31 CST 2023\n;; MSG SIZE  rcvd: 359\n\n[root@centos7 yum.repos.d]#\n\n# \u4f7f\u7528 dig \u547d\u4ee4\u67e5\u8be2 www.baidu.com \u7684 DNS \u8bb0\u5f55\u65f6\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u83b7\u5f97\u591a\u4e2a\u4fe1\u606f\u6bb5\u3002\u8fd9\u91cc\u662f\u6bcf\u4e00\u6bb5\u7684\u542b\u4e49\uff1a\n\nHEADER\uff1a\u8fd9\u90e8\u5206\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u5173\u4e8e DNS \u67e5\u8be2\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u64cd\u4f5c\u7801\uff08opcode\uff09\u3001\u72b6\u6001\u3001ID \u7b49\u3002\n\nopcode: QUERY \u610f\u5473\u7740\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u67e5\u8be2\u8bf7\u6c42\u3002\nstatus: NOERROR \u8868\u793a\u67e5\u8be2\u6ca1\u6709\u51fa\u73b0\u9519\u8bef\u3002\nid: 55127 \u662f\u67e5\u8be2\u7684 ID\u3002\nFLAGS\uff1a\u8fd9\u90e8\u5206\u5305\u542b\u4e86 DNS \u67e5\u8be2\u7684\u6807\u5fd7\uff0c\u5982\uff1a\n\nqr\uff08query response\uff09\u8868\u793a\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u54cd\u5e94\u3002\nrd\uff08recursion desired\uff09\u8868\u793a\u5ba2\u6237\u7aef\u8bf7\u6c42\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u8fdb\u884c\u9012\u5f52\u67e5\u8be2\u3002\nra\uff08recursion available\uff09\u8868\u793a\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fdb\u884c\u9012\u5f52\u67e5\u8be2\u3002\naa\uff08Authoritative Answer\uff09\u8868\u793a\u54cd\u5e94\u7684 DNS \u670d\u52a1\u5668\u662f\u5426\u4e3a\u67e5\u8be2\u7684\u57df\u540d\u7684\u6743\u5a01\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u3002\n# \u5982\u679c AA \u6807\u5fd7\u4f4d\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e3a 1\uff08\u6216\u8005\u5728 dig \u8f93\u51fa\u4e2d\u51fa\u73b0 aa\uff09\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u610f\u5473\u7740\u54cd\u5e94\u7684 DNS \u670d\u52a1\u5668\u662f\u67e5\u8be2\u7684\u57df\u540d\u7684\u6743\u5a01\u540d\u79f0\u670d\u52a1\u5668\uff0c\u5b83\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u56de\u7b54\u662f\u6700\u6743\u5a01\u7684\u3002\u5982\u679c AA \u6807\u5fd7\u4f4d\u662f 0\uff08\u6216\u8005\u5728 dig \u8f93\u51fa\u4e2d\u6ca1\u6709\u51fa\u73b0 aa\uff09\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u8bf4\u660e\u54cd\u5e94\u7684 DNS \u670d\u52a1\u5668\u4e0d\u662f\u67e5\u8be2\u7684\u57df\u540d\u7684\u6743\u5a01\u540d\u79f0\u670d\u52a1\u5668\uff0c\u5b83\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u56de\u7b54\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u4ece\u5176\u4ed6\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u5904\u83b7\u53d6\u7684\u3002\n\nQUESTION SECTION\uff1a\u8fd9\u90e8\u5206\u5305\u542b\u4e86\u4f60\u7684\u67e5\u8be2\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f60\u67e5\u8be2\u7684\u662f www.baidu.com \u7684 A \u8bb0\u5f55\uff08IPv4 \u5730\u5740\uff09\u3002\n\nANSWER SECTION\uff1a\u8fd9\u90e8\u5206\u5305\u542b\u4e86\u67e5\u8be2\u7684\u56de\u7b54\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u4e2d\uff0cwww.baidu.com \u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u522b\u540d\uff0c\u5b9e\u9645\u7684\u540d\u5b57\u662f www.a.shifen.com\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14 www.a.shifen.com \u7684 IPv4 \u5730\u5740\u6709\u4e24\u4e2a\uff0c\u5206\u522b\u662f 110.242.68.3 \u548c 110.242.68.4\u3002\n\nAUTHORITY SECTION\uff1a\u8fd9\u90e8\u5206\u5305\u542b\u4e86\u6743\u5a01 DNS \u670d\u52a1\u5668\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u4e2d\uff0ca.shifen.com \u57df\u7684\u6743\u5a01 DNS \u670d\u52a1\u5668\u6709\u4e94\u4e2a\u3002\n\nADDITIONAL SECTION\uff1a\u8fd9\u90e8\u5206\u5305\u542b\u4e86\u989d\u5916\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u4e00\u4e9b\u6709\u7528\u7684\u8bb0\u5f55\uff0c\u5982\u6743\u5a01 DNS \u670d\u52a1\u5668\u7684 IP \u5730\u5740\u3002\n\n\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u4f60\u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u5230\u67e5\u8be2\u65f6\u95f4\uff08Query time\uff09\u3001\u67e5\u8be2\u4f7f\u7528\u7684 DNS \u670d\u52a1\u5668\u5730\u5740\uff08SERVER\uff09\u3001\u67e5\u8be2\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\uff08WHEN\uff09\u548c\u63a5\u6536\u5230\u7684\u6d88\u606f\u5927\u5c0f\uff08MSG SIZE rcvd\uff09\u3002<\/code><\/pre>\n<h2>du<\/h2>\n<blockquote>\n<p><code>du<\/code>\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u975e\u5e38\u6709\u7528\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u8ba1\u7b97\u76ee\u5f55\u6216\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u78c1\u76d8\u4f7f\u7528\u60c5\u51b5\u3002\u5f53\u4f7f\u7528<code>du<\/code>\u547d\u4ee4\u8ba1\u7b97\u76ee\u5f55\u5927\u5c0f\u65f6\uff0c\u5b83\u9ed8\u8ba4\u4f1a\u9012\u5f52\u8ba1\u7b97\u5b50\u76ee\u5f55\u7684\u5927\u5c0f\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u4f1a\u663e\u793a\u6bcf\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u548c\u76ee\u5f55\u7684\u5927\u5c0f\u3002\u8fd9\u5728\u9700\u8981\u67e5\u627e\u5927\u6587\u4ef6\u6216\u5360\u7528\u5927\u91cf\u78c1\u76d8\u7a7a\u95f4\u7684\u76ee\u5f55\u65f6\u975e\u5e38\u6709\u7528\u3002<code>du<\/code>\u7684\u5b8c\u6574\u547d\u4ee4\u683c\u5f0f\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">du [OPTION]... [FILE]...<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><code>du<\/code>\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u5e38\u7528\u9009\u9879\u5305\u62ec\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>-h<\/code>\uff1a\u4ee5\u6613\u4e8e\u9605\u8bfb\u7684\u683c\u5f0f\u663e\u793a\u6587\u4ef6\u548c\u76ee\u5f55\u7684\u5927\u5c0f\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u4f7f\u7528KB\u3001MB\u7b49\u5355\u4f4d\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-s<\/code>\uff1a\u4ec5\u663e\u793a\u6307\u5b9a\u76ee\u5f55\u6216\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u603b\u5927\u5c0f\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u663e\u793a\u5b50\u76ee\u5f55\u6216\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u8be6\u7ec6\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-c<\/code>\uff1a\u5728\u8ba1\u7b97\u76ee\u5f55\u6216\u6587\u4ef6\u5927\u5c0f\u7684\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u663e\u793a\u603b\u5927\u5c0f\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-a<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u6240\u6709\u6587\u4ef6\u548c\u76ee\u5f55\u7684\u5927\u5c0f\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u9690\u85cf\u6587\u4ef6\u548c\u76ee\u5f55\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-x<\/code>\uff1a\u4ec5\u8ba1\u7b97\u5f53\u524d\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u6307\u5b9a\u76ee\u5f55\u7684\u5927\u5c0f\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u5305\u62ec\u5176\u4ed6\u6302\u8f7d\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u548c\u76ee\u5f55\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-B<\/code>\uff1a\u6307\u5b9a\u6587\u4ef6\u548c\u76ee\u5f55\u5927\u5c0f\u7684\u5757\u5927\u5c0f\uff0c\u9ed8\u8ba4\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u4e3a1024\u5b57\u8282\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-L<\/code>\uff1a\u5728\u8ba1\u7b97\u76ee\u5f55\u5927\u5c0f\u65f6\uff0c\u5c06\u7b26\u53f7\u94fe\u63a5\u89c6\u4e3a\u5e38\u89c4\u6587\u4ef6\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u94fe\u63a5\u6587\u4ef6\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-D<\/code>\uff1a\u4ec5\u9012\u5f52\u8ba1\u7b97\u76ee\u5f55\u7684\u6df1\u5ea6\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u8ba1\u7b97\u6240\u6709\u5b50\u76ee\u5f55\u7684\u5927\u5c0f\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-x<\/code>\uff1a\u4ec5\u8ba1\u7b97\u4e0e\u6307\u5b9a\u76ee\u5f55\u5728\u540c\u4e00\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0a\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u548c\u76ee\u5f55\u7684\u5927\u5c0f\u3002\u8fd9\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6392\u9664\u6302\u8f7d\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u975e\u5e38\u6709\u7528\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>--exclude=PATTERN<\/code>\uff1a\u6392\u9664\u5339\u914d\u6307\u5b9a\u6a21\u5f0f\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u548c\u76ee\u5f55\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982<code>--exclude=.git<\/code>\u5c06\u6392\u9664<code>.git<\/code>\u76ee\u5f55\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">du\uff1a\u5217\u51fa\u5f53\u524d\u76ee\u5f55\u4e0b\u6240\u6709\u6587\u4ef6\u548c\u76ee\u5f55\u6240\u5360\u7528\u7684\u78c1\u76d8\u7a7a\u95f4\u5927\u5c0f\u3002\u9ed8\u8ba4\u4ee5KB\u4e3a\u5355\u4f4d\u3002\n\ndu -h\uff1a\u4ee5\u6613\u4e8e\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u5217\u51fa\u6587\u4ef6\u548c\u76ee\u5f55\u6240\u5360\u7528\u7684\u78c1\u76d8\u7a7a\u95f4\u5927\u5c0f\u3002\u4f1a\u81ea\u52a8\u5c06\u5927\u4e8e1KB\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u548c\u76ee\u5f55\u7684\u5927\u5c0f\u8f6c\u6362\u6210MB\u6216GB\u4e3a\u5355\u4f4d\u3002\n\ndu -s\uff1a\u4ec5\u663e\u793a\u6307\u5b9a\u76ee\u5f55\u6216\u6587\u4ef6\u6240\u5360\u7528\u7684\u78c1\u76d8\u7a7a\u95f4\u603b\u5927\u5c0f\u3002\n\ndu -a\uff1a\u540c\u65f6\u5217\u51fa\u6240\u6709\u6587\u4ef6\u548c\u76ee\u5f55\u6240\u5360\u7528\u7684\u78c1\u76d8\u7a7a\u95f4\u5927\u5c0f\u3002\n\ndu -c\uff1a\u5217\u51fa\u6240\u6709\u6587\u4ef6\u548c\u76ee\u5f55\u6240\u5360\u7528\u7684\u78c1\u76d8\u7a7a\u95f4\u5927\u5c0f\u603b\u548c\u3002\n\ndu -b\uff1a\u4ee5\u5b57\u8282\u4e3a\u5355\u4f4d\u5217\u51fa\u6240\u6709\u6587\u4ef6\u548c\u76ee\u5f55\u6240\u5360\u7528\u7684\u78c1\u76d8\u7a7a\u95f4\u5927\u5c0f\u3002\n\ndu -d n\uff1a\u6307\u5b9a\u76ee\u5f55\u6811\u7684\u6df1\u5ea6\uff0cn\u4e3a\u6df1\u5ea6\u503c\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0cdu -d 2\u5c06\u53ea\u663e\u793a\u5f53\u524d\u76ee\u5f55\u548c\u4e0b\u4e00\u7ea7\u5b50\u76ee\u5f55\u6240\u5360\u7528\u7684\u78c1\u76d8\u7a7a\u95f4\u5927\u5c0f\u3002\n\ndu --exclude\uff1a\u6392\u9664\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u76ee\u5f55\u6216\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0cdu --exclude=*.log\u5c06\u6392\u9664\u6240\u6709\u540e\u7f00\u4e3a.log\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\n\n#\u4f7f\u7528du\u65f6\u9700\u8981\u6ce8\u610f\u4ee5\u4e0b\u51e0\u70b9\uff1a\n\n#du\u547d\u4ee4\u9ed8\u8ba4\u4e0d\u5305\u542b\u7b26\u53f7\u94fe\u63a5\u6240\u6307\u5411\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u6216\u76ee\u5f55\u3002\u5982\u679c\u9700\u8981\u5305\u542b\u7b26\u53f7\u94fe\u63a5\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u6216\u76ee\u5f55\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528du -L\u547d\u4ee4\u3002\n\n#du\u547d\u4ee4\u9ed8\u8ba4\u53ea\u663e\u793a\u6587\u4ef6\u548c\u76ee\u5f55\u7684\u5927\u5c0f\uff0c\u4e0d\u5305\u62ec\u6587\u4ef6\u540d\u6216\u76ee\u5f55\u540d\u3002\u5982\u679c\u9700\u8981\u540c\u65f6\u663e\u793a\u6587\u4ef6\u540d\u6216\u76ee\u5f55\u540d\uff0c\u5219\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528du --si --time\u547d\u4ee4\u3002\n\n#du\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u8f93\u51fa\u7ed3\u679c\u5305\u62ec\u4e86\u5b50\u76ee\u5f55\u4e0b\u7684\u6240\u6709\u6587\u4ef6\u548c\u76ee\u5f55\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5982\u679c\u9700\u8981\u7edf\u8ba1\u67d0\u4e2a\u76ee\u5f55\u4e0b\u6240\u6709\u5b50\u76ee\u5f55\u7684\u5927\u5c0f\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528du -h -d 1 | sort -hr\u547d\u4ee4\u3002<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u8981\u67e5\u770b\u5f53\u524d\u76ee\u5f55\u4e2d\u6240\u6709\u6587\u4ef6\u548c\u5b50\u76ee\u5f55\u7684\u5927\u5c0f\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u4ee5\u4e0b\u547d\u4ee4\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">du -h<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8981\u67e5\u770b\u6307\u5b9a\u76ee\u5f55\u6216\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u5927\u5c0f\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06\u76ee\u5f55\u6216\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u8def\u5f84\u4f5c\u4e3a<code>du<\/code>\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u53c2\u6570\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u8981\u67e5\u770b<code>\/home\/user<\/code>\u76ee\u5f55\u7684\u5927\u5c0f\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u4ee5\u4e0b\u547d\u4ee4\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">du -h \/home\/user<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8981\u4ec5\u663e\u793a\u6307\u5b9a\u76ee\u5f55\u7684\u603b\u5927\u5c0f\u800c\u4e0d\u663e\u793a\u5b50\u76ee\u5f55\u6216\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u8be6\u7ec6\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u4ee5\u4e0b\u547d\u4ee4\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">du -sh \/home\/user<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8981\u540c\u65f6\u663e\u793a\u6307\u5b9a\u76ee\u5f55\u548c\u5b50\u76ee\u5f55\u7684\u603b\u5927\u5c0f\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u4ee5\u4e0b\u547d\u4ee4\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">du -c \/home\/user<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u8981\u8ba1\u7b97\u5f53\u524d\u76ee\u5f55\u53ca\u5176\u5b50\u76ee\u5f55\u4e2d\u7684\u6240\u6709\u6587\u4ef6\u548c\u76ee\u5f55\u7684\u5927\u5c0f\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u5305\u62ec\u6302\u8f7d\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u548c\u7b26\u53f7\u94fe\u63a5\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u5927\u5c0f\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u4ee5\u4e0b\u547d\u4ee4\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">du -shxL *<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8981\u4ec5\u8ba1\u7b97\u5f53\u524d\u76ee\u5f55\u4e0b\u7684\u6240\u6709\u5b50\u76ee\u5f55\u7684\u5927\u5c0f\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u4ee5\u4e0b\u547d\u4ee4\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">du -shD *<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8981\u8ba1\u7b97\u5f53\u524d\u76ee\u5f55\u53ca\u5176\u5b50\u76ee\u5f55\u4e2d\u6240\u6709\u6587\u4ef6\u548c\u76ee\u5f55\u7684\u5927\u5c0f\uff0c\u4f46\u6392\u9664<code>.git<\/code>\u76ee\u5f55\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u4ee5\u4e0b\u547d\u4ee4\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">du -sh --exclude=.git *<\/code><\/pre>\n<h2>dd<\/h2>\n<blockquote>\n<p>\u5728Linux\u4e2d\uff0c<code>dd<\/code>\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u884c\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u7528\u4e8e\u590d\u5236\u6587\u4ef6\u3001\u5c06\u6570\u636e\u4ece\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bbe\u5907\u590d\u5236\u5230\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bbe\u5907 \u3001\u5907\u4efd\u548c\u8fd8\u539f\u78c1\u76d8\u6620\u50cf\u7b49\u64cd\u4f5c\u3002&quot;dd&quot;\u547d\u4ee4\u53ef\u4ee5\u5bf9\u4efb\u4f55\u5757\u8bbe\u5907\u91d1\u8fdb\u884c\u64cd\u4f5c\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u786c\u76d8\u3001USB\u9a71\u52a8\u5668\u3001CD-ROM\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p><strong>\u683c\u5f0f<\/strong>\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">dd [if=inputfile] [of=outputfile] [bs=blocksize] [count=numblocks]<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u5176\u4e2d\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>if<\/code>\uff1a \u8f93\u5165\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u5373\u8981\u590d\u5236\u7684\u6e90\u6587\u4ef6\u6216\u8bbe\u5907\uff1b<\/li>\n<li><code>of<\/code>\uff1a\u8f93\u51fa\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u5373\u6570\u636e\u5199\u5165\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u6587\u4ef6\u6216\u8bbe\u5907\uff1b<\/li>\n<li><code>bs<\/code>\uff1a\u5757\u5927\u5c0f\uff0c\u5373\u6bcf\u6b21\u8bfb\u5199\u7684\u5b57\u8282\u6570\uff0c\u9ed8\u8ba4\u503c\u4e3a512\uff1b<\/li>\n<li><code>count<\/code>\uff1a\u5757\u6570\uff0c\u5373\u8981\u590d\u5236\u7684\u5757\u6570\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u8981\u5c06\u4e00\u4e2a\u540d\u4e3a<code>sourcefile<\/code>\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u590d\u5236\u5230\u540d\u4e3a<code>destinationfile<\/code>\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u4ee5\u4e0b\u547d\u4ee4\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">dd if=sourcefile of=destinationfile<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8981\u5c06\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bbe\u5907\u590d\u5236\u5230\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bbe\u5907\u4e2d\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u4ee5\u4e0b\u547d\u4ee4\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-javascript\">dd if=\/dev\/sda of=\/dev\/sdb<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u5e38\u7528\u9009\u9879\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">if=file             \u4ece\u6240\u547d\u540d\u6587\u4ef6\u8bfb\u53d6\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u4ece\u6807\u51c6\u8f93\u5165\nof=file         \u5199\u5230\u6240\u547d\u540d\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5230\u6807\u51c6\u8f93\u51fa\nibs=size        \u4e00\u6b21\u8bfbsize\u4e2abyte\nobs=size        \u4e00\u6b21\u5199size\u4e2abyte\nbs=size         block size, \u6307\u5b9a\u5757\u5927\u5c0f\uff08\u65e2\u662f\u662fibs\u4e5f\u662fobs)\ncbs=size        \u4e00\u6b21\u8f6c\u5316size\u4e2abyte\nskip=blocks     \u4ece\u5f00\u5934\u5ffd\u7565blocks\u4e2aibs\u5927\u5c0f\u7684\u5757(\u5728if\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u8df3\u8fc7\u591a\u5c11bs)\nseek=blocks     \u4ece\u5f00\u5934\u5ffd\u7565blocks\u4e2aobs\u5927\u5c0f\u7684\u5757(\u5728of\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u8df3\u8fc7\u591a\u5c11bs)\ncount=n         \u590d\u5236n\u4e2abs\nconv=conversion[,conversion...] \u7528\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u53c2\u6570\u8f6c\u6362\u6587\u4ef6\n\nconversion  \u8f6c\u6362\u53c2\u6570:\nascii       \u8f6c\u6362 EBCDIC \u4e3a ASCII\nebcdic      \u8f6c\u6362 ASCII \u4e3a EBCDIC\nlcase       \u628a\u5927\u5199\u5b57\u7b26\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a\u5c0f\u5199\u5b57\u7b26\nucase       \u628a\u5c0f\u5199\u5b57\u7b26\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a\u5927\u5199\u5b57\u7b26\nnocreat     \u4e0d\u521b\u5efa\u8f93\u51fa\u6587\u4ef6\nnoerror     \u51fa\u9519\u65f6\u4e0d\u505c\u6b62\nnotrunc     \u4e0d\u622a\u77ed\u8f93\u51fa\u6587\u4ef6\nsync        \u628a\u6bcf\u4e2a\u8f93\u5165\u5757\u586b\u5145\u5230ibs\u4e2a\u5b57\u8282\uff0c\u4e0d\u8db3\u90e8\u5206\u7528\u7a7a(NUL)\u5b57\u7b26\u8865\u9f50\nfdatasync   \u5199\u5b8c\u6210\u524d\uff0c\u7269\u7406\u5199\u5165\u8f93\u51fa\u6587\u4ef6<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u6848\u4f8b1\uff1a\u5907\u4efdMBR\u4e2d\u7684\u5206\u533a\u8868<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">dd if=\/dev\/sda of=\/data\/mbr bs=1 count=64 skip=446<\/code><\/pre>\n<h2>date<\/h2>\n<p><code>date<\/code>\u547d\u4ee4\u7528\u4e8e\u5728Linux\u4e2d\u663e\u793a\u6216\u8bbe\u7f6e\u7cfb\u7edf\u65f6\u95f4\u548c\u65e5\u671f\u3002\u4ee5\u4e0b\u662f\u5404\u9009\u9879\u7684\u542b\u4e49\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>-d, --date=STRING<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u7531STRING\u63cf\u8ff0\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f'now'\u3002\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u5404\u79cd\u683c\u5f0f\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u6765\u6307\u5b9a\u65e5\u671f\uff0c\u5982&quot;2 days ago&quot;\u6216&quot;next year&quot;\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>--debug<\/code>\uff1a\u6ce8\u91ca\u89e3\u6790\u7684\u65e5\u671f\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u53ef\u7591\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u60c5\u51b5\u8b66\u544a\u5230stderr\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-f, --file=DATEFILE<\/code>\uff1a\u7c7b\u4f3c\u4e8e--date\uff1bDATEFILE\u7684\u6bcf\u4e00\u884c\u90fd\u6267\u884c\u4e00\u6b21\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-I[FMT], --iso-8601[=FMT]<\/code>\uff1a\u4ee5ISO 8601\u683c\u5f0f\u8f93\u51fa\u65e5\u671f\/\u65f6\u95f4\u3002FMT\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f'date'\uff08\u4ec5\u65e5\u671f\uff0c\u9ed8\u8ba4\uff09\uff0c'hours'\uff0c'minutes'\uff0c'seconds'\u6216'ns'\uff0c\u8868\u793a\u65e5\u671f\u548c\u65f6\u95f4\u5230\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u7cbe\u5ea6\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-R, --rfc-email<\/code>\uff1a\u4ee5RFC 5322\u683c\u5f0f\u8f93\u51fa\u65e5\u671f\u548c\u65f6\u95f4\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>--rfc-3339=FMT<\/code>\uff1a\u4ee5RFC 3339\u683c\u5f0f\u8f93\u51fa\u65e5\u671f\/\u65f6\u95f4\u3002FMT\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f'date'\uff0c'seconds'\uff0c\u6216'ns'\uff0c\u8868\u793a\u65e5\u671f\u548c\u65f6\u95f4\u5230\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u7cbe\u5ea6\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-r, --reference=FILE<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793aFILE\u6700\u540e\u4fee\u6539\u65f6\u95f4\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-s, --set=STRING<\/code>\uff1a\u8bbe\u7f6e\u7531STRING\u63cf\u8ff0\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-u, --utc, --universal<\/code>\uff1a\u6253\u5370\u6216\u8bbe\u7f6e\u534f\u8c03\u4e16\u754c\u65f6\u95f4\uff08UTC\uff09\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>--help<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u5e2e\u52a9\u4fe1\u606f\u5e76\u9000\u51fa\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>--version<\/code>\uff1a\u8f93\u51fa\u7248\u672c\u4fe1\u606f\u5e76\u9000\u51fa\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><code>date<\/code>\u547d\u4ee4\u4e2d\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u6240\u6709\u683c\u5f0f\u5316\u9009\u9879\u7684\u5b8c\u6574\u5217\u8868\u53ca\u5176\u542b\u4e49\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>%%<\/strong>\uff1a\u8868\u793a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b57\u9762\u767e\u5206\u53f7\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>%a<\/strong>\uff1a\u5f53\u524d\u8bed\u8a00\u73af\u5883\u7684\u661f\u671f\u51e0\u7684\u7b80\u5199\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0cSun\uff09\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>%A<\/strong>\uff1a\u5f53\u524d\u8bed\u8a00\u73af\u5883\u7684\u661f\u671f\u51e0\u7684\u5168\u5199\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0cSunday\uff09\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>%b<\/strong>\uff1a\u5f53\u524d\u8bed\u8a00\u73af\u5883\u7684\u6708\u4efd\u7684\u7b80\u5199\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0cJan\uff09\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>%B<\/strong>\uff1a\u5f53\u524d\u8bed\u8a00\u73af\u5883\u7684\u6708\u4efd\u7684\u5168\u5199\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0cJanuary\uff09\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>%c<\/strong>\uff1a\u5f53\u524d\u8bed\u8a00\u73af\u5883\u7684\u65e5\u671f\u548c\u65f6\u95f4\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0cThu Mar 3 23:05:25 2005\uff09\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>%C<\/strong>\uff1a\u4e16\u7eaa\uff1b\u5982%Y\uff0c\u4f46\u7701\u7565\u4e86\u6700\u540e\u4e24\u4f4d\u6570\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c20\uff09\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>%d<\/strong>\uff1a\u6708\u4efd\u4e2d\u7684\u65e5\u671f\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c01\uff09\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>%D<\/strong>\uff1a\u65e5\u671f\uff1b\u540c%m\/%d\/%y\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>%e<\/strong>\uff1a\u6708\u4efd\u4e2d\u7684\u65e5\u671f\uff0c\u7a7a\u683c\u586b\u5145\uff1b\u540c%_d\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>%F<\/strong>\uff1a\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\u65e5\u671f\uff1b\u540c%Y-%m-%d\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>%g<\/strong>\uff1aISO\u5468\u6570\u7684\u5e74\u4efd\u7684\u6700\u540e\u4e24\u4f4d\uff08\u89c1%G\uff09\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>%G<\/strong>\uff1aISO\u5468\u6570\u7684\u5e74\u4efd\uff08\u89c1%V\uff09\uff1b\u901a\u5e38\u53ea\u6709\u4e0e%V\u4e00\u8d77\u4f7f\u7528\u65f6\u624d\u6709\u7528\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>%h<\/strong>\uff1a\u540c%b\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>%H<\/strong>\uff1a\u5c0f\u65f6\uff0800..23\uff09\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>%I<\/strong>\uff1a\u5c0f\u65f6\uff0801..12\uff09\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>%j<\/strong>\uff1a\u4e00\u5e74\u4e2d\u7684\u7b2c\u51e0\u5929\uff08001..366\uff09\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>%k<\/strong>\uff1a\u5c0f\u65f6\uff0c\u7a7a\u683c\u586b\u5145\uff08 0..23\uff09\uff1b\u540c%_H\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>%l<\/strong>\uff1a\u5c0f\u65f6\uff0c\u7a7a\u683c\u586b\u5145\uff08 1..12\uff09\uff1b\u540c%_I\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>%m<\/strong>\uff1a\u6708\u4efd\uff0801..12\uff09\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>%M<\/strong>\uff1a\u5206\u949f\uff0800..59\uff09\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>%n<\/strong>\uff1a\u65b0\u884c\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>%N<\/strong>\uff1a\u7eb3\u79d2\uff08000000000..999999999\uff09\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>%p<\/strong>\uff1a\u5f53\u524d\u8bed\u8a00\u73af\u5883\u7684AM\u6216PM\u7684\u7b49\u4ef7\u7269\uff1b\u5982\u679c\u672a\u77e5\uff0c\u5219\u4e3a\u7a7a\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>%P<\/strong>\uff1a\u540c%p\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5c0f\u5199\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>%q<\/strong>\uff1a\u4e00\u5e74\u4e2d\u7684\u5b63\u5ea6\uff081..4\uff09\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>%r<\/strong>\uff1a\u5f53\u524d\u8bed\u8a00\u73af\u5883\u768412\u5c0f\u65f6\u5236\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c11:11:04 PM\uff09\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>%R<\/strong>\uff1a24\u5c0f\u65f6\u5236\u7684\u5c0f\u65f6\u548c\u5206\u949f\uff1b\u540c%H:%M\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>%s<\/strong>\uff1a\u81ea1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC\u8d77\u7684\u79d2\u6570\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>%S<\/strong>\uff1a\u79d2\uff0800..60\uff09\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>%t<\/strong>\uff1a\u5236\u8868\u7b26\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>%T<\/strong>\uff1a\u65f6\u95f4\uff1b\u540c%H:%M:%S\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>%u<\/strong>\uff1a\u4e00\u5468\u4e2d\u7684\u7b2c\u51e0\u5929\uff081..7\uff09\uff1b1\u662f\u661f\u671f\u4e00\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>%U<\/strong>\uff1a\u4e00\u5e74\u4e2d\u7684\u7b2c\u51e0\u5468\uff0c\u4ee5\u661f\u671f\u5929\u4e3a\u4e00\u5468\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u5929\uff0800..53\uff09\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>%V<\/strong>\uff1aISO\u4e00\u5e74\u4e2d\u7684\u7b2c\u51e0\u5468\uff0c\u4ee5\u661f\u671f\u4e00\u4e3a\u4e00\u5468\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u5929\uff0801..53\uff09\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>%w<\/strong>\uff1a\u4e00\u5468\u4e2d\u7684\u7b2c\u51e0\u5929\uff080..6\uff09\uff1b0\u662f\u661f\u671f\u5929\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>%W<\/strong>\uff1a\u4e00\u5e74\u4e2d\u7684\u7b2c\u51e0\u5468\uff0c\u4ee5\u661f\u671f\u4e00\u4e3a\u4e00\u5468\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u5929\uff0800..53\uff09\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>%x<\/strong>\uff1a\u5f53\u524d\u8bed\u8a00\u73af\u5883\u7684\u65e5\u671f\u8868\u793a\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c12\/31\/99\uff09\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>%X<\/strong>\uff1a\u5f53\u524d\u8bed\u8a00\u73af\u5883\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u8868\u793a\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c23:13:48\uff09\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>%y<\/strong>\uff1a\u5e74\u4efd\u7684\u6700\u540e\u4e24\u4f4d\u6570\uff0800..99\uff09\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>%Y<\/strong>\uff1a\u5e74\u4efd\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>%z<\/strong>\uff1a+hhmm\u7684\u6570\u5b57\u65f6\u533a\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c-0400\uff09\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>%:z<\/strong>\uff1a+hh:mm\u7684\u6570\u5b57\u65f6\u533a\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c-04:00\uff09\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>%::z<\/strong>\uff1a+hh:mm:ss\u7684\u6570\u5b57\u65f6\u533a\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c-04:00:00\uff09\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>%:::z<\/strong>\uff1a\u6570\u5b57\u65f6\u533a\uff0c\u5192\u53f7\u5230\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u7cbe\u5ea6\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c-04, +05:30\uff09\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>%Z<\/strong>\uff1a\u5b57\u6bcd\u65f6\u533a\u7f29\u5199\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0cEDT\uff09\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u9ed8\u8ba4\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c<code>date<\/code>\u7528\u96f6\u586b\u5145\u6570\u503c\u5b57\u6bb5\u3002\u4ee5\u4e0b\u53ef\u9009\u6807\u5fd7\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u5728'%'\u540e\u9762\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>-<\/strong>\uff1a\u4e0d\u586b\u5145\u5b57\u6bb5<\/li>\n<li><strong>_<\/strong>\uff1a\u7528\u7a7a\u683c\u586b\u5145<\/li>\n<li><strong>0<\/strong>\uff1a\u7528\u96f6\u586b\u5145<\/li>\n<li><strong>^<\/strong>\uff1a\u5982\u679c\u53ef\u80fd\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u5927\u5199<\/li>\n<li><strong>#<\/strong>\uff1a\u5982\u679c\u53ef\u80fd\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u76f8\u53cd\u7684\u60c5\u51b5<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u5728\u4efb\u4f55\u6807\u5fd7\u540e\u9762\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u53ef\u9009\u7684\u5b57\u6bb5\u5bbd\u5ea6\uff0c\u8868\u793a\u4e3a\u5341\u8fdb\u5236\u6570\uff1b\u7136\u540e\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u53ef\u9009\u7684\u4fee\u9970\u7b26\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u662fE\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u5728\u53ef\u7528\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u4f7f\u7528\u8bed\u8a00\u73af\u5883\u7684\u5907\u7528\u8868\u793a\uff0c\u6216\u8005O\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u5728\u53ef\u7528\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u4f7f\u7528\u8bed\u8a00\u73af\u5883\u7684\u5907\u7528\u6570\u5b57\u7b26\u53f7\u3002<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">FORMAT\u9009\u9879\u63a7\u5236\u8f93\u51fa\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S\u4f1a\u8f93\u51fa\u5f62\u5982&quot;2023-05-15 14:32:01&quot;\u7684\u65e5\u671f\u548c\u65f6\u95f4\u3002\u5177\u4f53\u7684FORMAT\u683c\u5f0f\u53ef\u4ee5\u53c2\u8003\u4e0a\u8ff0\u5e2e\u52a9\u4fe1\u606f\u4e2d\u7684\u5217\u8868\u3002\n\u4e00\u4e9b\u5e38\u89c1\u7528\u6cd5\u5305\u62ec\uff1a\n\ndate\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u5f53\u524d\u65e5\u671f\u548c\u65f6\u95f4\u3002\ndate +%Y-%m-%d\uff1a\u4ec5\u663e\u793a\u5f53\u524d\u65e5\u671f\u3002\ndate -d &quot;1 day ago&quot;\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u6628\u5929\u7684\u65e5\u671f\u3002\ndate -d &quot;next year&quot;\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u660e\u5e74\u7684\u4eca\u5929\u7684\u65e5\u671f\n\n1.\u663e\u793a\u7279\u5b9a\u683c\u5f0f\u7684\u65e5\u671f\u548c\u65f6\u95f4\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528+%\u9009\u9879\uff0c\u60a8\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b9a\u4e49\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u65e5\u671f\u548c\u65f6\u95f4\u683c\u5f0f\u3002\ndate +&quot;%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S&quot;\n\n2.\u663e\u793a\u672a\u6765\u6216\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684\u65e5\u671f\u548c\u65f6\u95f4\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528-d\u6216--date\u9009\u9879\uff0c\u60a8\u53ef\u4ee5\u663e\u793a\u672a\u6765\u6216\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684\u65e5\u671f\u548c\u65f6\u95f4\u3002\ndate -d &quot;1 day ago&quot;\ndate -d &quot;1 day&quot;   #\u4e00\u5929\u540e\ndate -d &quot;1 week ago&quot;\ndate -d &quot;1 week&quot;\ndate -d &quot;1 year ago&quot;\ndate -d &quot;1 year&quot;\n\n3.\u8bbe\u7f6e\u7cfb\u7edf\u65e5\u671f\u548c\u65f6\u95f4\uff1a\u5982\u679c\u60a8\u662f\u8d85\u7ea7\u7528\u6237\uff0c\u60a8\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528date\u547d\u4ee4\u8bbe\u7f6e\u7cfb\u7edf\u65e5\u671f\u548c\u65f6\u95f4\u3002\nsudo date --set=&quot;20230515 16:00:00&quot;\n\n4.\u5c06\u65e5\u671f\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3aUNIX\u65f6\u95f4\u6233\uff1aUNIX\u65f6\u95f4\u6233\u662f\u81ea1970\u5e741\u67081\u65e5\uff08UTC\uff09\u4ee5\u6765\u7684\u79d2\u6570\u3002\u4f7f\u7528+%s\u9009\u9879\uff0c\u60a8\u53ef\u4ee5\u67e5\u770b\u5f53\u524d\u65f6\u95f4\u7684UNIX\u65f6\u95f4\u6233\u3002\ndate +%s\n\n5.\u5c06UNIX\u65f6\u95f4\u6233\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a\u65e5\u671f\uff1a\u60a8\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06UNIX\u65f6\u95f4\u6233\u8f6c\u6362\u56de\u65e5\u671f\u548c\u65f6\u95f4\u3002\ndate -d @1620735053 #@ \u7b26\u53f7\u8868\u793a\u540e\u9762\u7684\u6570\u5b57\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a Unix \u65f6\u95f4\u6233\u3002\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<h2>declare<\/h2>\n<p><code>declare<\/code> \u662f\u4e00\u4e2a shell \u5185\u5efa\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u5728 Bash \u811a\u672c\u4e2d\u8bbe\u7f6e\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u3002\u5b83\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u6765\u8bbe\u7f6e\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u3001\u8bbe\u7f6e\u53ea\u8bfb\u5c5e\u6027\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u663e\u793a\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<code>declare<\/code> \u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u5e38\u89c1\u7528\u6cd5\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>1.\u8bbe\u7f6e\u6574\u6570\u5c5e\u6027\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>\u4f7f\u7528 <code>-i<\/code> \u9009\u9879\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06\u53d8\u91cf\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e3a\u6574\u6570\u7c7b\u578b<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">declare -i num\nnum=10<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4f1a\u5c06\u53d8\u91cf <code>num<\/code> \u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e3a\u6574\u6570\u7c7b\u578b\u3002\u5f53\u5bf9\u8be5\u53d8\u91cf\u8fdb\u884c\u8d4b\u503c\u64cd\u4f5c\u65f6\uff0c\u5b83\u5c06\u81ea\u52a8\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a\u6574\u6570\u3002<\/p>\n<p>2.\u8bbe\u7f6e\u53ea\u8bfb\u5c5e\u6027\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>\u4f7f\u7528 <code>-r<\/code> \u9009\u9879\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06\u53d8\u91cf\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e3a\u53ea\u8bfb\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">declare -r readonly_var=&quot;This is a readonly variable&quot;<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>3.\u663e\u793a\u53d8\u91cf\u4fe1\u606f\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>\u4e0d\u5e26\u4efb\u4f55\u53c2\u6570\u4f7f\u7528 <code>declare<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u53ef\u4ee5\u663e\u793a\u5f53\u524d shell \u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u7684\u6240\u6709\u53d8\u91cf\u53ca\u5176\u5c5e\u6027\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">declare<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u53ef\u4ee5\u6dfb\u52a0 <code>-p<\/code> \u9009\u9879\u5e76\u6307\u5b9a\u53d8\u91cf\u540d\u6765\u663e\u793a\u7279\u5b9a\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">declare -p num<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8fd9\u5c06\u8f93\u51fa\u7c7b\u4f3c\u4e8e\u4ee5\u4e0b\u5185\u5bb9\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">declare -i num=&quot;10&quot;<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8fd9\u663e\u793a\u4e86\u53d8\u91cf <code>num<\/code> \u7684\u7c7b\u578b\uff08\u6574\u6570\uff09\u548c\u5f53\u524d\u503c\uff0810\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>4.\u8bbe\u7f6e\u6570\u7ec4:<\/p>\n<p>\u4f7f\u7528 <code>-a<\/code> \u9009\u9879\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06\u53d8\u91cf\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e3a\u6570\u7ec4\u7c7b\u578b\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">declare -a my_array=(&quot;value1&quot; &quot;value2&quot; &quot;value3&quot;)<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8fd9\u5c06\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u540d\u4e3a <code>my_array<\/code> \u7684\u6570\u7ec4\uff0c\u5305\u542b\u4e09\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\uff1avalue1\uff0cvalue2 \u548c value3\u3002<\/p>\n<p>5.\u8bbe\u7f6e\u5173\u8054\u6570\u7ec4\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>\u4f7f\u7528 <code>-A<\/code> \u9009\u9879\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06\u53d8\u91cf\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e3a\u5173\u8054\u6570\u7ec4\u7c7b\u578b\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">declare -A my_associative_array=([&quot;key1&quot;]=&quot;value1&quot; [&quot;key2&quot;]=&quot;value2&quot; [&quot;key3&quot;]=&quot;value3&quot;)<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8fd9\u5c06\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u540d\u4e3a <code>my_associative_array<\/code> \u7684\u5173\u8054\u6570\u7ec4\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5305\u542b\u4e09\u4e2a\u952e\u503c\u5bf9\uff1akey1 \u5bf9\u5e94 value1\uff0ckey2 \u5bf9\u5e94 value2\uff0ckey3 \u5bf9\u5e94 value3\u3002<\/p>\n<p>6.\u4f7f\u7528 <code>declare<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u5bfc\u51fa\u53d8\u91cf\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>\u4f7f\u7528 <code>-x<\/code> \u9009\u9879\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06\u53d8\u91cf\u5bfc\u51fa\uff0c\u4f7f\u5176\u5728\u5b50 shell \u4e2d\u53ef\u7528\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">declare -x exported_var=&quot;This variable is exported&quot;<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>7.\u8bbe\u7f6e\u540d\u79f0\u5f15\u7528\uff08Name reference\uff09\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>\u4f7f\u7528 <code>-n<\/code> \u9009\u9879\u53ef\u4ee5\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u540d\u79f0\u5f15\u7528\u53d8\u91cf\uff0c\u5b83\u5141\u8bb8\u4e00\u4e2a\u53d8\u91cf\u5f15\u7528\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u503c\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">original_var=&quot;This is the original variable&quot;\ndeclare -n reference_var=original_var<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u73b0\u5728\uff0c<code>reference_var<\/code> \u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6307\u5411 <code>original_var<\/code> \u7684\u5f15\u7528\u3002\u5f53\u6211\u4eec\u4f7f\u7528 <code>reference_var<\/code> \u65f6\uff0c\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u662f\u5728\u8bbf\u95ee <code>original_var<\/code> \u7684\u503c\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">echo $reference_var  # \u8f93\u51fa\uff1aThis is the original variable<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>8.\u53d6\u6d88\u8bbe\u7f6e\u53d8\u91cf\u5c5e\u6027\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>\u4f7f\u7528 <code>+<\/code> \u7b26\u53f7\u800c\u4e0d\u662f <code>-<\/code> \u7b26\u53f7\u53ef\u4ee5\u53d6\u6d88\u4e4b\u524d\u8bbe\u7f6e\u7684\u53d8\u91cf\u5c5e\u6027\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u53d6\u6d88\u4e00\u4e2a\u6574\u6570\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u6574\u6570\u5c5e\u6027<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">declare -i num=10\ndeclare +i num<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u53d6\u6d88\u4e00\u4e2a\u53ea\u8bfb\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u53ea\u8bfb\u5c5e\u6027\uff08\u6ce8\u610f\uff1a\u5728 Bash \u4e2d\uff0c\u4e00\u65e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u53d8\u91cf\u88ab\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e3a\u53ea\u8bfb\uff0c\u5c31\u4e0d\u80fd\u53d6\u6d88\u5176\u53ea\u8bfb\u5c5e\u6027\uff09\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\"># declare +r readonly_var  # \u8fd9\u5c06\u4f1a\u629b\u51fa\u9519\u8bef\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u65e0\u6cd5\u53d6\u6d88\u53ea\u8bfb\u5c5e\u6027<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>9.\u5728\u540c\u4e00\u6761\u547d\u4ee4\u4e2d\u8bbe\u7f6e\u591a\u4e2a\u5c5e\u6027\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u540c\u4e00\u6761 <code>declare<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u4e2d\u8bbe\u7f6e\u591a\u4e2a\u5c5e\u6027\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u6574\u6570\u6570\u7ec4\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">declare -ai int_array=(1 2 3)<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>10.\u4f7f\u7528 <code>declare<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u521b\u5efa\u5c40\u90e8\u53d8\u91cf\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u51fd\u6570\u4e2d\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 <code>declare<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u548c <code>-g<\/code> \u9009\u9879\u6765\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c40\u90e8\u53d8\u91cf\uff0c\u8be5\u53d8\u91cf\u4ec5\u5728\u51fd\u6570\u5185\u90e8\u53ef\u7528\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">my_function() {\n    declare local_var=&quot;This is a local variable&quot;\n    echo &quot;Inside the function: $local_var&quot;\n}\n\nmy_function\necho &quot;Outside the function: $local_var&quot;  # \u8f93\u51fa\uff1aOutside the function:<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u4e2d\uff0c<code>local_var<\/code> \u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c40\u90e8\u53d8\u91cf\uff0c\u4ec5\u5728 <code>my_function<\/code> \u51fd\u6570\u5185\u90e8\u53ef\u89c1\u3002\u5728\u51fd\u6570\u5916\u90e8\u5c1d\u8bd5\u8bbf\u95ee <code>local_var<\/code> \u65f6\uff0c\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5f97\u5230\u4efb\u4f55\u7ed3\u679c\u3002<\/p>\n<h2>dmesg<\/h2>\n<blockquote>\n<p><code>dmesg<\/code>\u662f\u4e00\u4e2aLinux\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u6253\u5370\u5185\u6838\u73af\u7f13\u51b2\u533a\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5185\u6838\u542f\u52a8\u4fe1\u606f\u3001\u786c\u4ef6\u68c0\u6d4b\u7ed3\u679c\u3001\u9a71\u52a8\u7a0b\u5e8f\u52a0\u8f7d\u4fe1\u606f\u3001\u7cfb\u7edf\u8c03\u7528\u548c\u4e2d\u65ad\u7684\u76f8\u5173\u4fe1\u606f\u7b49\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u6267\u884cdmesg\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u83b7\u53d6\u5230\u5185\u6838\u8fd0\u884c\u671f\u95f4\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u4e8b\u4ef6\u548c\u9519\u8bef\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u8bca\u65ad\u7cfb\u7edf\u95ee\u9898\u548c\u8fdb\u884c\u6545\u969c\u6392\u9664\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>\u4e0b\u9762\u662f\u4e00\u4e9b\u5e38\u7528\u7684dmesg\u547d\u4ee4\u9009\u9879\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>-h\u6216--help\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u5e2e\u52a9\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/li>\n<li>-n<level>\u6216--console-level=<level>\uff1a\u8bbe\u7f6e\u5185\u6838\u6d88\u606f\u7684\u8f93\u51fa\u7ea7\u522b\u3002<\/li>\n<li>-s<size>\u6216--buffer-size=<size>\uff1a\u8bbe\u7f6e\u5185\u6838\u73af\u7f13\u51b2\u533a\u7684\u5927\u5c0f\u3002<\/li>\n<li>-t\u6216--ctime\uff1a\u8f93\u51fa\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u6233\u4f7f\u7528\u53ef\u8bfb\u6027\u66f4\u9ad8\u7684\u65e5\u671f\u65f6\u95f4\u683c\u5f0f\u3002<\/li>\n<li>-w\u6216--follow\uff1a\u5b9e\u65f6\u76d1\u89c6\u5185\u6838\u73af\u7f13\u51b2\u533a\u7684\u8f93\u51fa\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol>\n<li>\u663e\u793a\u5185\u6838\u73af\u7f13\u51b2\u533a\u7684\u5168\u90e8\u5185\u5bb9<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code>dmesg<\/code><\/pre>\n<ol>\n<li>\u663e\u793a\u6700\u8fd1\u768420\u884c\u5185\u6838\u6d88\u606f<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code>dmesg | tail -n 20<\/code><\/pre>\n<ol>\n<li>\u641c\u7d22\u5305\u542b\u6307\u5b9a\u5173\u952e\u5b57\u7684\u5185\u6838\u6d88\u606f<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code>dmesg | grep -i &quot;error&quot;<\/code><\/pre>\n<ol>\n<li>\u663e\u793a\u53ef\u8bfb\u6027\u66f4\u9ad8\u7684\u65e5\u671f\u65f6\u95f4\u683c\u5f0f<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code>dmesg -t<\/code><\/pre>\n<ol>\n<li>\u5b9e\u65f6\u76d1\u89c6\u5185\u6838\u73af\u7f13\u51b2\u533a\u7684\u8f93\u51fa<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code>dmesg -w<\/code><\/pre>\n<h2>echo<\/h2>\n<p><code>echo<\/code> \u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e38\u7528\u7684 shell \u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u5728\u63a7\u5236\u53f0\u4e0a\u663e\u793a\u4e00\u884c\u6587\u672c\u3002\u5b83\u53ef\u4ee5\u5e2e\u52a9\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u811a\u672c\u4e2d\u8f93\u51fa\u53d8\u91cf\u3001\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u4ee5\u53ca\u6267\u884c\u7ed3\u679c\u7b49\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\u4e0b\u9762\u662f <code>echo<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u57fa\u672c\u7528\u6cd5\u548c\u9009\u9879\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>-n<\/code>\uff1a\u4e0d\u5728\u8f93\u51fa\u672b\u5c3e\u6dfb\u52a0\u6362\u884c\u7b26\u3002\u4f7f\u7528\u8be5\u9009\u9879\u540e\uff0c\u8f93\u51fa\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u4e0d\u4f1a\u81ea\u52a8\u6362\u884c\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-e<\/code>\uff1a\u542f\u7528\u8f6c\u4e49\u5b57\u7b26\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u3002\u4f7f\u7528\u8be5\u9009\u9879\u540e\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u8f93\u51fa\u7684\u6587\u672c\u4e2d\u4f7f\u7528\u8f6c\u4e49\u5b57\u7b26\u6765\u8868\u793a\u7279\u6b8a\u5b57\u7b26\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982<code>\\n<\/code>\u8868\u793a\u6362\u884c\u7b26\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-E<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u5f0f\u5730\u7981\u6b62\u89e3\u91ca\u8f6c\u4e49\u5b57\u7b26\u3002\u4f7f\u7528\u8be5\u9009\u9879\u540e\uff0c<code>echo<\/code>\u547d\u4ee4\u4f1a\u5c06\u8f6c\u4e49\u5b57\u7b26\u4f5c\u4e3a\u666e\u901a\u5b57\u7b26\u8f93\u51fa\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u4f1a\u89e3\u91ca\u5176\u7279\u6b8a\u542b\u4e49\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><code>echo<\/code>\u547d\u4ee4\u8fd8\u652f\u6301\u4f7f\u7528\u8f6c\u4e49\u5b57\u7b26\u6765\u63a7\u5236\u8f93\u51fa\u7684\u683c\u5f0f\uff0c\u4e0b\u9762\u662f\u5e38\u7528\u7684\u8f6c\u4e49\u5b57\u7b26\u53ca\u5176\u542b\u4e49\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>\\a<\/code>\uff1a\u8b66\u544a\uff08\u54cd\u94c3\uff09\u7b26\u53f7\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>\\b<\/code>\uff1a\u9000\u683c\u7b26\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>\\c<\/code>\uff1a\u7981\u6b62\u7ee7\u7eed\u8f93\u51fa\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>\\e<\/code> \u6216 <code>\\E<\/code>\uff1a\u8f6c\u4e49\u5b57\u7b26\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>\\f<\/code>\uff1a\u6362\u9875\u7b26\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>\\n<\/code>\uff1a\u6362\u884c\u7b26\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>\\r<\/code>\uff1a\u56de\u8f66\u7b26\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>\\t<\/code>\uff1a\u6c34\u5e73\u5236\u8868\u7b26\uff08Tab\u952e\uff09\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>\\v<\/code>\uff1a\u5782\u76f4\u5236\u8868\u7b26\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>\\\\<\/code>\uff1a\u53cd\u659c\u6760\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>\\0nnn<\/code>\uff1a\u4ee5\u516b\u8fdb\u5236\u8868\u793a\u7684ASCII\u5b57\u7b26\uff0c\u5176\u4e2dNNN\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a0\u52303\u4f4d\u7684\u516b\u8fdb\u5236\u6570\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>\\xHH<\/code>\uff1a\u4ee5\u5341\u516d\u8fdb\u5236\u8868\u793a\u7684\u516b\u4f4d\u5b57\u7b26\uff0c\u5176\u4e2dHH\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e00\u4f4d\u6216\u4e24\u4f4d\u7684\u5341\u516d\u8fdb\u5236\u6570<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u793a\u4f8b\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>1.\u8f93\u51fa\u6587\u672c\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">echo &quot;Hello, World!&quot;<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>2.\u8f93\u51fa\u53d8\u91cf\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">name=&quot;John Doe&quot;\necho &quot;My name is $name&quot; #\u5f31\u5f15\u7528\necho &#039;My name is $name&#039; #\u5f3a\u5f15\u7528\uff0c\u4e0d\u4f1a\u8bc6\u522b\u53d8\u91cf<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>3.\u8f93\u51fa\u8f6c\u4e49\u5b57\u7b26\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>\u4f7f\u7528 <code>-e<\/code> \u9009\u9879\u53ef\u4ee5\u542f\u7528\u5bf9\u8f6c\u4e49\u5b57\u7b26\u7684\u89e3\u6790\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u6362\u884c\u7b26\uff08<code>\\n<\/code>\uff09\u6216\u5236\u8868\u7b26\uff08<code>\\t<\/code>\uff09\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">echo -e &quot;Line 1\\nLine 2&quot;<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8fd9\u5c06\u8f93\u51fa\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">Line 1\nLine 2<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>4.\u4e0d\u8f93\u51fa\u6362\u884c\u7b26\uff1a<\/p>\n<p><code>echo<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u9ed8\u8ba4\u4f1a\u5728\u8f93\u51fa\u7684\u672b\u5c3e\u6dfb\u52a0\u4e00\u4e2a\u6362\u884c\u7b26\u3002\u4f7f\u7528 <code>-n<\/code> \u9009\u9879\u53ef\u4ee5\u7981\u6b62\u8f93\u51fa\u6362\u884c\u7b26\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">echo -n &quot;No newline character here.&quot;<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>5.\u8f93\u51fa\u547d\u4ee4\u6267\u884c\u7ed3\u679c\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>\u4f7f\u7528\u53cd\u5f15\u53f7\uff08<code><code> <\/code><\/code><code>\uff09\u6216 <\/code>$()<code>\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u6267\u884c\u7ed3\u679c\u4f5c\u4e3a<\/code>echo` \u7684\u8f93\u5165\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">echo &quot;Today is `date`&quot;<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u6216<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">echo &quot;Today is $(date)&quot;<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8fd9\u5c06\u8f93\u51fa\u5f53\u524d\u65e5\u671f\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982 &quot;Today is Tue Sep 21 14:33:40 PDT 2021&quot;\u3002<\/p>\n<h2>expect<\/h2>\n<p><code>expect<\/code> \u662f\u4e00\u4e2a Linux \u547d\u4ee4\u884c\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u81ea\u52a8\u5316\u4e0e\u4ea4\u4e92\u5f0f\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7684\u4ea4\u4e92\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002\u5b83\u57fa\u4e8e Tcl\uff08Tool Command Language\uff09\u7f16\u5199\uff0c\u5141\u8bb8\u7528\u6237\u521b\u5efa\u811a\u672c\u6765\u6a21\u62df\u4e0e\u4ea4\u4e92\u5f0f\u7a0b\u5e8f\uff08\u5982\u547d\u4ee4\u884c\u5de5\u5177\u3001SSH \u767b\u5f55\u7b49\uff09\u7684\u5bf9\u8bdd\u3002\u901a\u8fc7 <code>expect<\/code> \u811a\u672c\uff0c\u7528\u6237\u53ef\u4ee5\u81ea\u52a8\u53d1\u9001\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u5904\u7406\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7684\u8f93\u51fa\uff0c\u5e76\u6839\u636e\u8f93\u51fa\u91c7\u53d6\u76f8\u5e94\u7684\u884c\u52a8\u3002<\/p>\n<p><code>expect<\/code> \u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u529f\u80fd\u662f\u6839\u636e\u9884\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\uff08\u201c\u671f\u671b\u201d\uff09\u6765\u7b49\u5f85\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7684\u8f93\u51fa\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u5339\u914d\u5230\u76f8\u5e94\u6a21\u5f0f\u65f6\u6267\u884c\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u52a8\u4f5c\u3002\u8fd9\u4f7f\u5f97 <code>expect<\/code> \u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u4e8e\u81ea\u52a8\u5316\u90a3\u4e9b\u9700\u8981\u7528\u6237\u8f93\u5165\uff08\u5982\u5bc6\u7801\u3001\u547d\u4ee4\u7b49\uff09\u7684\u7a0b\u5e8f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>1.<code>spawn<\/code>\uff1a\u542f\u52a8\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u8fdb\u7a0b\u3002\u8fd9\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u4ea4\u4e92\u5f0f\u7a0b\u5e8f\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982 SSH\u3001FTP \u6216\u5176\u4ed6\u547d\u4ee4\u884c\u5de5\u5177\u3002<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">spawn ssh user@example.com<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>2.<code>expect<\/code>\uff1a\u7b49\u5f85\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u6587\u672c\u6a21\u5f0f\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7684\u8f93\u51fa\u4e2d\u3002\u53ef\u4ee5\u6307\u5b9a\u4e00\u4e2a\u6216\u591a\u4e2a\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5728\u5339\u914d\u5230\u76f8\u5e94\u6a21\u5f0f\u65f6\u8981\u6267\u884c\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c\u3002<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">expect {\n    &quot;password:&quot; { send &quot;your_password\\r&quot; }\n    &quot;Connection refused&quot; { exit 1 }\n}<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>3.<code>send<\/code>\uff1a\u5411\u8fdb\u7a0b\u53d1\u9001\u6570\u636e\u3002\u901a\u5e38\u7528\u4e8e\u8f93\u5165\u547d\u4ee4\u6216\u63d0\u4f9b\u4ea4\u4e92\u5f0f\u7a0b\u5e8f\u6240\u9700\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">send &quot;your_password\\r&quot;<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>4.<code>set<\/code>\uff1a\u8bbe\u7f6e\u53d8\u91cf\u3002\u5728 <code>expect<\/code> \u811a\u672c\u4e2d\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 <code>set<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u8bbe\u7f6e\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u503c\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u5728\u811a\u672c\u4e2d\u5f15\u7528\u8fd9\u4e9b\u53d8\u91cf\u3002<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">set username &quot;your_username&quot;\nset password &quot;your_password&quot;<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>5.<code>timeout<\/code>\uff1a\u8bbe\u7f6e\u8d85\u65f6\u65f6\u95f4\u3002\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u5b83\u6765\u63a7\u5236\u811a\u672c\u7b49\u5f85\u8f93\u51fa\u7684\u6700\u957f\u65f6\u95f4\u3002\u5982\u679c\u8d85\u8fc7\u8fd9\u4e2a\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u811a\u672c\u5c06\u6267\u884c\u8d85\u65f6\u5206\u652f\u4e2d\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c\u3002<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">set timeout 10\nexpect {\n    &quot;password:&quot; { send &quot;your_password\\r&quot; }\n    timeout { exit 1 }\n}<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>6.<code>exp_continue<\/code>\uff1a\u7ee7\u7eed\u7b49\u5f85\u5176\u4ed6\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a <code>expect<\/code> \u4ee3\u7801\u5757\u4e2d\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5339\u914d\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u811a\u672c\u901a\u5e38\u4f1a\u7ee7\u7eed\u6267\u884c <code>expect<\/code> \u4ee3\u7801\u5757\u4e4b\u540e\u7684\u4ee3\u7801\u3002\u4f46\u6709\u65f6\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u80fd\u5e0c\u671b\u7ee7\u7eed\u7b49\u5f85\u5176\u4ed6\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 <code>exp_continue<\/code>\u3002<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">expect {\n    &quot;Line 1&quot; { puts &quot;Matched Line 1&quot;; exp_continue }\n    &quot;Line 2&quot; { puts &quot;Matched Line 2&quot;; exp_continue }\n    &quot;Last line&quot; { puts &quot;Matched the last line&quot; }\n}<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>7.<code>interact<\/code>\uff1a\u5c06\u63a7\u5236\u6743\u4ea4\u8fd8\u7ed9\u7528\u6237\u3002\u5f53\u811a\u672c\u6267\u884c\u5230\u67d0\u4e2a\u9636\u6bb5\u540e\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u80fd\u5e0c\u671b\u7528\u6237\u80fd\u591f\u76f4\u63a5\u4e0e\u4ea4\u4e92\u5f0f\u7a0b\u5e8f\u8fdb\u884c\u4ea4\u4e92\u3002\u8fd9\u65f6\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 <code>interact<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u3002<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\"># \u4e0e SSH \u4f1a\u8bdd\u8fdb\u884c\u4ea4\u4e92\ninteract<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>8.<code>log_user<\/code>\uff1a\u63a7\u5236\u7528\u6237\u662f\u5426\u80fd\u770b\u5230\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7684\u8f93\u51fa\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u5e0c\u671b\u5728\u6267\u884c\u811a\u672c\u65f6\u9690\u85cf\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7684\u8f93\u51fa\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 <code>log_user 0<\/code>\u3002\u8981\u6062\u590d\u8f93\u51fa\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528 <code>log_user 1<\/code>\u3002<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">log_user 0\nspawn ssh user@example.com\nlog_user 1<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>9.<code>log_file<\/code>\uff1a\u5c06\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7684\u8f93\u51fa\u8bb0\u5f55\u5230\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\u8fd9\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4fdd\u5b58\u4ea4\u4e92\u5f0f\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7684\u8f93\u51fa\u4ee5\u4fbf\u7a0d\u540e\u5206\u6790\u975e\u5e38\u6709\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">log_file &quot;output.log&quot;\nspawn ssh user@example.com<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>10.<code>send_user<\/code>\uff1a\u5411\u7528\u6237\u53d1\u9001\u6587\u672c\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5411\u4ea4\u4e92\u5f0f\u7a0b\u5e8f\u53d1\u9001\u3002\u8fd9\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5728\u811a\u672c\u4e2d\u663e\u793a\u72b6\u6001\u4fe1\u606f\u6216\u63d0\u793a\u5f88\u6709\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">send_user &quot;Now executing ls command...\\n&quot;\nsend &quot;ls\\r&quot;<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>11.\u6b63\u5219\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\uff1a<code>expect<\/code> \u652f\u6301\u4f7f\u7528\u6b63\u5219\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u5339\u914d\u8f93\u51fa\u3002\u5728\u6a21\u5f0f\u524d\u52a0 <code>-re<\/code> \u53c2\u6570\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e00\u4e2a\u6b63\u5219\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u3002<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">expect -re &quot;password|Password:&quot;\nsend &quot;your_password\\r&quot;<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>12.\u63d0\u53d6\u5339\u914d\u7684\u6587\u672c\uff1a\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u6b63\u5219\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u4ece\u8f93\u51fa\u4e2d\u63d0\u53d6\u7279\u5b9a\u6587\u672c\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u5c06\u5176\u5b58\u50a8\u5728\u53d8\u91cf\u4e2d\u3002<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">expect -re &quot;Current time: (\\[0-9:\\]+)&quot;\nset current_time $expect_out(1,string)\nsend_user &quot;The current time is: $current_time\\n&quot;<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>13.<code>sleep<\/code>\uff1a\u5728\u811a\u672c\u4e2d\u6dfb\u52a0\u5ef6\u8fdf\u3002\u6709\u65f6\u5728\u6267\u884c\u67d0\u4e9b\u64cd\u4f5c\u4e4b\u95f4\u9700\u8981\u7b49\u5f85\u4e00\u6bb5\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 <code>sleep<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u3002<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">send &quot;some_command\\r&quot;\nsleep 5\nsend &quot;another_command\\r&quot;<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>14.<code>close<\/code> \u548c <code>wait<\/code>\uff1a\u5728\u811a\u672c\u7ed3\u675f\u65f6\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 <code>close<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u5173\u95ed\u4e0e\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7684\u8fde\u63a5\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u4f7f\u7528 <code>wait<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u7b49\u5f85\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7ed3\u675f\u5e76\u83b7\u53d6\u5176\u9000\u51fa\u4ee3\u7801\u3002<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">send &quot;exit\\r&quot;\nexpect eof\nclose\nset exit_code [wait]\nsend_user &quot;The exit code is: $exit_code\\n&quot;<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>15.\u81ea\u5b9a\u4e49\u9519\u8bef\u5904\u7406\uff1a\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 <code>trap<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u4e3a\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u9519\u8bef\u6216\u5f02\u5e38\u521b\u5efa\u81ea\u5b9a\u4e49\u5904\u7406\u7a0b\u5e8f\u3002<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">proc on_error {msg} {\n    send_user &quot;An error occurred: $msg\\n&quot;\n    exit 1\n}\ntrap {on_error &quot;Failed to connect&quot;} SPAWN_ERROR\nspawn ssh user@example.com<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>16.\u4f7f\u7528 <code>switch<\/code>\uff1a\u6839\u636e\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u503c\u6267\u884c\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c\u3002\u8fd9\u5728\u5904\u7406\u591a\u4e2a\u9009\u9879\u65f6\u975e\u5e38\u6709\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">set option &quot;A&quot;\nswitch $option {\n    &quot;A&quot; {\n        send &quot;command_A\\r&quot;\n    }\n    &quot;B&quot; {\n        send &quot;command_B\\r&quot;\n    }\n    default {\n        send &quot;unknown_command\\r&quot;\n    }\n}<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>17.\u4f7f\u7528 <code>catch<\/code> \u5904\u7406\u9519\u8bef\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528 <code>catch<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u53ef\u4ee5\u6355\u83b7\u547d\u4ee4\u6267\u884c\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u53ef\u80fd\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u9519\u8bef\uff0c\u5e76\u9632\u6b62\u811a\u672c\u610f\u5916\u7ec8\u6b62\u3002<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">if {[catch {spawn ssh user@example.com} err]} {\n    send_user &quot;An error occurred: $err\\n&quot;\n    exit 1\n}<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>18.<code>after<\/code>\uff1a\u5728\u4e0d\u963b\u585e\u811a\u672c\u6267\u884c\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u6dfb\u52a0\u5ef6\u8fdf\u3002\u8fd9\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5728\u811a\u672c\u4e2d\u5b9e\u73b0\u975e\u963b\u585e\u7684\u8ba1\u65f6\u5668\u6216\u5b9a\u65f6\u4efb\u52a1\u5f88\u6709\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">after 5000 {send &quot;ping\\r&quot;}<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>19.\u83b7\u53d6\u5f53\u524d\u65f6\u95f4\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528 <code>clock<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u53ef\u4ee5\u83b7\u53d6\u5f53\u524d\u7684\u65e5\u671f\u548c\u65f6\u95f4\u3002<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">set current_time [clock format [clock seconds]]\nsend_user &quot;Current time: $current_time\\n&quot;<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>20.\u4f7f\u7528 <code>foreach<\/code> \u5faa\u73af\uff1a<code>foreach<\/code> \u5faa\u73af\u5141\u8bb8\u4f60\u5bf9\u5217\u8868\u4e2d\u7684\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\u6267\u884c\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c\u3002<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">set commands [list &quot;ls&quot; &quot;pwd&quot; &quot;uptime&quot;]\nforeach cmd $commands {\n    send &quot;$cmd\\r&quot;\n    expect &quot;$ &quot;\n}<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>21.\u4f7f\u7528 <code>while<\/code> \u5faa\u73af\uff1a<code>while<\/code> \u5faa\u73af\u5141\u8bb8\u4f60\u6839\u636e\u6761\u4ef6\u91cd\u590d\u6267\u884c\u64cd\u4f5c\u3002<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">set count 0\nwhile {$count &lt; 5} {\n    send &quot;echo Loop $count\\r&quot;\n    expect &quot;$ &quot;\n    incr count\n}<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>22.<code>string<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\uff1a<code>expect<\/code> \u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u7ec4 <code>string<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u5904\u7406\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 <code>string match<\/code> \u6765\u5224\u65ad\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u662f\u5426\u5339\u914d\u7279\u5b9a\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">set str &quot;Hello, world!&quot;\nif {[string match &quot;*world*&quot; $str]} {\n    send_user &quot;The string contains &#039;world&#039;\\n&quot;\n}<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>.\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a <code>expect<\/code> \u811a\u672c\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u7ed3\u6784\u793a\u4f8b\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">#!\/usr\/bin\/expect\n\n# \u8bbe\u7f6e\u53d8\u91cf\nset username &quot;your_username&quot;\nset password &quot;your_password&quot;\nset hostname &quot;example.com&quot;\n\n# \u8bbe\u7f6e\u8d85\u65f6\u65f6\u95f4\nset timeout 20\n\n# \u542f\u52a8\u4ea4\u4e92\u5f0f\u8fdb\u7a0b\nspawn ssh $username@$hostname\n\n# \u7b49\u5f85\u8f93\u51fa\u5e76\u6267\u884c\u76f8\u5e94\u64cd\u4f5c\nexpect {\n    &quot;Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes\/no)?&quot; {\n        send &quot;yes\\r&quot;\n        exp_continue\n    }\n    &quot;password:&quot; {\n        send &quot;$password\\r&quot;\n    }\n    timeout {\n        puts &quot;Connection timed out&quot;\n        exit 1\n    }\n}\n\n# \u5176\u4ed6\u64cd\u4f5c\uff0c\u5982\u6267\u884c\u547d\u4ee4\u3001\u4e0a\u4f20\/\u4e0b\u8f7d\u6587\u4ef6\u7b49\u3002\u5728\u6b64\u793a\u4f8b\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u6267\u884c\u4e00\u4e9b\u547d\u4ee4\u5e76\u9000\u51fa SSH \u4f1a\u8bdd\u3002\n# \u7b49\u5f85\u547d\u4ee4\u63d0\u793a\u7b26\nexpect &quot;$ &quot;\n\n# \u53d1\u9001\u547d\u4ee4\nsend &quot;ls\\r&quot;\n\n# \u7b49\u5f85\u547d\u4ee4\u63d0\u793a\u7b26\nexpect &quot;$ &quot;\n\n# \u53d1\u9001\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\nsend &quot;uptime\\r&quot;\n\n# \u7b49\u5f85\u547d\u4ee4\u63d0\u793a\u7b26\nexpect &quot;$ &quot;\n\n# \u9000\u51fa SSH \u4f1a\u8bdd\nsend &quot;exit\\r&quot;\n\n# \u7b49\u5f85\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7ed3\u675f\nexpect eof<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u811a\u672c\u793a\u4f8b\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u9996\u5148\u7b49\u5f85 SSH \u4f1a\u8bdd\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u63d0\u793a\u7b26\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u53d1\u9001 <code>ls<\/code> \u548c <code>uptime<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u6bcf\u6b21\u547d\u4ee4\u6267\u884c\u540e\u7b49\u5f85\u547d\u4ee4\u63d0\u793a\u7b26\u3002\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53d1\u9001 <code>exit<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u4ee5\u9000\u51fa SSH \u4f1a\u8bdd\uff0c\u5e76\u4f7f\u7528 <code>expect eof<\/code> \u7b49\u5f85\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7ed3\u675f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5199\u6cd5\u4e8c\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">#!\/usr\/bin\/expect\n\n# \u8bbe\u7f6e\u8d85\u65f6\u65f6\u95f4\nset timeout 20\n\n# \u8bbe\u7f6e\u7528\u6237\u540d\u3001\u5bc6\u7801\u548c\u4e3b\u673a\u540d\nset username &quot;your_username&quot;\nset password &quot;your_password&quot;\nset hostname &quot;example.com&quot;\n\n# \u542f\u52a8 SSH \u5e76\u5c1d\u8bd5\u767b\u5f55\nspawn ssh $username@$hostname\n\n# \u7b49\u5f85\u5bc6\u7801\u63d0\u793a\nexpect &quot;password:&quot;\n\n# \u63d0\u4f9b\u5bc6\u7801\nsend &quot;$password\\r&quot;\n\n# \u7b49\u5f85\u547d\u4ee4\u63d0\u793a\u7b26\nexpect &quot;$ &quot;\n\n# \u6267\u884c\u547d\u4ee4\nsend &quot;ls\\r&quot;\n\n# \u7b49\u5f85\u547d\u4ee4\u63d0\u793a\u7b26\nexpect &quot;$ &quot;\n\n# \u7ed3\u675f\nsend &quot;exit\\r&quot;<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8981\u8fd0\u884c <code>expect<\/code> \u811a\u672c\uff0c\u8bf7\u786e\u4fdd\u5df2\u5b89\u88c5 <code>expect<\/code> \u5de5\u5177\u3002\u5728\u5927\u591a\u6570 Linux \u53d1\u884c\u7248\u4e2d\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u5305\u7ba1\u7406\u5668\u8fdb\u884c\u5b89\u88c5\uff0c\u5982\u5728\u57fa\u4e8e Debian \u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u4f7f\u7528 <code>apt<\/code>\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">sudo apt-get install expect<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u7136\u540e\uff0c\u7ed9\u811a\u672c\u6587\u4ef6\u6dfb\u52a0\u53ef\u6267\u884c\u6743\u9650\uff0c\u5e76\u6267\u884c\u811a\u672c\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">chmod +x script_name.expect\n.\/script_name.expect<\/code><\/pre>\n<h2>e2fsck<\/h2>\n<p><code>e2fsck<\/code> \u548c <code>fsck<\/code> \u90fd\u662f\u7528\u4e8e\u68c0\u67e5\u548c\u4fee\u590d\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u9519\u8bef\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u7565\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\uff1a<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><code>e2fsck<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u7528\u4e8e\u68c0\u67e5\u548c\u4fee\u590d ext2\u3001ext3 \u548c ext4 \u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002\u5b83\u662f\u4e13\u95e8\u9488\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u7c7b\u578b\u8fdb\u884c\u8bbe\u8ba1\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5177\u6709\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u4fee\u590d\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c<code>e2fsck<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u53ef\u4ee5\u68c0\u67e5\u548c\u4fee\u590d\u635f\u574f\u7684 inode\uff0c\u5220\u9664\u672a\u88ab\u94fe\u63a5\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u7b49\u7b49\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>fsck<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u7528\u4e8e\u68c0\u67e5\u548c\u4fee\u590d\u591a\u79cd\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u5305\u62ec ext2\u3001ext3\u3001ext4\u3001xfs\u3001btrfs \u7b49\u7b49\u3002\u5b83\u662f\u901a\u7528\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u68c0\u67e5\u548c\u4fee\u590d\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u591a\u79cd\u4e0d\u540c\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u5176\u901a\u7528\u6027\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0a\u7684\u4fee\u590d\u80fd\u529b\u4e0d\u5982 <code>e2fsck<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u9700\u8981\u68c0\u67e5\u548c\u4fee\u590d ext2\u3001ext3 \u6216 ext4 \u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u5efa\u8bae\u4f7f\u7528 <code>e2fsck<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u800c\u5982\u679c\u9700\u8981\u68c0\u67e5\u548c\u4fee\u590d\u591a\u79cd\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 <code>fsck<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u3002\u5728\u4f7f\u7528\u8fd9\u4e9b\u547d\u4ee4\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u5e94\u8be5\u5148\u5907\u4efd\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u4ee5\u514d\u51fa\u73b0\u6570\u636e\u4e22\u5931\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u3002<\/p>\n<h2>e2babel<\/h2>\n<p><code>e2label<\/code>\u547d\u4ee4\u7528\u4e8e\u5728ext2\u3001ext3\u548cext4\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0a\u8bbe\u7f6e\u6216\u66f4\u6539\u8bbe\u5907\u7684\u6807\u7b7e\uff08label\uff09\u3002\u8bbe\u5907\u6807\u7b7e\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7528\u4e8e\u8bc6\u522b\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u7528\u6237\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u3002\u4ee5\u4e0b\u662f\u5173\u4e8e<code>e2label<\/code>\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u8be6\u7ec6\u89e3\u91ca\uff1a<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u8bed\u6cd5\uff1a<\/strong><\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">e2label &lt;\u8bbe\u5907&gt; &lt;\u65b0\u6807\u7b7e&gt;<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><strong>\u53c2\u6570\uff1a<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>&lt;\u8bbe\u5907&gt;<\/code>\uff1a\u8981\u8bbe\u7f6e\u6807\u7b7e\u7684\u8bbe\u5907\u8def\u5f84\uff0c\u5982<code>\/dev\/sda1<\/code>\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>&lt;\u65b0\u6807\u7b7e&gt;<\/code>\uff1a\u8981\u8bbe\u7f6e\u7684\u65b0\u6807\u7b7e\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u6ce8\u610f\u4e8b\u9879\uff1a<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>e2label<\/code>\u547d\u4ee4\u53ea\u9002\u7528\u4e8eext2\u3001ext3\u548cext4\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u5fc5\u987b\u4ee5root\u6743\u9650\u6216\u4f7f\u7528sudo\u547d\u4ee4\u6765\u6267\u884c<code>e2label<\/code>\u547d\u4ee4\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">1.\u663e\u793a\u8bbe\u5907\u7684\u5f53\u524d\u6807\u7b7e\uff1a\ne2label \/dev\/sda1\n\n2.\u8bbe\u7f6e\u8bbe\u5907\u7684\u6807\u7b7e\uff1a\ne2label \/dev\/sda1 MyLabel\n\n3.\u66f4\u6539\u8bbe\u5907\u7684\u6807\u7b7e\uff1a\ne2label \/dev\/sda1 NewLabel\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><strong>\u6ce8\u610f\u4e8b\u9879<\/strong><br \/>\n\u4fee\u6539\u8bbe\u5907\u7684\u6807\u7b7e\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5bf9\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u672c\u8eab\u4ea7\u751f\u4efb\u4f55\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u5b83\u53ea\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u65b9\u4fbf\u7528\u6237\u8bc6\u522b\u548c\u6807\u8bc6\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002<br \/>\n\u4f7f\u7528e2label\u547d\u4ee4\u8bbe\u7f6e\u8bbe\u5907\u6807\u7b7e\u540e\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528blkid\u547d\u4ee4\u6765\u67e5\u770b\u8bbe\u5907\u7684\u65b0\u6807\u7b7e\u3002<\/p>\n<h2>firewall<\/h2>\n<blockquote>\n<p><code>firewalld<\/code> \u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7528\u4e8e\u7ba1\u7406 Linux \u5206\u53d1\u7248\u672c\u4e0a\u7684\u9632\u706b\u5899\u89c4\u5219\u7684\u5de5\u5177\u3002\u5b83\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u52a8\u6001\u7ba1\u7406\u9632\u706b\u5899\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u652f\u6301\u7f51\u7edc\/\u9632\u706b\u5899\u533a\u57df\u548c\u5373\u65f6\u66f4\u65b0\uff0c\u800c\u65e0\u9700\u91cd\u65b0\u52a0\u8f7d\u6574\u4e2a\u89c4\u5219\u96c6\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\"># \u4ee5\u4e0b\u662f firewalld \u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u57fa\u672c\u6982\u5ff5\u548c\u64cd\u4f5c\uff1a\n# Zone:\nfirewalld \u901a\u8fc7\u201c\u533a\u57df\u201d\u6765\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u4fe1\u4efb\u7ea7\u522b\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u533a\u57df\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e0e\u4e00\u4e2a\u6216\u591a\u4e2a\u7f51\u7edc\u63a5\u53e3\u5173\u8054\uff0c\u5141\u8bb8\u7528\u6237\u4e3a\u6bcf\u4e2a\u63a5\u53e3\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u4fe1\u4efb\u7ea7\u522b\u3002\n\u9ed8\u8ba4\u7684\u533a\u57df\u5305\u62ec\uff1adrop, block, public, external, internal, dmz, work, home, \u548c trusted\u3002\n\n# Services:\n\u670d\u52a1\u662f\u9884\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u89c4\u5219\u96c6\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u670d\u52a1\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982 HTTP \u6216 SSH\u3002\n\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u542f\u7528\u6216\u7981\u7528\u67d0\u4e00\u533a\u57df\u4e2d\u7684\u670d\u52a1\u3002\n\n# Ports:\n\u9664\u4e86\u9884\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u670d\u52a1\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u4f60\u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e3a\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u7aef\u53e3\u5f00\u542f\u6216\u5173\u95ed\u9632\u706b\u5899\u3002\n\n#Direct Rules:\n\u5bf9\u4e8e\u590d\u6742\u7684\u9700\u6c42\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u76f4\u63a5\u4f7f\u7528 firewalld \u4e3a iptables \u5b9a\u4e49\u89c4\u5219\u3002<\/code><\/pre>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\"># firewalld \u4f7f\u7528\u533a\u57df\uff08zones\uff09\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7b56\u7565\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u6765\u533a\u5206\u7f51\u7edc\u6d41\u91cf\u548c\u786e\u5b9a\u5176\u5e94\u5982\u4f55\u5904\u7406\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u533a\u57df\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e86\u4e00\u7ec4\u89c4\u5219\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u89c4\u5219\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e86\u8fdb\u5165\u548c\u79bb\u5f00\u6b64\u533a\u57df\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5305\u5e94\u5982\u4f55\u5904\u7406\u3002\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u63a5\u53e3\u3001\u6e90\u5730\u5740\u5206\u914d\u7ed9\u4e00\u4e2a\u533a\u57df\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\uff0c\u6765\u81ea\u8fd9\u4e9b\u63a5\u53e3\u6216\u5730\u5740\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5305\u4f1a\u88ab\u6309\u7167\u8be5\u533a\u57df\u7684\u89c4\u5219\u8fdb\u884c\u5904\u7406\u3002\n\n\u5728 firewalld \u4e2d\uff0c\u533a\u57df\u8868\u793a\u4e86\u7279\u5b9a\u7ea7\u522b\u7684\u4fe1\u4efb\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5185\u90e8\u7f51\u7edc\u6bd4\u516c\u5171\u7f51\u7edc\u66f4\u503c\u5f97\u4fe1\u4efb\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e3a\u5185\u90e8\u7f51\u7edc\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e00\u4e2a\u89c4\u5219\u66f4\u4e3a\u5bbd\u677e\u7684\u533a\u57df\uff0c\u800c\u4e3a\u516c\u5171\u7f51\u7edc\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e00\u4e2a\u89c4\u5219\u66f4\u4e3a\u4e25\u683c\u7684\u533a\u57df\u3002\n\n\u4ee5\u4e0b\u662f firewalld \u9ed8\u8ba4\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u533a\u57df\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5b83\u4eec\u5404\u81ea\u7684\u610f\u4e49\uff1a\n\ndrop: \u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u533a\u57df\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u8fdb\u5165\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5305\u90fd\u4f1a\u88ab\u4e22\u5f03\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u54cd\u5e94\u3002\u51fa\u7ad9\u6d41\u91cf\u5219\u5141\u8bb8\u6b63\u5e38\u3002\n\nblock: \u7c7b\u4f3c\u4e8e &quot;drop&quot; \u533a\u57df\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5bf9\u4e8e\u8fdb\u5165\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5305\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u88ab\u4e22\u5f03\u5916\uff0c\u8fd8\u4f1a\u53d1\u9001\u4e00\u4e2a&quot;ICMP-host-prohibited&quot;\u6d88\u606f\u3002\n\npublic: \u7528\u4e8e\u4e0d\u4fe1\u4efb\u7684\u516c\u5171\u7f51\u7edc\u3002\u53ea\u5141\u8bb8\u5df2\u77e5\u7684\u5165\u7ad9\u8fde\u63a5\u3002\n\nexternal: \u7528\u4e8e\u5916\u90e8\u7f51\u7edc\uff08\u5982\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\uff09\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u3002\u901a\u5e38\u4e0eNAT\u7f51\u5173\u4e00\u8d77\u4f7f\u7528\u3002\u53ea\u5141\u8bb8\u5df2\u77e5\u7684\u5165\u7ad9\u8fde\u63a5\u3002\n\ninternal: \u5bf9\u4e8e\u5185\u90e8\u7f51\u7edc\u3002\u5141\u8bb8\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u5165\u7ad9\u8fde\u63a5\u3002\n\ndmz: \u7528\u4e8e\u9694\u79bb\u533a\u57df\uff08DMZ\uff0cDeMilitarized Zone\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u4f60\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u653e\u7f6e\u516c\u5f00\u7684\u3001\u4f46\u4e0d\u5b8c\u5168\u53d7\u4fe1\u4efb\u7684\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u3002\u53ea\u5141\u8bb8\u67d0\u4e9b\u5165\u7ad9\u8fde\u63a5\u3002\n\nwork: \u7528\u4e8e\u5de5\u4f5c\u73af\u5883\u3002\u5141\u8bb8\u67d0\u4e9b\u5165\u7ad9\u8fde\u63a5\u3002\n\nhome: \u7528\u4e8e\u5bb6\u5ead\u73af\u5883\u3002\u5141\u8bb8\u67d0\u4e9b\u5165\u7ad9\u8fde\u63a5\u3002\n\ntrusted: \u6240\u6709\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u6d41\u91cf\u90fd\u88ab\u4fe1\u4efb\uff0c\u4e0d\u5bf9\u4efb\u4f55\u6d41\u91cf\u8fdb\u884c\u963b\u6b62\u3002\u4f7f\u7528\u6b64\u533a\u57df\u9700\u8981\u8c28\u614e\u3002\n\n\u6bcf\u4e2a\u533a\u57df\u90fd\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u9ed8\u8ba4\u7684\u7b56\u7565\uff0c\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e86\u9ed8\u8ba4\u5141\u8bb8\u6216\u62d2\u7edd\u54ea\u4e9b\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u6d41\u91cf\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u9ed8\u8ba4\u7b56\u7565\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u8d77\u70b9\uff1b\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e3a\u6bcf\u4e2a\u533a\u57df\u6dfb\u52a0\u6216\u5220\u9664\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u89c4\u5219\uff0c\u4ee5\u6ee1\u8db3\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u9700\u6c42\u3002\n\n\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e3a &quot;public&quot; \u533a\u57df\u6dfb\u52a0\u4e00\u4e2a\u89c4\u5219\uff0c\u5141\u8bb8 SSH \u8fde\u63a5\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u9ed8\u8ba4\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u4e0d\u5141\u8bb8 HTTP \u8fde\u63a5\u3002\u8fd9\u5c31\u610f\u5473\u7740\uff0c\u5728\u516c\u5171\u7f51\u7edc\u4e0a\uff0c\u7528\u6237\u53ef\u4ee5SSH\u5230\u4f60\u7684\u670d\u52a1\u5668\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u80fd\u8bbf\u95ee\u5176\u4e0a\u7684web\u670d\u52a1\uff0c\u9664\u975e\u4f60\u53e6\u884c\u5f00\u653e\u3002\n\n\u603b\u4e4b\uff0cfirewalld \u7684\u533a\u57df\u6982\u5ff5\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u7b80\u5355\u800c\u6709\u6548\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u6839\u636e\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u4fe1\u4efb\u7ea7\u522b\u6765\u7ba1\u7406\u4f60\u7684\u9632\u706b\u5899\u89c4\u5219\u3002<\/code><\/pre>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\"># \u9009\u9879\nfirewall-cmd \u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e30\u5bcc\u7684\u9009\u9879\u6765\u7ba1\u7406 firewalld \u7684\u914d\u7f6e\u548c\u72b6\u6001\u3002\u4ee5\u4e0b\u662f\u4f60\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u6bcf\u4e2a\u53c2\u6570\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\uff1a\n\n# 1.\u4e00\u822c\u9009\u9879 (General Options)\n-h, --help: \u663e\u793a\u5e2e\u52a9\u4fe1\u606f\u5e76\u9000\u51fa\u3002\n-V, --version: \u663e\u793a firewalld \u7684\u7248\u672c\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\n-q, --quiet: \u4e0d\u6253\u5370\u72b6\u6001\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\n\n# 2.\u72b6\u6001\u9009\u9879 (Status Options)\n--state: \u8fd4\u56de\u5e76\u6253\u5370 firewalld \u7684\u72b6\u6001\u3002\n--reload: \u91cd\u65b0\u52a0\u8f7d\u9632\u706b\u5899\u5e76\u4fdd\u6301\u72b6\u6001\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\n--complete-reload: \u91cd\u65b0\u52a0\u8f7d\u9632\u706b\u5899\u5e76\u4e22\u5931\u72b6\u6001\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\n--runtime-to-permanent: \u4ece\u8fd0\u884c\u65f6\u914d\u7f6e\u521b\u5efa\u6c38\u4e45\u914d\u7f6e\u3002\n--check-config: \u68c0\u67e5\u6c38\u4e45\u914d\u7f6e\u662f\u5426\u6709\u9519\u8bef\u3002\n\n# 3.\u8bb0\u5f55\u62d2\u7edd\u9009\u9879 (Log Denied Options)\n--get-log-denied: \u6253\u5370\u8bb0\u5f55\u88ab\u62d2\u7edd\u7684\u503c\u3002\n--set-log-denied=&lt;value&gt;: \u8bbe\u7f6e\u8bb0\u5f55\u88ab\u62d2\u7edd\u7684\u503c\u3002\n# 4.\u81ea\u52a8\u52a9\u624b\u9009\u9879 (Automatic Helpers Options)\n--get-automatic-helpers: \u6253\u5370\u81ea\u52a8\u52a9\u624b\u503c\u3002\n--set-automatic-helpers=&lt;value&gt;: \u8bbe\u7f6e\u81ea\u52a8\u52a9\u624b\u503c\u3002\n\n# 5.\u6c38\u4e45\u9009\u9879 (Permanent Options)\n--permanent: \u6c38\u4e45\u5730\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e00\u4e2a\u9009\u9879\u3002\u53ea\u5bf9\u6807\u8bb0\u4e3a [P] \u7684\u9009\u9879\u6709\u6548\u3002\n\n# 6.\u533a\u57df\u9009\u9879 (Zone Options)\n--get-default-zone: \u6253\u5370\u8fde\u63a5\u548c\u63a5\u53e3\u7684\u9ed8\u8ba4\u533a\u57df\u3002\n--set-default-zone=&lt;zone&gt;: \u8bbe\u7f6e\u9ed8\u8ba4\u533a\u57df\u3002\n--get-active-zones: \u6253\u5370\u5f53\u524d\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u533a\u57df\u3002\n--get-zones: \u6253\u5370\u9884\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u533a\u57df\u3002\n--get-services: \u6253\u5370\u9884\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u670d\u52a1\u3002\n--get-icmptypes: \u6253\u5370\u9884\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684ICMP\u7c7b\u578b\u3002\n--get-zone-of-interface=&lt;interface&gt;: \u6253\u5370\u63a5\u53e3\u7ed1\u5b9a\u7684\u533a\u57df\u7684\u540d\u79f0\u3002\n--get-zone-of-source=&lt;source&gt;: \u6253\u5370\u6e90\u7ed1\u5b9a\u7684\u533a\u57df\u7684\u540d\u79f0\u3002\n--list-all-zones: \u5217\u51fa\u6240\u6709\u533a\u57df\u4e2d\u6dfb\u52a0\u6216\u542f\u7528\u7684\u6240\u6709\u5185\u5bb9\u3002\n--new-zone=&lt;zone&gt;: \u6dfb\u52a0\u65b0\u533a\u57df\u3002\u4ec5 [P]\u3002\n--new-zone-from-file=&lt;filename&gt;: \u4ece\u6587\u4ef6\u6dfb\u52a0\u65b0\u533a\u57df\u3002\n--delete-zone=&lt;zone&gt;: \u5220\u9664\u73b0\u6709\u533a\u57df\u3002\u4ec5 [P]\u3002\n--load-zone-defaults=&lt;zone&gt;: \u52a0\u8f7d\u533a\u57df\u9ed8\u8ba4\u8bbe\u7f6e\u3002\n--zone=&lt;zone&gt;: \u4f7f\u7528\u6b64\u533a\u57df\u8bbe\u7f6e\u6216\u67e5\u8be2\u9009\u9879\uff0c\u5426\u5219\u4f7f\u7528\u9ed8\u8ba4\u533a\u57df\u3002\n--get-target: \u83b7\u53d6\u533a\u57df\u76ee\u6807\u3002\n--set-target=&lt;target&gt;: \u8bbe\u7f6e\u533a\u57df\u76ee\u6807\u3002\n--info-zone=&lt;zone&gt;: \u6253\u5370\u6709\u5173\u533a\u57df\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\n--path-zone=&lt;zone&gt;: \u6253\u5370\u533a\u57df\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u8def\u5f84\u3002\n\n# 7.IPSet\u9009\u9879 (IPSet Options)\n--get-ipset-types: \u6253\u5370\u652f\u6301\u7684 ipset \u7c7b\u578b\u3002\n--new-ipset=&lt;ipset&gt; --type=&lt;ipset type&gt;: \u6dfb\u52a0\u65b0\u7684 ipset\u3002\n--new-ipset-from-file=&lt;filename&gt;: \u4ece\u6587\u4ef6\u6dfb\u52a0\u65b0\u7684 ipset\u3002\n--delete-ipset=&lt;ipset&gt;: \u5220\u9664\u73b0\u6709\u7684 ipset\u3002\n--load-ipset-defaults=&lt;ipset&gt;: \u52a0\u8f7d ipset \u7684\u9ed8\u8ba4\u8bbe\u7f6e\u3002\n--info-ipset=&lt;ipset&gt;: \u6253\u5370\u5173\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e2a ipset \u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\n--path-ipset=&lt;ipset&gt;: \u6253\u5370\u4e00\u4e2a ipset \u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u8def\u5f84\u3002\n--get-ipsets: \u6253\u5370\u9884\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684 ipsets\u3002\n--ipset=&lt;ipset&gt; --set-description=&lt;description&gt;: \u8bbe\u7f6e\u65b0\u7684 ipset \u63cf\u8ff0\u3002\n--ipset=&lt;ipset&gt; --get-description: \u6253\u5370 ipset \u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\u3002\n--ipset=&lt;ipset&gt; --set-short=&lt;description&gt;: \u8bbe\u7f6e\u65b0\u7684 ipset \u7b80\u77ed\u63cf\u8ff0\u3002\n--ipset=&lt;ipset&gt; --get-short: \u6253\u5370 ipset \u7684\u7b80\u77ed\u63cf\u8ff0\u3002\n--ipset=&lt;ipset&gt; --add-entry=&lt;entry&gt;: \u5411 ipset \u6dfb\u52a0\u65b0\u6761\u76ee\u3002\n--ipset=&lt;ipset&gt; --remove-entry=&lt;entry&gt;: \u4ece ipset \u4e2d\u5220\u9664\u6761\u76ee\u3002\n--ipset=&lt;ipset&gt; --query-entry=&lt;entry&gt;: \u8fd4\u56de ipset \u662f\u5426\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u6761\u76ee\u3002\n--ipset=&lt;ipset&gt; --get-entries: \u5217\u51fa ipset \u7684\u6761\u76ee\u3002\n--ipset=&lt;ipset&gt; --add-entries-from-file=&lt;entry&gt;: \u4ece\u6587\u4ef6\u6dfb\u52a0\u65b0\u6761\u76ee\u5230 ipset\u3002\n--ipset=&lt;ipset&gt; --remove-entries-from-file=&lt;entry&gt;: \u4ece ipset \u4e2d\u5220\u9664\u6761\u76ee\u3002\n\n# 8.IcmpType\u9009\u9879 (IcmpType Options)\n--new-icmptype=&lt;icmptype&gt;: \u6dfb\u52a0\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684ICMP\u7c7b\u578b [\u4ec5 P]\u3002\n--new-icmptype-from-file=&lt;filename&gt; [--name=&lt;icmptype&gt;]: \u4ece\u6587\u4ef6\u6dfb\u52a0\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684ICMP\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u53ef\u9009\u7684\u540d\u79f0 [\u4ec5 P]\u3002\n--delete-icmptype=&lt;icmptype&gt;: \u5220\u9664\u4e00\u4e2a\u5df2\u5b58\u5728\u7684ICMP\u7c7b\u578b [\u4ec5 P]\u3002\n--load-icmptype-defaults=&lt;icmptype&gt;: \u52a0\u8f7dICMP\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u9ed8\u8ba4\u8bbe\u7f6e [\u4ec5 P]\u3002\n--info-icmptype=&lt;icmptype&gt;: \u6253\u5370\u5173\u4e8eICMP\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\n--path-icmptype=&lt;icmptype&gt;: \u6253\u5370ICMP\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u8def\u5f84 [\u4ec5 P]\u3002\n--icmptype=&lt;icmptype&gt; --set-description=&lt;description&gt;: \u8bbe\u7f6e\u65b0\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\u5230ICMP\u7c7b\u578b [\u4ec5 P]\u3002\n--icmptype=&lt;icmptype&gt; --get-description: \u6253\u5370ICMP\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0 [\u4ec5 P]\u3002\n--icmptype=&lt;icmptype&gt; --set-short=&lt;description&gt;: \u8bbe\u7f6e\u65b0\u7684\u7b80\u77ed\u63cf\u8ff0\u5230ICMP\u7c7b\u578b [\u4ec5 P]\u3002\n--icmptype=&lt;icmptype&gt; --get-short: \u6253\u5370ICMP\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u7b80\u77ed\u63cf\u8ff0 [\u4ec5 P]\u3002\n--icmptype=&lt;icmptype&gt; --add-destination=&lt;ipv&gt;: \u5728ICMP\u7c7b\u578b\u4e2d\u542f\u7528\u76ee\u6807\u5730\u5740 [\u4ec5 P]\u3002\n--icmptype=&lt;icmptype&gt; --remove-destination=&lt;ipv&gt;: \u5728ICMP\u7c7b\u578b\u4e2d\u7981\u7528\u76ee\u6807\u5730\u5740 [\u4ec5 P]\u3002\n--icmptype=&lt;icmptype&gt; --query-destination=&lt;ipv&gt;: \u8fd4\u56de\u76ee\u6807\u5730\u5740\u662f\u5426\u5728ICMP\u7c7b\u578b\u4e2d\u88ab\u542f\u7528 [\u4ec5 P]\u3002\n--icmptype=&lt;icmptype&gt; --get-destinations: \u5217\u51faICMP\u7c7b\u578b\u4e2d\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u5730\u5740 [\u4ec5 P]\u3002\n\n# 9.\u670d\u52a1\u9009\u9879 (Service Options)\n--new-service=&lt;service&gt;: \u65b0\u589e\u4e00\u4e2a\u670d\u52a1 [\u53ea\u5728P\u6a21\u5f0f\u4e0b\u53ef\u7528]\n--new-service-from-file=&lt;filename&gt; [--name=&lt;service&gt;]: \u4ece\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u65b0\u589e\u670d\u52a1\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u9009\u62e9\u540d\u79f0 [\u53ea\u5728P\u6a21\u5f0f\u4e0b\u53ef\u7528]\n--delete-service=&lt;service&gt;: \u5220\u9664\u4e00\u4e2a\u5df2\u6709\u7684\u670d\u52a1 [\u53ea\u5728P\u6a21\u5f0f\u4e0b\u53ef\u7528]\n--load-service-defaults=&lt;service&gt;: \u8f7d\u5165\u9ed8\u8ba4\u7684ICMP\u7c7b\u578b\u8bbe\u7f6e [\u53ea\u5728P\u6a21\u5f0f\u4e0b\u53ef\u7528]\n--info-service=&lt;service&gt;: \u6253\u5370\u670d\u52a1\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\n--path-service=&lt;service&gt;: \u6253\u5370\u670d\u52a1\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u8def\u5f84 [\u53ea\u5728P\u6a21\u5f0f\u4e0b\u53ef\u7528]\n--service=&lt;service&gt; --set-description=&lt;description&gt;: \u8bbe\u7f6e\u670d\u52a1\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0 [\u53ea\u5728P\u6a21\u5f0f\u4e0b\u53ef\u7528]\n--service=&lt;service&gt; --get-description: \u6253\u5370\u670d\u52a1\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0 [\u53ea\u5728P\u6a21\u5f0f\u4e0b\u53ef\u7528]\n--service=&lt;service&gt; --set-short=&lt;description&gt;: \u8bbe\u7f6e\u670d\u52a1\u7684\u7b80\u77ed\u63cf\u8ff0 [\u53ea\u5728P\u6a21\u5f0f\u4e0b\u53ef\u7528]\n--service=&lt;service&gt; --get-short: \u6253\u5370\u670d\u52a1\u7684\u7b80\u77ed\u63cf\u8ff0 [\u53ea\u5728P\u6a21\u5f0f\u4e0b\u53ef\u7528]\n--service=&lt;service&gt; --add-port=&lt;portid&gt;[-&lt;portid&gt;]\/&lt;protocol&gt;: \u4e3a\u670d\u52a1\u6dfb\u52a0\u65b0\u7684\u7aef\u53e3 [\u53ea\u5728P\u6a21\u5f0f\u4e0b\u53ef\u7528]\n--service=&lt;service&gt; --remove-port=&lt;portid&gt;[-&lt;portid&gt;]\/&lt;protocol&gt;: \u4ece\u670d\u52a1\u4e2d\u79fb\u9664\u7aef\u53e3 [\u53ea\u5728P\u6a21\u5f0f\u4e0b\u53ef\u7528]\n--service=&lt;service&gt; --query-port=&lt;portid&gt;[-&lt;portid&gt;]\/&lt;protocol&gt;: \u67e5\u8be2\u7aef\u53e3\u662f\u5426\u5df2\u4e3a\u670d\u52a1\u6dfb\u52a0 [\u53ea\u5728P\u6a21\u5f0f\u4e0b\u53ef\u7528]\n--service=&lt;service&gt; --get-ports: \u5217\u51fa\u670d\u52a1\u7684\u7aef\u53e3 [\u53ea\u5728P\u6a21\u5f0f\u4e0b\u53ef\u7528]\n... (\u540c\u7406\uff0c\u540e\u9762\u7684--service\u547d\u4ee4\u4e5f\u662f\u5bf9\u7279\u5b9a\u670d\u52a1\u8fdb\u884c\u64cd\u4f5c\uff0c\u5982\u6dfb\u52a0\u3001\u79fb\u9664\u3001\u67e5\u8be2\u534f\u8bae\u3001\u7aef\u53e3\u3001\u6a21\u5757\u7b49)\n--service=&lt;service&gt; --add-protocol=&lt;protocol&gt;: \u4e3a\u670d\u52a1\u6dfb\u52a0\u65b0\u7684\u534f\u8bae [\u53ea\u5728P\u6a21\u5f0f\u4e0b\u53ef\u7528]\n--service=&lt;service&gt; --remove-protocol=&lt;protocol&gt;: \u4ece\u670d\u52a1\u4e2d\u79fb\u9664\u534f\u8bae [\u53ea\u5728P\u6a21\u5f0f\u4e0b\u53ef\u7528]\n--service=&lt;service&gt; --query-protocol=&lt;protocol&gt;: \u67e5\u8be2\u534f\u8bae\u662f\u5426\u5df2\u4e3a\u670d\u52a1\u6dfb\u52a0 [\u53ea\u5728P\u6a21\u5f0f\u4e0b\u53ef\u7528]\n--service=&lt;service&gt; --get-protocols: \u5217\u51fa\u670d\u52a1\u7684\u534f\u8bae [\u53ea\u5728P\u6a21\u5f0f\u4e0b\u53ef\u7528]\n--service=&lt;service&gt; --add-source-port=&lt;portid&gt;[-&lt;portid&gt;]\/&lt;protocol&gt;: \u4e3a\u670d\u52a1\u6dfb\u52a0\u65b0\u7684\u6765\u6e90\u7aef\u53e3 [\u53ea\u5728P\u6a21\u5f0f\u4e0b\u53ef\u7528]\n--service=&lt;service&gt; --remove-source-port=&lt;portid&gt;[-&lt;portid&gt;]\/&lt;protocol&gt;: \u4ece\u670d\u52a1\u4e2d\u79fb\u9664\u6765\u6e90\u7aef\u53e3 [\u53ea\u5728P\u6a21\u5f0f\u4e0b\u53ef\u7528]\n--service=&lt;service&gt; --query-source-port=&lt;portid&gt;[-&lt;portid&gt;]\/&lt;protocol&gt;: \u67e5\u8be2\u6765\u6e90\u7aef\u53e3\u662f\u5426\u5df2\u4e3a\u670d\u52a1\u6dfb\u52a0 [\u53ea\u5728P\u6a21\u5f0f\u4e0b\u53ef\u7528]\n--service=&lt;service&gt; --get-source-ports: \u5217\u51fa\u670d\u52a1\u7684\u6765\u6e90\u7aef\u53e3 [\u53ea\u5728P\u6a21\u5f0f\u4e0b\u53ef\u7528]\n--service=&lt;service&gt; --add-module=&lt;module&gt;: \u4e3a\u670d\u52a1\u6dfb\u52a0\u65b0\u7684\u6a21\u5757 [\u53ea\u5728P\u6a21\u5f0f\u4e0b\u53ef\u7528]\n--service=&lt;service&gt; --remove-module=&lt;module&gt;: \u4ece\u670d\u52a1\u4e2d\u79fb\u9664\u6a21\u5757 [\u53ea\u5728P\u6a21\u5f0f\u4e0b\u53ef\u7528]\n--service=&lt;service&gt; --query-module=&lt;module&gt;: \u67e5\u8be2\u6a21\u5757\u662f\u5426\u5df2\u4e3a\u670d\u52a1\u6dfb\u52a0 [\u53ea\u5728P\u6a21\u5f0f\u4e0b\u53ef\u7528]\n--service=&lt;service&gt; --get-modules: \u5217\u51fa\u670d\u52a1\u7684\u6a21\u5757 [\u53ea\u5728P\u6a21\u5f0f\u4e0b\u53ef\u7528]\n--service=&lt;service&gt; --set-destination=&lt;ipv&gt;:&lt;address&gt;[\/&lt;mask&gt;]: \u8bbe\u7f6e\u670d\u52a1\u7684\u76ee\u6807IP\u5730\u5740 [\u53ea\u5728P\u6a21\u5f0f\u4e0b\u53ef\u7528]\n--service=&lt;service&gt; --remove-destination=&lt;ipv&gt;: \u53bb\u9664\u670d\u52a1\u7684\u76ee\u6807IP\u5730\u5740 [\u53ea\u5728P\u6a21\u5f0f\u4e0b\u53ef\u7528]\n--service=&lt;service&gt; --query-destination=&lt;ipv&gt;:&lt;address&gt;[\/&lt;mask&gt;]: \u67e5\u8be2IP\u5730\u5740\u662f\u5426\u5df2\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e3a\u670d\u52a1\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u5730\u5740 [\u53ea\u5728P\u6a21\u5f0f\u4e0b\u53ef\u7528]\n--service=&lt;service&gt; --get-destinations: \u5217\u51fa\u670d\u52a1\u7684\u6240\u6709\u76ee\u6807\u5730\u5740 [\u53ea\u5728P\u6a21\u5f0f\u4e0b\u53ef\u7528]\n\n# 10.\u533a\u57df\u9009\u9879 (Options to Adapt and Query Zones)\n--list-all: \u5217\u51fa\u4e00\u4e2a\u533a\u57df\u4e2d\u7684\u6240\u6709\u5185\u5bb9\u548c\u8bbe\u7f6e [P][Z]\n--list-services: \u5217\u51fa\u4e00\u4e2a\u533a\u57df\u4e2d\u7684\u670d\u52a1 [P][Z]\n--timeout=&lt;timeval&gt;: \u4e3a\u9009\u9879\u542f\u7528\u8d85\u65f6\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u65f6\u95f4\u503c\u540e\u9762\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ddfs(\u79d2)\u3001m(\u5206\u949f)\u6216h(\u5c0f\u65f6) [T\u6807\u8bb0\u7684\u9009\u9879\u9002\u7528]\n--set-description=&lt;description&gt;: \u8bbe\u7f6e\u533a\u57df\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0 [\u53ea\u5728P\u6a21\u5f0f\u4e0b\u53ef\u7528][Z]\n--get-description: \u6253\u5370\u533a\u57df\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0 [\u53ea\u5728P\u6a21\u5f0f\u4e0b\u53ef\u7528][Z]\n... (\u540c\u7406\uff0c\u540e\u9762\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u4e5f\u662f\u5bf9\u7279\u5b9a\u533a\u57df\u8fdb\u884c\u64cd\u4f5c\uff0c\u5982\u6dfb\u52a0\u3001\u79fb\u9664\u3001\u67e5\u8be2\u670d\u52a1\u3001\u7aef\u53e3\u3001\u534f\u8bae\u7b49)\n\u6ce8\u610f: [P]\u3001[Z]\u548c[T]\u4f3c\u4e4e\u662f\u8be5\u547d\u4ee4\u884c\u5de5\u5177\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\u6216\u6807\u8bb0\uff0c\u4f46\u6ca1\u6709\u4e0a\u4e0b\u6587\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u4e0d\u6e05\u695a\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u786e\u5207\u610f\u4e49\u3002\n--list-icmp-blocks: \u5217\u51fa\u4e3a\u533a\u57df\u6dfb\u52a0\u7684Internet ICMP\u7c7b\u578b\u963b\u6b62\u89c4\u5219 [P] [Z]\n--add-icmp-block=&lt;icmptype&gt;: \u4e3a\u533a\u57df\u6dfb\u52a0\u4e00\u4e2aICMP\u963b\u6b62\u89c4\u5219 [P] [Z] [T]\n--remove-icmp-block=&lt;icmptype&gt;: \u4ece\u533a\u57df\u79fb\u9664\u4e00\u4e2aICMP\u963b\u6b62\u89c4\u5219 [P] [Z]\n--query-icmp-block=&lt;icmptype&gt;: \u67e5\u8be2\u4e00\u4e2aICMP\u963b\u6b62\u89c4\u5219\u662f\u5426\u5df2\u4e3a\u533a\u57df\u6dfb\u52a0 [P] [Z]\n--add-icmp-block-inversion: \u4e3a\u533a\u57df\u542f\u7528ICMP\u963b\u6b62\u89c4\u5219\u7684\u53cd\u8f6c [P] [Z]\n--remove-icmp-block-inversion: \u4e3a\u533a\u57df\u7981\u7528ICMP\u963b\u6b62\u89c4\u5219\u7684\u53cd\u8f6c [P] [Z]\n--query-icmp-block-inversion: \u67e5\u8be2ICMP\u963b\u6b62\u89c4\u5219\u7684\u53cd\u8f6c\u662f\u5426\u5df2\u4e3a\u533a\u57df\u542f\u7528 [P] [Z]\n--list-forward-ports: \u5217\u51fa\u4e3a\u533a\u57df\u6dfb\u52a0\u7684IPv4\u8f6c\u53d1\u7aef\u53e3 [P] [Z]\n--add-forward-port=...: \u4e3a\u533a\u57df\u6dfb\u52a0IPv4\u8f6c\u53d1\u7aef\u53e3 [P] [Z] [T]\n--remove-forward-port=...: \u4ece\u533a\u57df\u79fb\u9664IPv4\u8f6c\u53d1\u7aef\u53e3 [P] [Z]\n--query-forward-port=...: \u67e5\u8be2IPv4\u8f6c\u53d1\u7aef\u53e3\u662f\u5426\u5df2\u4e3a\u533a\u57df\u6dfb\u52a0 [P] [Z]\n--add-masquerade: \u4e3a\u533a\u57df\u542f\u7528IPv4\u4f2a\u88c5 [P] [Z] [T]\n--remove-masquerade: \u4e3a\u533a\u57df\u7981\u7528IPv4\u4f2a\u88c5 [P] [Z]\n--query-masquerade: \u67e5\u8be2IPv4\u4f2a\u88c5\u662f\u5426\u5df2\u4e3a\u533a\u57df\u542f\u7528 [P] [Z]\n--list-rich-rules: \u5217\u51fa\u4e3a\u533a\u57df\u6dfb\u52a0\u7684\u5bcc\u8bed\u8a00\u89c4\u5219 [P] [Z]\n--add-rich-rule=&lt;rule&gt;: \u4e3a\u533a\u57df\u6dfb\u52a0\u5bcc\u8bed\u8a00\u89c4\u5219 [P] [Z] [T]\n--remove-rich-rule=&lt;rule&gt;: \u4ece\u533a\u57df\u79fb\u9664\u5bcc\u8bed\u8a00\u89c4\u5219 [P] [Z]\n--query-rich-rule=&lt;rule&gt;: \u67e5\u8be2\u5bcc\u8bed\u8a00\u89c4\u5219\u662f\u5426\u5df2\u4e3a\u533a\u57df\u6dfb\u52a0 [P] [Z]\n\n# 11.\u5904\u7406\u63a5\u53e3\u7ed1\u5b9a\u7684\u9009\u9879 (Options to Handle Bindings of Interfaces)\n--list-interfaces: \u5217\u51fa\u7ed1\u5b9a\u5230\u67d0\u4e2a\u533a\u57df\u7684\u63a5\u53e3 [P] [Z]\n--add-interface=&lt;interface&gt;: \u5c06&lt;interface&gt;\u7ed1\u5b9a\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u533a\u57df [P] [Z]\n--change-interface=&lt;interface&gt;: \u66f4\u6539&lt;interface&gt;\u7ed1\u5b9a\u7684\u533a\u57df [P] [Z]\n--query-interface=&lt;interface&gt;: \u67e5\u8be2&lt;interface&gt;\u662f\u5426\u7ed1\u5b9a\u5230\u67d0\u4e2a\u533a\u57df [P] [Z]\n--remove-interface=&lt;interface&gt;: \u4ece\u533a\u57df\u4e2d\u79fb\u9664&lt;interface&gt;\u7684\u7ed1\u5b9a [P] [Z]\n\n# 12.\u5904\u7406\u6e90\u7ed1\u5b9a\u7684\u9009\u9879 (Options to Handle Bindings of Sources)\n--list-sources: \u5217\u51fa\u7ed1\u5b9a\u5230\u67d0\u4e2a\u533a\u57df\u7684\u6e90 [P] [Z]\n--add-source=&lt;source&gt;[\/&lt;mask&gt;]|&lt;MAC&gt;|ipset:&lt;ipset&gt;: \u5c06\u6e90\u7ed1\u5b9a\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u533a\u57df [P] [Z]\n--change-source=&lt;source&gt;[\/&lt;mask&gt;]|&lt;MAC&gt;|ipset:&lt;ipset&gt;: \u66f4\u6539\u6e90\u7ed1\u5b9a\u7684\u533a\u57df [Z]\n--query-source=&lt;source&gt;[\/&lt;mask&gt;]|&lt;MAC&gt;|ipset:&lt;ipset&gt;: \u67e5\u8be2\u6e90\u662f\u5426\u7ed1\u5b9a\u5230\u67d0\u4e2a\u533a\u57df [P] [Z]\n--remove-source=&lt;source&gt;[\/&lt;mask&gt;]|&lt;MAC&gt;|ipset:&lt;ipset&gt;: \u4ece\u533a\u57df\u4e2d\u79fb\u9664\u6e90\u7684\u7ed1\u5b9a [P] [Z]\n\n# 13.\u8f85\u52a9\u9009\u9879 (Helper Options)\n--new-helper=&lt;helper&gt; --module=&lt;module&gt; [--family=&lt;family&gt;]: \u6dfb\u52a0\u65b0\u7684\u52a9\u624b [\u4ec5P\u6a21\u5f0f]\n--new-helper-from-file=&lt;filename&gt; [--name=&lt;helper&gt;]: \u4ece\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u6dfb\u52a0\u65b0\u7684\u52a9\u624b\u5e76\u9009\u62e9\u6027\u5730\u547d\u540d [\u4ec5P\u6a21\u5f0f]\n--delete-helper=&lt;helper&gt;: \u5220\u9664\u73b0\u6709\u52a9\u624b [\u4ec5P\u6a21\u5f0f]\n--load-helper-defaults=&lt;helper&gt;: \u52a0\u8f7d\u52a9\u624b\u9ed8\u8ba4\u8bbe\u7f6e [\u4ec5P\u6a21\u5f0f]\n--info-helper=&lt;helper&gt;: \u6253\u5370\u52a9\u624b\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\n--path-helper=&lt;helper&gt;: \u6253\u5370\u52a9\u624b\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u8def\u5f84 [\u4ec5P\u6a21\u5f0f]\n--get-helpers: \u6253\u5370\u9884\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u52a9\u624b\n--helper=&lt;helper&gt; --set-description=&lt;description&gt;: \u8bbe\u7f6e\u52a9\u624b\u7684\u65b0\u63cf\u8ff0 [\u4ec5P\u6a21\u5f0f]\n--helper=&lt;helper&gt; --get-description: \u6253\u5370\u52a9\u624b\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0 [\u4ec5P\u6a21\u5f0f]\n--helper=&lt;helper&gt; --set-short=&lt;description&gt;: \u8bbe\u7f6e\u52a9\u624b\u7684\u7b80\u77ed\u63cf\u8ff0 [\u4ec5P\u6a21\u5f0f]\n--helper=&lt;helper&gt; --get-short: \u6253\u5370\u52a9\u624b\u7684\u7b80\u77ed\u63cf\u8ff0 [\u4ec5P\u6a21\u5f0f]\n--helper=&lt;helper&gt; --add-port=&lt;portid&gt;[-&lt;portid&gt;]\/&lt;protocol&gt;: \u4e3a\u52a9\u624b\u6dfb\u52a0\u65b0\u7684\u7aef\u53e3 [\u4ec5P\u6a21\u5f0f]\n--helper=&lt;helper&gt; --remove-port=&lt;portid&gt;[-&lt;portid&gt;]\/&lt;protocol&gt;: \u4ece\u52a9\u624b\u4e2d\u79fb\u9664\u7aef\u53e3 [\u4ec5P\u6a21\u5f0f]\n--helper=&lt;helper&gt; --query-port=&lt;portid&gt;[-&lt;portid&gt;]\/&lt;protocol&gt;: \u8fd4\u56de\u7aef\u53e3\u662f\u5426\u5df2\u4e3a\u52a9\u624b\u6dfb\u52a0 [\u4ec5P\u6a21\u5f0f]\n--helper=&lt;helper&gt; --get-ports: \u5217\u51fa\u52a9\u624b\u7684\u7aef\u53e3 [\u4ec5P\u6a21\u5f0f]\n--helper=&lt;helper&gt; --set-module=&lt;module&gt;: \u4e3a\u52a9\u624b\u8bbe\u7f6e\u6a21\u5757 [\u4ec5P\u6a21\u5f0f]\n--helper=&lt;helper&gt; --get-module: \u4ece\u52a9\u624b\u4e2d\u83b7\u53d6\u6a21\u5757 [\u4ec5P\u6a21\u5f0f]\n--helper=&lt;helper&gt; --set-family={ipv4|ipv6|}: \u4e3a\u52a9\u624b\u8bbe\u7f6e\u5bb6\u65cf (\u5373IPv4\u6216IPv6) [\u4ec5P\u6a21\u5f0f]\n--helper=&lt;helper&gt; --get-family: \u4ece\u52a9\u624b\u4e2d\u83b7\u53d6\u5bb6\u65cf (\u5373IPv4\u6216IPv6) [\u4ec5P\u6a21\u5f0f]<\/code><\/pre>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\"># \u4ee5\u4e0b\u662f\u5e38\u89c1\u7684firewall\u547d\u4ee4\n\n# \u68c0\u67e5\u9632\u706b\u5899\u72b6\u6001\u3002\u8fd9\u5c06\u544a\u8bc9\u4f60 firewalld \u662f\u5426\u6b63\u5728\u8fd0\u884c\u3002\nfirewall-cmd --state\n\n# \u83b7\u53d6\u9ed8\u8ba4\u9632\u706b\u5899\u533a\u57df\u3002\u533a\u57df\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5c06\u9884\u8bbe\u7684\u89c4\u5219\u548c\u4fe1\u4efb\u7ea7\u522b\u5206\u914d\u7ed9\u7279\u5b9a\u7f51\u7edc\u8fde\u63a5\u548c\u63a5\u53e3\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\nfirewall-cmd --get-default-zone\n\n# \u67e5\u770b\u5f53\u524d\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u9632\u706b\u5899\u533a\u57df\u3002\nfirewall-cmd --get-active-zones\n\n# \u5217\u51fa firewalld \u77e5\u9053\u7684\u6240\u6709\u670d\u52a1\u3002\nfirewall-cmd --get-services\n\n# \u5728\u516c\u5171\u533a\u57df\u6c38\u4e45\u6dfb\u52a0 TCP \u7aef\u53e3 80\u3002--permanent \u6807\u5fd7\u8868\u793a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u66f4\u6539\u662f\u6c38\u4e45\u7684\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u91cd\u542f\u7cfb\u7edf\u540e\u4e5f\u4f1a\u4fdd\u7559\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u60f3\u8981\u4e34\u65f6\u6dfb\u52a0\u7aef\u53e3\uff08\u53ea\u5728\u5f53\u524d\u4f1a\u8bdd\u4e2d\u6709\u6548\uff09\uff0c\u5219\u53ef\u4ee5\u7701\u7565 --permanent \u6807\u5fd7\u3002\nfirewall-cmd --zone=public --add-port=80\/tcp --permanent\n\n# \u4ece\u516c\u5171\u533a\u57df\u6c38\u4e45\u5220\u9664 TCP \u7aef\u53e3 80\u3002\nfirewall-cmd --zone=public --remove-port=80\/tcp --permanent\n\n#\u91cd\u65b0\u52a0\u8f7d\u9632\u706b\u5899\u89c4\u5219\u3002\u5728\u6dfb\u52a0\u6216\u5220\u9664\u89c4\u5219\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u4f60\u9700\u8981\u8fd0\u884c\u6b64\u547d\u4ee4\u4ee5\u4f7f\u66f4\u6539\u751f\u6548\nfirewall-cmd --reload\n\n# \u8bbe\u7f6e\u63a5\u53e3\u7684\u533a\u57df\nfirewall-cmd --zone=public --change-interface=eth0 \n\n# \u4e3a\u533a\u57df\u5f00\u542f\/\u5173\u95ed\u7aef\u53e3:\nfirewall-cmd --zone=public --add-service=http\nfirewall-cmd --zone=public --remove-service=http\n\n# \u5217\u51fa\u533a\u57df\u7684\u89c4\u5219:\nfirewall-cmd --zone=public --list-all\n\n#\u4f7f\u66f4\u6539\u6c38\u4e45\u751f\u6548:\n\u9ed8\u8ba4\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528 firewall-cmd \u8fdb\u884c\u7684\u66f4\u6539\u53ea\u662f\u4e34\u65f6\u7684\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5728\u91cd\u542f\u670d\u52a1\u6216\u7cfb\u7edf\u540e\u4e0d\u4f1a\u4fdd\u7559\u3002\u8981\u4f7f\u66f4\u6539\u6c38\u4e45\u751f\u6548\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u6dfb\u52a0 --permanent \u6807\u5fd7\uff0c\u5e76\u518d\u6b21\u91cd\u542f firewalld\u3002\nfirewall-cmd --zone=public --add-service=http --permanent\nfirewall-cmd --reload\n\n# \u5728\u4f7f\u7528 firewalld \u65f6\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u662f\u201c\u533a\u57df\u201d\uff08zones\uff09\u3002\u533a\u57df\u662f firewalld \u4e2d\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u62bd\u8c61\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u5206\u7ec4\u7f51\u7edc\u8fde\u63a5\u548c\u63a5\u53e3\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u5e94\u7528\u4e00\u7ec4\u9884\u8bbe\u7684\u89c4\u5219\u548c\u4fe1\u4efb\u7ea7\u522b\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u201cpublic\u201d\u533a\u57df\u901a\u5e38\u7528\u4e8e\u516c\u5171\u7f51\u7edc\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7f51\u7edc\u4e0d\u80fd\u4fe1\u4efb\u6240\u6709\u8fde\u63a5\u3002\u800c\u201chome\u201d\u6216\u201cinternal\u201d\u533a\u57df\u5219\u901a\u5e38\u7528\u4e8e\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u4fe1\u4efb\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u3002<\/code><\/pre>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\"># \u6848\u4f8b\n# 1.\u68c0\u67e5 firewalld \u670d\u52a1\u7684\u72b6\u6001\uff1a\nfirewall-cmd --state\n\n# 2.\u5217\u51fa\u6240\u6709\u5df2\u77e5\u7684\u670d\u52a1\uff1a\nfirewall-cmd --get-services\n# \u8fd9\u5c06\u663e\u793a\u6240\u6709 firewalld \u5df2\u77e5\u7684\u670d\u52a1\uff0c\u5982 http\u3001https\u3001ssh \u7b49\u3002\n\n# 3.\u5728\u9ed8\u8ba4\u533a\u57df\uff08\u901a\u5e38\u662f public\uff09\u4e2d\u6dfb\u52a0\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u670d\u52a1\uff08\u4f8b\u5982 SSH\uff09\uff1a\nfirewall-cmd --add-service=ssh\n# \u5982\u679c\u4f60\u5e0c\u671b\u66f4\u6539\u6c38\u4e45\u751f\u6548\uff08\u5373\u4f7f\u91cd\u542f\u4e4b\u540e\uff09\uff0c\u8bf7\u6dfb\u52a0 --permanent \u9009\u9879\uff0c\u5e76\u8bb0\u5f97\u91cd\u65b0\u52a0\u8f7d\u9632\u706b\u5899\u4f7f\u66f4\u6539\u751f\u6548\uff1a\nfirewall-cmd --add-service=ssh --permanent\nfirewall-cmd --reload\n\n# 4.\u5728 public \u533a\u57df\u4e2d\u6253\u5f00 TCP \u7aef\u53e3 8080\uff1a\nfirewall-cmd --zone=public --add-port=8080\/tcp --permanent\nfirewall-cmd --reload\n\n# 5.\u4ece public \u533a\u57df\u4e2d\u5220\u9664\u4e00\u4e2a\u7aef\u53e3\uff1a\nfirewall-cmd --zone=public --remove-port=8080\/tcp --permanent\nfirewall-cmd --reload\n\n# 6.\u5217\u51fa public \u533a\u57df\u7684\u6240\u6709\u89c4\u5219\uff1a\nfirewall-cmd --zone=public --list-all<\/code><\/pre>\n<h2>fping<\/h2>\n<p><code>fping<\/code>\uff08Fast Ping\uff09\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7528\u4e8e\u5feb\u901f\u68c0\u6d4b\u7f51\u7edc\u4e3b\u673a\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u884c\u5de5\u5177\u3002\u4e0e\u6807\u51c6\u7684 <code>ping<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u76f8\u6bd4\uff0c<code>fping<\/code> \u5177\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u72ec\u7279\u7684\u7279\u6027\u548c\u4f18\u52bf\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u80fd\u591f\u540c\u65f6 ping \u591a\u4e2a\u4e3b\u673a\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u63d0\u4f9b\u66f4\u7075\u6d3b\u7684\u8f93\u51fa\u9009\u9879\u3002<code>fping<\/code> \u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u4e8e\u68c0\u6d4b\u7f51\u7edc\u8fde\u63a5\u6027\u3001\u76d1\u63a7\u7f51\u7edc\u72b6\u6001\u3001\u8bca\u65ad\u7f51\u7edc\u95ee\u9898\u7b49\u573a\u666f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4ee5\u4e0b\u662f\u4e00\u4e9b\u5e38\u89c1\u7684 <code>fping<\/code> \u7528\u6cd5\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>1.\u68c0\u6d4b\u5355\u4e2a\u4e3b\u673a\u7684\u8fde\u901a\u6027\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">fping example.com<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>2.\u68c0\u6d4b\u591a\u4e2a\u4e3b\u673a\u7684\u8fde\u901a\u6027\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">fping example.com example.org example.net<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>3.\u4ece\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u8bfb\u53d6\u4e3b\u673a\u5217\u8868\u5e76\u68c0\u6d4b\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u8fde\u901a\u6027\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">fping -f hosts.txt<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u5176\u4e2d\uff0c<code>hosts.txt<\/code> \u6587\u4ef6\u5e94\u5305\u542b\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e3b\u673a\u540d\u6216 IP \u5730\u5740\u5217\u8868\uff0c\u6bcf\u884c\u4e00\u4e2a\u3002<\/p>\n<p>4.\u8bbe\u7f6e ping \u6b21\u6570\u548c\u95f4\u9694\u65f6\u95f4\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">fping -c 5 -p 500 example.com<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8fd9\u5c06\u5bf9 <code>example.com<\/code> \u53d1\u9001 5 \u6b21 ping \u8bf7\u6c42\uff0c\u6bcf\u6b21\u8bf7\u6c42\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u95f4\u9694\u4e3a 500 \u6beb\u79d2\u3002<\/p>\n<p>5.\u8bbe\u7f6e\u8d85\u65f6\u65f6\u95f4\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">fping -t 1000 example.com<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8fd9\u5c06\u8bbe\u7f6e ping \u8bf7\u6c42\u7684\u8d85\u65f6\u65f6\u95f4\u4e3a 1000 \u6beb\u79d2\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6ce8\u610f\uff1a<code>fping<\/code> \u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u64cd\u4f5c\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0d\u662f\u9ed8\u8ba4\u5b89\u88c5\u7684\u3002\u6839\u636e\u60a8\u6240\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c\u7cfb\u7edf\u548c\u5305\u7ba1\u7406\u5668\uff0c\u60a8\u53ef\u80fd\u9700\u8981\u4f7f\u7528 <code>apt-get<\/code>\uff08Debian\/Ubuntu\uff09\u3001<code>yum<\/code>\uff08CentOS\/RHEL\uff09\u6216 <code>brew<\/code>\uff08macOS\uff09\u7b49\u5de5\u5177\u6765\u5b89\u88c5 <code>fping<\/code>\u3002<\/p>\n<h2>fold<\/h2>\n<p>\u5728Linux\u4e2d\uff0c<code>fold<\/code>\u547d\u4ee4\u7528\u4e8e\u5c06\u6587\u672c\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u6bcf\u884c\u9650\u5236\u4e3a\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u5bbd\u5ea6\u3002\u8fd9\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5728\u7ec8\u7aef\u663e\u793a\u6587\u672c\u65f6\u7279\u522b\u6709\u7528\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u9632\u6b62\u6587\u672c\u8d85\u51fa\u5c4f\u5e55\u5bbd\u5ea6\u800c\u5bfc\u81f4\u9605\u8bfb\u56f0\u96be\u3002<code>fold<\/code>\u547d\u4ee4\u5177\u6709\u4ee5\u4e0b\u8bed\u6cd5\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">fold [\u9009\u9879]... [\u6587\u4ef6]...<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u4e0b\u9762\u662f\u4e00\u4e9b\u5e38\u7528\u7684\u9009\u9879\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>-b, --bytes<\/code>: \u6309\u5b57\u8282\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5217\u6570\u8fdb\u884c\u6298\u884c\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-s, --spaces<\/code>: \u5728\u7a7a\u683c\u4e4b\u540e\u6298\u884c\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5728\u5355\u8bcd\u4e4b\u95f4\u6298\u884c\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-w, --width &lt;\u5217\u6570&gt;<\/code>: \u6307\u5b9a\u6bcf\u884c\u7684\u6700\u5927\u5217\u6570\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u793a\u4f8b1\uff1a\u9650\u5236\u6bcf\u884c\u7684\u5217\u6570<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u5047\u8bbe\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u540d\u4e3a<code>example.txt<\/code>\u7684\u6587\u672c\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u5185\u5bb9\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">Linux is a family of open source Unix-like operating systems.<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u4f7f\u7528<code>fold<\/code>\u547d\u4ee4\u5c06\u6bcf\u884c\u9650\u5236\u4e3a10\u4e2a\u5b57\u7b26\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">$ fold -w 10 example.txt\nLinux is a\nfamily of\nopen sourc\ne Unix-lik\ne operatin\ng systems.<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u4e2d\uff0c<code>-w 10<\/code>\u9009\u9879\u6307\u5b9a\u6bcf\u884c\u7684\u6700\u5927\u5217\u6570\u4e3a10\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u6587\u672c\u88ab\u5206\u6210\u4e86\u591a\u4e2a\u884c\u6765\u9002\u5e94\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9650\u5236\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u793a\u4f8b2\uff1a\u6309\u5b57\u8282\u6298\u884c<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u4f7f\u7528<code>-b<\/code>\u9009\u9879\u53ef\u4ee5\u6309\u5b57\u8282\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5217\u6570\u6765\u6298\u884c\u3002\u5047\u8bbe\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u540d\u4e3a<code>example.txt<\/code>\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u5185\u5bb9\u5982\u4e0b<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">$ fold -b -w 15 example.txt\nLinux is a fam\nily of open so\nurce Unix-like\n operating sys\ntems.<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u4e2d\uff0c<code>-b<\/code>\u9009\u9879\u544a\u8bc9<code>fold<\/code>\u547d\u4ee4\u6309\u5b57\u8282\u8fdb\u884c\u6298\u884c\uff0c<code>-w 15<\/code>\u9009\u9879\u6307\u5b9a\u6bcf\u884c\u7684\u6700\u5927\u5b57\u8282\u6570\u4e3a15\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u793a\u4f8b3\uff1a\u5728\u7a7a\u683c\u4e4b\u540e\u6298\u884c<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u4f7f\u7528<code>-s<\/code>\u9009\u9879\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ba9<code>fold<\/code>\u547d\u4ee4\u5728\u7a7a\u683c\u4e4b\u540e\u6298\u884c\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5728\u5355\u8bcd\u4e4b\u95f4\u6298\u884c\u3002\u5047\u8bbe\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u540d\u4e3a<code>example.txt<\/code>\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u5185\u5bb9\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">$ fold -s -w 15 example.txt\nLinux is a\nfamily of open\nsource Unix-like\noperating\nsystems.<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u4e2d\uff0c<code>-s<\/code>\u9009\u9879\u544a\u8bc9<code>fold<\/code>\u547d\u4ee4\u5728\u7a7a\u683c\u4e4b\u540e\u6298\u884c\uff0c<code>-w 15<\/code>\u9009\u9879\u6307\u5b9a\u6bcf\u884c\u7684\u6700\u5927\u5217\u6570\u4e3a15\u3002<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">[root@centos8 ShellScripts]#cat \/dev\/urandom | tr -dc [:alnum:] | fold -w 16 | head -n 8<\/code><\/pre>\n<h2>find<\/h2>\n<blockquote>\n<p><code>find<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u662f Linux \u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u5e38\u7528\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u7528\u4e8e\u641c\u7d22\u6587\u4ef6\u548c\u76ee\u5f55\u7684\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u6839\u636e\u5404\u79cd\u6761\u4ef6\u641c\u7d22\u6307\u5b9a\u76ee\u5f55\u4e0b\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u548c\u5b50\u76ee\u5f55\uff0c\u975e\u5e38\u5f3a\u5927\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p><code>find<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u8bed\u6cd5\u5982\u4e0b:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">find [path] [expression]\n\n#\u53c2\u6570\n-type\uff1a\u6309\u6587\u4ef6\u7c7b\u578b\u8fdb\u884c\u67e5\u627e\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c-type f \u8868\u793a\u67e5\u627e\u666e\u901a\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c-type d \u8868\u793a\u67e5\u627e\u76ee\u5f55\uff0c-type l \u8868\u793a\u67e5\u627e\u7b26\u53f7\u94fe\u63a5\u3002\n-name \u548c -iname\uff1a\u6309\u7167\u6587\u4ef6\u540d\u8fdb\u884c\u67e5\u627e\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d -name \u533a\u5206\u5927\u5c0f\u5199\uff0c-iname \u4e0d\u533a\u5206\u5927\u5c0f\u5199\u3002\n-size\uff1a\u6309\u7167\u6587\u4ef6\u5927\u5c0f\u8fdb\u884c\u67e5\u627e\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 + \u548c - \u6765\u6307\u5b9a\u5927\u5c0f\u7684\u8303\u56f4\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c-size +10M \u8868\u793a\u67e5\u627e\u5927\u5c0f\u5927\u4e8e 10MB \u7684\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c-size -1G \u8868\u793a\u67e5\u627e\u5927\u5c0f\u5c0f\u4e8e 1GB \u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\n-mtime \u548c -ctime\uff1a\u6309\u7167\u6587\u4ef6\u4fee\u6539\u65f6\u95f4\u548c\u521b\u5efa\u65f6\u95f4\u8fdb\u884c\u67e5\u627e\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c-mtime -7 \u8868\u793a\u67e5\u627e\u6700\u8fd1 7 \u5929\u5185\u4fee\u6539\u8fc7\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c-ctime +30 \u8868\u793a\u67e5\u627e\u521b\u5efa\u65f6\u95f4\u8d85\u8fc7 30 \u5929\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\n-exec\uff1a\u5bf9\u67e5\u627e\u5230\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u6267\u884c\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c-exec rm {} \\; \u8868\u793a\u5bf9\u6bcf\u4e2a\u67e5\u627e\u5230\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u6267\u884c rm \u547d\u4ee4\u3002\n-regex\uff1a\u6309\u7167\u6b63\u5219\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u8fdb\u884c\u67e5\u627e\u3002\n-prune\uff1a\u6392\u9664\u67d0\u4e9b\u76ee\u5f55\u6216\u6587\u4ef6\u4e0d\u8fdb\u884c\u67e5\u627e\u3002\n-maxdepth \u548c -mindepth\uff1a\u9650\u5236\u67e5\u627e\u7684\u6df1\u5ea6\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c-maxdepth 2 \u8868\u793a\u67e5\u627e\u5230\u76ee\u5f55\u7684\u6df1\u5ea6\u4e0d\u8d85\u8fc7 2\u3002\n-user \u548c -group\uff1a\u6309\u7167\u6587\u4ef6\u6240\u5c5e\u7528\u6237\u548c\u7ec4\u8fdb\u884c\u67e5\u627e\u3002\n-print\uff1a\u5c06\u67e5\u627e\u5230\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u540d\u8f93\u51fa\u5230\u6807\u51c6\u8f93\u51fa\u3002<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u5176\u4e2d\uff0c<code>path<\/code> \u8868\u793a\u8981\u641c\u7d22\u7684\u8def\u5f84\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u76f8\u5bf9\u8def\u5f84\u6216\u7edd\u5bf9\u8def\u5f84\uff1b<code>expression<\/code> \u662f\u641c\u7d22\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u4e00\u4e9b\u903b\u8f91\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26\u8fde\u63a5\u591a\u4e2a\u6761\u4ef6\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e0b\u9762\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e00\u4e9b\u5e38\u7528\u7684 <code>find<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u9009\u9879\u548c\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\uff1a<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u6309\u6587\u4ef6\u540d\u641c\u7d22<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u4f7f\u7528 <code>-name<\/code> \u9009\u9879\u53ef\u4ee5\u6309\u6587\u4ef6\u540d\u641c\u7d22\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u901a\u914d\u7b26 <code>*<\/code> \u548c <code>?<\/code>\uff0c\u4f8b:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">find \/path\/to\/dir -name &quot;file.txt&quot;\nfind \/path\/to\/dir -name &quot;*.txt&quot;\nfind \/path\/to\/dir -name &quot;file?.txt&quot;<\/code><\/pre>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li>\u6309\u6587\u4ef6\u7c7b\u578b\u641c\u7d22<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u4f7f\u7528 <code>-type<\/code> \u9009\u9879\u53ef\u4ee5\u6309\u6587\u4ef6\u7c7b\u578b\u641c\u7d22\uff0c\u5e38\u7528\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u7c7b\u578b\u6709\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>f<\/code>\uff1a\u666e\u901a\u6587\u4ef6<\/li>\n<li><code>d<\/code>\uff1a\u76ee\u5f55<\/li>\n<li><code>l<\/code>\uff1a\u7b26\u53f7\u94fe\u63a5<\/li>\n<li><code>s<\/code>\uff1a\u5957\u63a5\u5b57\u6587\u4ef6<\/li>\n<li><code>b<\/code>\uff1a\u5757\u8bbe\u5907\u6587\u4ef6<\/li>\n<li><code>c<\/code>\uff1a\u5b57\u7b26\u8bbe\u5907\u6587\u4ef6<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">find \/path\/to\/dir -type f    # \u641c\u7d22\u666e\u901a\u6587\u4ef6\nfind \/path\/to\/dir -type d    # \u641c\u7d22\u76ee\u5f55\nfind \/path\/to\/dir -type l    # \u641c\u7d22\u7b26\u53f7\u94fe\u63a5<\/code><\/pre>\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li>\u6309\u6587\u4ef6\u5927\u5c0f\u641c\u7d22<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u4f7f\u7528 <code>-size<\/code> \u9009\u9879\u53ef\u4ee5\u6309\u6587\u4ef6\u5927\u5c0f\u641c\u7d22\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u6307\u5b9a\u5927\u5c0f\u7684\u5355\u4f4d\uff0c\u5e38\u7528\u7684\u5355\u4f4d\u6709\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>c<\/code>\uff1a\u5b57\u8282<\/li>\n<li><code>k<\/code>\uff1a\u5343\u5b57\u8282<\/li>\n<li><code>M<\/code>\uff1a\u5146\u5b57\u8282<\/li>\n<li><code>G<\/code>\uff1a\u5409\u5b57\u8282<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 <code>+<\/code> \u8868\u793a\u5927\u4e8e\u7b49\u4e8e\u6307\u5b9a\u5927\u5c0f\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528 <code>-<\/code> \u8868\u793a\u5c0f\u4e8e\u7b49\u4e8e\u6307\u5b9a\u5927\u5c0f\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">find \/path\/to\/dir -size +10M    # \u641c\u7d22\u5927\u5c0f\u5927\u4e8e 10M \u7684\u6587\u4ef6\nfind \/path\/to\/dir -size -100k   # \u641c\u7d22\u5927\u5c0f\u5c0f\u4e8e\u7b49\u4e8e 100k \u7684\u6587\u4ef6<\/code><\/pre>\n<ol start=\"4\">\n<li>\u6309\u65f6\u95f4\u6233\u641c\u7d22<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u4f7f\u7528 <code>-mtime<\/code>\u3001<code>-ctime<\/code> \u6216 <code>-atime<\/code> \u9009\u9879\u53ef\u4ee5\u6309\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u4fee\u6539\u65f6\u95f4\u3001\u521b\u5efa\u65f6\u95f4\u6216\u8bbf\u95ee\u65f6\u95f4\u641c\u7d22\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u6307\u5b9a\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u5355\u4f4d\uff0c\u5e38\u7528\u7684\u5355\u4f4d\u6709\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>d<\/code>\uff1a\u5929<\/li>\n<li><code>m<\/code>\uff1a\u6708\uff0830 \u5929\uff09<\/li>\n<li><code>w<\/code>\uff1a\u5468\uff087 \u5929\uff09<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 <code>+<\/code> \u8868\u793a\u65f6\u95f4\u5728\u6307\u5b9a\u65f6\u95f4\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528 <code>-<\/code> \u8868\u793a\u65f6\u95f4\u5728\u6307\u5b9a\u65f6\u95f4\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">find \/path\/to\/dir -mtime +7    # \u641c\u7d22\u4fee\u6539\u65f6\u95f4\u5728 7 \u5929\u4e4b\u524d\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\nfind \/path\/to\/dir -ctime -1   # \u641c\u7d22\u521b\u5efa\u65f6\u95f4\u5728 1 \u5929\u4e4b\u5185\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\nfind \/path\/to\/dir -atime 0    # \u641c\u7d22\u8bbf\u95ee\u65f6\u95f4\u5728\u5f53\u5929\u5185\u7684\u6587\u4ef6<\/code><\/pre>\n<h2>file<\/h2>\n<blockquote>\n<p><code>file<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u662f Linux \u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u786e\u5b9a\u6587\u4ef6\u7c7b\u578b\u3002\u5b83\u901a\u8fc7\u8bfb\u53d6\u6587\u4ef6\u5185\u5bb9\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u6765\u786e\u5b9a\u6587\u4ef6\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u4ec5\u4ec5\u6839\u636e\u6587\u4ef6\u6269\u5c55\u540d\u6765\u786e\u5b9a\u6587\u4ef6\u7c7b\u578b\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>\u5982\u679c\u8981\u786e\u5b9a\u6587\u4ef6 <code>\/home\/user\/example.txt<\/code> \u7684\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u7ec8\u7aef\u7a97\u53e3\u4e2d\u8fd0\u884c\u4ee5\u4e0b\u547d\u4ee4\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">file \/home\/user\/example.txt<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8be5\u547d\u4ee4\u5c06\u663e\u793a\u7c7b\u4f3c\u4e8e\u4ee5\u4e0b\u5185\u5bb9\u7684\u8f93\u51fa\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">\/home\/user\/example.txt: ASCII text<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u5176\u4e2d\uff0c<code>\/home\/user\/example.txt<\/code> \u662f\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u8def\u5f84\u548c\u540d\u79f0\uff0c<code>ASCII text<\/code> \u662f\u6587\u4ef6\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u9664\u4e86\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u6587\u672c\u6587\u4ef6\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c<code>file<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u786e\u5b9a\u8bb8\u591a\u5176\u4ed6\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236\u6587\u4ef6\u3001\u538b\u7f29\u6587\u4ef6\u3001\u56fe\u50cf\u6587\u4ef6\u7b49\u7b49\u3002\u901a\u8fc7 <code>file<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f88\u65b9\u4fbf\u5730\u786e\u5b9a\u6587\u4ef6\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u51b3\u5b9a\u4f7f\u7528\u54ea\u4e9b\u5de5\u5177\u548c\u5e94\u7528\u7a0b\u5e8f\u6765\u5904\u7406\u8be5\u6587\u4ef6\u3002<\/p>\n<h2>fsck<\/h2>\n<blockquote>\n<p>\u5728Linux\u4e2d\uff0c<code>fsck<\/code>\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u7528\u4e8e\u68c0\u67e5\u548c\u4fee\u590d\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u9519\u8bef\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u3002\u5f53\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u53d1\u751f\u9519\u8bef\u65f6\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u56e0\u4e3a\u7cfb\u7edf\u5d29\u6e83\u6216\u786c\u4ef6\u635f\u574f\u5bfc\u81f4\u7684\u6570\u636e\u635f\u574f\uff0cfsck\u53ef\u4ee5\u626b\u63cf\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u5e76\u5c1d\u8bd5\u6062\u590d\u635f\u574f\u7684\u6570\u636e\u548c\u5143\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u6062\u590d\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u6b63\u5e38\u64cd\u4f5c\u3002\u672c\u6587\u5c06\u4ecb\u7ecdfsck\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u8bed\u6cd5\u548c\u5e38\u7528\u9009\u9879\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5982\u4f55\u4f7f\u7528fsck\u547d\u4ee4\u68c0\u67e5\u548c\u4fee\u590d\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u9519\u8bef\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>\u57fa\u672c\u8bed\u6cd5\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">fsck [\u9009\u9879] \u5206\u533a\u6216\u8bbe\u5907\u540d\u79f0<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u5e38\u7528\u9009\u9879\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>-a<\/code>\uff1a\u81ea\u52a8\u4fee\u590d\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u9519\u8bef\uff1b<\/li>\n<li><code>-n<\/code>\uff1a\u53ea\u68c0\u67e5\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u4e0d\u4fee\u590d\u9519\u8bef\uff1b<\/li>\n<li><code>-p<\/code>\uff1a\u81ea\u52a8\u4fee\u590d\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u9519\u8bef\uff0c\u4e0d\u8fdb\u884c\u4efb\u4f55\u63d0\u793a\uff1b<\/li>\n<li><code>-r<\/code>\uff1a\u4ea4\u4e92\u5f0f\u4fee\u590d\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u9519\u8bef\uff1b<\/li>\n<li><code>-t<\/code> \u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u7c7b\u578b\uff1a\u6307\u5b9a\u8981\u68c0\u67e5\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u7c7b\u578b\uff1b<\/li>\n<li><code>-V<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u8be6\u7ec6\u7684\u8c03\u8bd5\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4e0b\u9762\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u5c06\u5bf9\/dev\/sda1\u5206\u533a\u4e0a\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u8fdb\u884c\u81ea\u52a8\u4fee\u590d\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">fsck -a \/dev\/sda1<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u5728\u6267\u884c\u8be5\u547d\u4ee4\u65f6\uff0cfsck\u4f1a\u626b\u63cf\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u5e76\u5c1d\u8bd5\u81ea\u52a8\u4fee\u590d\u53d1\u73b0\u7684\u9519\u8bef\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u53e6\u5916\uff0cfsck\u547d\u4ee4\u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u6307\u5b9a\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u7c7b\u578b\u8fdb\u884c\u68c0\u67e5\u548c\u4fee\u590d\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u8981\u68c0\u67e5\u4e00\u4e2aext4\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u5982\u4e0b\u547d\u4ee4\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">fsck.ext4 [\u9009\u9879] \u5206\u533a\u6216\u8bbe\u5907\u540d\u79f0<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u5176\u4e2d\uff0cext4\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5e38\u7528\u9009\u9879\u4e0efsck\u547d\u4ee4\u76f8\u540c\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u9700\u8981\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5728\u4f7f\u7528fsck\u547d\u4ee4\u68c0\u67e5\u548c\u4fee\u590d\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u65f6\uff0c\u5e94\u8be5\u5728\u5355\u7528\u6237\u6a21\u5f0f\u4e0b\u8fd0\u884c\uff0c\u4ee5\u907f\u514d\u5176\u4ed6\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5bf9\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5e72\u6270\u3002\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u5e94\u8be5\u5907\u4efd\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u5e76\u786e\u4fdd\u78c1\u76d8\u7a7a\u95f4\u5145\u8db3\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbffsck\u547d\u4ee4\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fdb\u884c\u4fee\u590d\u64cd\u4f5c\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u53d1\u751f\u4e25\u91cd\u7684\u9519\u8bef\uff0cfsck\u53ef\u80fd\u65e0\u6cd5\u4fee\u590d\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u4f7f\u7528\u5176\u4ed6\u5de5\u5177\u6216\u624b\u52a8\u5904\u7406\u6570\u636e\u3002<\/p>\n<h2>fallocate<\/h2>\n<blockquote>\n<p><code>fallocate<\/code> \u662f\u4e00\u4e2a Linux \u547d\u4ee4\u884c\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u5728\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0a\u4e3a\u6587\u4ef6\u9884\u5206\u914d\u78c1\u76d8\u7a7a\u95f4\uff0c\u4ee5\u63d0\u9ad8\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u6027\u80fd\u548c\u53ef\u9760\u6027\u3002\u5b83\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u4f5c\u7528\u662f\u5feb\u901f\u5206\u914d\u5927\u91cf\u78c1\u76d8\u7a7a\u95f4\uff0c\u800c\u65e0\u9700\u5b9e\u9645\u5199\u5165\u4efb\u4f55\u6570\u636e\u3002\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528 <code>fallocate<\/code> \u53ef\u4ee5\u6bd4 <code>dd<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u66f4\u5feb\u5730\u521b\u5efa\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u53ea\u6d89\u53ca\u78c1\u76d8\u7a7a\u95f4\u5206\u914d\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u6d89\u53ca\u6570\u636e\u5199\u5165\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p><code>fallocate<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u8bed\u6cd5\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">fallocate [options] &lt;filename&gt;<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u5176\u4e2d\uff0c<code>&lt;filename&gt;<\/code> \u662f\u8981\u5206\u914d\u7a7a\u95f4\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u540d\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u76f8\u5bf9\u8def\u5f84\u6216\u7edd\u5bf9\u8def\u5f84\u3002<code>options<\/code> \u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u4e8e\u6307\u5b9a\u8981\u5206\u914d\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u5927\u5c0f\u3001\u7c7b\u578b\u7b49\u53c2\u6570\uff0c\u5e38\u7528\u7684\u9009\u9879\u5305\u62ec\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>-l &lt;size&gt;<\/code>\uff1a\u6307\u5b9a\u8981\u5206\u914d\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u5927\u5c0f\u3002\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u540e\u7f00 B, K, M, G, T \u5206\u522b\u8868\u793a\u5b57\u8282\u3001\u5343\u5b57\u8282\u3001\u5146\u5b57\u8282\u3001\u5343\u5146\u5b57\u8282\u3001\u592a\u5b57\u8282\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c<code>-l 1G<\/code> \u8868\u793a\u5206\u914d1GB\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-o &lt;offset&gt;<\/code>\uff1a\u6307\u5b9a\u8981\u4ece\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u54ea\u4e2a\u4f4d\u7f6e\u5f00\u59cb\u5206\u914d\u7a7a\u95f4\uff0c\u5355\u4f4d\u4e3a\u5b57\u8282\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-n<\/code>\uff1a\u544a\u8bc9 <code>fallocate<\/code> \u4e0d\u8981\u5b9e\u9645\u5199\u5165\u4efb\u4f55\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u5206\u914d\u78c1\u76d8\u7a7a\u95f4\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>--punch-hole &lt;offset&gt; &lt;length&gt;<\/code>\uff1a\u7528\u4e8e\u5220\u9664\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u6307\u5b9a\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u7684\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u91ca\u653e\u5bf9\u5e94\u7684\u78c1\u76d8\u7a7a\u95f4\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\uff0c<code>&lt;offset&gt;<\/code> \u8868\u793a\u8981\u5220\u9664\u7684\u6570\u636e\u7684\u8d77\u59cb\u504f\u79fb\u91cf\uff0c<code>&lt;length&gt;<\/code> \u8868\u793a\u8981\u5220\u9664\u7684\u6570\u636e\u7684\u957f\u5ea6\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u9700\u8981\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c<code>fallocate<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u53ea\u80fd\u5728\u652f\u6301\u8be5\u64cd\u4f5c\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0a\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982 ext4\u3001XFS\u3001Btrfs \u7b49\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u90fd\u652f\u6301 <code>fallocate<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u800c FAT32 \u548c NTFS \u7b49\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u5219\u4e0d\u652f\u6301\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u9700\u8981\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u5927\u5c0f\u4e3a 10GB \u7684\u7a7a\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u4ee5\u4e0b\u547d\u4ee4\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">fallocate -l 10G \/path\/to\/file<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8be5\u547d\u4ee4\u4f1a\u5728 <code>\/path\/to\/file<\/code> \u8def\u5f84\u4e0b\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u5927\u5c0f\u4e3a 10GB \u7684\u7a7a\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8fc7\u7a0b\u6bd4\u7528 <code>dd<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u521b\u5efa\u540c\u6837\u5927\u5c0f\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u8981\u5feb\u5f97\u591a\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4f60\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 <code>--punch-hole<\/code> \u9009\u9879\u6765\u5220\u9664\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u6bb5\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">fallocate --punch-hole 100M:500M \/path\/to\/file<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8be5\u547d\u4ee4\u4f1a\u4ece <code>\/path\/to\/file<\/code> \u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u5220\u9664 100MB \u5230 500MB \u8fd9\u6bb5\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u7684\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u5e76\u91ca\u653e\u5bf9\u5e94\u7684\u78c1\u76d8\u7a7a\u95f4\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u9700\u8981\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528 <code>fallocate<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u521b\u5efa\u7684\u7a7a\u6587\u4ef6\u53ea\u662f\u5206\u914d\u4e86\u78c1\u76d8\u7a7a\u95f4\uff0c\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u5b9e\u9645\u5199\u5165\u4efb\u4f55\u6570\u636e\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u60f3\u5f80\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u5199\u5165\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u4f60\u9700\u8981\u4f7f\u7528\u5176\u4ed6\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982 <code>dd<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u6216\u8005 <code>echo<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5982\u679c <code>fallocate<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u4e0d\u53ef\u7528\uff0c\u4f60\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 <code>dd<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u6765\u521b\u5efa\u6587\u4ef6\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">sudo dd if=\/dev\/zero of=\/path\/to\/swapfile bs=1M count=&lt;size in MB&gt;<\/code><\/pre>\n<h2>fdisk<\/h2>\n<blockquote>\n<p><code>gdisk<\/code>\u548c<code>fdisk<\/code>\u90fd\u662f\u5728Linux\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u7ba1\u7406\u78c1\u76d8\u5206\u533a\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u884c\u5de5\u5177\u3002<code>gdisk<\/code>\u5de5\u5177\u662f\u4e13\u95e8\u7528\u4e8e\u7ba1\u7406<code>GUID<\/code>\u5206\u533a\u8868<code>(GPT)<\/code>\u7684\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u800c<code>fdisk<\/code>\u5219\u662f\u7528\u4e8e\u7ba1\u7406\u4f20\u7edf\u5206\u533a\u8868<code>(MBR)<\/code>\u7684\u5de5\u5177\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>\u6709\u5173<code>fdisk<\/code>\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u7406\u89e3\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>fdisk<\/code>\u662fLinux\u4e2d\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u57fa\u4e8e\u547d\u4ee4\u884c\u7684\u53d1\u5206\u533a\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u7ba1\u7406<code>MBR<\/code>\u5206\u533a\u8868\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>fdisk<\/code>\u547d\u4ee4\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u4e8e\u521b\u5efa\u3001\u5220\u9664\u3001\u4fee\u6539\u3001\u79fb\u52a8\u548c\u5907\u4efd<code>MBR<\/code>\u5206\u533a\u8868\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u6dfb\u52a0\u3001\u5220\u9664\u3001\u4fee\u6539\u3001\u79fb\u52a8\u548c\u5907\u4efd<code>MBR<\/code>\u5206\u533a\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>MBR<\/code>\u5206\u533a\u8868\u76f8\u6bd4<code>GPT<\/code>\u5206\u533a\u8868\u53ef\u4ee5\u652f\u6301\u66f4\u5c11\u7684\u5206\u533a\u548c\u66f4\u5c0f\u7684\u786c\u76d8\u5bb9\u91cf\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u662f\u65e9\u671f\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7cfb\u7edf\u548c<code>BIOS<\/code>\u7cfb\u7edf\u6240\u91c7\u7528\u7684\u7684\u5206\u533a\u8868\u683c\u5f0f\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>fdisk<\/code>\u547d\u4ee4\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u4f7f\u7528\u53c2\u6570\u548c\u4ea4\u4e92\u5f0f\u63d0\u793a\u6765\u8fdb\u884c\u64cd\u4f5c \u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684<code>MBR<\/code>\u5206\u533a\u8868\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u662f<code>sudo fdisk \/dev\/sda<\/code>,\u5176\u4e2d&quot;\/dev\/sda&quot;\u662f\u8981\u8fdb\u884c\u5206\u533a\u7684\u78c1\u76d8\u540d\u79f0\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>fdisk<\/code>\u547d\u4ee4\u8fd8\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u67e5\u770b\u5206\u533a\u8868\u3001\u663e\u793a\u5206\u533a\u4fe1\u606f\u3001\u66f4\u6539\u5206\u533a\u7c7b\u578b\u3001\u66f4\u6539\u5206\u533a\u5927\u5c0f\u7b49\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">#\u9009\u9879\nfdisk -l\uff1a\u5217\u51fa\u6240\u6709\u786c\u76d8\u7684\u5206\u533a\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\nfdisk \/dev\/sda\uff1a\u6253\u5f00\u786c\u76d8sda\u7684\u5206\u533a\u7ba1\u7406\u5668\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u6267\u884c\u521b\u5efa\u3001\u5220\u9664\u3001\u4fee\u6539\u5206\u533a\u7b49\u64cd\u4f5c\u3002\nm\uff1a\u5217\u51fa\u6240\u6709\u547d\u4ee4\u53ca\u5176\u8bf4\u660e\u3002\np\uff1a\u6253\u5370\u51fa\u5206\u533a\u8868\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\nn\uff1a\u521b\u5efa\u65b0\u5206\u533a\u3002\nd\uff1a\u5220\u9664\u4e00\u4e2a\u5206\u533a\u3002\nw\uff1a\u4fdd\u5b58\u5e76\u9000\u51fa\u3002\nq\uff1a\u4e0d\u4fdd\u5b58\u5e76\u9000\u51fa\u3002\n\u5728\u4f7f\u7528fdisk\u65f6\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u4ee5root\u6743\u9650\u6216sudo\u6743\u9650\u8fd0\u884c\u3002<\/code><\/pre>\n<ol>\n<li>\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684<code>MBR<\/code>\u5206\u533a\u8868<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code>sudo fdisk \/dev\/sda\no\nw<\/code><\/pre>\n<ol>\n<li>\u663e\u793a<code>MBR<\/code>\u5206\u533a\u8868<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code>#\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u5c06\u5217\u51fa\u60a8\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u6240\u6709\u53ef\u7528\u7684\u78c1\u76d8\u548c\u5206\u533a\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u8bbe\u5907\u540d\u79f0\u3001\u8d77\u59cb\u6247\u533a\u548c\u7ed3\u675f\u6247\u533a\u3001\u7c7b\u578b\u7b49\u4fe1\u606f\nsudo fdisk -l \/dev\/sda<\/code><\/pre>\n<ol>\n<li>\u5411<code>MBR<\/code>\u5206\u533a\u8868\u4e2d\u6dfb\u52a0\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u5206\u533a(root\u8eab\u4efd)\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code>sudo fdisk \/dev\/sda\nn\n&lt;Enter&gt;\n&lt;Enter&gt;\n&lt;Enter&gt;\n+1G\u6216\u8005100M\nw<\/code><\/pre>\n<ol>\n<li>\u5220\u9664MBR\u5206\u533a\u8868\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5206\u533a\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code>sudo fdisk \/dev\/sda\nd\n&lt;Enter&gt;\n&lt;\u5206\u533a\u53f7&gt;\nw<\/code><\/pre>\n<ol>\n<li>\u6539\u53d8\u5206\u533a\u7c7b\u578b<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code>sudo fdisk \/dev\/sda\nt\n\u8f93\u5165\u8981\u4fee\u6539\u7684\u5206\u533a\u7f16\u53f7\nL #\u67e5\u770b\u6709\u54ea\u4e9b\u7c7b\u578b\n83 #\u4f8b\u5982\uff1aswap\u662f82\nw<\/code><\/pre>\n<ol>\n<li>\u5c06\u78c1\u76d8\u5206\u533a\u7684\u5355\u4f4d\u6539\u4e3a\u6247\u533a\u6570<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u9ed8\u8ba4\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0cfdisk\u547d\u4ee4\u4f7f\u7528\u78c1\u76d8\u5206\u533a\u7684\u5927\u5c0f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5355\u4f4d\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u4ee5\u4e0b\u547d\u4ee4\u5c06\u5355\u4f4d\u6539\u4e3a\u6247\u533a\u6570\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code>sudo fdisk -u \/dev\/sda<\/code><\/pre>\n<ol>\n<li>\u4fee\u6539\u5206\u533a\u7684\u8d77\u59cb\u6247\u533a\u6570<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code>sudo fdisk \/dev\/sda\nx #\u8fdb\u5165\u4e13\u5bb6\u6a21\u5f0f\nb\n\u8f93\u5165\u8981\u4fee\u6539\u7684\u5206\u533a\u7684\u7f16\u53f7\uff0c\u518d\u8f93\u5165\u65b0\u7684\u8d77\u59cb\u6247\u533a\u53f7(\u6ce8\u610f\u5fc5\u987b\u662f2048\u7684\u500d\u6570)\nw<\/code><\/pre>\n<ol>\n<li>\u5907\u4efd\u548c\u6062\u590d\u5206\u533a\u8868<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code>sudo sfdisk -d \/dev\/sda &gt; sda-partition-table.backup<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u5176\u4e2d\uff0c\u201csda\u201d\u662f\u60a8\u8981\u5907\u4efd\u5206\u533a\u8868\u7684\u8bbe\u5907\u540d\u79f0\uff0c\u5c06\u5206\u533a\u8868\u5907\u4efd\u5230\u540d\u4e3a\u201csda-partition-table.backup\u201d\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u3002\u8981\u5c06\u5907\u4efd\u6587\u4ef6\u6062\u590d\u5230\u8bbe\u5907\uff0c\u8bf7\u4f7f\u7528\u4ee5\u4e0b\u547d\u4ee4\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code>sudo sfdisk \/dev\/sda &lt; sda-partition-table.backup<\/code><\/pre>\n<ol>\n<li>\u67e5\u770b\u5206\u533a\u7684UUID<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code>sudo blkid \/dev\/sda<\/code><\/pre>\n<ol>\n<li>\u5728\u65b0\u5efa\u5206\u533a\u65f6\u6307\u5b9a\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u7c7b\u578b<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u9ed8\u8ba4\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0cfdisk\u547d\u4ee4\u5728\u65b0\u5efa\u5206\u533a\u65f6\u4e0d\u4f1a\u4e3a\u5176\u6307\u5b9a\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u7c7b\u578b\u3002\u8981\u5728\u65b0\u5efa\u5206\u533a\u65f6\u6307\u5b9a\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u8bf7\u4f7f\u7528\u4ee5\u4e0b\u547d\u4ee4\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code>sudo fdisk \/dev\/sda\nn\nt\n7 #\u8fd9\u91cc\u8f93\u5165\u5206\u533a\u91cc\u9762\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u5bf9\u5e94\u7684\u4ee3\u7801\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528L\u67e5\u770b\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff1aswap\u5bf9\u5e94\u662f82\nw<\/code><\/pre>\n<h2>genent<\/h2>\n<blockquote>\n<p><code>getent<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u7528\u4e8e\u4ece\u5404\u79cd\u7cfb\u7edf\u7ba1\u7406\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u4e2d\u83b7\u53d6\u6761\u76ee\u3002<code>getent<\/code> \u652f\u6301\u591a\u79cd\u6570\u636e\u5e93\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u4f46\u4e0d\u9650\u4e8e <code>passwd<\/code>, <code>group<\/code>, <code>hosts<\/code>, \u548c <code>services<\/code>\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\"># \u4e0b\u9762\u662f\u8be5\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u9009\u9879\u53ca\u53c2\u6570\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\uff1a\n-i, --no-idn\uff1a\u7981\u7528IDN\u7f16\u7801\u3002IDN\u662f\u56fd\u9645\u5316\u57df\u540d\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9009\u9879\u901a\u5e38\u4e0e\u5904\u7406\u4e3b\u673a\u540d\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u4e00\u8d77\u4f7f\u7528\u3002\n-s, --service=CONFIG\uff1a\u6307\u5b9a\u8981\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u670d\u52a1\u914d\u7f6e\u3002\u8fd9\u5141\u8bb8\u4f60\u4f7f\u7528\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u540d\u79f0\u670d\u52a1\u5207\u6362\u914d\u7f6e\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u7cfb\u7edf\u9ed8\u8ba4\u7684\u914d\u7f6e\u3002\n-?, --help\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u5e2e\u52a9\u4fe1\u606f\u5e76\u9000\u51fa\u3002\n--usage\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u7b80\u77ed\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\n-V, --version\uff1a\u6253\u5370\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7248\u672c\u3002\ndatabase\uff1a\u6307\u5b9a\u8981\u67e5\u8be2\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u3002\u652f\u6301\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u5305\u62ec\uff1a\nahosts: \u5730\u5740\u6570\u636e\u5e93\uff08\u7c7b\u4f3c\u4e8ehosts\uff0c\u4f46\u53ef\u4ee5\u505a\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\uff09\u3002\nahostsv4: \u53ea\u7528\u4e8eIPv4\u7684\u5730\u5740\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u3002\nahostsv6: \u53ea\u7528\u4e8eIPv6\u7684\u5730\u5740\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u3002\naliases: \u90ae\u4ef6\u522b\u540d\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u3002\nethers: Ethernet\u53f7\u7801\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u3002\ngroup: \u7ec4\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u3002\ngshadow: \u7528\u4e8e\u5b58\u50a8\u5b89\u5168\u7ec4\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u3002\nhosts: \u4e3b\u673a\u540d\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u3002\ninitgroups: \u521d\u59cb\u5316\u7ec4\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u3002\nnetgroup: \u7f51\u7edc\u7ec4\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u3002\nnetworks: \u7f51\u7edc\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u3002\npasswd: \u7528\u6237\u5e10\u6237\u4fe1\u606f\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u3002\nprotocols: \u7f51\u7edc\u534f\u8bae\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u3002\nrpc: \u8fdc\u7a0b\u8fc7\u7a0b\u8c03\u7528\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u3002\nservices: \u7f51\u7edc\u670d\u52a1\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u3002\nshadow: \u7528\u4e8e\u5b58\u50a8\u5b89\u5168\u7528\u6237\u5e10\u6237\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u3002\nkey\uff1a\u7528\u4e8e\u641c\u7d22\u6307\u5b9a\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u7684\u5173\u952e\u5b57\u6216\u53c2\u6570\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u7528\u6237\u540d\uff0c\u7ec4\u540d\uff0c\u6216\u4e3b\u673a\u540d\u3002<\/code><\/pre>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\"># \u7528\u6cd5\uff1agetent \u7ec4\u6570\u636e\u5e93 \u641c\u7d22\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\n# 1.\u67e5\u8be2\u7528\u6237\u540d\u4e3a root \u7684\u7528\u6237\u4fe1\u606f\uff1a\ngetent passwd root\n\n# 2.\u67e5\u8be2\u7ec4\u540d\u4e3a sudo \u7684\u7ec4\u4fe1\u606f\uff1a\ngetent group sudo \n\n# 3.\u67e5\u8be2\u4e3b\u673a\u540d\u4e3a localhost \u7684\u4e3b\u673a\u4fe1\u606f\uff1a\ngetent hosts localhost<\/code><\/pre>\n<h2>grep<\/h2>\n<blockquote>\n<p>\u5728 Linux \u4e2d\uff0c<code>grep<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u6587\u672c\u641c\u7d22\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u6587\u4ef6\u6216\u6807\u51c6\u8f93\u5165\u4e2d\u67e5\u627e\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u6216\u6b63\u5219\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u5339\u914d\u7684\u884c\u8f93\u51fa\u3002\u4e0b\u9762\u662f <code>grep<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u5e38\u89c1\u7528\u6cd5\uff1a<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">grep [OPTIONS] PATTERN [FILE...]<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u5176\u4e2d <code>OPTIONS<\/code> \u662f\u53ef\u9009\u7684\u53c2\u6570\uff0c<code>PATTERN<\/code> \u662f\u8981\u5339\u914d\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c<code>FILE<\/code> \u662f\u8981\u641c\u7d22\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u540d\uff08\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u901a\u914d\u7b26\u5339\u914d\u591a\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\uff09\u3002\u4e0b\u9762\u662f\u5e38\u7528\u7684\u9009\u9879\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>-i<\/code>\uff1a\u5ffd\u7565\u5927\u5c0f\u5199<\/li>\n<li><code>-v<\/code>\uff1a\u53cd\u8f6c\u5339\u914d\uff0c\u53ea\u663e\u793a\u4e0d\u5339\u914d\u7684\u884c<\/li>\n<li><code>-c<\/code>\uff1a\u53ea\u663e\u793a\u5339\u914d\u884c\u7684\u8ba1\u6570<\/li>\n<li><code>-n<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u5339\u914d\u884c\u7684\u884c\u53f7<\/li>\n<li><code>-l<\/code>\uff1a\u53ea\u663e\u793a\u5305\u542b\u5339\u914d\u884c\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u540d<\/li>\n<li><code>-L<\/code>\uff1a\u53ea\u663e\u793a\u4e0d\u5305\u542b\u5339\u914d\u884c\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u540d<\/li>\n<li><code>-r<\/code>\uff1a\u9012\u5f52\u5730\u641c\u7d22\u5b50\u76ee\u5f55\u4e2d\u7684\u6587\u4ef6<\/li>\n<li><code>-w<\/code>\uff1a\u53ea\u5339\u914d\u6574\u4e2a\u5355\u8bcd<\/li>\n<li><code>-e<\/code>\uff1a\u5141\u8bb8\u4f7f\u7528\u591a\u4e2a\u6a21\u5f0f,\u6307\u5b9a\u5339\u914d\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u591a\u4e2a <code>-e<\/code> \u9009\u9879\u8fdb\u884c\u591a\u4e2a\u5339\u914d\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-o<\/code>: \u53ea\u8f93\u51fa\u5339\u914d\u9879\u672c\u8eab\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5305\u542b\u5339\u914d\u9879\u7684\u6574\u884c\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-q<\/code>: \u9759\u9ed8\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u4e0d\u8f93\u51fa\u4efb\u4f55\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-h<\/code>: \u4e0d\u8f93\u51fa\u5339\u914d\u884c\u6240\u5728\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u540d\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-s<\/code>: \u4e0d\u663e\u793a\u9519\u8bef\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-E<\/code>:\u6269\u5c55\u6b63\u5219\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u9664\u4e86\u9009\u9879\u5916\uff0c<code>grep<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u8fd8\u652f\u6301\u4e00\u4e9b\u6b63\u5219\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u8bed\u6cd5\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>^<\/code>: \u5339\u914d\u884c\u9996\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>$<\/code>: \u5339\u914d\u884c\u5c3e\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>.<\/code>: \u5339\u914d\u4efb\u610f\u5355\u4e2a\u5b57\u7b26\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>[]<\/code>: \u5339\u914d\u62ec\u53f7\u4e2d\u7684\u4efb\u610f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b57\u7b26\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>[^]<\/code>: \u5339\u914d\u9664\u4e86\u62ec\u53f7\u4e2d\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u4ee5\u5916\u7684\u4efb\u610f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b57\u7b26\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>*<\/code>: \u5339\u914d\u524d\u9762\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u51fa\u73b0 0 \u6b21\u6216\u591a\u6b21\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>+<\/code>: \u5339\u914d\u524d\u9762\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u51fa\u73b0 1 \u6b21\u6216\u591a\u6b21\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>?<\/code>: \u5339\u914d\u524d\u9762\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u51fa\u73b0 0 \u6b21\u6216 1 \u6b21\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>|<\/code>: \u5339\u914d\u4e24\u4e2a\u6216\u591a\u4e2a\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u4e2d\u7684\u4efb\u610f\u4e00\u4e2a\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u9700\u8981\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5728\u4f7f\u7528\u6b63\u5219\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u65f6\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u7528\u5f15\u53f7\u5c06\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u62ec\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u4ee5\u9632\u6b62\u7279\u6b8a\u5b57\u7b26\u88ab Shell \u89e3\u6790\u3002<\/p>\n<h2>gzip<\/h2>\n<blockquote>\n<p>\u5728 Linux \u4e2d\uff0c<code>gzip<\/code> \u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u7528\u4e8e\u538b\u7f29\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u5b83\u4f7f\u7528 Lempel-Ziv \u7b97\u6cd5\uff08LZ77\uff09\u548c\u54c8\u592b\u66fc\u7f16\u7801\u8fdb\u884c\u6570\u636e\u538b\u7f29\u3002<code>gzip<\/code> \u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06\u5355\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u538b\u7f29\u6210 <code>.gz<\/code> \u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06\u591a\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u6253\u5305\u6210 <code>.tar.gz<\/code> \u6587\u4ef6\u3002\u4e0b\u9762\u662f <code>gzip<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u8be6\u7ec6\u7528\u6cd5\u8bb2\u89e3\uff1a<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\"># \u9009\u9879\n-c, --stdout\uff1a\u5c06\u538b\u7f29\u6216\u89e3\u538b\u7f29\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u5199\u5230\u6807\u51c6\u8f93\u51fa\uff0c\u539f\u59cb\u6587\u4ef6\u4fdd\u6301\u4e0d\u53d8\u3002#\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9009\u9879\u548cd\u8fde\u7528\u4e0d\u80fd\u5355\u72ec\u4f7f\u7528\n-d, --decompress\uff1a\u8fdb\u884c\u89e3\u538b\u64cd\u4f5c\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u538b\u7f29\u64cd\u4f5c\u3002\n-f, --force\uff1a\u5f3a\u5236\u8986\u76d6\u8f93\u51fa\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u5e76\u538b\u7f29\u94fe\u63a5\u3002\n-h, --help\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u5e2e\u52a9\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\n-k, --keep\uff1a\u538b\u7f29\u540e\u4fdd\u6301\uff08\u4e0d\u5220\u9664\uff09\u8f93\u5165\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\n-l, --list\uff1a\u5217\u51fa\u5df2\u538b\u7f29\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u3002\n-L, --license\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u8f6f\u4ef6\u8bb8\u53ef\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\n-n, --no-name\uff1a\u538b\u7f29\u65f6\u4e0d\u4fdd\u5b58\u6216\u6062\u590d\u539f\u59cb\u6587\u4ef6\u540d\u548c\u65f6\u95f4\u6233\u3002\n-N, --name\uff1a\u4fdd\u5b58\u6216\u6062\u590d\u539f\u59cb\u6587\u4ef6\u540d\u548c\u65f6\u95f4\u6233\u3002\n-q, --quiet\uff1a\u6291\u5236\u6240\u6709\u8b66\u544a\u3002\n-r, --recursive\uff1a\u9012\u5f52\u64cd\u4f5c\u76ee\u5f55\u3002\n--rsyncable\uff1a\u521b\u5efa\u5bf9rsync\u53cb\u597d\u7684\u5b58\u6863\u3002\n-S, --suffix=SUF\uff1a\u5728\u538b\u7f29\u6587\u4ef6\u4e0a\u4f7f\u7528\u540e\u7f00SUF\u3002\n--synchronous\uff1a\u540c\u6b65\u8f93\u51fa\uff08\u5982\u679c\u7cfb\u7edf\u5d29\u6e83\uff0c\u8fd9\u4f1a\u66f4\u5b89\u5168\uff0c\u4f46\u901f\u5ea6\u4f1a\u6162\u4e00\u4e9b\uff09\u3002\n-t, --test\uff1a\u6d4b\u8bd5\u538b\u7f29\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u5b8c\u6574\u6027\u3002\n-v, --verbose\uff1a\u8be6\u7ec6\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u663e\u793a\u66f4\u591a\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\n-V, --version\uff1a\u663e\u793agzip\u7684\u7248\u672c\u53f7\u3002\n-1, --fast\uff1a\u66f4\u5feb\u901f\u7684\u538b\u7f29\uff0c\u4f46\u538b\u7f29\u7387\u53ef\u80fd\u8f83\u4f4e\u3002\n-9, --best\uff1a\u5c3d\u53ef\u80fd\u9ad8\u7684\u538b\u7f29\u7387\uff0c\u4f46\u53ef\u80fd\u9700\u8981\u66f4\u957f\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u3002<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><code>gzip<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u4e8e\u538b\u7f29\u5355\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">gzip file.txt<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u4e0a\u8ff0\u547d\u4ee4\u4f1a\u5c06 <code>file.txt<\/code> \u6587\u4ef6\u538b\u7f29\u6210 <code>file.txt.gz<\/code> \u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u5e76\u5220\u9664\u539f\u59cb\u6587\u4ef6\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u60f3\u4fdd\u7559\u539f\u59cb\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 <code>-k<\/code> \u6216 <code>--keep<\/code> \u9009\u9879\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">gzip -k file.txt<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><code>gzip<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u4e8e\u89e3\u538b\u7f29\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">gzip -d file.txt.gz<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u4e0a\u8ff0\u547d\u4ee4\u4f1a\u5c06 <code>file.txt.gz<\/code> \u6587\u4ef6\u89e3\u538b\u7f29\u6210 <code>file.txt<\/code> \u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u5e76\u5220\u9664\u538b\u7f29\u6587\u4ef6\u3002<\/p>\n<p><code>gzip<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06\u591a\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u538b\u7f29\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a <code>.tar.gz<\/code> \u6587\u4ef6\u3002\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u4f60\u9700\u8981\u4f7f\u7528 <code>tar<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u5c06\u6587\u4ef6\u6253\u5305\u6210 <code>.tar<\/code> \u6587\u4ef6\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">tar -cvf files.tar file1.txt file2.txt file3.txt<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u4e0a\u8ff0\u547d\u4ee4\u4f1a\u5c06 <code>file1.txt<\/code>\u3001<code>file2.txt<\/code> \u548c <code>file3.txt<\/code> \u6253\u5305\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u540d\u4e3a <code>files.tar<\/code> \u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7136\u540e\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 <code>gzip<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u5c06 <code>.tar<\/code> \u6587\u4ef6\u538b\u7f29\u6210 <code>.tar.gz<\/code> \u6587\u4ef6\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">gzip files.tar<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u4e0a\u8ff0\u547d\u4ee4\u4f1a\u5c06 <code>files.tar<\/code> \u6587\u4ef6\u538b\u7f29\u6210 <code>files.tar.gz<\/code> \u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u5e76\u5220\u9664\u539f\u59cb\u6587\u4ef6\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u60f3\u89e3\u538b\u7f29\u4e00\u4e2a <code>.tar.gz<\/code> \u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u4ee5\u4e0b\u547d\u4ee4\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">tar -xvf files.tar.gz<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u4e0a\u8ff0\u547d\u4ee4\u4f1a\u5c06 <code>files.tar.gz<\/code> \u6587\u4ef6\u89e3\u538b\u7f29\u6210 <code>files.tar<\/code> \u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u4ee5\u4e0b\u547d\u4ee4\u89e3\u538b\u7f29 <code>.tar<\/code> \u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u7684\u6240\u6709\u6587\u4ef6\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">tar -xvf files.tar<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u4e0a\u8ff0\u547d\u4ee4\u4f1a\u5c06 <code>files.tar<\/code> \u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u7684\u6240\u6709\u6587\u4ef6\u89e3\u538b\u7f29\u5230\u5f53\u524d\u76ee\u5f55\u4e2d\u3002<\/p>\n<h2>gdisk<\/h2>\n<blockquote>\n<p><code>gdisk<\/code>\u4e5f\u662fLinux\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u4e00\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u884c\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u7ba1\u7406\u786c\u76d8\u5206\u533a\u3002\u4e0e<code>fdisk<\/code>\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u662f\uff0c<code>gdisk<\/code>\u662f\u4e13\u95e8\u7528\u4e8e\u7ba1\u7406GPT\u5206\u533a\u8868\u7684\u5de5\u5177\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p><code>gdisk<\/code>\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u57fa\u4e8e\u547d\u4ee4\u884c\u7684\u5206\u533a\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u5728Linux\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u5bf9<code>GPT<\/code>\u5206\u533a\u8868\u8fdb\u884c\u64cd\u4f5c\u3002<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><code>gdisk<\/code>\u547d\u4ee4\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u4e8e\u521b\u5efa\u3001\u5220\u9664\u3001\u4fee\u6539\u3001\u79fb\u52a8\u548c\u5907\u4efd<code>GPT<\/code>\u5206\u533a\u8868\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u6dfb\u52a0\u3001\u5220\u9664\u3001\u4fee\u6539\u3001\u79fb\u52a8\u548c\u5907\u4efd<code>GPT<\/code>\u5206\u533a\u3002<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><code>GPT<\/code>\u5206\u533a\u8868\u76f8\u6bd4<code>MBR<\/code>\u5206\u533a\u8868\u53ef\u4ee5\u652f\u6301\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u786c\u76d8\u548c\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u5206\u533a\uff0c\u5b83\u4e5f\u652f\u6301\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u78c1\u76d8\u5bb9\u9519\u548c\u5b89\u5168\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><code>gdisk<\/code>\u547d\u4ee4\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u4f7f\u7528\u53c2\u6570\u548c\u4ea4\u4e92\u5f0f\u63d0\u793a\u6765\u8fdb\u884c\u64cd\u4f5c\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684<code>GPT<\/code>\u5206\u533a\u8868\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u662f<code>sudo gdisk \/dev\/sda<\/code>\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d<code>\/dev\/sda<\/code>\u662f\u8981\u8fdb\u884c\u5206\u533a\u7684\u78c1\u76d8\u540d\u79f0\u3002<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><code>gdisk<\/code>\u547d\u4ee4\u8fd8\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u5728<code>GPT<\/code>\u5206\u533a\u8868\u4e2d\u6dfb\u52a0\u3001\u5220\u9664\u3001\u79fb\u52a8\u3001\u5907\u4efd\u5206\u533a\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">#\u9009\u9879\ngdisk -l\uff1a\u5217\u51fa\u6240\u6709\u786c\u76d8\u7684\u5206\u533a\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\ngdisk \/dev\/sda\uff1a\u6253\u5f00\u786c\u76d8sda\u7684\u5206\u533a\u7ba1\u7406\u5668\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u6267\u884c\u521b\u5efa\u3001\u5220\u9664\u3001\u4fee\u6539\u5206\u533a\u7b49\u64cd\u4f5c\u3002\np\uff1a\u6253\u5370\u51fa\u5206\u533a\u8868\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\nn\uff1a\u521b\u5efa\u65b0\u5206\u533a\u3002\nd\uff1a\u5220\u9664\u4e00\u4e2a\u5206\u533a\u3002\nw\uff1a\u4fdd\u5b58\u5e76\u9000\u51fa\u3002\nq\uff1a\u4e0d\u4fdd\u5b58\u5e76\u9000\u51fa\u3002\n\u4e0efdisk\u7c7b\u4f3c\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528gdisk\u4e5f\u9700\u8981\u4ee5root\u6743\u9650\u6216sudo\u6743\u9650\u8fd0\u884c<\/code><\/pre>\n<ol>\n<li>\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684GPT\u5206\u533a\u8868\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code>sudo gdisk \/dev\/sda<\/code><\/pre>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li>\u663e\u793aGPT\u5206\u533a\u8868\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code>sudo gdisk -l \/dev\/sda<\/code><\/pre>\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li>\u5411GPT\u5206\u533a\u8868\u4e2d\u6dfb\u52a0\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u5206\u533a\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code>sudo gdisk \/dev\/sda\nn\n&lt;Enter&gt;\n&lt;Enter&gt;\n+100M\nEF00\nw<\/code><\/pre>\n<ol>\n<li>\u5220\u9664GPT\u5206\u533a\u8868\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5206\u533a\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code>sudo gdisk \/dev\/sda\nd\n&lt;Enter&gt;\n&lt;\u5206\u533a\u53f7&gt;\nw<\/code><\/pre>\n<h2>gpasswd<\/h2>\n<blockquote>\n<p><code>gpasswd<\/code> \u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5728 Linux \u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u7ba1\u7406 <code>\/etc\/group<\/code> \u548c <code>\/etc\/gshadow<\/code> \u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u884c\u5de5\u5177\u3002\u5b83\u5141\u8bb8\u7528\u6237\u6dfb\u52a0\u6216\u5220\u9664\u7ec4\u6210\u5458\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u8bbe\u7f6e\u548c\u66f4\u6539\u7ec4\u5bc6\u7801\u3002<code>gpasswd<\/code> \u4e3b\u8981\u7528\u4e8e\u7ba1\u7406\u7ec4\u8d26\u6237\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">#\u9009\u9879\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a\n\n1.-a, --add USER\uff1a\u5411\u6307\u5b9a\u7684 GROUP \u6dfb\u52a0 USER\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u5c06\u7528\u6237\u6dfb\u52a0\u5230\u7ec4\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\nsudo gpasswd -a username groupname\n\n2.-d, --delete USER\uff1a\u4ece\u6307\u5b9a\u7684 GROUP \u4e2d\u5220\u9664 USER\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u4ece\u7ec4\u4e2d\u5220\u9664\u7528\u6237\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\nsudo gpasswd -d username groupname\n\n3.-h, --help\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u5e2e\u52a9\u4fe1\u606f\u5e76\u9000\u51fa\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u9700\u8981\u63d0\u9192\u5173\u4e8e\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u9009\u9879\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u6b64\u9009\u9879\u3002\n4.-Q, --root CHROOT_DIR\uff1a\u6307\u5b9a\u8981\u5207\u6362\u5230\u7684 chroot \u76ee\u5f55\u3002\u8fd9\u5141\u8bb8\u4f60\u5728 chroot \u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5728\u5e38\u89c4\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0a\u3002\n5.-r, --delete-password\uff1a\u5220\u9664 GROUP \u7684\u5bc6\u7801\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\uff0c\u7ec4\u5c06\u6ca1\u6709\u5bc6\u7801\uff0c\u7528\u6237\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u5bc6\u7801\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u5207\u6362\u5230\u8be5\u7ec4\u3002\nsudo gpasswd -r groupname\n\n6.-R, --restrict\uff1a\u9650\u5236\u5bf9 GROUP \u7684\u8bbf\u95ee\u6743\u9650\u4ec5\u9650\u4e8e\u5176\u6210\u5458\u3002\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\u53ea\u6709\u7ec4\u6210\u5458\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 newgrp \u547d\u4ee4\u5207\u6362\u5230\u8be5\u7ec4\u3002\n7.-M, --members USER,...\uff1a\u8bbe\u7f6e GROUP \u7684\u6210\u5458\u5217\u8868\u3002\u8fd9\u5141\u8bb8\u4f60\u4e00\u6b21\u8bbe\u7f6e\u591a\u4e2a\u6210\u5458\u3002\nsudo gpasswd -M user1,user2,user3 groupname\n\n8.-A, --administrators ADMIN,...\uff1a\u8bbe\u7f6e GROUP \u7684\u7ba1\u7406\u5458\u5217\u8868\u3002\u7ba1\u7406\u5458\u53ef\u4ee5\u6dfb\u52a0\u548c\u5220\u9664\u7ec4\u6210\u5458\u3002\nsudo gpasswd -A admin1,admin2 groupname\n\n# \u6ce8\u610f\uff1a\u9664\u4e86 -A \u548c -M \u9009\u9879\u5916\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u9009\u9879\u4e0d\u80fd\u7ec4\u5408\u4f7f\u7528\u3002<\/code><\/pre>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\"># 1.\u6dfb\u52a0\u7528\u6237\u5230\u7ec4\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528 -a \u9009\u9879\u5c06\u7528\u6237\u6dfb\u52a0\u5230\u7ec4\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5c06\u7528\u6237 john \u6dfb\u52a0\u5230\u7ec4 developers\uff1a\nsudo gpasswd -a john developers\n\n# 2.\u4ece\u7ec4\u4e2d\u5220\u9664\u7528\u6237\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528 -d \u9009\u9879\u4ece\u7ec4\u4e2d\u5220\u9664\u7528\u6237\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4ece\u7ec4 developers \u4e2d\u5220\u9664\u7528\u6237 john\uff1a\nsudo gpasswd -d john developers\n\n# 3.\u8bbe\u7f6e\u7ec4\u5bc6\u7801\uff1a\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e3a\u7ec4\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e00\u4e2a\u5bc6\u7801\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u53ea\u6709\u77e5\u9053\u5bc6\u7801\u7684\u7528\u6237\u624d\u80fd\u4f7f\u7528 newgrp \u547d\u4ee4\u5207\u6362\u5230\u8be5\u7ec4\u3002\u4f7f\u7528 gpasswd \u547d\u4ee4\u5e76\u6307\u5b9a\u7ec4\u540d\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u7cfb\u7edf\u4f1a\u63d0\u793a\u4f60\u8f93\u5165\u5bc6\u7801\uff1a\nsudo gpasswd developers\n\n# 4.\u5220\u9664\u7ec4\u5bc6\u7801\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528 -r \u9009\u9879\u5220\u9664\u7ec4\u5bc6\u7801\u3002\u8fd9\u5c06\u79fb\u9664\u7ec4\u7684\u5bc6\u7801\uff0c\u4f7f\u5176\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u6ca1\u6709\u5bc6\u7801\u7684\u7ec4\uff1a\nsudo gpasswd -r developers\n\n# 5.\u7ec4\u7ba1\u7406\u5458\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528 -A \u9009\u9879\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u6307\u5b9a\u54ea\u4e9b\u7528\u6237\u662f\u7ec4\u7684\u7ba1\u7406\u5458\u3002\u7ec4\u7ba1\u7406\u5458\u53ef\u4ee5\u6dfb\u52a0\u548c\u5220\u9664\u7ec4\u6210\u5458\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u8bbe\u7f6e john \u4e3a developers \u7ec4\u7684\u7ba1\u7406\u5458\uff1a\nsudo gpasswd -A john developers\n\n# 6.\u5217\u51fa\u7ec4\u6210\u5458\uff1a\u867d\u7136 gpasswd \u672c\u8eab\u6ca1\u6709\u76f4\u63a5\u5217\u51fa\u7ec4\u6210\u5458\u7684\u9009\u9879\uff0c\u4f46\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 getent \u547d\u4ee4\u6765\u67e5\u770b\u7ec4\u7684\u6210\u5458\uff1a\ngetent group developers\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<h2>groupadd<\/h2>\n<p>\u5728Linux\u4e2d\uff0cgroupadd\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7528\u4e8e\u521b\u5efa\u65b0\u7528\u6237\u7ec4\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u3002groupadd\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u8bed\u6cd5\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">groupadd [options] group_name<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u5176\u4e2d\uff0cgroup_name\u8868\u793a\u8981\u521b\u5efa\u7684\u65b0\u7528\u6237\u7ec4\u7684\u540d\u79f0\u3002\u800coptions\u8868\u793a\u53ef\u4ee5\u9009\u62e9\u7684\u9009\u9879\uff0c\u5e38\u7528\u7684\u9009\u9879\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>-r\uff1a\u521b\u5efa\u7cfb\u7edf\u7528\u6237\u7ec4\uff0c\u5373GID\u5728100-999\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u3002CentOS 6\u4e4b\u524d: ID&lt;500\uff0cCentOS 7\u4ee5\u540e: ID&lt;1000<\/li>\n<li><code>-f, --force<\/code>: \u5982\u679c\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u7528\u6237\u7ec4\u5df2\u7ecf\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u5219\u8be5\u9009\u9879\u4f7f\u547d\u4ee4\u6267\u884c\u6210\u529f\u3002\u5982\u679c\u540c\u65f6\u4f7f\u7528\u4e86 <code>-g<\/code> \u9009\u9879\u4e14 GID \u5df2\u88ab\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u8be5\u9009\u9879\u5c06\u53d6\u6d88 <code>-g<\/code> \u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-g, --gid GID<\/code>: \u4e3a\u65b0\u7ec4\u6307\u5b9a\u4e00\u4e2a\u7279\u5b9a\u7684 GID (Group ID)\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u4f7f\u7528\u6b64\u9009\u9879\uff0c\u7cfb\u7edf\u5c06\u81ea\u52a8\u4e3a\u65b0\u7ec4\u5206\u914d\u4e00\u4e2a\u552f\u4e00\u7684 GID\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-h, --help<\/code>: \u663e\u793a\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u5e2e\u52a9\u4fe1\u606f\u5e76\u9000\u51fa\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-K, --key KEY=VALUE<\/code>: \u8fd9\u5141\u8bb8\u7528\u6237\u8986\u76d6 <code>\/etc\/login.defs<\/code> \u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u7684\u9ed8\u8ba4\u503c\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-o, --non-unique<\/code>: \u5141\u8bb8\u521b\u5efa\u5177\u6709\u91cd\u590d\uff08\u975e\u552f\u4e00\uff09GID\u7684\u7ec4\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-p, --password PASSWORD<\/code>: \u4e3a\u65b0\u7ec4\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e00\u4e2a\u52a0\u5bc6\u7684\u5bc6\u7801\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u7ec4\u5bc6\u7801\u5728\u73b0\u4ee3Linux\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0a\u662f\u4e0d\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u4e0d\u5efa\u8bae\u8bbe\u7f6e\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-r, --system<\/code>: \u521b\u5efa\u7cfb\u7edf\u7528\u6237\u7ec4\uff0c\u5373GID\u5728100-999\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u3002CentOS 6\u4e4b\u524d: ID&lt;500\uff0cCentOS 7\u4ee5\u540e: ID&lt;1000\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7ec4\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u4e3a\u7cfb\u7edf\u8fdb\u7a0b\u548c\u670d\u52a1\u4f7f\u7528\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-R, --root CHROOT_DIR<\/code>: \u6307\u5b9a\u4e00\u4e2a chroot \u76ee\u5f55\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u5728\u8be5\u76ee\u5f55\u4e2d\u6267\u884c <code>groupadd<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5728\u5b9e\u9645\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-P, --prefix PREFIX_DIR<\/code>: \u4e3a\u65b0\u521b\u5efa\u7684\u7ec4\u76ee\u5f55\u6307\u5b9a\u4e00\u4e2a\u524d\u7f00\u3002\u8fd9\u5e38\u7528\u4e8e\u6307\u5b9a\u76ee\u5f55\u8def\u5f84\u7684\u524d\u7f00\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-U, --users USERS<\/code>: \u5217\u51fa\u8be5\u7ec4\u7684\u7528\u6237\u6210\u5458\u3002\u8fd9\u5141\u8bb8\u5728\u521b\u5efa\u65b0\u7ec4\u65f6\u7acb\u5373\u5c06\u4e00\u4e9b\u7528\u6237\u6dfb\u52a0\u4e3a\u8be5\u7ec4\u7684\u6210\u5458\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\"># \u6848\u4f8b\n# 1.\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u7528\u6237\u7ec4\u540d\u4e3a newgroup:\ngroupadd newgroup\n\n# 2.\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u7528\u6237\u7ec4\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u6307\u5b9a GID \u4e3a 2000:\ngroupadd -g 2000 newgroup2\n\n# 3.\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u7ec4,\u5e76\u6307\u5b9a\u7ec4id:\ngroupadd -r -g 306 systemgroup\n\n# 4.\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ec4\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u7528\u6237\u7acb\u5373\u6dfb\u52a0\u5230\u8be5\u7ec4:\n# eg:\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ec4mygroup\u5e76\u7acb\u5373\u6dfb\u52a0\u7528\u6237alice\u548cbob\uff1a\ngroupadd -U alice,bob mygroup\n\n# 5.\u4f7f\u7528\u7279\u5b9a\u7684GID\u521b\u5efa\u7ec4\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u8be5GID\u5df2\u88ab\u4f7f\u7528:\n# eg:\u901a\u5e38\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4e00\u4e2aGID\u5df2\u7ecf\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u5c1d\u8bd5\u4f7f\u7528\u8be5GID\u521b\u5efa\u65b0\u7ec4\u4f1a\u5931\u8d25\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f3a\u5236\u4f7f\u7528\u5b83\uff1a\ngroupadd -g 1001 -o -f duplicateGIDgroup\n\n# 6.\u521b\u5efa\u7ec4\u65f6\u8986\u76d6\u9ed8\u8ba4\u8bbe\u7f6e:\n# eg:\u4f7f\u7528 -K \u9009\u9879\u8986\u76d6 \/etc\/login.defs \u4e2d\u7684\u67d0\u4e9b\u9ed8\u8ba4\u503c\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u60f3\u66f4\u6539\u57faGID\u7684\u9ed8\u8ba4\u503c\uff1a\ngroupadd -K GID_MIN=2000 mygroup2\n\n# 7.\u5728chroot\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u521b\u5efa\u7ec4:\n# eg:\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u6b63\u5728\u4e3a\u7279\u5b9a\u7684chroot\u73af\u5883\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e00\u4e2a\u7528\u6237\u7ec4\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 -R \u9009\u9879\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4e3a\/my_chroot\u76ee\u5f55\u4e2d\u7684chroot\u73af\u5883\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ec4\uff1a\ngroupadd -R \/my_chroot chrootgroup\n\n# 8.\u4e3a\u65b0\u7ec4\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e00\u4e2a\u52a0\u5bc6\u7684\u5bc6\u7801:\n# eg:\u867d\u7136\u8fd9\u5728\u73b0\u4ee3Linux\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0a\u4e0d\u5e38\u89c1\u548c\u4e0d\u63a8\u8350\uff0c\u4f46\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fd9\u6837\u505a\uff1a\ngroupadd -p encrypted_password mygroup3\n# \u8bf7\u6ce8\u610f\uff0c\u4f60\u9700\u8981\u63d0\u4f9b\u5df2\u52a0\u5bc6\u7684\u5bc6\u7801\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u3002\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 openssl \u6216\u5176\u4ed6\u5de5\u5177\u4e3a\u5bc6\u7801\u8fdb\u884c\u52a0\u5bc6<\/code><\/pre>\n<h2>groupmems<\/h2>\n<blockquote>\n<p><code>groupmems<\/code> \u662f\u4e00\u4e2a Linux \u547d\u4ee4\u884c\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u7ba1\u7406\u7ec4\u6210\u5458\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5de5\u5177\u901a\u5e38\u7531\u7cfb\u7edf\u7ba1\u7406\u5458\u7528\u6765\u6dfb\u52a0\u6216\u5220\u9664\u7528\u6237\u7ec4\u7684\u6210\u5458\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u5217\u51fa\u7ec4\u4e2d\u7684\u6210\u5458\u3002<code>groupmems<\/code> \u6bd4 <code>gpasswd<\/code> \u66f4\u52a0\u7b80\u6d01\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u9488\u5bf9\u7ec4\u6210\u5458\u7684\u7ba1\u7406\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">#\u9009\u9879\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a\n\n1.-g, --group groupname\uff1a\u6307\u5b9a\u8981\u66f4\u6539\u7684\u7ec4\u540d\u3002\u9ed8\u8ba4\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0cgroupmems \u4f1a\u5c1d\u8bd5\u66f4\u6539\u5f53\u524d\u7528\u6237\u7684\u7ec4\u3002\u4f7f\u7528\u6b64\u9009\u9879\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u9009\u62e9\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7ec4\u6765\u66f4\u6539\uff08\u6ce8\u610f\uff0c\u53ea\u6709 root \u7528\u6237\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u6b64\u9009\u9879\uff09\u3002\n2.-R, --root CHROOT_DIR\uff1a\u6307\u5b9a\u8981\u5207\u6362\u5230\u7684 chroot \u76ee\u5f55\u3002\u8fd9\u5141\u8bb8\u4f60\u5728 chroot \u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5728\u5e38\u89c4\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0a\u3002\n3.-a, --add username\uff1a\u5c06\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u7528\u6237\u540d\u6dfb\u52a0\u5230\u7ec4\u7684\u6210\u5458\u5217\u8868\u4e2d\u3002\n4.-d, --delete username\uff1a\u4ece\u7ec4\u7684\u6210\u5458\u5217\u8868\u4e2d\u5220\u9664\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u7528\u6237\u540d\u3002\n5.-h, --help\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u5e2e\u52a9\u4fe1\u606f\u5e76\u9000\u51fa\u3002\n6.-p, --purge\uff1a\u4ece\u7ec4\u4e2d\u6e05\u9664\u6240\u6709\u6210\u5458\u3002\u8fd9\u5c06\u4f7f\u7ec4\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u6210\u5458\u3002\n7.-l, --list\uff1a\u5217\u51fa\u7ec4\u7684\u6210\u5458\u3002\u8fd9\u5c06\u663e\u793a\u7ec4\u4e2d\u5f53\u524d\u7684\u6240\u6709\u6210\u5458\u3002<\/code><\/pre>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\"># 1.\u5411\u7ec4\u4e2d\u6dfb\u52a0\u7528\u6237\uff1a\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 --add \u9009\u9879\u5c06\u7279\u5b9a\u7528\u6237\u6dfb\u52a0\u5230\u7ec4\u4e2d\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5c06\u7528\u6237 john \u6dfb\u52a0\u5230\u7ec4 developers \u4e2d\uff1a\nsudo groupmems --group groupname --add username\nsudo groupmems --group developers --add john\n\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0c--group \u6307\u5b9a\u4e86\u8981\u4fee\u6539\u7684\u7ec4\u540d\uff0c\u800c --add \u6307\u5b9a\u4e86\u8981\u6dfb\u52a0\u7684\u7528\u6237\u540d\u3002\n\n# 2.\u4ece\u7ec4\u4e2d\u5220\u9664\u7528\u6237\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528 --delete \u9009\u9879\u4ece\u7ec4\u4e2d\u5220\u9664\u7528\u6237\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4ece\u7ec4 developers \u4e2d\u5220\u9664\u7528\u6237 john\uff1a\nsudo groupmems --group developers --delete john\n\u4e0e\u6dfb\u52a0\u7528\u6237\u7c7b\u4f3c\uff0c--group \u6307\u5b9a\u7ec4\u540d\uff0c--delete \u6307\u5b9a\u8981\u5220\u9664\u7684\u7528\u6237\u540d\u3002\n\n# 3.\u5217\u51fa\u7ec4\u7684\u6210\u5458\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528 --list \u9009\u9879\u6765\u5217\u51fa\u7ec4\u7684\u6210\u5458\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5217\u51fa\u7ec4 developers \u7684\u6240\u6709\u6210\u5458\uff1a\ngroupmems --group developers --list\n\n# 4.\u6e05\u9664\u7ec4\u7684\u6240\u6709\u6210\u5458\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528 --purge \u9009\u9879\u6e05\u9664\u7ec4\u7684\u6240\u6709\u6210\u5458\u3002\u8fd9\u5c06\u4f7f\u7ec4\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u6210\u5458\u3002\u5728\u4f7f\u7528\u6b64\u9009\u9879\u65f6\u8981\u7279\u522b\u5c0f\u5fc3\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4f1a\u5220\u9664\u7ec4\u7684\u6240\u6709\u6210\u5458\u3002\nsudo groupmems --group developers --purge\n\n# 5.\u4f7f\u7528 chroot\uff1a\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u9700\u8981\u5728 chroot \u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u7ba1\u7406\u7ec4\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 --root \u9009\u9879\u6307\u5b9a chroot \u76ee\u5f55\u3002\u8fd9\u5728\u7cfb\u7edf\u7ef4\u62a4\u548c\u6062\u590d\u65f6\u53ef\u80fd\u5f88\u6709\u7528\u3002\nsudo groupmems --root \/path\/to\/chroot --group developers --add john\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<h2>groupmod<\/h2>\n<p><code>groupmod<\/code>\u547d\u4ee4\u662fLinux\u4e2d\u4e00\u4e2a\u7528\u4e8e\u4fee\u6539\u7528\u6237\u7ec4\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u4e8e\u66f4\u6539\u7528\u6237\u7ec4\u7684\u540d\u79f0\u3001GID\u6216\u5176\u4ed6\u5c5e\u6027\u3002\u4ee5\u4e0b\u662fgroupmod\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u8be6\u7ec6\u8bf4\u660e\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>\u7528\u6cd5\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">groupmod [\u9009\u9879] \u7ec4\u540d<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u9009\u9879\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>-g GID<\/code>\uff1a\u4fee\u6539\u7ec4\u7684GID\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-n \u65b0\u7ec4\u540d<\/code>\uff1a\u4fee\u6539\u7ec4\u7684\u540d\u79f0\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-o<\/code>\uff1a\u5141\u8bb8\u4f7f\u7528\u975e\u552f\u4e00\u7684GID\u3002\u901a\u5e38GID\u5fc5\u987b\u662f\u552f\u4e00\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u5982\u679c\u4f7f\u7528\u6b64\u9009\u9879\uff0c\u5219\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u91cd\u590d\u7684GID\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-v<\/code>\uff1a\u8be6\u7ec6\u8f93\u51fa\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-h<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u5e2e\u52a9\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u683c\u5f0f\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">groupmod [-g GID|-n \u65b0\u7ec4\u540d] \u7ec4\u540d<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u8981\u5c06\u540d\u4e3a\u201cgroup1\u201d\u7684\u7528\u6237\u7ec4\u7684\u540d\u79f0\u66f4\u6539\u4e3a\u201cgroup2\u201d\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u4ee5\u4e0b\u547d\u4ee4\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">groupmod -n group2 group1<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8981\u5c06\u540d\u4e3a\u201cgroup1\u201d\u7684\u7528\u6237\u7ec4\u7684GID\u66f4\u6539\u4e3a500\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u4ee5\u4e0b\u547d\u4ee4\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">groupmod -g 500 group1<\/code><\/pre>\n<h2>groupdel<\/h2>\n<p>\u5728Linux\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\uff0c<code>groupdel<\/code>\u547d\u4ee4\u7528\u4e8e\u5220\u9664\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u7528\u6237\u7ec4\uff0c\u5176\u57fa\u672c\u7528\u6cd5\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">groupdel [OPTIONS] GROUP<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u5176\u4e2d\uff0c<code>OPTIONS<\/code>\u4e3a\u53ef\u9009\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u9009\u9879\uff0c<code>GROUP<\/code>\u4e3a\u8981\u5220\u9664\u7684\u7528\u6237\u7ec4\u540d\u79f0\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e0b\u9762\u662f<code>groupdel<\/code>\u547d\u4ee4\u5e38\u7528\u7684\u9009\u9879\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>-f, --force<\/code>\uff1a\u5f3a\u5236\u5220\u9664\u7528\u6237\u7ec4\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u8be5\u7ec4\u8fd8\u6709\u7528\u6237\u5b58\u5728\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-h, --help<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u547d\u4ee4\u5e2e\u52a9\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-r, --remove<\/code>\uff1a\u5220\u9664\u7528\u6237\u7ec4\uff0c\u5e76\u5220\u9664\u8be5\u7ec4\u7684\u6240\u6709\u76f8\u5173\u6587\u4ef6\u548c\u76ee\u5f55\u3002\u8be5\u9009\u9879\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u7528\u6237\u7ec4\u5df2\u7ecf\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u65f6\u624d\u6709\u6548\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u9700\u8981\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5220\u9664\u7528\u6237\u7ec4\u65f6\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u8be5\u7ec4\u8fd8\u6709\u7528\u6237\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u5219<code>groupdel<\/code>\u547d\u4ee4\u9ed8\u8ba4\u4f1a\u62d2\u7edd\u5220\u9664\u8be5\u7528\u6237\u7ec4\uff0c\u5e76\u8f93\u51fa\u9519\u8bef\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\u5982\u679c\u9700\u8981\u5f3a\u5236\u5220\u9664\u8be5\u7528\u6237\u7ec4\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528<code>-f<\/code>\u9009\u9879\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u8981\u5220\u9664\u540d\u4e3a<code>testgroup<\/code>\u7684\u7528\u6237\u7ec4\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u6267\u884c\u4ee5\u4e0b\u547d\u4ee4\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">groupdel testgroup<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u5982\u679c\u8be5\u7ec4\u8fd8\u6709\u7528\u6237\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u5c06\u4f1a\u8f93\u51fa\u7c7b\u4f3c\u4ee5\u4e0b\u7684\u9519\u8bef\u4fe1\u606f\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">groupdel: cannot remove the primary group of user &#039;testuser&#039;<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u6b64\u65f6\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528<code>-f<\/code>\u9009\u9879\u5f3a\u5236\u5220\u9664\u8be5\u7ec4\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">groupdel -f testgroup<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u9700\u8981\u5220\u9664\u7528\u6237\u7ec4\u7684\u6240\u6709\u76f8\u5173\u6587\u4ef6\u548c\u76ee\u5f55\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528<code>-r<\/code>\u9009\u9879\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">groupdel -r testgroup<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8be5\u547d\u4ee4\u4f1a\u5220\u9664<code>\/etc\/group<\/code>\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u8be5\u7ec4\u7684\u8bb0\u5f55\uff0c\u5e76\u5220\u9664\u8be5\u7ec4\u7684\u6240\u6709\u7528\u6237\u7684\u9644\u52a0\u7ec4\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\u5982\u679c\u8be5\u7ec4\u8fd8\u6709\u7528\u6237\u76ee\u5f55\u6216\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u4e5f\u4f1a\u88ab\u5220\u9664\u3002<\/p>\n<h2>hexdump<\/h2>\n<blockquote>\n<p>\u5728 Linux \u4e2d\uff0c<code>hexdump<\/code> \u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5341\u516d\u8fdb\u5236\u8f6c\u50a8\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u5b83\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06\u4e00\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u8f6c\u50a8\u6210\u5341\u516d\u8fdb\u5236\u683c\u5f0f\uff0c\u65b9\u4fbf\u8fdb\u884c\u5206\u6790\u548c\u67e5\u770b\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p><code>hexdump<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u8bed\u6cd5\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">hexdump [options] [file]<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u5176\u4e2d <code>options<\/code> \u662f\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u9009\u9879\uff0c<code>file<\/code> \u662f\u8981\u8fdb\u884c\u8f6c\u50a8\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u540d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e0b\u9762\u662f\u4e00\u4e9b\u5e38\u7528\u7684\u9009\u9879\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>-C<\/code>\uff1a\u4ee5\u5341\u516d\u8fdb\u5236\u548c ASCII \u5b57\u7b26\u6df7\u5408\u683c\u5f0f\u663e\u793a\u8f6c\u50a8\u7ed3\u679c\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-c<\/code>\uff1a\u4ee5\u5b57\u7b26\u5f62\u5f0f\u663e\u793a\u8f6c\u50a8\u7ed3\u679c\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-n<\/code>\uff1a\u9650\u5236\u8f6c\u50a8\u7684\u5b57\u8282\u6570\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-s<\/code>\uff1a\u4ece\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u504f\u79fb\u91cf\u5904\u5f00\u59cb\u8f6c\u50a8\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-v<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u6240\u6709\u5b57\u8282\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u7a7a\u5b57\u8282\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u4ee5\u4e0b\u662f\u4e00\u4e9b\u5e38\u89c1\u7528\u6cd5\u793a\u4f8b\uff1a<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u663e\u793a\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u5341\u516d\u8fdb\u5236\u5185\u5bb9<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">hexdump file.txt<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u5c06\u4f1a\u663e\u793a\u6587\u4ef6 <code>file.txt<\/code> \u7684\u5341\u516d\u8fdb\u5236\u5185\u5bb9\u3002<\/p>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li>\u663e\u793a\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u5341\u516d\u8fdb\u5236\u548c ASCII \u5185\u5bb9<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">hexdump -C file.txt<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u5c06\u4f1a\u663e\u793a\u6587\u4ef6 <code>file.txt<\/code> \u7684\u5341\u516d\u8fdb\u5236\u548c ASCII \u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e00\u884c\u90fd\u4f1a\u4ee5\u5341\u516d\u8fdb\u5236\u548c ASCII \u5b57\u7b26\u6df7\u5408\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u663e\u793a\u3002<\/p>\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li>\u663e\u793a\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u5185\u5bb9<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">hexdump -c file.txt<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u5c06\u4f1a\u663e\u793a\u6587\u4ef6 <code>file.txt<\/code> \u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e00\u884c\u90fd\u4f1a\u4ee5\u5b57\u7b26\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u663e\u793a<\/p>\n<ol start=\"4\">\n<li>\u9650\u5236\u8f6c\u50a8\u7684\u5b57\u8282\u6570<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">hexdump -n 16 file.txt<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u5c06\u4f1a\u663e\u793a\u6587\u4ef6 <code>file.txt<\/code> \u7684\u524d 16 \u4e2a\u5b57\u8282\u7684\u5341\u516d\u8fdb\u5236\u5185\u5bb9\u3002<\/p>\n<ol start=\"5\">\n<li>\u4ece\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u504f\u79fb\u91cf\u5904\u5f00\u59cb\u8f6c\u50a8<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">hexdump -s 100 file.txt<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u5c06\u4f1a\u663e\u793a\u6587\u4ef6 <code>file.txt<\/code> \u4ece\u7b2c 100 \u4e2a\u5b57\u8282\u5f00\u59cb\u7684\u5341\u516d\u8fdb\u5236\u5185\u5bb9<\/p>\n<ol start=\"6\">\n<li>\u663e\u793a\u6240\u6709\u5b57\u8282\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u7a7a\u5b57\u8282<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">hexdump -v file.txt<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u5c06\u4f1a\u663e\u793a\u6587\u4ef6 <code>file.txt<\/code> \u7684\u6240\u6709\u5b57\u8282\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u7a7a\u5b57\u8282\u3002<\/p>\n<ol start=\"7\">\n<li>\u67e5\u770b\u5206\u533a\u8868<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">hexdump -C -n 512 \/dev\/sdb1 -v<\/code><\/pre>\n<h2>hash<\/h2>\n<blockquote>\n<p>\u5728 Linux \u4e2d\uff0c<code>hash<\/code> \u662f\u4e00\u4e2a shell \u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u67e5\u627e\u5e76\u4fdd\u5b58\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3002\u5f53\u4f60\u5728\u7ec8\u7aef\u8f93\u5165\u4e00\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u65f6\uff0cLinux \u9700\u8981\u901a\u8fc7\u641c\u7d22 <code>$PATH<\/code> \u73af\u5883\u53d8\u91cf\u6765\u627e\u5230\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u6240\u5728\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8fc7\u7a0b\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u6bd4\u8f83\u8017\u65f6\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5f53\u4f60\u6267\u884c\u540c\u6837\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u591a\u6b21\u65f6\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u907f\u514d\u91cd\u590d\u7684\u641c\u7d22\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0cshell \u4f1a\u5c06\u6700\u8fd1\u6267\u884c\u8fc7\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u53ca\u5176\u6240\u5728\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u8bb0\u5f55\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u54c8\u5e0c\u8868\u4e2d\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u54c8\u5e0c\u8868\u5c31\u53eb\u505a\u547d\u4ee4\u7f13\u5b58\u8868\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>\u4f7f\u7528 <code>hash<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u53ef\u4ee5\u663e\u793a\u6216\u64cd\u4f5c\u547d\u4ee4\u7f13\u5b58\u8868\u3002\u5e38\u7528\u7684\u9009\u9879\u5305\u62ec\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>hash<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u6240\u6709\u547d\u4ee4\u7f13\u5b58\u8868\u4e2d\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u53ca\u5176\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff1b<\/li>\n<li><code>hash -r<\/code>\uff1a\u6e05\u7a7a\u547d\u4ee4\u7f13\u5b58\u8868\uff0c\u4f7f\u5176\u91cd\u65b0\u5f00\u59cb\u8bb0\u5f55\u547d\u4ee4\uff1b<\/li>\n<li><code>hash command<\/code>\uff1a\u5f3a\u5236\u8ba9 shell \u5ffd\u7565\u547d\u4ee4\u7f13\u5b58\u8868\u4e2d\u7684 <code>command<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff0c\u5e76\u91cd\u65b0\u641c\u7d22\u5b83\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>hash -d name<\/code>:\u6e05\u9664name\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u7f13\u51b2<\/li>\n<li><code>hash -t name<\/code>: \u6253\u5370\u7f13\u5b58\u4e2dname\u7684\u8def\u5f84<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u4e3e\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\uff0c\u5f53\u4f60\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u6267\u884c\u547d\u4ee4 <code>\/usr\/bin\/ls<\/code> \u65f6\uff0cshell \u4f1a\u901a\u8fc7\u641c\u7d22 <code>$PATH<\/code> \u73af\u5883\u53d8\u91cf\u6765\u627e\u5230\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u6240\u5728\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u5176\u4fdd\u5b58\u5728\u547d\u4ee4\u7f13\u5b58\u8868\u4e2d\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u4e4b\u540e\u518d\u6b21\u6267\u884c <code>ls<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\uff0cshell \u5c31\u4e0d\u7528\u518d\u6b21\u641c\u7d22 <code>$PATH<\/code> \u73af\u5883\u53d8\u91cf\u6765\u67e5\u627e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u4e86\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u76f4\u63a5\u4ece\u547d\u4ee4\u7f13\u5b58\u8868\u4e2d\u83b7\u53d6\u4f4d\u7f6e\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5f53\u4f60\u9700\u8981\u5207\u6362\u4e0d\u540c\u7248\u672c\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u65f6\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u9700\u8981\u4f7f\u7528 <code>hash -r<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u6765\u6e05\u7a7a\u547d\u4ee4\u7f13\u5b58\u8868\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u80fd\u9700\u8981\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u7248\u672c\u7684 Python \u4e4b\u95f4\u5207\u6362\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u4ee5\u4e0b\u547d\u4ee4\u6e05\u7a7a\u547d\u4ee4\u7f13\u5b58\u8868\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">$ hash -r<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8fd9\u6837\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f shell \u91cd\u65b0\u641c\u7d22 <code>$PATH<\/code> \u73af\u5883\u53d8\u91cf\u4e2d\u7684 Python \u7248\u672c\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u5176\u4fdd\u5b58\u5728\u547d\u4ee4\u7f13\u5b58\u8868\u4e2d\u3002<\/p>\n<h2>history<\/h2>\n<p><code>history<\/code> \u662f Linux \u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u663e\u793a\u4e4b\u524d\u6267\u884c\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u5386\u53f2\u8bb0\u5f55\u3002\u4f7f\u7528 <code>history<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u53ef\u4ee5\u67e5\u770b\u4e4b\u524d\u6267\u884c\u8fc7\u7684\u6240\u6709\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5728\u5f53\u524d\u4f1a\u8bdd\u548c\u4e4b\u524d\u4f1a\u8bdd\u4e2d\u6267\u884c\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u3002\u4ee5\u4e0b\u662f <code>history<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u8be6\u7ec6\u7528\u6cd5\u3001\u9009\u9879\u548c\u683c\u5f0f\uff1a<\/p>\n<p><code>history<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u7528\u6cd5\u683c\u5f0f\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">history [n]<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u5176\u4e2d\uff0c<code>n<\/code> \u662f\u53ef\u9009\u7684\u53c2\u6570\uff0c\u8868\u793a\u8981\u663e\u793a\u7684\u6700\u8fd1\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u6570\u91cf\u3002\u5982\u679c\u7701\u7565 <code>n<\/code> \u53c2\u6570\uff0c\u5219\u9ed8\u8ba4\u663e\u793a\u6700\u8fd1\u7684 500 \u6761\u547d\u4ee4\u8bb0\u5f55\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u8981\u663e\u793a\u6700\u8fd1\u7684 10 \u6761\u547d\u4ee4\u8bb0\u5f55\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u7ec8\u7aef\u4e2d\u8fd0\u884c\u4ee5\u4e0b\u547d\u4ee4\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">history 10<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><code>history<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u5e38\u7528\u9009\u9879\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>-c<\/code>\uff1a\u6e05\u9664\u6240\u6709\u5386\u53f2\u8bb0\u5f55\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-w<\/code>\uff1a\u5c06\u5f53\u524d\u4f1a\u8bdd\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u8bb0\u5f55\u5199\u5165\u5386\u53f2\u8bb0\u5f55\u6587\u4ef6\uff08\u9ed8\u8ba4\u4e3a <code>~\/.bash_history<\/code>\uff09\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-a<\/code>\uff1a\u5c06\u5f53\u524d\u4f1a\u8bdd\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u8bb0\u5f55\u8ffd\u52a0\u5230\u5386\u53f2\u8bb0\u5f55\u6587\u4ef6\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-n<\/code>\uff1a\u8bfb\u53d6\u5386\u53f2\u8bb0\u5f55\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u7684\u65b0\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u5c06\u5b83\u4eec\u6dfb\u52a0\u5230\u5f53\u524d\u4f1a\u8bdd\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u8bb0\u5f55\u4e2d\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-r<\/code>\uff1a\u4ece\u5386\u53f2\u8bb0\u5f55\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u8bfb\u53d6\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u5176\u6dfb\u52a0\u5230\u5f53\u524d\u4f1a\u8bdd\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u8bb0\u5f55\u4e2d\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-d offset<\/code>\uff1a\u5220\u9664\u5386\u53f2\u8bb0\u5f55\u4e2d\u7b2c <code>offset<\/code> \u6761\u547d\u4ee4\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-p string<\/code>\uff1a\u5c06 <code>string<\/code> \u6dfb\u52a0\u5230\u5386\u53f2\u8bb0\u5f55\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u6267\u884c\u8be5\u547d\u4ee4\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>head<\/h2>\n<blockquote>\n<p><code>head<\/code>\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e38\u7528\u7684Linux\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u5b83\u7528\u4e8e\u663e\u793a\u6587\u672c\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u5f00\u5934\u82e5\u5e72\u884c\u3002\u9ed8\u8ba4\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c<code>head<\/code>\u547d\u4ee4\u663e\u793a\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u524d10\u884c\u3002<code>head<\/code>\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u8bed\u6cd5\u4e3a\uff1a<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<pre><code>head [OPTION]... [FILE]...<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u5176\u4e2d<code>OPTION<\/code>\u662f\u4e00\u4e9b\u53ef\u9009\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u9009\u9879\uff0c<code>FILE<\/code>\u662f\u8981\u67e5\u770b\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u540d\u3002<\/p>\n<p><code>head<\/code>\u547d\u4ee4\u5e38\u7528\u7684\u9009\u9879\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>-n NUM<\/code>\uff1a\u6307\u5b9a\u8981\u663e\u793a\u7684\u884c\u6570\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c<code>head -n 5 file.txt<\/code>\u8868\u793a\u663e\u793a\u6587\u4ef6<code>file.txt<\/code>\u7684\u524d5\u884c\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-q<\/code>\uff1a\u4e0d\u663e\u793a\u6587\u4ef6\u540d\u3002\u5f53\u540c\u65f6\u663e\u793a\u591a\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u65f6\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u8be5\u9009\u9879\u53ef\u4ee5\u53ea\u663e\u793a\u6587\u4ef6\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u4e0d\u663e\u793a\u6587\u4ef6\u540d\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-v<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u6587\u4ef6\u540d\u3002\u5f53\u540c\u65f6\u663e\u793a\u591a\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u65f6\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u8be5\u9009\u9879\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u6bcf\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u524d\u9762\u663e\u793a\u6587\u4ef6\u540d\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-c NUM<\/code>\uff1a\u6307\u5b9a\u8981\u663e\u793a\u7684\u5b57\u8282\u6570\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c<code>head -c 1024 file.txt<\/code>\u8868\u793a\u663e\u793a\u6587\u4ef6<code>file.txt<\/code>\u7684\u524d1024\u4e2a\u5b57\u8282\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-z<\/code>\uff1a\u5c06\u591a\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u89c6\u4e3a\u5355\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u6765\u5904\u7406\u3002\u5982\u679c\u591a\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u662f\u4ee5null\u5b57\u7b26\u5206\u9694\u7684\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u4f7f\u7528\u8be5\u9009\u9879\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06\u5b83\u4eec\u89c6\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u6765\u5904\u7406\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>--help<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a<code>head<\/code>\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u5e2e\u52a9\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>--version<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a<code>head<\/code>\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u7248\u672c\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u4e0b\u9762\u662f\u4e00\u4e9b<code>head<\/code>\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u793a\u4f8b\uff1a<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u663e\u793a\u6587\u4ef6<code>file.txt<\/code>\u7684\u524d10\u884c\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code>head file.txt<\/code><\/pre>\n<ol>\n<li>\u663e\u793a\u6587\u4ef6<code>file.txt<\/code>\u7684\u524d20\u884c\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code>head -n 20 file.txt<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u4e0a\u8ff0\u547d\u4ee4\u8868\u793a\u8f93\u51fa\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u5f00\u593420\u884c\u5185\u5bb9\u3002\u800c\u5982\u679c\u52a0\u4e0a<code>-n -&lt;number&gt;<\/code>\u7684\u9009\u9879\uff0c\u5219\u8868\u793a\u4ece\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u7b2c<code>&lt;number&gt;<\/code>\u884c\u5f00\u59cb\u8f93\u51fa\u76f4\u5230<code>&lt;number&gt;<\/code>\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c<\/p>\n<p>\u5219\u8868\u793a\u4ece\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u5f00\u5934\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u663e\u793a\u9664\u4e86\u6700\u540eN\u884c\u4e4b\u5916\u7684\u6240\u6709\u884c\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u884c\u6570\u5c11\u4e8e\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u8d1f\u6570\u503c\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48<code>head<\/code>\u547d\u4ee4\u5c06\u4f1a\u663e\u793a\u6574\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u4e0d\u4f1a\u62a5\u9519<\/p>\n<p>\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code>head -n -20 file.txt<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8f93\u51fa\u5f00\u5934\u523020\u884c\u4e4b\u524d\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c20\u884c\u540e\u4e0d\u8f93\u51fa<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u663e\u793a\u591a\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4e0d\u663e\u793a\u6587\u4ef6\u540d\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code>head -q file1.txt file2.txt file3.txt<\/code><\/pre>\n<ol>\n<li>\u663e\u793a\u591a\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u663e\u793a\u6587\u4ef6\u540d\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code>head -v file1.txt file2.txt file3.txt<\/code><\/pre>\n<h3>head\u548ctail\u7684\u533a\u522b<\/h3>\n<blockquote>\n<p><code>head<\/code>\u547d\u4ee4\u548c<code>tail<\/code>\u547d\u4ee4\u90fd\u652f\u6301\u5728<code>-n<\/code>\u9009\u9879\u540e\u9762\u6307\u5b9a\u6b63\u8d1f\u6570\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u542b\u4e49\u7565\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<ul>\n<li>\u5bf9\u4e8e<code>head<\/code>\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c<code>-n +N<\/code>\u8868\u793a\u663e\u793a\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u7b2cN\u884c\u53ca\u5176\u4e4b\u540e\u7684\u6240\u6709\u884c\uff0c\u800c<code>-n -N<\/code>\u662f\u65e0\u6548\u7684\u9009\u9879\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u5bf9\u4e8e<code>tail<\/code>\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c<code>-n +N<\/code>\u548c<code>-n N<\/code>\u8868\u793a\u663e\u793a\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u7b2cN\u884c\u53ca\u5176\u4e4b\u540e\u7684\u6240\u6709\u884c\uff0c\u800c<code>-n -N<\/code>\u8868\u793a\u663e\u793a\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u672b\u5c3e\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u53bb\u9664\u6587\u4ef6\u672b\u5c3e\u7684N\u884c\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c<code>tail -n -5 file.txt<\/code>\u8868\u793a\u663e\u793a<code>file.txt<\/code>\u6587\u4ef6\u9664\u4e86\u6700\u540e5\u884c\u4e4b\u5916\u7684\u6240\u6709\u884c\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u5728<code>head<\/code>\u547d\u4ee4\u548c<code>tail<\/code>\u547d\u4ee4\u4e2d\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u6307\u5b9a<code>+<\/code>\u6216<code>-<\/code>\u7b26\u53f7\uff0c\u5219\u9ed8\u8ba4\u4f7f\u7528<code>+<\/code>\u7b26\u53f7\uff0c\u8868\u793a\u663e\u793a\u6307\u5b9a\u884c\u53f7\u6216\u5b57\u8282\u6570\u540e\u9762\u7684\u5185\u5bb9<\/p>\n<h2>htpasswd<\/h2>\n<p><code>htpasswd<\/code> \u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7528\u4e8e\u751f\u6210\u548c\u7ba1\u7406 HTTP \u8ba4\u8bc1\u6587\u4ef6\uff08\u5982 <code>.htpasswd<\/code> \u6587\u4ef6\uff09\u7684\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u5b83\u901a\u5e38\u7528\u4e8e\u4fdd\u62a4\u7f51\u7ad9\u7684\u67d0\u4e9b\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u4f7f\u5176\u53ea\u80fd\u88ab\u6388\u6743\u7528\u6237\u8bbf\u95ee\u3002\u4ee5\u4e0b\u662f <code>htpasswd<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u8be6\u7ec6\u7528\u6cd5\u548c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u53c2\u6570\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\uff1a<\/p>\n<h3>\u547d\u4ee4\u683c\u5f0f<\/h3>\n<pre><code>htpasswd [-cimB25dpsDv] [-C cost] [-r rounds] passwordfile username\nhtpasswd -b[cmB25dpsDv] [-C cost] [-r rounds] passwordfile username password\n\nhtpasswd -n[imB25dps] [-C cost] [-r rounds] username\nhtpasswd -nb[mB25dps] [-C cost] [-r rounds] username password<\/code><\/pre>\n<h3>\u53c2\u6570\u8be6\u89e3<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p><strong>-c<\/strong> : \u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6307\u5b9a\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9009\u9879\uff0c<code>htpasswd<\/code> \u4f1a\u65b0\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5728\u73b0\u6709\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u8ffd\u52a0\u7528\u6237\u3002<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>-n<\/strong> : \u4e0d\u66f4\u65b0\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5c06\u7ed3\u679c\u663e\u793a\u5728\u6807\u51c6\u8f93\u51fa\uff08stdout\uff09\u4e0a\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9009\u9879\u901a\u5e38\u7528\u4e8e\u751f\u6210\u5bc6\u7801\u6563\u5217\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u5b9e\u9645\u66f4\u65b0\u6587\u4ef6\u3002<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>-b<\/strong> : \u4ece\u547d\u4ee4\u884c\u83b7\u53d6\u5bc6\u7801\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u63d0\u793a\u7528\u6237\u8f93\u5165\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9009\u9879\u901a\u5e38\u7528\u4e8e\u811a\u672c\u4e2d\u3002<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>-i<\/strong> : \u4ece\u6807\u51c6\u8f93\u5165\u8bfb\u53d6\u5bc6\u7801\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u8fdb\u884c\u9a8c\u8bc1\u3002\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u811a\u672c\u4f7f\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>-m<\/strong> : \u5f3a\u5236\u4f7f\u7528 MD5 \u52a0\u5bc6\u7b97\u6cd5\uff08\u9ed8\u8ba4\uff09\u3002MD5 \u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u52a0\u5bc6\u7b97\u6cd5\uff0c\u5b89\u5168\u6027\u9002\u4e2d\u3002<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>-2<\/strong> : \u5f3a\u5236\u4f7f\u7528 SHA-256 \u7b97\u6cd5\uff08\u66f4\u5b89\u5168\uff09\u3002SHA-256 \u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u66f4\u5b89\u5168\u7684\u52a0\u5bc6\u7b97\u6cd5\u3002<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>-5<\/strong> : \u5f3a\u5236\u4f7f\u7528 SHA-512 \u7b97\u6cd5\uff08\u66f4\u5b89\u5168\uff09\u3002SHA-512 \u662f\u76ee\u524d\u975e\u5e38\u5b89\u5168\u7684\u52a0\u5bc6\u7b97\u6cd5\u3002<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>-B<\/strong> : \u5f3a\u5236\u4f7f\u7528 bcrypt \u52a0\u5bc6\u7b97\u6cd5\uff08\u975e\u5e38\u5b89\u5168\uff09\u3002bcrypt \u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u975e\u5e38\u5b89\u5168\u7684\u5bc6\u7801\u52a0\u5bc6\u7b97\u6cd5\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u7528\u4e8e\u5b58\u50a8\u5bc6\u7801\u3002<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>-C<\/strong> : \u8bbe\u7f6e bcrypt \u7b97\u6cd5\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u65f6\u95f4\uff08\u8d8a\u9ad8\u8d8a\u5b89\u5168\u4f46\u8d8a\u6162\uff0c\u9ed8\u8ba4\u503c\u4e3a 5\uff0c\u8303\u56f4 4 \u5230 31\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u53c2\u6570\u4ec5\u5728\u4f7f\u7528 bcrypt \u52a0\u5bc6\u65f6\u6709\u6548\u3002<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>-r<\/strong> : \u8bbe\u7f6e SHA-256 \u548c SHA-512 \u7b97\u6cd5\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u8f6e\u6b21\uff08\u8d8a\u9ad8\u8d8a\u5b89\u5168\u4f46\u8d8a\u6162\uff0c\u9ed8\u8ba4\u503c\u4e3a 5000\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u53c2\u6570\u5728\u4f7f\u7528 SHA-256 \u548c SHA-512 \u52a0\u5bc6\u65f6\u6709\u6548\u3002<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>-d<\/strong> : \u5f3a\u5236\u4f7f\u7528 CRYPT \u52a0\u5bc6\u7b97\u6cd5\uff088 \u4e2a\u5b57\u7b26\u7684\u5bc6\u7801\u4e0a\u9650\uff0c\u4e0d\u5b89\u5168\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u52a0\u5bc6\u65b9\u5f0f\u6bd4\u8f83\u8001\u65e7\uff0c\u5b89\u5168\u6027\u8f83\u4f4e\u3002<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>-s<\/strong> : \u5f3a\u5236\u4f7f\u7528 SHA-1 \u52a0\u5bc6\u7b97\u6cd5\uff08\u4e0d\u5b89\u5168\uff09\u3002SHA-1 \u5df2\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4e0d\u5b89\u5168\uff0c\u4e0d\u63a8\u8350\u4f7f\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>-p<\/strong> : \u4e0d\u52a0\u5bc6\u5bc6\u7801\uff08\u660e\u6587\uff0c\u4e0d\u5b89\u5168\uff09\u3002\u660e\u6587\u5b58\u50a8\u5bc6\u7801\u6781\u5176\u4e0d\u5b89\u5168\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u4e0d\u63a8\u8350\u4f7f\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>-D<\/strong> : \u5220\u9664\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u7528\u6237\u3002\u5982\u679c\u9700\u8981\u4ece\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u5220\u9664\u67d0\u4e2a\u7528\u6237\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9009\u9879\u3002<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>-v<\/strong> : \u9a8c\u8bc1\u6307\u5b9a\u7528\u6237\u7684\u5bc6\u7801\u3002\u7528\u6765\u9a8c\u8bc1\u7528\u6237\u8f93\u5165\u7684\u5bc6\u7801\u662f\u5426\u4e0e\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u5b58\u50a8\u7684\u5bc6\u7801\u5339\u914d\u3002<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>\u7528\u6cd5\u793a\u4f8b<\/h3>\n<ol>\n<li>\n<p><strong>\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u5bc6\u7801\u6587\u4ef6\u5e76\u6dfb\u52a0\u4e00\u4e2a\u7528\u6237<\/strong><\/p>\n<pre><code>htpasswd -c \/path\/to\/.htpasswd username<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8fd9\u5c06\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684 <code>.htpasswd<\/code> \u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u5e76\u63d0\u793a\u8f93\u5165\u7528\u6237 <code>username<\/code> \u7684\u5bc6\u7801\u3002<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>\u5411\u73b0\u6709\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u6dfb\u52a0\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7528\u6237<\/strong><\/p>\n<pre><code>htpasswd \/path\/to\/.htpasswd username<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8fd9\u5c06\u5728\u73b0\u6709\u7684 <code>.htpasswd<\/code> \u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u6dfb\u52a0\u6216\u66f4\u65b0\u7528\u6237 <code>username<\/code> \u7684\u5bc6\u7801\u3002<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>\u4f7f\u7528\u547d\u4ee4\u884c\u6307\u5b9a\u5bc6\u7801<\/strong><\/p>\n<pre><code>htpasswd -b \/path\/to\/.htpasswd username password<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8fd9\u5c06\u4f7f\u7528\u547d\u4ee4\u884c\u4e2d\u7684 <code>password<\/code> \u4e3a\u7528\u6237 <code>username<\/code> \u521b\u5efa\u6216\u66f4\u65b0\u5bc6\u7801\u3002<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a bcrypt \u52a0\u5bc6\u7684\u5bc6\u7801\u6587\u4ef6<\/strong><\/p>\n<pre><code>htpasswd -Bc \/path\/to\/.htpasswd username<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8fd9\u5c06\u4f7f\u7528 bcrypt \u52a0\u5bc6\u7b97\u6cd5\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684 <code>.htpasswd<\/code> \u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u5e76\u6dfb\u52a0\u7528\u6237 <code>username<\/code>\u3002<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>\u751f\u6210\u4e0d\u66f4\u65b0\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u52a0\u5bc6\u5bc6\u7801\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32<\/strong><\/p>\n<pre><code>htpasswd -nB username<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8fd9\u5c06\u751f\u6210\u7528\u6237 <code>username<\/code> \u7684 bcrypt \u52a0\u5bc6\u5bc6\u7801\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u5e76\u663e\u793a\u5728\u6807\u51c6\u8f93\u51fa\u4e0a\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5b9e\u9645\u66f4\u65b0\u4efb\u4f55\u6587\u4ef6\u3002<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>\u5220\u9664\u6307\u5b9a\u7528\u6237<\/strong><\/p>\n<pre><code>htpasswd -D \/path\/to\/.htpasswd username<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8fd9\u5c06\u4ece <code>.htpasswd<\/code> \u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u5220\u9664\u7528\u6237 <code>username<\/code>\u3002<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3>\u603b\u7ed3<\/h3>\n<p><code>htpasswd<\/code> \u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u7ba1\u7406 HTTP \u8ba4\u8bc1\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\u5b83\u652f\u6301\u591a\u79cd\u52a0\u5bc6\u7b97\u6cd5\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u6839\u636e\u9700\u8981\u9009\u62e9\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5b89\u5168\u7ea7\u522b\u3002\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u5b83\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u65b9\u4fbf\u7684\u9009\u9879\uff0c\u5982\u4ece\u547d\u4ee4\u884c\u8f93\u5165\u5bc6\u7801\u3001\u8bfb\u53d6\u6807\u51c6\u8f93\u5165\u7b49\uff0c\u4f7f\u5176\u5728\u811a\u672c\u4e2d\u4f7f\u7528\u66f4\u52a0\u7075\u6d3b\u3002\u4f7f\u7528\u65f6\u9700\u6ce8\u610f\u9009\u62e9\u5408\u9002\u7684\u52a0\u5bc6\u7b97\u6cd5\uff0c\u4ee5\u786e\u4fdd\u5bc6\u7801\u7684\u5b89\u5168\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n<h2>hwclock<\/h2>\n<p><code>hwclock<\/code>\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7528\u6765\u8bbf\u95ee\u786c\u4ef6\u65f6\u949f\u7684\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u5b83\u6765\u8bfb\u53d6\u786c\u4ef6\u65f6\u949f\u7684\u5f53\u524d\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u8bbe\u7f6e\u786c\u4ef6\u65f6\u949f\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u7528\u786c\u4ef6\u65f6\u949f\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u6765\u8bbe\u7f6e\u7cfb\u7edf\u65f6\u95f4\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u662f<code>hwclock<\/code>\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u9009\u9879\u548c\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u542b\u4e49\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>-r<\/code>, <code>--show<\/code>: \u663e\u793a\u786c\u4ef6\u65f6\u949f\u7684\u5f53\u524d\u65f6\u95f4\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>--get<\/code>: \u663e\u793a\u7ecf\u8fc7\u6f02\u79fb\u6821\u6b63\u7684\u786c\u4ef6\u65f6\u949f\u65f6\u95f4\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>--set<\/code>: \u6839\u636e<code>--date<\/code>\u9009\u9879\u8bbe\u7f6e\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u6765\u8bbe\u7f6e\u786c\u4ef6\u65f6\u949f\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-s<\/code>, <code>--hctosys<\/code>: \u5c06\u7cfb\u7edf\u65f6\u95f4\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e3a\u4e0e\u786c\u4ef6\u65f6\u949f\u4e00\u81f4,<code>hctosys<\/code> \u8868\u793a &quot;\u786c\u4ef6\u65f6\u949f\u5230\u7cfb\u7edf\u65f6\u949f&quot;\uff08Hardware Clock to System Clock\uff09\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-w<\/code>, <code>--systohc<\/code>: \u5c06\u786c\u4ef6\u65f6\u949f\u65f6\u95f4\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e3a\u4e0e\u7cfb\u7edf\u65f6\u95f4\u4e00\u81f4\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>--systz<\/code>: \u5411\u5185\u6838\u53d1\u9001\u65f6\u95f4\u523b\u5ea6\u914d\u7f6e\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-a<\/code>, <code>--adjust<\/code>: \u8c03\u6574\u786c\u4ef6\u65f6\u949f\u4ee5\u8003\u8651\u7cfb\u7edf\u6027\u7684\u6f02\u79fb\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>--predict<\/code>: \u6839\u636e<code>--date<\/code>\u9009\u9879\u9884\u6d4b\u786c\u4ef6\u65f6\u949f\u7684\u6f02\u79fb\u65f6\u95f4\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u9009\u9879\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>-u<\/code>, <code>--utc<\/code>: \u786c\u4ef6\u65f6\u949f\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u523b\u5ea6\u662fUTC\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-l<\/code>, <code>--localtime<\/code>: \u786c\u4ef6\u65f6\u949f\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u523b\u5ea6\u662f\u672c\u5730\u65f6\u95f4\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-f<\/code>, <code>--rtc &lt;file&gt;<\/code>: \u4f7f\u7528\u66ff\u4ee3\/dev\/rtc0\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>--directisa<\/code>: \u4f7f\u7528ISA\u603b\u7ebf\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\/dev\/rtc0\u8fdb\u884c\u8bbf\u95ee\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>--date &lt;time&gt;<\/code>: \u4e3a<code>--set<\/code>\u548c<code>--predict<\/code>\u63d0\u4f9b\u65e5\u671f\/\u65f6\u95f4\u8f93\u5165\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>--update-drift<\/code>: \u66f4\u65b0\u786c\u4ef6\u65f6\u949f\u7684\u6f02\u79fb\u56e0\u5b50\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>--noadjfile<\/code>: \u4e0d\u4f7f\u7528\/etc\/adjtime\u6587\u4ef6\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>--adjfile &lt;file&gt;<\/code>: \u4f7f\u7528\u66ff\u4ee3\/etc\/adjtime\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>--test<\/code>: \u5e72\u8fd0\u884c\uff1b\u6697\u793a<code>--verbose<\/code>\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-v<\/code>, <code>--verbose<\/code>: \u663e\u793a\u66f4\u591a\u8be6\u7ec6\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-h<\/code>, <code>--help<\/code>: \u663e\u793a\u5e2e\u52a9\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-V<\/code>, <code>--version<\/code>: \u663e\u793a\u7248\u672c\u4fe1\u606f<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">1.\u663e\u793a\u786c\u4ef6\u65f6\u949f\u7684\u5f53\u524d\u65f6\u95f4\uff1a\nhwclock --show\n\n2.\u5c06\u7cfb\u7edf\u65f6\u95f4\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e3a\u4e0e\u786c\u4ef6\u65f6\u949f\u4e00\u81f4\uff1a\nhwclock --hctosys\n\n3.\u5c06\u786c\u4ef6\u65f6\u949f\u65f6\u95f4\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e3a\u4e0e\u7cfb\u7edf\u65f6\u95f4\u4e00\u81f4\uff1a\nhwclock --systohc\n\n4.\u8bbe\u7f6e\u786c\u4ef6\u65f6\u949f\u65f6\u95f4\u3002\u5047\u8bbe\u6211\u4eec\u60f3\u8981\u8bbe\u7f6e\u786c\u4ef6\u65f6\u949f\u4e3a2023\u5e745\u670815\u65e517:54\uff1a\nhwclock --set --date=&quot;2023-05-15 17:54:00&quot;\n\n5.\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u60f3\u8981\u67e5\u770b\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528--verbose\u9009\u9879\uff1a\nhwclock --show --verbose\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<h2>ifconfig<\/h2>\n<blockquote>\n<p><code>ifconfig<\/code> \u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5728 Linux \u4e2d\u5e38\u7528\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u884c\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u914d\u7f6e\u548c\u663e\u793a\u7f51\u7edc\u63a5\u53e3\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u3002ifconfig \u547d\u4ee4\u53ef\u4ee5\u663e\u793a\u5f53\u524d\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0a\u5df2\u914d\u7f6e\u7684\u6240\u6709\u7f51\u7edc\u63a5\u53e3\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7f51\u7edc\u63a5\u53e3\u7684\u8be6\u7ec6\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982 IP \u5730\u5740\u3001\u5b50\u7f51\u63a9\u7801\u3001\u5e7f\u64ad\u5730\u5740\u3001MAC \u5730\u5740\u7b49\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>\u4e0b\u9762\u662f\u4e00\u4e9b\u5e38\u7528\u7684 ifconfig \u547d\u4ee4\u9009\u9879\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>ifconfig<\/code> \uff1a\u663e\u793a\u5f53\u524d\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0a\u6240\u6709\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u63a5\u53e3\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>ifconfig eth0<\/code> \uff1a\u663e\u793a\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u63a5\u53e3\uff08\u4f8b\u5982 eth0\uff09\u7684\u8be6\u7ec6\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>ifconfig eth0 up<\/code> \uff1a\u6fc0\u6d3b\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u63a5\u53e3\uff08\u4f8b\u5982 eth0\uff09\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>ifconfig eth0 down<\/code> \uff1a\u7981\u7528\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u63a5\u53e3\uff08\u4f8b\u5982 eth0\uff09\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>ifconfig eth0 netmask 255.255.255.0<\/code> \uff1a\u8bbe\u7f6e\u6307\u5b9a\u7f51\u7edc\u63a5\u53e3\uff08\u4f8b\u5982 eth0\uff09\u7684\u5b50\u7f51\u63a9\u7801\u4e3a 255.255.255.0\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>ifconfig eth0 192.168.1.100<\/code> \uff1a\u4e3a\u6307\u5b9a\u7f51\u7edc\u63a5\u53e3\uff08\u4f8b\u5982 eth0\uff09\u8bbe\u7f6e IP \u5730\u5740\u4e3a 192.168.1.100\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>ifconfig eth0 broadcast 192.168.1.255<\/code> \uff1a\u8bbe\u7f6e\u6307\u5b9a\u7f51\u7edc\u63a5\u53e3\uff08\u4f8b\u5982 eth0\uff09\u7684\u5e7f\u64ad\u5730\u5740\u4e3a 192.168.1.255\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>ifconfig eth0 hw ether 00:11:22:33:44:55<\/code> \uff1a\u8bbe\u7f6e\u6307\u5b9a\u7f51\u7edc\u63a5\u53e3\uff08\u4f8b\u5982 eth0\uff09\u7684 MAC \u5730\u5740\u4e3a 00:11:22:33:44:55\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>id<\/h2>\n<p>\u5728Linux\u4e2d\uff0cid\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7528\u4e8e\u67e5\u770b\u7528\u6237\u548c\u7ec4\u7684\u8eab\u4efd\u8bc6\u522b\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u3002\u5b83\u53ef\u4ee5\u663e\u793a\u6709\u5173\u7528\u6237\u53ca\u5176\u6240\u5c5e\u7ec4\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u7528\u6237ID\uff08UID\uff09\u3001\u7ec4ID\uff08GID\uff09\u3001\u9644\u52a0\u7ec4ID\uff08SGID\uff09\u548c\u6240\u5c5e\u7ec4\uff08supplementary group\uff09\u7b49\u4fe1\u606f<\/p>\n<p>\u4e0b\u9762\u662fid\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u683c\u5f0f\u548c\u9009\u9879\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">id [OPTION]... [USERNAME]<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u5176\u4e2d<code>[USERNAME]<\/code>\u53c2\u6570\u662f\u53ef\u9009\u7684\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u6307\u5b9a\uff0c\u5219\u9ed8\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5f53\u524d\u767b\u5f55\u7528\u6237\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6307\u5b9a\u4e86\u7528\u6237\u540d\uff0c\u5219id\u547d\u4ee4\u5c06\u663e\u793a\u8be5\u7528\u6237\u7684\u8eab\u4efd\u4fe1\u606f<\/p>\n<p>\u4ee5\u4e0b\u662fid\u547d\u4ee4\u652f\u6301\u7684\u5e38\u7528\u9009\u9879\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>-a<\/code>\u6216<code>--all<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u6240\u6709\u8eab\u4efd\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u7528\u6237ID\u3001\u7ec4ID\u548c\u6240\u5c5e\u7ec4\u7b49\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-g<\/code>\u6216<code>--group<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u7528\u6237\u6240\u5c5e\u7684\u4e3b\u7ec4ID\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-G<\/code>\u6216<code>--groups<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u7528\u6237\u6240\u5c5e\u7684\u9644\u52a0\u7ec4ID\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6709\u591a\u4e2a\u7ec4\uff0c\u5219\u4ee5\u9017\u53f7\u5206\u9694\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-n<\/code>\u6216<code>--name<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u7528\u6237\u548c\u7ec4\u7684\u540d\u79f0\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662fID\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-r<\/code>\u6216<code>--real<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u5b9e\u9645ID\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u6709\u6548ID\u3002\u8fd9\u5bf9\u4e8e\u68c0\u67e5\u7cfb\u7edf\u8c03\u7528\u7684\u6743\u9650\u5f88\u6709\u7528\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-u<\/code>\u6216<code>--user<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u7528\u6237ID\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-Z<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u7528\u6237\u7684SELinux\u4e0a\u4e0b\u6587\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-c<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u53ef\u6253\u5370\u7684\u8eab\u4efd\u4fe1\u606f\uff08\u5373\u683c\u5f0f\u5316\u540e\u7684\u8f93\u51fa\uff09\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-s<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u7528\u6237\u7684\u7ec4ID\u5217\u8868\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u5305\u62ec\u4e3b\u7ec4ID\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>ip<\/h2>\n<p><code>ip<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u548c <code>ifconfig<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u90fd\u7528\u4e8e\u5728 Linux \u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u7ba1\u7406\u548c\u663e\u793a\u7f51\u7edc\u63a5\u53e3\u914d\u7f6e\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c<code>ip<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u66f4\u73b0\u4ee3\u7684\u3001\u529f\u80fd\u66f4\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u800c <code>ifconfig<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u5df2\u7ecf\u88ab\u6807\u8bb0\u4e3a\u8fc7\u65f6\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5728\u65b0\u7684 Linux \u53d1\u884c\u7248\u4e2d\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u88ab\u9010\u6e10\u5e9f\u5f03\u3002<code>ip<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u53ef\u4ee5\u5904\u7406\u66f4\u590d\u6742\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u914d\u7f6e\u4efb\u52a1\uff0c\u5982\u7ba1\u7406 IP \u5730\u5740\u3001\u8def\u7531\u3001\u7b56\u7565\u3001\u90bb\u5c45\u7b49\u3002\u867d\u7136 <code>ifconfig<\/code> \u4ecd\u7136\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b8c\u6210\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u8bbe\u5907\u914d\u7f6e\u4efb\u52a1\uff0c\u4f46\u5efa\u8bae\u60a8\u719f\u6089\u5e76\u4f7f\u7528 <code>ip<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u3002<code>ip<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u662f iproute2 \u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206.<\/p>\n<p>\u7528\u6cd5\u683c\u5f0f\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">ip [\u9009\u9879] \u5bf9\u8c61 {\u547d\u4ee4 | \u5e2e\u52a9}<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u5176\u4e2d\uff0c<code>\u9009\u9879<\/code> \u662f\u53ef\u9009\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u884c\u9009\u9879\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u6307\u5b9a\u4e00\u4e9b\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u53c2\u6570\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982 <code>-s<\/code>\uff08\u9759\u9ed8\u6a21\u5f0f\uff09\u3001<code>-h<\/code>\uff08\u663e\u793a\u5e2e\u52a9\u4fe1\u606f\uff09\u7b49\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n<p><code>\u5bf9\u8c61<\/code> \u662f\u8981\u914d\u7f6e\u6216\u663e\u793a\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u7f51\u7edc\u63a5\u53e3\uff08<code>link<\/code>\uff09\u3001\u8def\u7531\u8868\uff08<code>route<\/code>\uff09\u3001\u7b56\u7565\u8def\u7531\uff08<code>rule<\/code>\uff09\u3001ARP \u7f13\u5b58\uff08<code>neigh<\/code>\uff09\u7b49\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n<p><code>\u547d\u4ee4<\/code> \u662f\u8981\u6267\u884c\u7684\u5177\u4f53\u64cd\u4f5c\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982 <code>show<\/code>\uff08\u663e\u793a\u5bf9\u8c61\u4fe1\u606f\uff09\u3001<code>add<\/code>\uff08\u6dfb\u52a0\u5bf9\u8c61\uff09\u3001<code>delete<\/code>\uff08\u5220\u9664\u5bf9\u8c61\uff09\u7b49\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u5e38\u7528\u5b50\u547d\u4ee4(<strong>OBJECT<\/strong>: \u8fd9\u662f\u4f60\u60f3\u8981\u64cd\u4f5c\u6216\u67e5\u8be2\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u5bf9\u8c61)\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li><code>ip address(addr)<\/code>\uff1a\u7ba1\u7406\u548c\u663e\u793a IP \u5730\u5740\u4fe1\u606f<\/li>\n<li><code>ip link<\/code>\uff1a\u7ba1\u7406\u548c\u663e\u793a\u7f51\u7edc\u8bbe\u5907\u4fe1\u606f<\/li>\n<li><code>ip route<\/code>\uff1a\u7ba1\u7406\u548c\u663e\u793a\u8def\u7531\u4fe1\u606f<\/li>\n<li><code>ip neigh<\/code>\uff1a\u7ba1\u7406\u548c\u663e\u793a\u90bb\u5c45\u8868\u4fe1\u606f<\/li>\n<li><code>ip rule<\/code>\uff1a\u7ba1\u7406\u548c\u663e\u793a\u8def\u7531\u7b56\u7565\u4fe1\u606f<\/li>\n<li><code>ip tunnel<\/code>\uff1a\u7ba1\u7406\u548c\u663e\u793a IP \u96a7\u9053\u4fe1\u606f<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li><strong>OPTIONS<\/strong>: \u8fd9\u4e9b\u662f\u4e3b\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u5168\u5c40\u9009\u9879\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>-V, -Version<\/strong>: \u663e\u793a\u7248\u672c\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>-s, -statistics<\/strong>: \u663e\u793a\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u7edf\u8ba1\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>-d, -details<\/strong>: \u663e\u793a\u8be6\u7ec6\u7684\u8f93\u51fa\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>-r, -resolve<\/strong>: \u89e3\u6790\u4e3b\u673a\u540d\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>-f, -family<\/strong>: \u9009\u62e9\u5730\u5740\u65cf\uff08\u4f8b\u5982 IPv4\u3001IPv6\uff09\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>-4, -6<\/strong>: \u5206\u522b\u5bf9\u5e94\u4e8e <code>-family inet<\/code> \u548c <code>-family inet6<\/code>\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>-n, -netns<\/strong>: \u6307\u5b9a\u7f51\u7edc\u547d\u540d\u7a7a\u95f4\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>-N, -Numeric<\/strong>: \u4e0d\u89e3\u6790\u4e3b\u673a\u540d\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>-c, -color<\/strong>: \u4f7f\u7528\u8272\u5f69\u8f93\u51fa\u3002 ... \u4ee5\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u9009\u9879<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li>\u9009\u9879\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li><code>show<\/code> \u6216 <code>list<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u6307\u5b9a\u4fe1\u606f<\/li>\n<li><code>add<\/code>\uff1a\u6dfb\u52a0\u6307\u5b9a\u4fe1\u606f<\/li>\n<li><code>del<\/code> \u6216 <code>delete<\/code>\uff1a\u5220\u9664\u6307\u5b9a\u4fe1\u606f<\/li>\n<li><code>set<\/code> \u6216 <code>change<\/code>\uff1a\u4fee\u6539\u6307\u5b9a\u4fe1\u606f<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li>\u7528\u6cd5\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li><code>ip addr show [dev \u8bbe\u5907\u540d]<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u6307\u5b9a\u7f51\u7edc\u8bbe\u5907\u7684 IP \u5730\u5740\u4fe1\u606f<\/li>\n<li><code>ip addr add \u5730\u5740\/\u63a9\u7801\u957f\u5ea6 dev \u8bbe\u5907\u540d<\/code>\uff1a\u7ed9\u6307\u5b9a\u7f51\u7edc\u8bbe\u5907\u6dfb\u52a0 IP \u5730\u5740<\/li>\n<li><code>ip addr del \u5730\u5740\/\u63a9\u7801\u957f\u5ea6 dev \u8bbe\u5907\u540d<\/code>\uff1a\u4ece\u6307\u5b9a\u7f51\u7edc\u8bbe\u5907\u5220\u9664 IP \u5730\u5740<\/li>\n<li><code>ip link show<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u7f51\u7edc\u8bbe\u5907\u4fe1\u606f<\/li>\n<li><code>ip link set \u8bbe\u5907\u540d [up|down]<\/code>\uff1a\u542f\u7528\u6216\u7981\u7528\u6307\u5b9a\u7f51\u7edc\u8bbe\u5907<\/li>\n<li><code>ip route show<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u8def\u7531\u4fe1\u606f<\/li>\n<li><code>ip route add \u76ee\u6807\u7f51\u7edc\/\u63a9\u7801\u957f\u5ea6 via \u7f51\u5173\u5730\u5740 dev \u8bbe\u5907\u540d<\/code>\uff1a\u6dfb\u52a0\u8def\u7531\u4fe1\u606f<\/li>\n<li><code>ip route del \u76ee\u6807\u7f51\u7edc\/\u63a9\u7801\u957f\u5ea6 via \u7f51\u5173\u5730\u5740 dev \u8bbe\u5907\u540d<\/code>\uff1a\u5220\u9664\u8def\u7531\u4fe1\u606f<\/li>\n<li><code>ip neigh show<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u90bb\u5c45\u8868\u4fe1\u606f<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"4\">\n<li>\u7528\u4f8b\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li><code>ip addr show<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u6240\u6709\u7f51\u7edc\u8bbe\u5907\u7684 IP \u5730\u5740\u4fe1\u606f<\/li>\n<li><code>ip addr add 192.168.1.100\/24 dev eth0<\/code>\uff1a\u7ed9 eth0 \u8bbe\u5907\u6dfb\u52a0 IP \u5730\u5740 192.168.1.100\uff0c\u5b50\u7f51\u63a9\u7801\u4e3a 255.255.255.0<\/li>\n<li><code>ip addr del 192.168.1.100\/24 dev eth0<\/code>\uff1a\u4ece eth0 \u8bbe\u5907\u5220\u9664 IP \u5730\u5740 192.168.1.100<\/li>\n<li><code>ip link set eth0 up<\/code>\uff1a\u542f\u7528 eth0 \u8bbe\u5907<\/li>\n<li><code>ip link set eth0 down<\/code>\uff1a\u7981\u7528 eth0 \u8bbe\u5907<\/li>\n<li><code>ip route add 192.168.2.0\/24 via 192.168.1.1 dev eth0<\/code>\uff1a\u6dfb\u52a0\u4e00\u6761\u901a\u8fc7 eth0 \u8bbe\u5907\uff0c\u7f51\u5173\u5730\u5740\u4e3a 192.168.1.1 \u7684\u8def\u7531\u89c4\u5219\uff0c\u4ee5\u8bbf\u95ee\u76ee\u6807\u7f51\u7edc 192.168.2.0\/24<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"5\">\n<li>\u7c7b\u4f3c\u4e8e <code>ip address add 2.2.2.2\/24 dev eth1 label eth1:1<\/code> \u7684\u547d\u4ee4\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p><code>ip address add 3.3.3.3\/24 dev eth1 label eth1:2<\/code>\uff1a\u7ed9 eth1 \u8bbe\u5907\u6dfb\u52a0 IP \u5730\u5740 3.3.3.3\uff0c\u5b50\u7f51\u63a9\u7801\u4e3a255.255.255.0\uff0c\u5e76\u4f7f\u7528\u6807\u7b7e &quot;eth1:2&quot;\u3002<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><code>ip address add 4.4.4.4\/24 dev eth2 label eth2:1<\/code>\uff1a\u7ed9 eth2 \u8bbe\u5907\u6dfb\u52a0 IP \u5730\u5740 4.4.4.4\uff0c\u5b50\u7f51\u63a9\u7801\u4e3a 255.255.255.0\uff0c\u5e76\u4f7f\u7528\u6807\u7b7e &quot;eth2:1&quot;\u3002<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><code>ip address add 5.5.5.5\/24 dev eth1 label eth1:3<\/code>\uff1a\u7ed9 eth1 \u8bbe\u5907\u6dfb\u52a0 IP \u5730\u5740 5.5.5.5\uff0c\u5b50\u7f51\u63a9\u7801\u4e3a 255.255.255.0\uff0c\u5e76\u4f7f\u7528\u6807\u7b7e &quot;eth1:3&quot;\u3002<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"6\">\n<li>\u66f4\u591a\u5b9e\u7528\u547d\u4ee4\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li><code>ip addr flush dev \u8bbe\u5907\u540d<\/code>\uff1a\u5220\u9664\u6307\u5b9a\u8bbe\u5907\u7684\u6240\u6709 IP \u5730\u5740\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>ip addr show to \u5730\u5740\/\u63a9\u7801\u957f\u5ea6<\/code>\uff1a\u67e5\u627e\u4e0e\u6307\u5b9a\u5730\u5740\u548c\u63a9\u7801\u5339\u914d\u7684 IP \u5730\u5740\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>ip -4 addr show<\/code>\uff1a\u4ec5\u663e\u793a IPv4 \u5730\u5740\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>ip -6 addr show<\/code>\uff1a\u4ec5\u663e\u793a IPv6 \u5730\u5740\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>ip route get \u5730\u5740<\/code>\uff1a\u67e5\u8be2\u5230\u8fbe\u6307\u5b9a\u5730\u5740\u7684\u8def\u7531\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>ip rule add from \u6e90\u5730\u5740\/\u63a9\u7801\u957f\u5ea6 to \u76ee\u6807\u5730\u5740\/\u63a9\u7801\u957f\u5ea6 table \u8868\u540d<\/code>\uff1a\u6dfb\u52a0\u8def\u7531\u7b56\u7565\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>ip address<\/h3>\n<blockquote>\n<p><code>ip address<\/code> \u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u975e\u5e38\u5e38\u7528\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u5728 Linux \u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u67e5\u770b\u548c\u7ba1\u7406\u7f51\u7edc\u63a5\u53e3\u7684 IP \u5730\u5740\u914d\u7f6e\u3002\u4ee5\u4e0b\u662f\u6b64\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u8be6\u7ec6\u89e3\u91ca\uff1a<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\"># \u9009\u9879\nip address add|change|replace IFADDR dev IFNAME: \u6dfb\u52a0\u3001\u66f4\u6539\u6216\u66ff\u6362\u7f51\u7edc\u8bbe\u5907\u7684 IP \u5730\u5740\u3002\n    IFADDR: \u8bbe\u5907\u7684 IP \u5730\u5740\u3002\n    IFNAME: \u8bbe\u5907\u540d\u79f0\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982 eth0\u3002\n    LIFETIME: \u5730\u5740\u7684\u6709\u6548\u671f\u548c\u9996\u9009\u671f\u3002\n    CONFFLAG-LIST: \u914d\u7f6e\u6807\u5fd7\u3002\nip address del IFADDR dev IFNAME: \u5220\u9664\u7f51\u7edc\u8bbe\u5907\u7684 IP \u5730\u5740\u3002\nip address save|flush: \u4fdd\u5b58\u6216\u6e05\u7a7a\u8bbe\u5907\u7684 IP \u5730\u5740\u914d\u7f6e\u3002\nip address show: \u663e\u793a\u8bbe\u5907\u7684 IP \u5730\u5740\u3002   \n    dev IFNAME: \u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u8bbe\u5907\u540d\u79f0\u3002\n    SCOPE-ID: \u5730\u5740\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u8303\u56f4\u3002\n    master DEVICE: \u6307\u5b9a\u4e3b\u8bbe\u5907\u3002\n    type TYPE: \u8bbe\u5907\u7c7b\u578b\u3002\nIFADDR: \u5b9a\u4e49\u5730\u5740\u3001\u5e7f\u64ad\u3001\u70b9\u5bf9\u70b9\u7b49\u914d\u7f6e\u3002\n    PREFIX: \u7f51\u7edc\u524d\u7f00\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982 192.168.1.0\/24\u3002\n    ADDR: \u5177\u4f53\u7684 IP \u5730\u5740\u3002\n    peer PREFIX: \u70b9\u5bf9\u70b9\u8fde\u63a5\u4e2d\u7684\u5bf9\u7b49 IP \u5730\u5740\u3002\n    broadcast ADDR: \u5e7f\u64ad\u5730\u5740\u3002\n    anycast ADDR: Anycast \u5730\u5740\u3002\n    label IFNAME: \u5730\u5740\u6807\u7b7e\u3002\n    scope SCOPE-ID: \u5730\u5740\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u8303\u56f4\u3002\n    metric METRIC: \u8def\u7531\u6307\u6807\u3002\nSCOPE-ID: \u5730\u5740\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u8303\u56f4\u3002\n    host: \u5730\u5740\u53ea\u5bf9\u4e3b\u673a\u6709\u6548\u3002\n    link: \u5730\u5740\u53ea\u5728\u8fde\u63a5\u4e2d\u6709\u6548\u3002\n    global: \u5730\u5740\u5728\u5168\u5c40\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u6709\u6548\u3002\nFLAG-LIST: \u5730\u5740\u6807\u5fd7\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u6807\u8bc6\u5730\u5740\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u6216\u7279\u6027\u3002\n    \u8fd9\u4e9b\u6807\u5fd7\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86 IP \u5730\u5740\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u5c5e\u6027\uff0c\u5982\uff1a\n    permanent\uff1a\u6c38\u4e45\u5730\u5740\u3002\n    dynamic\uff1a\u52a8\u6001\u83b7\u53d6\u7684\u5730\u5740\u3002\n    secondary\uff1a\u975e\u4e3b\u8981\u5730\u5740\u3002\n    tentative\uff1a\u6682\u65f6\u7684\u5730\u5740\uff0c\u6b63\u5728\u8fdb\u884c DAD\uff08\u91cd\u590d\u5730\u5740\u68c0\u6d4b\uff09\u3002\n    deprecated\uff1a\u88ab\u5f03\u7528\u7684\u5730\u5740\u3002\n    temporary\uff1a\u4e34\u65f6\u5730\u5740\u3002\n    \u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u5176\u4ed6\u6807\u5fd7\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u7528\u4e8e\u5730\u5740\u914d\u7f6e\u7684\u6807\u5fd7\uff08CONFFLAG\uff09\uff0c\u5982\uff1a\n    home\uff1a\u8868\u793a\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e3b\u5730\u5740\u3002\n    nodad\uff1a\u4e0d\u6267\u884c DAD\uff08\u91cd\u590d\u5730\u5740\u68c0\u6d4b\uff09\u3002\n    mngtmpaddr\uff1a\u7531\u5185\u6838\u7ba1\u7406\u7684\u4e34\u65f6\u5730\u5740\u3002\n    noprefixroute\uff1a\u4e0d\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5730\u5740\u6dfb\u52a0\u524d\u7f00\u8def\u7531\u3002\n    autojoin\uff1a\u81ea\u52a8\u52a0\u5165\u591a\u64ad\u7ec4\u3002\nCONFFLAG-LIST: \u914d\u7f6e\u6807\u5fd7\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a\n    home: home \u5730\u5740\u6807\u5fd7\u3002\n    nodad: \u4e0d\u8fdb\u884c DAD (Duplicate Address Detection)\u3002\n    mngtmpaddr: \u7ba1\u7406\u4e34\u65f6\u5730\u5740\u3002\n    noprefixroute: \u4e0d\u6dfb\u52a0\u524d\u7f00\u8def\u7531\u3002\n    autojoin: \u81ea\u52a8\u52a0\u5165\u591a\u64ad\u7ec4\u3002\nLIFETIME: \u5730\u5740\u7684\u751f\u547d\u5468\u671f\u3002\n    valid_lft LFT: \u5730\u5740\u7684\u6709\u6548\u751f\u547d\u5468\u671f\u3002\n    preferred_lft LFT: \u5730\u5740\u7684\u9996\u9009\u751f\u547d\u5468\u671f\u3002\nLFT: \u5177\u4f53\u7684\u751f\u547d\u5468\u671f\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u201cforever\u201d\u6216\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u79d2\u6570\u3002\nTYPE: \u8bbe\u5907\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982 vlan, vxlan, bridge \u7b49\u3002<\/code><\/pre>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\"># \u7528\u9014\n1.\u67e5\u770b\u5730\u5740\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u7f51\u7edc\u63a5\u53e3\u7684\u5f53\u524d IP \u5730\u5740\u548c\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u914d\u7f6e\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\n2.\u6dfb\u52a0\u5730\u5740\uff1a\u7ed9\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u63a5\u53e3\u6dfb\u52a0\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684 IP \u5730\u5740\u3002\n3.\u5220\u9664\u5730\u5740\uff1a\u4ece\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u63a5\u53e3\u5220\u9664\u4e00\u4e2a IP \u5730\u5740\u3002\n4.\u66f4\u6539\u5730\u5740\uff1a\u66f4\u6539\u5df2\u914d\u7f6e\u7684 IP \u5730\u5740\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u3002\n5.\u4fdd\u5b58\u5730\u5740\uff1a\u5c06\u5f53\u524d\u7684 IP \u5730\u5740\u914d\u7f6e\u4fdd\u5b58\u5230\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\n6.\u6e05\u7a7a\u5730\u5740\uff1a\u5220\u9664\u5339\u914d\u7684 IP \u5730\u5740\u6216\u6240\u6709\u5730\u5740\u3002\n\n# \u57fa\u672c\u64cd\u4f5c\n1.add\uff1a\u7ed9\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u63a5\u53e3\u6dfb\u52a0\u4e00\u4e2a IP \u5730\u5740\u3002\n2.change\u3001replace\uff1a\u4fee\u6539\u5df2\u5b58\u5728\u7684 IP \u5730\u5740\u3002\n3.del\uff1a\u4ece\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u63a5\u53e3\u5220\u9664\u4e00\u4e2a IP \u5730\u5740\u3002\n4.show\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u6307\u5b9a\u7f51\u7edc\u63a5\u53e3\u7684 IP \u5730\u5740\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6ca1\u6709\u6307\u5b9a\u63a5\u53e3\uff0c\u4f1a\u663e\u793a\u6240\u6709\u63a5\u53e3\u7684 IP \u5730\u5740\u3002\n5.save\uff1a\u4fdd\u5b58\u6307\u5b9a\u7f51\u7edc\u63a5\u53e3\u7684 IP \u5730\u5740\u914d\u7f6e\u5230\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\n6.flush\uff1a\u5220\u9664\u5339\u914d\u7684 IP \u5730\u5740\u6216\u6240\u6709\u5730\u5740\u3002\n7.showdump\u3001restore\uff1a\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u4e00\u822c\u7528\u4e8e\u4fdd\u5b58\u548c\u6062\u590d IP \u5730\u5740\u914d\u7f6e\n\n# \u7528\u6cd5\n# 1.add: \u6dfb\u52a0\u65b0\u7684 IP \u5730\u5740\u5230\u6307\u5b9a\u63a5\u53e3\u3002\nip address add 192.168.1.2\/24 dev eth0\n\n# 2.del: \u4ece\u6307\u5b9a\u63a5\u53e3\u5220\u9664 IP \u5730\u5740\u3002\nip address del 192.168.1.2\/24 dev eth0\n\n# 3.show: \u663e\u793a\u4e00\u4e2a\u6216\u591a\u4e2a\u63a5\u53e3\u7684 IP \u5730\u5740\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6ca1\u6709\u6307\u5b9a\u63a5\u53e3\uff0c\u5219\u663e\u793a\u6240\u6709\u63a5\u53e3\u7684\u5730\u5740\u3002\nip address show\nip address show dev eth0\n\n# 4.flush: \u6e05\u7a7a\u6ee1\u8db3\u6761\u4ef6\u7684\u5730\u5740\u3002\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u6765\u5feb\u901f\u5220\u9664\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u5730\u5740\u3002\nip address flush dev eth0\n\n# 5.save: \u4fdd\u5b58\u63a5\u53e3\u7684 IP \u5730\u5740\u914d\u7f6e\u5230\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\u5e38\u7528\u4e8e\u5907\u4efd\u3002\nip address save dev eth0 &gt; backup.txt\n\n# \u5176\u4ed6\u53c2\u6570\uff1a\ndev IFNAME: \u6307\u5b9a\u7f51\u7edc\u63a5\u53e3\u7684\u540d\u79f0\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982 eth0\u3002\nlabel LABEL: \u4e3a IP \u5730\u5740\u6307\u5b9a\u4e00\u4e2a\u6807\u7b7e\u3002\nscope SCOPE-ID: \u5b9a\u4e49 IP \u5730\u5740\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u8303\u56f4\uff0c\u5982 host\uff08\u4ec5\u672c\u673a\u53ef\u7528\uff09\u3001link\uff08\u4ec5\u5728\u5f53\u524d\u7f51\u7edc\u94fe\u8def\u4e0a\u53ef\u7528\uff09\u6216 global\uff08\u5728\u6574\u4e2a\u7f51\u7edc\u4e0a\u53ef\u7528\uff09\u3002\nup: \u4ec5\u663e\u793a\u542f\u52a8\u7684\u63a5\u53e3\u7684\u5730\u5740\u3002\n\n# \u5e38\u89c1\u6807\u5fd7\uff1a\npermanent: \u6301\u4e45\u5730\u5740\u3002\ndynamic: \u52a8\u6001\u5206\u914d\u7684\u5730\u5740\u3002\nsecondary: \u6b21\u8981\u5730\u5740\u3002\ntentative: \u8bd5\u9a8c\u6027\u5730\u5740\uff0c\u5c1a\u672a\u786e\u8ba4\u6ca1\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u8282\u70b9\u4f7f\u7528\u3002\ndeprecated: \u4e0d\u9f13\u52b1\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u5730\u5740\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u5f88\u5feb\u5c31\u4e0d\u518d\u4f7f\u7528\u3002<\/code><\/pre>\n<h3>ip route<\/h3>\n<blockquote>\n<p><code>ip route<\/code> \u662f\u7528\u4e8e\u7ba1\u7406\u548c\u663e\u793a\u8def\u7531\u8868\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\"># \u9009\u9879\n1.\u57fa\u672c\u64cd\u4f5c\uff1a\n    list\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u5f53\u524d\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u8def\u7531\u8868\u3002\n    flush\uff1a\u6e05\u7a7a\u7b26\u5408\u7279\u5b9a\u9009\u62e9\u6761\u4ef6\u7684\u8def\u7531\u6761\u76ee\u3002\n    save\uff1a\u4fdd\u5b58\u8def\u7531\u8868\u7684\u5f53\u524d\u72b6\u6001\u3002\n    restore\uff1a\u6062\u590d\u4fdd\u5b58\u7684\u8def\u7531\u8868\u72b6\u6001\u3002\n    showdump\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u8def\u7531\u7684\u4fdd\u5b58\u6570\u636e\u3002\n    get\uff1a\u67e5\u8be2\u8def\u7531\u8868\u4ee5\u786e\u5b9a\u7279\u5b9a\u5730\u5740\u7684\u4e0b\u4e00\u8df3\u3002\u3002\n    add\u3001del\u3001change\u3001append\u3001replace\uff1a\u7528\u4e8e\u6dfb\u52a0\u3001\u5220\u9664\u3001\u66f4\u6539\u3001\u9644\u52a0\u6216\u66ff\u6362\u8def\u7531\u6761\u76ee\u3002\n2.SELECTOR(\u9009\u62e9\u5668)\uff1a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u662f\u8fc7\u6ee4\u5668\uff0c\u5e2e\u52a9\u4f60\u9009\u62e9\u4f60\u60f3\u64cd\u4f5c\u7684\u7279\u5b9a\u8def\u7531\u3002\u3002\n    root PREFIX\uff1a\u9009\u62e9\u4ee5\u67d0\u524d\u7f00\u5f00\u5934\u7684\u8def\u7531\u3002\n    match PREFIX\uff1a\u9009\u62e9\u4e0e\u7ed9\u5b9a\u524d\u7f00\u5339\u914d\u7684\u8def\u7531\u3002\n    exact PREFIX\uff1a\u7cbe\u786e\u9009\u62e9\u67d0\u4e2a\u524d\u7f00\u7684\u8def\u7531\u3002\n    table TABLE_ID\uff1a\u4ece\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u8def\u7531\u8868\u4e2d\u9009\u62e9\u8def\u7531\u3002\n    vrf NAME\uff1a\u4ece\u6307\u5b9a\u7684 VRF \u4e2d\u9009\u62e9\u8def\u7531\u3002\n    proto RTPROTO\uff1a\u9009\u62e9\u7531\u67d0\u79cd\u8def\u7531\u534f\u8bae\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u8def\u7531\u3002\n    type TYPE\uff1a\u9009\u62e9\u7279\u5b9a\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u8def\u7531\u3002\n    scope SCOPE\uff1a\u6839\u636e\u8def\u7531\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u57df\u8fdb\u884c\u9009\u62e9\u3002\n3.ROUTE(\u8def\u7531)\uff1a\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u8def\u7531\u7684\u5177\u4f53\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\n    NODE_SPEC\uff1a\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e86\u8def\u7531\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u5c5e\u6027,\u5982\u76ee\u6807\u524d\u7f00\u3001\u670d\u52a1\u7c7b\u578b\uff08TOS\uff09\u3001\u8def\u7531\u8868ID\u3001\u8def\u7531\u534f\u8bae\u7c7b\u578b\u7b49\u3002\n    INFO_SPEC\uff1a\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e86\u8def\u7531\u7684\u66f4\u591a\u8be6\u7ec6\u4fe1\u606f,\u5982\u4e0b\u4e00\u8df3\u5730\u5740\u3001MTU\u3001\u6e90\u5730\u5740\u7b49\u3002\n4.NH\uff1aNexthop\uff08\u4e0b\u4e00\u8df3\uff09\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\n    encap ENCAPTYPE ENCAPHDR\uff1a\u5c01\u88c5\u7c7b\u578b\u548c\u5934\u90e8\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\n    via FAMILY ADDRESS\uff1a\u4e0b\u4e00\u8df3\u7684\u5730\u5740\u3002\n    dev STRING\uff1a\u4e0b\u4e00\u8df3\u901a\u8fc7\u54ea\u4e2a\u7f51\u7edc\u63a5\u53e3\u3002\n    weight NUMBER\uff1a\u5728\u6709\u591a\u4e2a\u4e0b\u4e00\u8df3\u65f6\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4e0b\u4e00\u8df3\u7684\u6743\u91cd\u3002\n    NHFLAGS\uff1a\u4e0b\u4e00\u8df3\u7684\u6807\u5fd7\u3002\n5.FAMILY\uff1a\u5730\u5740\u5bb6\u65cf\u3002\n    inet\uff1aIPv4\u3002\n    inet6\uff1aIPv6\u3002\n    mpls\uff1aMPLS\u3002\n    bridge\uff1a\u6865\u63a5\u3002\n    link\uff1a\u94fe\u8def\u5c42\u5730\u5740\u3002\n6.OPTIONS\uff1a\u8def\u7531\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u9009\u9879\u3002\n    \u4f8b\u5982\uff0cmtu NUMBER \u5b9a\u4e49\u4e86\u8be5\u8def\u7531\u7684\u6700\u5927\u4f20\u8f93\u5355\u5143\uff0csrc ADDRESS \u5b9a\u4e49\u4e86\u51fa\u53e3\u5730\u5740\u7b49\u3002\n7.TYPE\uff1a\u8def\u7531\u7c7b\u578b\u3002\n    \u4f8b\u5982\uff0cunicast \u662f\u666e\u901a\u7684\u5355\u64ad\u8def\u7531\uff0cbroadcast \u662f\u5e7f\u64ad\u8def\u7531\uff0cnat \u662f\u7f51\u7edc\u5730\u5740\u8f6c\u6362\u8def\u7531\u7b49\u3002\n8.TABLE_ID\uff1a\u8def\u7531\u8868\u7684\u6807\u8bc6\u3002\n    \u4f8b\u5982\uff0cmain \u662f\u4e3b\u8def\u7531\u8868\uff0clocal \u662f\u672c\u5730\u8def\u7531\u8868\u3002\n9.SCOPE\uff1a\u8def\u7531\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u57df\u3002\n    \u4f8b\u5982\uff0chost \u4ec5\u5728\u672c\u673a\u4e0a\u6709\u6548\uff0clink \u5728\u5f53\u524d\u7f51\u7edc\u94fe\u8def\u4e0a\u6709\u6548\uff0cglobal \u5728\u6574\u4e2a\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u4e0a\u6709\u6548\u3002\n10.RTPROTO\uff1a\u8def\u7531\u534f\u8bae\u3002\n    \u4f8b\u5982\uff0ckernel \u662f\u7531\u5185\u6838\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u8def\u7531\uff0cboot \u662f\u542f\u52a8\u65f6\u8bbe\u7f6e\u7684\u8def\u7531\uff0cstatic \u662f\u624b\u52a8\u8bbe\u7f6e\u7684\u9759\u6001\u8def\u7531\u3002\n11.PREF\uff1a\u8def\u7531\u7684\u4f18\u5148\u7ea7\u3002\n    low\u3001medium\u3001high \u5206\u522b\u8868\u793a\u4f4e\u3001\u4e2d\u3001\u9ad8\u4f18\u5148\u7ea7\u3002\n12.TIME\uff1a\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u79d2\uff08s\uff09\u6216\u6beb\u79d2\uff08ms\uff09\u3002\n13.BOOL\uff1a\u5e03\u5c14\u503c\uff0c1 \u6216 0\u3002\n14.FEATURES, ENCAPTYPE, ENCAPHDR, SEG6HDR, SEGMODE, ROUTE_GET_FLAGS \u8fd9\u4e9b\u53c2\u6570\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u8def\u7531\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u7279\u5b9a\u4fe1\u606f\u548c\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982 ecn \u529f\u80fd\uff0c  seg6 \u662f IPv6 \u7684\u6bb5\u8def\u7531\uff0cencap \u662f\u5c01\u88c5\u7c7b\u578b\u7b49\u3002<\/code><\/pre>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\"># \u7528\u6cd5\n# 1.\u663e\u793a\u8def\u7531\u8868:\nip route show \n\u6216\u8005\nip route\n\n# 2.\u6dfb\u52a0\u8def\u7531:\nip route add &lt;\u76ee\u6807\u7f51\u7edc&gt; via &lt;\u4e0b\u4e00\u8df3\u5730\u5740&gt;\n# \u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u6dfb\u52a0\u4e00\u4e2a\u5230 192.168.2.0\/24 \u7684\u8def\u7531\uff0c\u5176\u4e0b\u4e00\u8df3\u5730\u5740\u4e3a 192.168.1.1\uff1a\nip route add 192.168.2.0\/24 via 192.168.1.1\n\n# 3.\u5220\u9664\u8def\u7531:\nip route del &lt;\u76ee\u6807\u7f51\u7edc&gt; via &lt;\u4e0b\u4e00\u8df3\u5730\u5740&gt;\n\n# 4.\u66f4\u6539\u8def\u7531:\n# \u5982\u679c\u67d0\u4e2a\u8def\u7531\u5df2\u7ecf\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u4f46\u4f60\u60f3\u4fee\u6539\u5b83\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u66f4\u6539\u4e0b\u4e00\u8df3\u5730\u5740\uff09\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 replace \u9009\u9879\uff1a\nip route replace &lt;\u76ee\u6807\u7f51\u7edc&gt; via &lt;\u65b0\u7684\u4e0b\u4e00\u8df3\u5730\u5740&gt;\n\n# 5.\u6e05\u9664\u8def\u7531:\n\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u60f3\u6e05\u9664\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u8def\u7531\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 flush \u5b50\u547d\u4ee4\uff1a\nip route flush &lt;\u76ee\u6807\u7f51\u7edc&gt;\n\n# 6.\u5e26\u6709\u7279\u5b9a\u6e90\u5730\u5740\u7684\u8def\u7531:\n\u6709\u65f6\uff0c\u57fa\u4e8e\u6765\u6e90\u7684\u8def\u7531\u662f\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u3002\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e26\u6709\u7279\u5b9a\u6e90\u5730\u5740\u7684\u8def\u7531\uff1a\nip route add &lt;\u76ee\u6807\u7f51\u7edc&gt; via &lt;\u4e0b\u4e00\u8df3\u5730\u5740&gt; src &lt;\u6e90IP\u5730\u5740&gt;\n\n# 7.\u8def\u7531\u7c7b\u578b:\n\u9664\u4e86\u5e38\u89c1\u7684unicast\u8def\u7531\u5916\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u8def\u7531\uff0c\u5982 local, broadcast, throw, unreachable \u7b49\u3002\nip route add unreachable &lt;\u76ee\u6807\u7f51\u7edc&gt;\n\n# 8.\u7b56\u7565\u8def\u7531:\n\u5229\u7528\u8def\u7531\u8868\u548c\u8def\u7531\u6807\u8bb0\u8fdb\u884c\u7b56\u7565\u8def\u7531\uff1a\nip route add &lt;\u76ee\u6807\u7f51\u7edc&gt; via &lt;\u4e0b\u4e00\u8df3\u5730\u5740&gt; table &lt;\u8868ID\/\u540d\u79f0&gt;\n\n# 9.\u5b9a\u4e49\u591a\u4e2a\u4e0b\u4e00\u8df3:\n\u8fd9\u5bf9\u4e8e\u7b49\u4ef7\u591a\u8def\u5f84\u8def\u7531\uff08ECMP\uff09\u5f88\u6709\u7528\uff1a\nip route add &lt;\u76ee\u6807\u7f51\u7edc&gt; nexthop via &lt;\u4e0b\u4e00\u8df31&gt; dev &lt;\u63a5\u53e31&gt; weight 1 nexthop via &lt;\u4e0b\u4e00\u8df32&gt; dev &lt;\u63a5\u53e32&gt; weight 1\n\n# 10.\u6307\u5b9a\u8def\u7531\u534f\u8bae:\n\u53ef\u4ee5\u6307\u5b9a\u7531\u54ea\u79cd\u534f\u8bae\uff08\u5982BGP\u3001OSPF\u6216\u9759\u6001\uff09\u5b66\u5230\u7684\u8def\u7531\uff1a\nip route add &lt;\u76ee\u6807\u7f51\u7edc&gt; via &lt;\u4e0b\u4e00\u8df3\u5730\u5740&gt; proto &lt;\u534f\u8bae\u540d\u79f0\/\u6570\u5b57&gt;\n\n# 11.\u4e34\u65f6\u8def\u7531:\n\u4e3a\u8def\u7531\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e00\u4e2a\u8fc7\u671f\u65f6\u95f4\uff1a\nip route add &lt;\u76ee\u6807\u7f51\u7edc&gt; via &lt;\u4e0b\u4e00\u8df3\u5730\u5740&gt; expires &lt;\u79d2\u6570&gt;\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\"># \u6848\u4f8b\n# 1.\u8def\u7531\u7279\u5b9a\u6d41\u91cf\u5230\u7279\u5b9a\u63a5\u53e3:\n# \u5982\u679c\u4f60\u6709\u591a\u4e2a\u7f51\u7edc\u63a5\u53e3\u5e76\u5e0c\u671b\u8def\u7531\u6765\u81ea\u7279\u5b9aIP\u5730\u5740\u7684\u6d41\u91cf\u901a\u8fc7\u7279\u5b9a\u63a5\u53e3\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fd9\u6837\u505a\uff1a\nip route add 192.168.2.0\/24 dev eth1\n# \u5728\u4e0a\u9762\u7684\u793a\u4f8b\u4e2d\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u53bb\u5f80 192.168.2.0\/24 \u7f51\u7edc\u7684\u6d41\u91cf\u5c06\u901a\u8fc7 eth1 \u63a5\u53e3\u53d1\u9001\u3002\n\n# 2.\u6dfb\u52a0\u5e26\u6709\u7279\u5b9a\u5ea6\u91cf\u503c\u7684\u8def\u7531:\n\u5728\u6709\u591a\u6761\u5230\u540c\u4e00\u76ee\u6807\u7684\u8def\u5f84\u65f6\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u80fd\u5e0c\u671b\u6839\u636e\u201c\u5ea6\u91cf\u503c\u201d\uff08\u4e5f\u79f0\u4e3a\u201cmetric\u201d\u6216\u201ccost\u201d\uff09\u6765\u4f18\u5148\u9009\u62e9\u4e00\u6761\u8def\u5f84\u3002\u5ea6\u91cf\u503c\u8f83\u4f4e\u7684\u8def\u7531\u5c06\u88ab\u4f18\u5148\u9009\u62e9\u3002\nip route add 192.168.2.0\/24 via 192.168.1.1 metric 10\n\n# 3.\u9ed8\u8ba4\u8def\u7531:\n\u9ed8\u8ba4\u8def\u7531\u662f\u5f53\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u5982\u4f55\u5230\u8fbe\u76ee\u6807\u5730\u5740\u65f6\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u8def\u7531\u3002\u8fd9\u901a\u5e38\u6307\u5411\u4f60\u7684\u7f51\u5173\u6216\u4e0a\u6e38\u8def\u7531\u5668\nip route add default via 192.168.1.1\n\n# 4.\u4e3a\u7279\u5b9a\u8868\u6dfb\u52a0\u8def\u7531:\n\u5728\u9ad8\u7ea7\u8def\u7531\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u6709\u591a\u4e2a\u8def\u7531\u8868\u3002\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e3a\u7279\u5b9a\u8868\u6dfb\u52a0\u8def\u7531\uff1a\nip route add 192.168.2.0\/24 via 192.168.1.1 table 100\n\n# 5.\u663e\u793a\u7279\u5b9a\u8868\u7684\u8def\u7531:\nip route show table 100\n\n# 6.\u8bbe\u7f6e\u7981\u6b62\u8bbf\u95ee\u7684\u7f51\u7edc:\n\u5c06\u7279\u5b9a\u7f51\u7edc\u6807\u8bb0\u4e3a\u4e0d\u53ef\u8fbe\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\uff0c\u5c1d\u8bd5\u8bbf\u95ee\u8be5\u7f51\u7edc\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u6570\u636e\u5305\u90fd\u4f1a\u88ab\u4e22\u5f03\uff1a\nip route add blackhole 192.168.3.0\/24\n\n# 7.\u7b56\u7565\u8def\u7531:\n\u5047\u8bbe\u4f60\u6709\u4e24\u4e2aISP\u8fde\u63a5\uff0c\u5e76\u5e0c\u671b\u57fa\u4e8e\u6765\u6e90\u5730\u5740\u8def\u7531\u6d41\u91cf\u3002\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u4f60\u9700\u8981\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u8def\u7531\u8868\u3002\u7136\u540e\uff0c\u4e3a\u6bcf\u4e2a\u8868\u6dfb\u52a0\u8def\u7531\uff1a\nip route add default via &lt;ISP1\u7f51\u5173&gt; table isp1table\nip route add default via &lt;ISP2\u7f51\u5173&gt; table isp2table\n\u63a5\u7740\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528ip rule\u5b9a\u4e49\u7b56\u7565\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u57fa\u4e8e\u6765\u6e90\u7684\u8def\u7531\uff1a\nip rule add from &lt;\u6765\u6e90\u7f51\u7edc1&gt; table isp1table\nip rule add from &lt;\u6765\u6e90\u7f51\u7edc2&gt; table isp2table\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<h3>ip link<\/h3>\n<blockquote>\n<p><code>ip link<\/code>\u547d\u4ee4\u662f\u7528\u4e8e\u7ba1\u7406\u548c\u663e\u793a\u7f51\u7edc\u8bbe\u5907\u5c5e\u6027\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\"># \u53c2\u6570\n1.add: \u7528\u4e8e\u521b\u5efa\u65b0\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u8bbe\u5907\u3002\n    link DEV: \u5728\u73b0\u6709\u7684\u8bbe\u5907\u4e0a\u57fa\u4e8eDEV\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u8bbe\u5907\u3002\n    name NAME: \u4e3a\u65b0\u7684\u8bbe\u5907\u6307\u5b9a\u4e00\u4e2a\u540d\u5b57\u3002\n    address LLADDR: \u8bbe\u5b9a\u94fe\u8def\u5c42\u5730\u5740\u3002\n    broadcast LLADDR: \u8bbe\u5b9a\u5e7f\u64ad\u5730\u5740\u3002\n    mtu MTU: \u8bbe\u5b9a\u6700\u5927\u4f20\u8f93\u5355\u4f4d\u3002\n    index IDX: \u8bbe\u5907\u7d22\u5f15\u53f7\u3002\n    numtxqueues QUEUE_COUNT \u548c numrxqueues QUEUE_COUNT: \u8bbe\u7f6e\u53d1\u9001\u548c\u63a5\u6536\u961f\u5217\u7684\u6570\u91cf\u3002\n    type TYPE [ARGS]: \u8bbe\u5b9a\u8bbe\u5907\u7c7b\u578b\u548c\u76f8\u5173\u53c2\u6570\u3002\u4f8b\u5982vlan, bridge\u7b49\u3002\n2.delete: \u5220\u9664\u4e00\u4e2a\u7f51\u7edc\u8bbe\u5907\u3002\n    \u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7DEVICE\u6216dev DEVICE\u6216group DEVGROUP\u6765\u9009\u62e9\u8981\u5220\u9664\u7684\u8bbe\u5907\u3002\n3.set: \u4fee\u6539\u8bbe\u5907\u5c5e\u6027\u3002\n    \u540e\u9762\u8ddf\u4e86\u5f88\u591a\u9009\u9879\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a\n    up \u548c down: \u542f\u7528\u6216\u7981\u7528\u8bbe\u5907\u3002\n    address LLADDR \u548c broadcast LLADDR: \u8bbe\u7f6eMAC\u5730\u5740\u548c\u5e7f\u64ad\u5730\u5740\u3002\n    mtu MTU: \u8bbe\u5b9a\u6700\u5927\u4f20\u8f93\u5355\u4f4d\u3002\n    netns {PID | NAME}: \u5c06\u8bbe\u5907\u79fb\u5230\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u547d\u540d\u7a7a\u95f4\u3002\n    name NEWNAME: \u66f4\u6539\u8bbe\u5907\u7684\u540d\u5b57\u3002\n    master DEVICE: \u5c06\u8bbe\u5907\u9644\u52a0\u5230\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bbe\u5907\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5c06\u7aef\u53e3\u6dfb\u52a0\u5230\u7f51\u6865\uff09\u3002\n    nomaster: \u4ece\u5176\u4e3b\u8bbe\u5907\u4e2d\u5220\u9664\u8bbe\u5907\u3002\n    vf NUM: \u914d\u7f6e\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u865a\u62df\u529f\u80fd\uff08\u7528\u4e8eSR-IOV\uff09\u3002\n    xdp, xdpgeneric, xdpdrv, xdpoffload: \u914d\u7f6eXDP\uff08eXpress Data Path\uff09\u7a0b\u5e8f\u3002\n    addrgenmode: \u8bbe\u7f6e\u5730\u5740\u751f\u6210\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u4e0eIPv6\u76f8\u5173\u3002\n    protodown: \u8bbe\u5907\u534f\u8bae\u63a7\u5236\u7684\u4e0a\u4e0b\u7ebf\u72b6\u6001\u3002\n4.show: \u663e\u793a\u8bbe\u5907\u5c5e\u6027\u3002\n    \u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u6307\u5b9a\u8bbe\u5907\u540d\u3001\u8bbe\u5907\u7ec4\u3001\u7c7b\u578b\u7b49\u6765\u8fc7\u6ee4\u663e\u793a\u7684\u8bbe\u5907\u3002\n5.xstats: \u663e\u793a\u6269\u5c55\u7edf\u8ba1\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\n6.afstats: \u663e\u793a\u5730\u5740\u65cf\u7edf\u8ba1\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\n7.property add\/del: \u6dfb\u52a0\u6216\u5220\u9664\u8bbe\u5907\u5c5e\u6027\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982altname\u3002\n8.help: \u663e\u793a\u5e2e\u52a9\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u9488\u5bf9\u7279\u5b9a\u7684TYPE\u3002\n    TYPE\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e86\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e0eip link\u547d\u4ee4\u4e00\u8d77\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u8bbe\u5907\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982vlan\u3001bridge\u3001vxlan\u7b49\u3002\u6bcf\u79cd\u7c7b\u578b\u90fd\u6709\u5176\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u7279\u5b9a\u53c2\u6570\u3002<\/code><\/pre>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\"># \u57fa\u672c\u89e3\u91ca\nip link show: \u663e\u793a\u6240\u6709\u7f51\u7edc\u63a5\u53e3\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u548c\u914d\u7f6e\u3002\nip link set: \u7528\u4e8e\u4fee\u6539\u7f51\u7edc\u63a5\u53e3\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u6216\u5c5e\u6027\u3002\nip link add: \u6dfb\u52a0\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u63a5\u53e3\u3002\nip link delete: \u5220\u9664\u4e00\u4e2a\u7f51\u7edc\u63a5\u53e3\u3002\n\n# \u793a\u4f8b\n# 1.\u67e5\u770b\u6240\u6709\u7f51\u7edc\u63a5\u53e3\u7684\u72b6\u6001\nip link show\n\n# 2.\u542f\u52a8\u6216\u505c\u6b62\u7f51\u7edc\u63a5\u53e3\nip link set eth0 up\n\n# \u505c\u6b62\uff08\u53bb\u6fc0\u6d3b\uff09eth0\u63a5\u53e3:\nip link set eth0 down\n\n# 3. \u66f4\u6539\u63a5\u53e3\u540d\u79f0\nip link set eth0 name eth1\n\n# 4.\u8bbe\u7f6e\u63a5\u53e3\u7684MAC\u5730\u5740\nip link set eth0 address 00:11:22:33:44:55\n\n# 5.\u6dfb\u52a0\u548c\u5220\u9664\u865a\u62df\u7f51\u7edc\u63a5\u53e3\n\u6dfb\u52a0\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u865a\u62df\u7f51\u6865:\nip link add name mybridge type bridge\n\n# \u5220\u9664\u521a\u521a\u521b\u5efa\u7684\u865a\u62df\u7f51\u6865:\nip link delete mybridge\n\n# 6.\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2aVLAN\u63a5\u53e3\n\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u60f3\u5728\u73b0\u6709\u7684 eth0 \u63a5\u53e3\u4e0a\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2aVLAN 100\u63a5\u53e3\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u4ee5\u4e0b\u547d\u4ee4\uff1a\nip link add link eth0 name eth0.100 type vlan id 100\n\n# 7.\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2aVXLAN\u63a5\u53e3\nVXLAN\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u865a\u62df\u7f51\u7edc\u8986\u76d6\uff0c\u5141\u8bb8\u60a8\u5728\u73b0\u6709\u7684\u7269\u7406\u7f51\u7edc\u4e0a\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u5206\u9694\u7684Layer 2\u7f51\u7edc\u3002\u4ee5\u4e0b\u662f\u521b\u5efaVXLAN\u63a5\u53e3\u7684\u793a\u4f8b\uff1a\nip link add vxlan0 type vxlan id 42 dev eth0 dstport 4789\n\u8fd9\u5c06\u5728 eth0 \u4e0a\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2aVXLAN\u63a5\u53e3\uff0c\u5176VXLAN ID\u4e3a42\u3002\n\n# 8.\u521b\u5efa\u5e76\u8bbe\u7f6eMacVLAN\u63a5\u53e3\nMacVLAN\u5141\u8bb8\u60a8\u5728\u5355\u4e2a\u7269\u7406\u63a5\u53e3\u4e0a\u8bbe\u7f6e\u591a\u4e2aMAC\u5730\u5740\u3002\u8fd9\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u5bb9\u5668\u573a\u666f\u4e2d\u975e\u5e38\u6709\u7528\u3002\u4ee5\u4e0b\u662f\u521b\u5efaMacVLAN\u7684\u793a\u4f8b\uff1a\nip link add link eth0 name macvlan0 type macvlan mode bridge\nip link set macvlan0 address 02:00:00:00:00:01\nip link set macvlan0 up\n\n# 9.\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u865a\u62df\u7684\u70b9\u5bf9\u70b9\u8fde\u63a5\n\u6b64\u8bbe\u7f6e\u901a\u5e38\u7528\u4e8e\u6d4b\u8bd5\u7f51\u7edc\u914d\u7f6e\u548c\u5de5\u5177\uff1a\nip link add veth0 type veth peer name veth1\n\u6b64\u547d\u4ee4\u5c06\u521b\u5efa\u4e24\u4e2a\u63a5\u53e3\uff0cveth0 \u548c veth1\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u4e4b\u95f4\u5f62\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u865a\u62df\u7684\u70b9\u5bf9\u70b9\u8fde\u63a5\u3002\n\n# 10.\u5728\u7269\u7406\u63a5\u53e3\u548c\u7f51\u6865\u4e4b\u95f4\u6dfb\u52a0\u548c\u5220\u9664\u63a5\u53e3\n\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u7f51\u6865\uff1a\nip link add name mybridge type bridge\nip link set mybridge up\n\u7136\u540e\uff0c\u5c06 eth0 \u6dfb\u52a0\u5230\u6b64\u7f51\u6865\uff1a\nip link set eth0 master mybridge\n\u5982\u679c\u60f3\u4ece\u7f51\u6865\u4e2d\u5220\u9664 eth0\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\uff1a\nip link set eth0 nomaster<\/code><\/pre>\n<h3>ip neigh<\/h3>\n<p><code>ip neigh<\/code> \u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7528\u4e8e\u7ba1\u7406 Linux \u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u7684\u90bb\u5c45\uff08ARP \u7f13\u5b58\uff09\u8868\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u3002\u90bb\u5c45\u8868\u5b58\u50a8\u4e86 IP \u5730\u5740\u4e0e MAC \u5730\u5740\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u6620\u5c04\u5173\u7cfb\u3002<code>ip neigh<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u662f\u8f83\u65b0\u7248\u672c Linux \u53d1\u884c\u7248\u4e2d\u53d6\u4ee3 <code>arp<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u66ff\u4ee3\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u5b83\u662f <code>iproute2<\/code> \u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u3002sx<\/p>\n<p>\u4e0b\u9762\u662f\u5173\u4e8e\u5982\u4f55\u4f7f\u7528 <code>ip neigh<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u8be6\u7ec6\u8bb2\u89e3\uff1a<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u67e5\u770b\u90bb\u5c45\uff08ARP \u7f13\u5b58\uff09\u8868\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u8981\u67e5\u770b\u90bb\u5c45\u8868\u4e2d\u7684\u6240\u6709\u6761\u76ee\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u6267\u884c\u4ee5\u4e0b\u547d\u4ee4\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">ip neigh\n\u6216\u8005\nip neigh show<\/code><\/pre>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li>\u6dfb\u52a0\u9759\u6001\u90bb\u5c45\uff08ARP\uff09\u6761\u76ee\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u8981\u6dfb\u52a0\u4e00\u4e2a\u9759\u6001\u90bb\u5c45\u6761\u76ee\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 <code>add<\/code> \u5b50\u547d\u4ee4\u3002\u8fd9\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u7279\u6b8a\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u53ef\u80fd\u5f88\u6709\u7528\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u5728\u9700\u8981\u624b\u52a8\u6620\u5c04 IP \u5730\u5740\u548c MAC \u5730\u5740\u65f6\u3002<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">ip neigh add &lt;IP\u5730\u5740&gt; lladdr &lt;MAC\u5730\u5740&gt; dev &lt;\u7f51\u7edc\u8bbe\u5907&gt; [nud &lt;\u72b6\u6001&gt;]\nip neigh add 192.168.1.2 lladdr 00:11:22:33:44:55 dev eth0 nud permanent\n\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u4e2d\uff0cnud \u53c2\u6570\u8868\u793a\u90bb\u5c45\u8868\u9879\u7684\u72b6\u6001\uff0cpermanent \u8868\u793a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6761\u76ee\u662f\u9759\u6001\u7684\uff0c\u4e0d\u4f1a\u8fc7\u671f\u3002<\/code><\/pre>\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li>\u5220\u9664\u90bb\u5c45\uff08ARP\uff09\u6761\u76ee\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u8981\u4ece\u90bb\u5c45\u8868\u4e2d\u5220\u9664\u4e00\u4e2a\u6761\u76ee\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 <code>del<\/code> \u5b50\u547d\u4ee4\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">ip neigh del &lt;IP\u5730\u5740&gt; dev &lt;\u7f51\u7edc\u8bbe\u5907&gt;\nip neigh del 192.168.1.2 dev eth0<\/code><\/pre>\n<ol start=\"4\">\n<li>\u4fee\u6539\u90bb\u5c45\uff08ARP\uff09\u6761\u76ee\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u8981\u4fee\u6539\u73b0\u6709\u7684\u90bb\u5c45\u6761\u76ee\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 <code>replace<\/code> \u5b50\u547d\u4ee4\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">ip neigh replace &lt;IP\u5730\u5740&gt; lladdr &lt;MAC\u5730\u5740&gt; dev &lt;\u7f51\u7edc\u8bbe\u5907&gt; [nud &lt;\u72b6\u6001&gt;]\nip neigh replace 192.168.1.2 lladdr 00:11:22:33:44:66 dev eth0 nud reachable\n\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u4e2d\uff0cnud \u53c2\u6570\u8868\u793a\u90bb\u5c45\u8868\u9879\u7684\u72b6\u6001\uff0creachable \u8868\u793a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6761\u76ee\u662f\u52a8\u6001\u7684\uff0c\u4f1a\u8fc7\u671f\u3002<\/code><\/pre>\n<h3>ip rule<\/h3>\n<blockquote>\n<p><code>ip rule<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u7528\u4e8e\u7ba1\u7406\u8def\u7531\u7b56\u7565\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u4e2d\u7684\u89c4\u5219\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u89c4\u5219\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e86\u6839\u636e\u9009\u62e9\u5668\u7684\u7279\u5b9a\u53c2\u6570\u5982\u4f55\u9009\u62e9\u8def\u7531\u8868\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\"># \u4ee5\u4e0b\u662f\u53c2\u6570\u7684\u8be6\u7ec6\u89e3\u91ca\uff1a\nSELECTOR\uff1a\nnot: \u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5426\u5b9a\u64cd\u4f5c\u7b26\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u53cd\u8f6c\u4e4b\u540e\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u3002\nfrom PREFIX: \u5339\u914d\u6765\u6e90IP\u5730\u5740\u6216\u5b50\u7f51\u3002\nto PREFIX: \u5339\u914d\u76ee\u6807IP\u5730\u5740\u6216\u5b50\u7f51\u3002\ntos TOS: \u5339\u914dIP\u5305\u7684Type Of Service\u5b57\u6bb5\u3002\nfwmark FWMARK[\/MASK]: \u5339\u914d\u9632\u706b\u5899\u6807\u8bb0\u3002\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528MASK\u6765\u5b9a\u4e49\u54ea\u4e9b\u4f4d\u9700\u8981\u5339\u914d\u3002\niif STRING: \u5339\u914d\u5165\u53e3\u63a5\u53e3\u3002\noif STRING: \u5339\u914d\u51fa\u53e3\u63a5\u53e3\u3002\npref NUMBER: \u6307\u5b9a\u89c4\u5219\u7684\u4f18\u5148\u7ea7\u3002\u8f83\u4f4e\u7684\u6570\u5b57\u5177\u6709\u8f83\u9ad8\u7684\u4f18\u5148\u7ea7\u3002\nl3mdev: \u5982\u679c\u8bbe\u7f6e\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9009\u62e9\u5668\u5c06\u5339\u914d\u5165\u7ad9\u7684l3 master\u8bbe\u5907\u3002\nuidrange NUMBER-NUMBER: \u5339\u914d\u53d1\u51fa\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5305\u7684UID\u8303\u56f4\u3002\nipproto PROTOCOL: \u5339\u914dIP\u534f\u8bae\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982TCP\u6216UDP\u3002\nsport [ NUMBER | NUMBER-NUMBER ]: \u5339\u914d\u6e90\u7aef\u53e3\u6216\u7aef\u53e3\u8303\u56f4\u3002\ndport [ NUMBER | NUMBER-NUMBER ]: \u5339\u914d\u76ee\u6807\u7aef\u53e3\u6216\u7aef\u53e3\u8303\u56f4\u3002\n\nACTION\uff1a\ntable TABLE_ID: \u6307\u5b9a\u8be5\u89c4\u5219\u8981\u67e5\u627e\u7684\u8def\u7531\u8868\u3002\nprotocol PROTO: \u8fd9\u901a\u5e38\u7528\u4e8e\u52a8\u6001\u8def\u7531\u534f\u8bae\u3002\u5b83\u6307\u5b9a\u4e86\u6dfb\u52a0\u6216\u66f4\u6539\u8def\u7531\u7684\u534f\u8bae\u3002\nnat ADDRESS: \u8fdb\u884cNAT\u8f6c\u6362\u5230\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u5730\u5740\u3002\nrealms [SRCREALM\/]DSTREALM: \u6307\u5b9a\u8def\u7531\u9886\u57df\u3002\ngoto NUMBER: \u8df3\u8f6c\u5230\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u4f18\u5148\u7ea7\u3002\nSUPPRESSOR\uff1a\nsuppress_prefixlength NUMBER: \u4e0d\u8003\u8651\u6240\u6709\u524d\u7f00\u957f\u5ea6\u5c0f\u4e8eNUMBER\u7684\u8def\u7531\u3002\nsuppress_ifgroup DEVGROUP: \u4e0d\u8003\u8651\u5c5e\u4e8e\u6307\u5b9a\u8bbe\u5907\u7ec4\u7684\u8def\u7531\u3002\n\nTABLE_ID\uff1a\nlocal: \u672c\u5730\u8def\u7531\u8868\u3002\nmain: \u4e3b\u8def\u7531\u8868\u3002\ndefault: \u9ed8\u8ba4\u8def\u7531\u8868\u3002\nNUMBER: \u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u8868ID\u53f7\u3002<\/code><\/pre>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\"># \u57fa\u672c\u7528\u6cd5\n# \u67e5\u770b\u73b0\u6709\u7684\u8def\u7531\u89c4\u5219:\nip rule list\n\n# \u6dfb\u52a0\u65b0\u89c4\u5219:\nip rule add SELECTOR ACTION\n\n# \u5220\u9664\u89c4\u5219:\nip rule del SELECTOR ACTION\n\n# \u6848\u4f8b\n# 1.\u57fa\u4e8e\u6e90IP\u7684\u8def\u7531:\n\u60f3\u8c61\u4e00\u4e0b\uff0c\u4f60\u6709\u4e24\u4e2a\u7f51\u7edc\u63a5\u53e3\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u8fde\u63a5\u5230ISP A\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u8fde\u63a5\u5230ISP B\u3002\u60a8\u60f3\u8981\u6240\u6709\u4eceIP\u5730\u5740 192.168.1.100 \u51fa\u6765\u7684\u6d41\u91cf\u90fd\u901a\u8fc7ISP B\u3002\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u4f60\u9700\u8981\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e13\u95e8\u7684\u8def\u7531\u8868\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u8868100\uff09\u4e3aISP B\u3002\nip rule add from 192.168.1.100 table 100\n\n# \u57fa\u4e8eTOS\u7684\u8def\u7531:\n\u60a8\u53ef\u4ee5\u57fa\u4e8eTOS\u5b57\u6bb5\u6765\u8def\u7531\u6d41\u91cf\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5c06\u6240\u6709TOS\u4e3a0x08\u7684\u6d41\u91cf\u8def\u7531\u5230\u8868 30\uff1a\nip rule add tos 0x08 table 30\n\n# \u57fa\u4e8e\u5165\u53e3\u63a5\u53e3\u7684\u8def\u7531:\n\u901a\u8fc7\u6307\u5b9a\u6d41\u91cf\u5165\u53e3\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u63a5\u53e3\u6765\u8def\u7531\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u901a\u8fc7eth1\u63a5\u53e3\u8fdb\u5165\u7684\u6d41\u91cf\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u8def\u7531\u5230\u8868 40\nip rule add iif eth1 table 40\n\n# \u4f7f\u7528NAT:\n\u4f7f\u7528 NAT \u4fee\u6539\u6d41\u91cf\u7684\u6e90\u5730\u5740\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5c06\u6240\u6709\u4ece 192.168.1.0\/24 \u6765\u7684\u6d41\u91cf\u7684\u6e90\u5730\u5740\u6539\u4e3a 10.0.0.1\uff1a\nip rule add from 192.168.1.0\/24 nat 10.0.0.1\n\n# \u5220\u9664\u89c4\u5219:\n\u5220\u9664\u4e4b\u524d\u6dfb\u52a0\u7684\u57fa\u4e8e\u6e90\u5730\u5740\u7684\u89c4\u5219\uff1a\nip rule del from 192.168.1.100 table 100<\/code><\/pre>\n<h3>ip tunnel<\/h3>\n<blockquote>\n<p><code>ip tunnel<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u7528\u4e8e\u521b\u5efa\u3001\u7ba1\u7406\u548c\u663e\u793aIP\u96a7\u9053\u3002\u96a7\u9053\u662f\u5728\u5176\u4ed6\u534f\u8bae\u4e4b\u4e0a\u5c01\u88c5IP\u6d41\u91cf\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u7528\u4e8e\u521b\u5efaVPN\u6216\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u4e4b\u95f4\u5efa\u7acb\u8fde\u63a5\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\"># \u547d\u4ee4\u52a8\u4f5c\nadd: \u521b\u5efa\u65b0\u7684\u96a7\u9053\u3002\nchange: \u4fee\u6539\u73b0\u6709\u96a7\u9053\u7684\u53c2\u6570\u3002\ndel: \u5220\u9664\u96a7\u9053\u3002\nshow: \u663e\u793a\u96a7\u9053\u5217\u8868\u3002\nprl: Policy Routing List\uff0c\u4e0eISATAP\u96a7\u9053\u6709\u5173\u7684\u9009\u9879\u3002\n6rd: \u4e0eIPv6 Rapid Deployment\u6709\u5173\u7684\u9009\u9879\u3002\n\n# \u53c2\u6570\nNAME: \u96a7\u9053\u7684\u540d\u79f0\u3002\nmode: \u96a7\u9053\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002\u53ef\u9009\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\u6709\uff1a\n    gre: Generic Routing Encapsulation\n    ipip: IP-in-IP encapsulation\n    isatap: Intra-Site Automatic Tunnel Addressing Protocol\n    sit: Simple Internet Transition (\u7528\u4e8eIPv6\u5230IPv4\u7684\u8f6c\u6362)\n    vti: Virtual Tunnel Interface, \u7528\u4e8eVPN\u3002\nremote ADDR: \u8fdc\u7aef\u7684IP\u5730\u5740\u3002\nlocal ADDR: \u672c\u5730\u7684IP\u5730\u5740\u3002\n[i|o]seq: \u8f93\u5165\u6216\u8f93\u51fa\u5e8f\u5217\u53f7\u3002\n[i|o]key KEY: \u8f93\u5165\u6216\u8f93\u51fa\u7684\u5bc6\u94a5\u3002\n[i|o]csum: \u8f93\u5165\u6216\u8f93\u51fa\u7684\u6821\u9a8c\u548c\u3002\nprl-default ADDR: \u4e0eISATAP\u6709\u5173\u7684\u9ed8\u8ba4\u7b56\u7565\u8def\u7531\u5217\u8868\u5730\u5740\u3002\nprl-nodefault ADDR: \u975e\u9ed8\u8ba4\u7684PRL\u5730\u5740\u3002\nprl-delete ADDR: \u8981\u4ecePRL\u4e2d\u5220\u9664\u7684\u5730\u5740\u3002\n6rd-prefix ADDR: 6RD\u96a7\u9053\u7684IPv6\u524d\u7f00\u3002\n6rd-relay_prefix ADDR: 6RD\u7684\u4e2d\u7ee7\u524d\u7f00\u3002\n6rd-reset: \u91cd\u7f6e6RD\u914d\u7f6e\u3002\nttl TTL: Time to Live\u3002\u5b9a\u4e49\u6570\u636e\u5305\u5728\u7f51\u7edc\u4e0a\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u3002\ntos TOS: Type of Service\u3002\u5b9a\u4e49\u6570\u636e\u5305\u7684\u670d\u52a1\u7c7b\u578b\u3002\n[no]pmtudisc: PMTU Discovery\u3002\u63a2\u6d4b\u8def\u5f84\u7684\u6700\u5927\u4f20\u8f93\u5355\u4f4d\u3002&quot;no&quot;\u8868\u793a\u7981\u7528\u3002\ndev PHYS_DEV: \u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u7269\u7406\u8bbe\u5907\u540d\u79f0\u3002<\/code><\/pre>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\"># 1.\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u96a7\u9053\n\u5047\u8bbe\u6211\u4eec\u60f3\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u540d\u4e3a tun0 \u7684GRE\u96a7\u9053\uff0c\u5176\u672c\u5730\u5730\u5740\u4e3a 192.168.1.1\uff0c\u8fdc\u7aef\u5730\u5740\u4e3a 192.168.2.1\u3002\nip tunnel add tun0 mode gre local 192.168.1.1 remote 192.168.2.1\n\n# 2.\u4fee\u6539\u96a7\u9053\u53c2\u6570\n\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u6539\u53d8\u4e00\u4e2a\u5df2\u5b58\u5728\u96a7\u9053\u7684\u53c2\u6570\uff0c\u5982\u4e0b\u6240\u793a\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4fee\u6539 tun0 \u7684\u8fdc\u7a0b\u5730\u5740\uff1a\nip tunnel change tun0 mode gre local 192.168.1.1 remote 192.168.3.1\n\n# 3.\u663e\u793a\u6240\u6709\u96a7\u9053\nip tunnel show\n\n# 4.\u5220\u9664\u96a7\u9053\n\u5220\u9664\u540d\u4e3a tun0 \u7684\u96a7\u9053\uff1a\nip tunnel del tun0\n\n# 5. \u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2aIPv6\u5230IPv4\u96a7\u9053\uff08SIT\uff09\n\u8fd9\u5728IPv6\u8fc7\u6e21\u6280\u672f\u4e2d\u5f88\u5e38\u89c1\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u6211\u4eec\u60f3\u8981\u8fde\u63a5\u4e00\u4e2a\u8fdc\u7aef\u7684IPv6\u7f51\u7edc\uff1a\nip tunnel add tun0 mode sit remote 2001:db8::1 local 192.168.1.1\n\n# 6.\u4f7f\u7528\u5bc6\u94a5\u4fdd\u62a4\u96a7\u9053\n\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u5b89\u5168\u6027\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u5e0c\u671bGRE\u96a7\u9053\u6709\u5bc6\u94a5\u3002\u4ee5\u4e0b\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u4f7f\u7528\u5bc6\u94a5\u7684\u793a\u4f8b\uff1a\nip tunnel add tun0 mode gre local 192.168.1.1 remote 192.168.2.1 key 12345\n\n# 7.\u8bbe\u7f6e\u96a7\u9053\u7684TTL\n\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u80fd\u60f3\u8981\u8bbe\u7f6e\u96a7\u9053\u7684TTL\u4ee5\u63a7\u5236\u6570\u636e\u5305\u5728\u7f51\u7edc\u4e2d\u7684\u751f\u547d\u5468\u671f\uff1a\nip tunnel add tun0 mode gre local 192.168.1.1 remote 192.168.2.1 ttl 64<\/code><\/pre>\n<h2>iptables<\/h2>\n<blockquote>\n<p><code>iptables<\/code>\u662fLinux\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u547d\u4ee4\u884c\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u7ba1\u7406Linux\u5185\u6838\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684IPV4\u5305\u8fc7\u6ee4\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u5373\u7528\u4e8e\u914d\u7f6e\u3001\u7ba1\u7406\u548c\u7ef4\u62a4Linux\u4e0a\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u9632\u706b\u5899\u89c4\u5219\u3002\u5b83\u5141\u8bb8\u7528\u6237\u6839\u636e\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\uff08\u5982\u6765\u6e90IP\u5730\u5740\u3001\u76ee\u6807IP\u5730\u5740\u3001\u4f20\u8f93\u5c42\u534f\u8bae\u7b49\uff09\u5bf9\u7f51\u7edc\u6570\u636e\u5305\u8fdb\u884c\u8fc7\u6ee4\u3001\u8f6c\u53d1\u548c\u4e22\u5f03\u7b49\u64cd\u4f5c\u3002iptables \u4e3b\u8981\u5de5\u4f5c\u5728 OSI\uff08\u5f00\u653e\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e92\u8054\uff09\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u7b2c 3 \u5c42\uff08\u7f51\u7edc\u5c42\uff09\u548c\u7b2c 4 \u5c42\uff08\u4f20\u8f93\u5c42\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>iptables\u4e3b\u8981\u7531\u4e00\u4e0b\u51e0\u4e2a\u7ec4\u6210\u90e8\u5206\u6784\u6210\uff1a<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u8868\uff08Tables\uff09\uff1a\u5305\u542b\u4e86\u4e00\u7ec4\u76f8\u4e92\u5173\u8054\u7684\u94fe\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u5904\u7406\u6570\u636e\u5305\u3002\u6700\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u8868\u6709<code>filter<\/code>\u3001<code>nat<\/code>\u3001<code>mangle<\/code>\u548c<code>raw<\/code>\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u94fe\uff08Chains\uff09\uff1a\u4e00\u4e2a\u8868\u4e2d\u5305\u542b\u591a\u4e2a\u94fe\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u6839\u636e\u89c4\u5219\u5904\u7406\u6570\u636e\u5305\u3002\u9ed8\u8ba4\u94fe<code>INPUT<\/code>,<code>OUTPUT<\/code>,<code>FORWARD<\/code>,<code>PREROUTING<\/code>\u548c<code>POSTROUTING<\/code>\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u89c4\u5219\uff08Rules\uff09\uff1a\u5b9a\u4e49\u5728\u94fe\u4e0a\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u548c\u64cd\u4f5c\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u5904\u7406\u6570\u636e\u5305\u3002\u5f53\u6570\u636e\u5305\u4e0e\u89c4\u5219\u5339\u914d\u65f6\uff0c\u5c31\u4f1a\u6267\u884c\u76f8\u5e94\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c\uff08\u5982\u5141\u8bb8\u3001\u62d2\u7edd\u548c\u8bb0\u5f55\uff09\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><code>iptables<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u683c\u5f0f\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">iptables [\u9009\u9879] [\u94fe] [\u5339\u914d\u6761\u4ef6] [\u52a8\u4f5c]<\/code><\/pre>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\"># \u7528\u6cd5\uff1a\n#iptables -[ACD] chain rule-specification [options]: \u8fd9\u4e00\u884c\u5176\u5b9e\u5305\u542b\u4e86\u4e09\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u7b80\u5199\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u5206\u522b\u662f\uff1a\n# -A (append): \u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u7528\u4e8e\u5411\u5df2\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u94fe\u4e2d\u8ffd\u52a0\u89c4\u5219\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a\niptables -A INPUT -s 192.168.0.1 -j DROP\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u8868\u793a\u5c06\u6e90IP\u4e3a192.168.0.1\u7684\u6240\u6709\u5165\u7ad9\u6d41\u91cf\u90fd\u4e22\u5f03\u3002\n\n# -C (check): \u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u7528\u4e8e\u68c0\u67e5\u67d0\u4e2a\u89c4\u5219\u662f\u5426\u5728\u94fe\u4e2d\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a\niptables -C INPUT -s 192.168.0.1 -j DROP\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u8868\u793a\u68c0\u67e5\u662f\u5426\u6709\u4e00\u6761\u89c4\u5219\uff0c\u5b83\u4e22\u5f03\u6765\u81ea\u6e90IP\u4e3a192.168.0.1\u7684\u6240\u6709\u5165\u7ad9\u6d41\u91cf\u3002\n\n# -D (delete): \u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u7528\u4e8e\u4ece\u94fe\u4e2d\u5220\u9664\u4e00\u4e2a\u5339\u914d\u7684\u89c4\u5219\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a\niptables -D INPUT -s 192.168.0.1 -j DROP\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u8868\u793a\u5220\u9664\u4e22\u5f03\u6e90IP\u4e3a192.168.0.1\u7684\u6240\u6709\u5165\u7ad9\u6d41\u91cf\u7684\u89c4\u5219\u3002\n\n# iptables -I chain [rulenum] rule-specification [options]: \u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u7528\u4e8e\u5728\u94fe\u4e2d\u7684\u6307\u5b9a\u4f4d\u7f6e\u63d2\u5165\u89c4\u5219\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a\niptables -I INPUT 1 -s 192.168.0.1 -j DROP\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u8868\u793a\u5728INPUT\u94fe\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4f4d\u7f6e\u63d2\u5165\u4e00\u4e2a\u89c4\u5219\uff0c\u8be5\u89c4\u5219\u5c06\u4e22\u5f03\u6e90IP\u4e3a192.168.0.1\u7684\u6240\u6709\u5165\u7ad9\u6d41\u91cf\u3002\n\n# iptables -R chain rulenum rule-specification [options]: \u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u7528\u4e8e\u66ff\u6362\u94fe\u4e2d\u6307\u5b9a\u4f4d\u7f6e\u7684\u89c4\u5219\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a\niptables -R INPUT 1 -s 192.168.0.1 -j DROP\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u8868\u793a\u66ff\u6362INPUT\u94fe\u4e2d\u7b2c\u4e00\u4f4d\u7f6e\u7684\u89c4\u5219\uff0c\u65b0\u7684\u89c4\u5219\u5c06\u4e22\u5f03\u6e90IP\u4e3a192.168.0.1\u7684\u6240\u6709\u5165\u7ad9\u6d41\u91cf\u3002\n\n# iptables -D chain rulenum [options]: \u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u7528\u4e8e\u5220\u9664\u94fe\u4e2d\u6307\u5b9a\u4f4d\u7f6e\u7684\u89c4\u5219\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a\niptables -D INPUT 1\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u8868\u793a\u5220\u9664INPUT\u94fe\u4e2d\u7b2c\u4e00\u4f4d\u7f6e\u7684\u89c4\u5219\u3002\n\n# iptables -[LS] [chain [rulenum]] [options]: \u8fd9\u4e00\u884c\u5176\u5b9e\u5305\u542b\u4e86\u4e24\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u7b80\u5199\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u5206\u522b\u662f\uff1a\n\n# -L (list): \u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u7528\u4e8e\u5217\u51fa\u94fe\u4e2d\u7684\u6240\u6709\u89c4\u5219\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a\n# iptables -L INPUT\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u8868\u793a\u5217\u51faINPUT\u94fe\u4e2d\u7684\u6240\u6709\u89c4\u5219\u3002\n\n# -S (list-rules): \u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u7528\u4e8e\u4ee5\u4e00\u79cd\u53ef\u7528\u4e8e\u811a\u672c\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u5217\u51fa\u94fe\u4e2d\u7684\u6240\u6709\u89c4\u5219\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a\n# iptables -S INPUT\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u8868\u793a\u4ee5\u4e00\u79cd\u53ef\u7528\u4e8e\u811a\u672c\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u5217\u51faINPUT\u94fe\u4e2d\u7684\u6240\u6709\u89c4\u5219\u3002\n\n# iptables -[FZ] [chain] [options]: \u8fd9\u4e00\u884c\u5176\u5b9e\u5305\u542b\u4e86\u4e24\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u7b80\u5199\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u5206\u522b\u662f\uff1a\n\n# -F (flush): \u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u7528\u4e8e\u5220\u9664\u94fe\u4e2d\u7684\u6240\u6709\u89c4\u5219\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a\n# iptables -F INPUT\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u8868\u793a\u5220\u9664INPUT\u94fe\u4e2d\u7684\u6240\u6709\u89c4\u5219\u3002\n\n# -Z (zero): \u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u7528\u4e8e\u5c06\u94fe\u4e2d\u7684\u6240\u6709\u8ba1\u6570\u5668\u7f6e\u96f6\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a\n# iptables -Z INPUT\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u8868\u793a\u5c06INPUT\u94fe\u4e2d\u7684\u6240\u6709\u8ba1\u6570\u5668\u7f6e\u96f6\u3002\n\n# iptables -[NX] chain: \u8fd9\u4e00\u884c\u5176\u5b9e\u5305\u542b\u4e86\u4e24\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u7b80\u5199\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u5206\u522b\u662f\uff1a\n\n# -N (new): \u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u7528\u4e8e\u521b\u5efa\u65b0\u7684\u7528\u6237\u5b9a\u4e49\u94fe\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a\n# iptables -N MY_CHAIN\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u8868\u793a\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u540d\u4e3aMY_CHAIN\u7684\u65b0\u94fe\u3002\n\n# -X (delete-chain): \u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u7528\u4e8e\u5220\u9664\u7528\u6237\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u94fe\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a\n# iptables -X MY_CHAIN\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u8868\u793a\u5220\u9664\u540d\u4e3aMY_CHAIN\u7684\u94fe\u3002\n\n# iptables -E old-chain-name new-chain-name: \u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u7528\u4e8e\u91cd\u547d\u540d\u94fe\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a\n# iptables -E old_chain new_chain\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u8868\u793a\u5c06\u540d\u4e3aold_chain\u7684\u94fe\u91cd\u547d\u540d\u4e3anew_chain\u3002\n\n# iptables -P chain target [options]: \u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u7528\u4e8e\u8bbe\u7f6e\u94fe\u7684\u9ed8\u8ba4\u7b56\u7565\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a\n# iptables -P INPUT DROP\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u8868\u793a\u5c06INPUT\u94fe\u7684\u9ed8\u8ba4\u7b56\u7565\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e3aDROP\uff0c\u5373\u9ed8\u8ba4\u4e22\u5f03\u6240\u6709\u5165\u7ad9\u6d41\u91cf\u3002\n\n# iptables -h: \u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u7528\u4e8e\u6253\u5370iptables\u7684\u5e2e\u52a9\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/code><\/pre>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\"># \u9009\u9879\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a\n--append -A chain\uff1a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9009\u9879\u7528\u4e8e\u5411\u9009\u5b9a\u94fe\u7684\u672b\u5c3e\u6dfb\u52a0\u89c4\u5219\u3002\n--check -C chain\uff1a\u6b64\u9009\u9879\u7528\u4e8e\u68c0\u67e5\u9009\u5b9a\u94fe\u4e2d\u662f\u5426\u5b58\u5728\u89c4\u5219\u3002\n--delete -D chain\uff1a\u6b64\u9009\u9879\u7528\u4e8e\u4ece\u9009\u5b9a\u7684\u94fe\u4e2d\u5220\u9664\u4e00\u4e2a\u6216\u591a\u4e2a\u89c4\u5219\u3002\n--delete -D chain rulenum\uff1a\u6b64\u9009\u9879\u7528\u4e8e\u5220\u9664\u5728\u9009\u5b9a\u94fe\u4e2d\u4f4d\u4e8e&#039;rulenum&#039;\u4f4d\u7f6e\u7684\u89c4\u5219\u3002\n--insert -I chain [rulenum]\uff1a\u6b64\u9009\u9879\u7528\u4e8e\u5728\u9009\u5b9a\u94fe\u7684&#039;rulenum&#039;\u4f4d\u7f6e\u63d2\u5165\u65b0\u89c4\u5219\u3002\n--replace -R chain rulenum\uff1a\u6b64\u9009\u9879\u7528\u4e8e\u66ff\u6362\u9009\u5b9a\u94fe\u4e2d\u4f4d\u4e8e&#039;rulenum&#039;\u4f4d\u7f6e\u7684\u89c4\u5219\u3002\n--list -L [chain [rulenum]]\uff1a\u6b64\u9009\u9879\u7528\u4e8e\u5217\u51fa\u9009\u5b9a\u94fe\u6216\u6240\u6709\u94fe\u4e2d\u7684\u6240\u6709\u89c4\u5219\u3002\n--list-rules -S [chain [rulenum]]\uff1a\u6b64\u9009\u9879\u7528\u4e8e\u6253\u5370\u9009\u5b9a\u94fe\u6216\u6240\u6709\u94fe\u4e2d\u7684\u89c4\u5219\u3002\n--flush -F [chain]\uff1a\u6b64\u9009\u9879\u7528\u4e8e\u5220\u9664\u9009\u5b9a\u94fe\u6216\u6240\u6709\u94fe\u4e2d\u7684\u6240\u6709\u89c4\u5219\u3002\n--zero -Z [chain [rulenum]]\uff1a\u6b64\u9009\u9879\u7528\u4e8e\u5c06\u6240\u6709\u94fe\u7684\u5305\u548c\u5b57\u8282\u8ba1\u6570\u5668\u5f52\u96f6\u3002\n--new -N chain\uff1a\u6b64\u9009\u9879\u7528\u4e8e\u521b\u5efa\u65b0\u7684\u7528\u6237\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u94fe\u3002\n--delete-chain -X [chain]\uff1a\u6b64\u9009\u9879\u7528\u4e8e\u5220\u9664\u7528\u6237\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u94fe\u3002\n--policy -P chain target\uff1a\u6b64\u9009\u9879\u7528\u4e8e\u8bbe\u7f6e\u5185\u7f6e\u94fe\u7684\u7b56\u7565\u3002\n--rename-chain -E old-chain new-chain\uff1a\u6b64\u9009\u9879\u7528\u4e8e\u91cd\u547d\u540d\u94fe\u3002\n--ipv4 -4\uff1a\u6b64\u9009\u9879\u4e0eIPv4\u76f8\u5173\u3002\u5728iptables\u4e2d\uff0c\u5b83\u4f1a\u88ab\u5ffd\u7565\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u5df2\u7ecf\u6d89\u53ca\u5230IPv4\u3002\n--ipv6 -6\uff1a\u6b64\u9009\u9879\u4e0eIPv6\u76f8\u5173\u3002\u5728iptables\u4e2d\uff0c\u5b83\u4f1a\u7ed9\u51fa\u9519\u8bef\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3aiptables\u4e0d\u5904\u7406IPv6\uff08ip6tables\u4f1a\u5904\u7406\uff09\u3002\n--proto -p proto\uff1a\u6b64\u9009\u9879\u7528\u4e8e\u5339\u914d\u534f\u8bae\u3002\n--source -s address[\/mask][...]\uff1a\u6b64\u9009\u9879\u7528\u4e8e\u5339\u914d\u6e90\u5730\u5740\u3002\n--destination -d address[\/mask][...]\uff1a\u6b64\u9009\u9879\u7528\u4e8e\u5339\u914d\u76ee\u7684\u5730\u5730\u5740\u3002\n--in-interface -i input name[+]\uff1a\u6b64\u9009\u9879\u7528\u4e8e\u5339\u914d\u7f51\u7edc\u63a5\u53e3\u540d\u3002\n--jump -j target\uff1a\u6b64\u9009\u9879\u7528\u4e8e\u6307\u5b9a\u89c4\u5219\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u3002\n--goto -g chain\uff1a\u6b64\u9009\u9879\u7528\u4e8e\u65e0\u8fd4\u56de\u5730\u8df3\u8f6c\u5230\u7528\u6237\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u94fe\u3002\n--match -m match\uff1a\u6b64\u9009\u9879\u7528\u4e8e\u6269\u5c55\u5305\u5339\u914d\u3002\n--numeric -n\uff1a\u6b64\u9009\u9879\u7528\u4e8e\u5730\u5740\u548c\u7aef\u53e3\u7684\u6570\u5b57\u8f93\u51fa\u3002\n--out-interface -o output name[+]\uff1a\u6b64\u9009\u9879\u7528\u4e8e\u5339\u914d\u8981\u53d1\u9001\u6570\u636e\u5305\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u63a5\u53e3\u7684\u540d\u5b57\u3002\n--table -t table\uff1a\u6b64\u9009\u9879\u7528\u4e8e\u9009\u62e9\u4e00\u4e2a\u6570\u636e\u5305\u8fc7\u6ee4\u8868\u3002\n--verbose -v\uff1a\u6b64\u9009\u9879\u7528\u4e8e\u8be6\u7ec6\u8f93\u51fa\u3002\n--wait -w [seconds]\uff1a\u6b64\u9009\u9879\u7528\u4e8e\u7b49\u5f85xtables\u9501\u3002\n--wait-interval -W [usecs]\uff1a\u6b64\u9009\u9879\u7528\u4e8e\u8bbe\u7f6e\u5c1d\u8bd5\u83b7\u53d6xtables\u9501\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u3002\n--line-numbers\uff1a\u6b64\u9009\u9879\u7528\u4e8e\u5728\u5217\u51fa\u89c4\u5219\u65f6\u6253\u5370\u884c\u53f7\u3002\n--exact -x\uff1a\u6b64\u9009\u9879\u7528\u4e8e\u5728\u8f93\u51fa\u4e2d\u663e\u793a\u5305\u548c\u5b57\u8282\u8ba1\u6570\u5668\u7684\u786e\u5207\u503c\u3002\n--fragment -f\uff1a\u6b64\u9009\u9879\u7528\u4e8e\u5339\u914d\u5206\u7247\u5305\u7684\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u548c\u540e\u7eed\u788e\u7247\u3002\n--modprobe=&lt;command&gt;\uff1a\u6b64\u9009\u9879\u7528\u4e8e\u5c1d\u8bd5\u4f7f\u7528\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u63d2\u5165\u6a21\u5757\u3002\n--set-counters PKTS BYTES\uff1a\u6b64\u9009\u9879\u7528\u4e8e\u5728\u63d2\u5165\/\u8ffd\u52a0\u671f\u95f4\u8bbe\u7f6e\u8ba1\u6570\u5668\u3002\n--version -V\uff1a\u6b64\u9009\u9879\u7528\u4e8e\u663e\u793aiptables\u7684\u7248\u672c\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\n\n# 1.\u5728iptables\u547d\u4ee4\u4e2d\uff0c-j\u9009\u9879\u540e\u9762\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ddf\u4e00\u4e2a\u201c\u76ee\u6807\u201d\uff08target\uff09\uff0c\u5373\u5f53\u6570\u636e\u5305\u7b26\u5408\u67d0\u4e00\u89c4\u5219\u65f6\uff0ciptables\u5e94\u8be5\u6267\u884c\u7684\u52a8\u4f5c\u3002\u4ee5\u4e0b\u662f\u4e00\u4e9b\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u76ee\u6807\uff1a\nACCEPT\uff1a\u63a5\u53d7\u6570\u636e\u5305\u3002\u8fd9\u5c06\u505c\u6b62\u5bf9\u8be5\u6570\u636e\u5305\u7684\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u5904\u7406\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u5176\u5141\u8bb8\u901a\u8fc7\u3002\nDROP\uff1a\u4e22\u5f03\u6570\u636e\u5305\u3002\u8fd9\u5c06\u505c\u6b62\u5bf9\u8be5\u6570\u636e\u5305\u7684\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u5904\u7406\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u4f1a\u7ed9\u6570\u636e\u5305\u7684\u53d1\u9001\u8005\u53d1\u9001\u4efb\u4f55\u54cd\u5e94\u3002\nREJECT\uff1a\u62d2\u7edd\u6570\u636e\u5305\u3002\u8fd9\u4e0eDROP\u7c7b\u4f3c\uff0c\u4f46\u4f1a\u7ed9\u6570\u636e\u5305\u7684\u53d1\u9001\u8005\u53d1\u9001\u4e00\u4e2a\u9519\u8bef\u54cd\u5e94\u3002\nLOG\uff1a\u8bb0\u5f55\u6570\u636e\u5305\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u5230\u7cfb\u7edf\u65e5\u5fd7\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u7ee7\u7eed\u5904\u7406\u5176\u4ed6\u89c4\u5219\u3002\nRETURN\uff1a\u505c\u6b62\u5904\u7406\u5f53\u524d\u94fe\u7684\u5269\u4f59\u89c4\u5219\uff0c\u5e76\u8fd4\u56de\u5230\u5904\u7406\u8be5\u94fe\u7684\u7236\u94fe\u3002\n\u81ea\u5b9a\u4e49\u94fe\u540d\uff1a\u5f53\u6570\u636e\u5305\u7b26\u5408\u89c4\u5219\u65f6\uff0c\u5904\u7406\u5c06\u4f1a\u8df3\u8f6c\u5230\u4f60\u81ea\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u94fe\u3002\n\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u4f60\u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u6269\u5c55\u6a21\u5757\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u7279\u5b9a\u76ee\u6807\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0cREDIRECT\u7528\u4e8e\u5c06\u6570\u636e\u5305\u91cd\u5b9a\u5411\u5230\u672c\u5730socket\uff0c\u800cMASQUERADE\u548cSNAT\u7528\u4e8e\u6e90\u5730\u5740\u8f6c\u6362\uff08Source NAT\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u76ee\u6807\u901a\u5e38\u7528\u4e8e\u7f51\u7edc\u5730\u5740\u8f6c\u6362\uff08NAT\uff09\u548c\u7aef\u53e3\u8f6c\u53d1\u7b49\u64cd\u4f5c\u3002<\/code><\/pre>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\"># 1.ptables\u5b9e\u73b0\u7aef\u53e3\u8f6c\u53d1\n# \u7aef\u53e3\u8f6c\u53d1\u5728\u8bb8\u591a\u7f51\u7edc\u5e94\u7528\u4e2d\u90fd\u975e\u5e38\u6709\u7528\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u5c06\u5916\u90e8\u7f51\u7edc\u7684\u8bbf\u95ee\u8bf7\u6c42\u8f6c\u53d1\u5230\u5185\u90e8\u7f51\u7edc\u7684\u7279\u5b9a\u673a\u5668\u6216\u8005\u670d\u52a1\u4e0a\u3002\u4ee5\u4e0b\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u4f7f\u7528iptables\u6765\u5b9e\u73b0\u7aef\u53e3\u8f6c\u53d1\u7684\u5e38\u89c1\u65b9\u6cd5\uff1a\n# \u9996\u5148\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u786e\u4fdd\u5185\u6838\u652f\u6301IP\u8f6c\u53d1\u3002\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u4fee\u6539\/proc\/sys\/net\/ipv4\/ip_forward\u7684\u503c\u6765\u5f00\u542f\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u7acb\u5373\u5f00\u542fIP\u8f6c\u53d1\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u6267\u884c\u4ee5\u4e0b\u547d\u4ee4\uff1a\necho 1 &gt; \/proc\/sys\/net\/ipv4\/ip_forward\n\n# \u4e3a\u4e86\u6c38\u4e45\u6027\u5730\u5f00\u542fIP\u8f6c\u53d1\uff0c\u4f60\u9700\u8981\u7f16\u8f91\/etc\/sysctl.conf\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u5728\u5176\u4e2d\u6dfb\u52a0\u6216\u4fee\u6539\u4ee5\u4e0b\u884c:\nnet.ipv4.ip_forward = 1\n\n# \u7136\u540e\uff0c\u8fd0\u884csysctl -p\u547d\u4ee4\u4f7f\u5176\u751f\u6548\u3002\nsysctl -p\n\n# \u7136\u540e\uff0c\u4f60\u9700\u8981\u914d\u7f6eiptables\u6765\u8fdb\u884c\u7aef\u53e3\u8f6c\u53d1\u3002\u4ee5\u4e0b\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c06\u6240\u6709\u5230\u8fbe\u672c\u673a80\u7aef\u53e3\u7684TCP\u6d41\u91cf\u8f6c\u53d1\u5230\u5185\u90e8\u673a\u5668192.168.1.2\u4e0a\u7684443\u7aef\u53e3\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\uff1a\niptables -t nat -A PREROUTING -p tcp --dport 80 -j DNAT --to-destination 192.168.1.2:443\niptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -j MASQUERADE\n#\u7b2c\u4e00\u884c\u662f\u6dfb\u52a0\u4e00\u6761PREROUTING\u94fe\u7684\u89c4\u5219\uff0c\u5c06\u76ee\u6807\u7aef\u53e3\uff08--dport\uff09\u4e3a80\u7684\u6240\u6709TCP\uff08-p tcp\uff09\u6d41\u91cf\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u5730\u5740\u6539\u4e3a192.168.1.2:443\uff08--to-destination 192.168.1.2:443\uff09\u3002\n#\u7b2c\u4e8c\u884c\u662f\u5728POSTROUTING\u94fe\u4e0a\u6dfb\u52a0\u4e00\u6761\u89c4\u5219\uff0c\u5c06\u6240\u6709\u51fa\u53bb\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5305\u7684\u6e90\u5730\u5740\u66f4\u6539\u4e3a\u672c\u673a\u5730\u5740\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\uff0c\u5185\u90e8\u673a\u5668\u56de\u5e94\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5305\u5c31\u80fd\u56de\u5230\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6b65\u9aa4\u53eb\u505a&quot;\u6e90\u5730\u5740\u4f2a\u88c5&quot;\uff08&quot;Source NAT&quot;\uff0c\u4e5f\u53eb&quot;SNAT&quot;\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u66f4\u5e7f\u6cdb\u5730\u88ab\u53eb\u505a&quot;Masquerading&quot;\uff09\u3002\n\n# 2.\u67e5\u770biptables\u89c4\u5219\uff1a\niptables -L -n -v\n# \u8fd9\u91cc\uff0c-L\u8868\u793a\u5217\u51fa\u89c4\u5219\uff0c-n\u8868\u793a\u4ee5\u6570\u5b57\u5f62\u5f0f\u663e\u793aIP\u5730\u5740\u548c\u7aef\u53e3\uff0c\u800c-v\u8868\u793a\u8be6\u7ec6\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002\n\n# 3.\u6dfb\u52a0\u65b0\u7684iptables\u89c4\u5219\uff1a\n# iptables -A\u547d\u4ee4\u7528\u4e8e\u6dfb\u52a0\u65b0\u7684\u89c4\u5219\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u4ee5\u4e0b\u547d\u4ee4\u963b\u6b62\u7279\u5b9aIP\u5730\u5740\u8bbf\u95ee\u4f60\u7684\u670d\u52a1\u5668\uff1a\niptables -A INPUT -s 123.123.123.123 -j DROP\n# \u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0c-A INPUT\u8868\u793a\u5c06\u65b0\u89c4\u5219\u6dfb\u52a0\u5230INPUT\u94fe\uff0c-s 123.123.123.123\u8868\u793a\u6e90IP\u5730\u5740\u4e3a123.123.123.123\uff0c-j DROP\u8868\u793a\u5bf9\u5339\u914d\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5305\u6267\u884c\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c\uff08\u8fd9\u91cc\u662f\u4e22\u5f03\u6570\u636e\u5305\uff09\u3002\n\n# 4.\u5220\u9664\u73b0\u6709\u7684iptables\u89c4\u5219\uff1a\n# \u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528iptables -D\u547d\u4ee4\u5220\u9664\u73b0\u6709\u7684\u89c4\u5219\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u8981\u5220\u9664\u4e0a\u9762\u6dfb\u52a0\u7684\u90a3\u6761\u89c4\u5219\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u4ee5\u4e0b\u547d\u4ee4\uff1a\niptables -D INPUT -s 123.123.123.123 -j DROP\n\n# 5.\u4fdd\u5b58iptables\u89c4\u5219\uff1a\n# iptables\u7684\u89c4\u5219\u5728\u7cfb\u7edf\u91cd\u542f\u540e\u4f1a\u88ab\u6e05\u9664\u3002\u8981\u6c38\u4e45\u4fdd\u5b58\u8fd9\u4e9b\u89c4\u5219\uff0c\u4f60\u9700\u8981\u4f7f\u7528iptables-save\u547d\u4ee4\u3002\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u7684Linux\u53d1\u884c\u7248\u4e0a\uff0c\u4fdd\u5b58iptables\u89c4\u5219\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u6709\u6240\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\n# \u5176\u4ed6\u64cd\u4f5c\uff1a\niptables -P\u547d\u4ee4\u7528\u4e8e\u8bbe\u7f6e\u9ed8\u8ba4\u7b56\u7565\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0ciptables -P INPUT DROP\u547d\u4ee4\u4f1a\u4e22\u5f03\u6240\u6709\u4e0d\u7b26\u5408\u5df2\u5b9a\u4e49\u89c4\u5219\u7684\u5165\u7ad9\u6570\u636e\u5305\u3002\n\niptables -F\u547d\u4ee4\u7528\u4e8e\u5220\u9664\u6240\u6709\u73b0\u6709\u7684\u89c4\u5219\u3002\n\n# 6.\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u60f3\u8981\u4f7f\u7528iptables\u6765\u9650\u5236\u7279\u5b9aIP\u7684\u8bbf\u95ee\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u89c4\u5219\u6765\u201c\u4e22\u5f03\u201d\u6765\u81ea\u8be5IP\u7684\u6240\u6709\u6570\u636e\u5305\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u793a\u4f8b\uff1a\niptables -A INPUT -s &lt;IP-ADDRESS&gt; -j DROP\n# \u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f60\u9700\u8981\u5c06&lt;IP-ADDRESS&gt;\u66ff\u6362\u4e3a\u4f60\u60f3\u8981\u9650\u5236\u8bbf\u95ee\u7684IP\u5730\u5740\u3002-A INPUT\u544a\u8bc9iptables\u4f60\u8981\u5411\u8f93\u5165\uff08INPUT\uff09\u94fe\u6dfb\u52a0\uff08Append\uff09\u4e00\u6761\u65b0\u7684\u89c4\u5219\uff0c-s\u7528\u4e8e\u6307\u5b9a\u6e90IP\u5730\u5740\uff0c-j DROP\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e86\u8981\u5bf9\u5339\u914d\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5305\u6267\u884c\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c\u2014\u2014\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u662f\u4e22\u5f03\u6570\u636e\u5305\u3002\n\n# 7.\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u60f3\u8981\u4f7f\u7528iptables\u6765\u9650\u5236\u7279\u5b9a\u7aef\u53e3\u7684\u8bbf\u95ee\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u89c4\u5219\u6765&quot;\u4e22\u5f03&quot;\u6765\u81ea\u8be5\u7aef\u53e3\u7684\u6240\u6709\u6570\u636e\u5305\u3002\u4ee5\u4e0b\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u793a\u4f8b\uff0c\u5b83\u9650\u5236\u4e86\u5bf9\u7aef\u53e322\uff08SSH\u7684\u9ed8\u8ba4\u7aef\u53e3\uff09\u7684\u8bbf\u95ee\uff1a\niptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 22 -j DROP\n# \u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u4e2d\uff0c-A INPUT\u544a\u8bc9iptables\u4f60\u8981\u5411\u8f93\u5165\uff08INPUT\uff09\u94fe\u6dfb\u52a0\uff08Append\uff09\u4e00\u6761\u65b0\u7684\u89c4\u5219\uff0c-p tcp\u8868\u793a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u89c4\u5219\u53ea\u5e94\u7528\u4e8eTCP\u534f\u8bae\uff0c--dport 22\u7528\u4e8e\u6307\u5b9a\u76ee\u6807\u7aef\u53e3\uff0c-j DROP\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e86\u8981\u5bf9\u5339\u914d\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5305\u6267\u884c\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c\u2014\u2014\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u662f\u4e22\u5f03\u6570\u636e\u5305\u3002\n\n# \u5982\u679c\u4f60\u60f3\u8981\u9650\u5236\u6765\u81ea\u7279\u5b9aIP\u5730\u5740\u7684\u5bf9\u67d0\u4e00\u7aef\u53e3\u7684\u8bbf\u95ee\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u7ed3\u5408\u4f7f\u7528-s\u548c--dport\u9009\u9879\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e0b\u547d\u4ee4\u5c06\u9650\u5236IP\u5730\u5740\u4e3a192.168.1.10\u7684\u5bf9\u7aef\u53e322\u7684\u8bbf\u95ee\uff1a\niptables -A INPUT -s 192.168.1.10 -p tcp --dport 22 -j DROP\n# \u8bf7\u8bb0\u4f4f\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u53d8\u66f4\u5728\u91cd\u542f\u540e\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0d\u4f1a\u4fdd\u7559\uff0c\u8fd9\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u4f60\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u8bbe\u7f6e\u3002\u8981\u4f7f\u8fd9\u4e9b\u53d8\u66f4\u6c38\u4e45\u751f\u6548\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u80fd\u9700\u8981\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e9b\u89c4\u5219\u4fdd\u5b58\u5230iptables\u7684\u914d\u7f6e\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u4f7f\u7528\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u7279\u5b9a\u5de5\u5177\u6765\u4fdd\u5b58\u9632\u706b\u5899\u89c4\u5219\u3002\u5728\u4e00\u4e9bLinux\u53d1\u884c\u7248\u4e2d\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528iptables-save\u548ciptables-restore\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u6216\u8005service iptables save\u547d\u4ee4\u6765\u4fdd\u5b58iptables\u89c4\u5219\u3002<\/code><\/pre>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\"># iptables\u4e5f\u5141\u8bb8\u4f7f\u7528\u6269\u5c55\u5339\u914d\u6761\u4ef6\n-p\uff1a\u6307\u5b9a\u534f\u8bae\uff0c\u5982TCP\u3001UDP\u3001ICMP\u7b49\u3002\n-s \u6216 --source\uff1a\u6307\u5b9a\u6e90IP\u5730\u5740\u6216\u7f51\u7edc\u3002\n-d \u6216 --destination\uff1a\u6307\u5b9a\u76ee\u6807IP\u5730\u5740\u6216\u7f51\u7edc\u3002\n--sport \u6216 --source-port\uff1a\u6307\u5b9a\u6e90\u7aef\u53e3\u3002\n--dport \u6216 --destination-port\uff1a\u6307\u5b9a\u76ee\u6807\u7aef\u53e3\u3002\n--tcp-flags\uff1a\u5339\u914dTCP\u6807\u5fd7\uff0c\u5982SYN\u3001ACK\u3001FIN\u3001RST\u3001URG\u3001PSH\u7b49\u3002\n-i \u6216 --in-interface\uff1a\u6307\u5b9a\u6570\u636e\u5305\u63a5\u6536\u7684\u63a5\u53e3\u3002\n-o \u6216 --out-interface\uff1a\u6307\u5b9a\u6570\u636e\u5305\u5c06\u8981\u79bb\u5f00\u7684\u63a5\u53e3\u3002\n-m \u6216 --match\uff1a\u7528\u4e8e\u6307\u5b9a\u6269\u5c55\u5339\u914d\u6a21\u5757\uff0c\u5982state\uff08\u7528\u4e8e\u8ddf\u8e2a\u5e76\u5339\u914d\u6570\u636e\u5305\u7684\u72b6\u6001\uff09\u3001multiport\uff08\u7528\u4e8e\u5339\u914d\u591a\u4e2a\u7aef\u53e3\uff09\u3001mac\uff08\u7528\u4e8e\u5339\u914d\u6e90MAC\u5730\u5740\uff09\u7b49\u3002\n--state\uff1a\u5339\u914d\u6570\u636e\u5305\u7684\u8fde\u63a5\u8ddf\u8e2a\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u5982NEW\u3001ESTABLISHED\u3001RELATED\u3001INVALID\u7b49\u3002\n--icmp-type\uff1a\u7528\u4e8e\u5339\u914dICMP\u5305\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u3002\n0   icmp\u5e94\u7b54\n8   icmp\u8bf7\u6c42\n\n# 1. state\u6a21\u5757\uff1a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6a21\u5757\u5141\u8bb8\u4f60\u6839\u636e\u8fde\u63a5\u72b6\u6001\u5339\u914d\u6570\u636e\u5305\u3002\u8fd9\u5bf9\u4e8e\u533a\u5206\u65b0\u8fde\u63a5\u548c\u5df2\u5efa\u7acb\u7684\u8fde\u63a5\u975e\u5e38\u6709\u7528\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u4e0b\u9762\u7684\u89c4\u5219\u6765\u5141\u8bb8\u5df2\u5efa\u7acb\u7684\u8fde\u63a5\u7684\u6240\u6709\u6570\u636e\u5305\u901a\u8fc7\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u963b\u6b62\u6240\u6709\u65b0\u7684\u3001\u672a\u8bf7\u6c42\u7684\u8fde\u63a5\uff1a\niptables -A INPUT -m state --state ESTABLISHED,RELATED -j ACCEPT\niptables -A INPUT -m state --state NEW -j DROP\n\n# 2.multiport\u6a21\u5757\uff1a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6a21\u5757\u5141\u8bb8\u4f60\u4e00\u6b21\u6307\u5b9a\u591a\u4e2a\u7aef\u53e3\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u60f3\u5728\u5355\u4e2a\u89c4\u5219\u4e2d\u963b\u6b62\u5bf9\u591a\u4e2a\u7aef\u53e3\u7684\u8bbf\u95ee\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u5982\u4e0b\u89c4\u5219\uff1a\niptables -A INPUT -p tcp -m multiport --dports 80,443,22 -j DROP\n\n# 3.limit\u6a21\u5757\uff1a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6a21\u5757\u5141\u8bb8\u4f60\u9650\u5236\u7279\u5b9a\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5305\u7684\u9891\u7387\u3002\u8fd9\u5bf9\u4e8e\u9632\u6b62DoS\u653b\u51fb\u975e\u5e38\u6709\u7528\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u4e0b\u9762\u7684\u89c4\u5219\u6765\u9650\u5236\u6bcf\u5206\u949f\u53ea\u80fd\u67095\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684SSH\u8fde\u63a5\uff1a\niptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 22 -m state --state NEW -m limit --limit 5\/min -j ACCEPT\niptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 22 -j DROP\n\n# 4. mac\u6a21\u5757\uff1a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6a21\u5757\u5141\u8bb8\u4f60\u6839\u636eMAC\u5730\u5740\u5339\u914d\u6570\u636e\u5305\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u4e0b\u9762\u7684\u89c4\u5219\u6765\u53ea\u5141\u8bb8\u7279\u5b9aMAC\u5730\u5740\u7684\u8bbe\u5907\u8bbf\u95ee\u7f51\u7edc\uff1a\niptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 22 -m mac --mac-source 00:11:22:33:44:55 -j ACCEPT\niptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 22 -j DROP\n\n# 5. icmp\u6a21\u5757\uff1a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6a21\u5757\u5141\u8bb8\u4f60\u6839\u636eICMP\u7c7b\u578b\u5339\u914d\u6570\u636e\u5305\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u4e0b\u9762\u7684\u89c4\u5219\u6765\u963b\u6b62\u6240\u6709\u7684ICMP\u91cd\u5b9a\u5411\u6d88\u606f\uff1a\niptables -A INPUT -p icmp --icmp-type redirect -j DROP\n\n# 6.recent\u6a21\u5757\uff1a\u7528\u4e8e\u8bb0\u5f55\u901a\u8fc7\u67d0\u6761\u89c4\u5219\u7684IP\u5730\u5740\uff0c\u5e76\u5141\u8bb8\u4f60\u5728\u540e\u7eed\u7684\u89c4\u5219\u4e2d\u6839\u636e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8bb0\u5f55\u8fdb\u884c\u64cd\u4f5c\u3002\u8fd9\u5728\u4e00\u4e9b\u590d\u6742\u7684\u573a\u666f\u4e2d\u975e\u5e38\u6709\u7528\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u9632\u6b62\u66b4\u529b\u7834\u89e3\u653b\u51fb\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e00\u6761\u89c4\u5219\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u572860\u79d2\u5185\u6709\u8d85\u8fc73\u6b21\u5c1d\u8bd5SSH\u767b\u5f55\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u5c31\u628a\u6e90IP\u5730\u5740\u52a0\u5165\u5230\u9ed1\u540d\u5355\u3002\niptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 22 -m recent --name ssh_attack --rcheck --seconds 60 --hitcount 3 -j DROP\niptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 22 -m recent --name ssh_attack --set -j ACCEPT\n\n# 7.hashlimit\u6a21\u5757\uff1a\u7528\u4e8e\u9650\u5236\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u6d41\u91cf\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e00\u6761\u89c4\u5219\uff0c\u9650\u5236\u6bcf\u4e2aIP\u5730\u5740\u6bcf\u5206\u949f\u53ea\u80fd\u53d1\u900110\u4e2aICMP\u56de\u663e\u8bf7\u6c42\u3002\niptables -A INPUT -p icmp --icmp-type echo-request -m hashlimit --hashlimit 10\/minute --hashlimit-burst 5 --hashlimit-mode srcip --hashlimit-name icmp_limit -j ACCEPT\niptables -A INPUT -p icmp --icmp-type echo-request -j DROP\n\n# 8.time\u6a21\u5757\uff1a\u7528\u4e8e\u5728\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u6bb5\u5339\u914d\u6570\u636e\u5305\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e00\u6761\u89c4\u5219\uff0c\u53ea\u5728\u5de5\u4f5c\u65f6\u95f4\u5141\u8bb8SSH\u8bbf\u95ee\u3002\niptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 22 -m time --timestart 09:00 --timestop 17:00 -j ACCEPT\niptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 22 -j DROP\n\n# 9.comment\u6a21\u5757\uff1a\u7528\u4e8e\u7ed9\u89c4\u5219\u6dfb\u52a0\u6ce8\u91ca\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u540e\u7eed\u7406\u89e3\u548c\u7ba1\u7406\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u6dfb\u52a0\u4e00\u6761\u5e26\u6709\u6ce8\u91ca\u7684\u89c4\u5219\u3002\niptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 22 -m comment --comment &quot;Allow SSH access&quot; -j ACCEPT\n\n# 10.conntrack \u6a21\u5757\uff1aconntrack \u662f state \u6a21\u5757\u7684\u5347\u7ea7\u7248\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u80fd\u5339\u914d\u8fde\u63a5\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u8fd8\u80fd\u5339\u914d\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u8fde\u63a5\u8ddf\u8e2a\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\u6b64\u6a21\u5757\u9700\u8981\u4f7f\u7528 -m conntrack \u663e\u5f0f\u8c03\u7528\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a\niptables -A INPUT -m conntrack --ctstate ESTABLISHED,RELATED -j ACCEPT\n\n# \u663e\u5f0f\u6a21\u5757\u9700\u8981\u5728\u89c4\u5219\u4e2d\u4f7f\u7528 -m \u6216 --match \u9009\u9879\u663e\u5f0f\u8c03\u7528\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u4e0a\u8ff0\u63d0\u5230\u7684 state\u3001multiport\u3001limit\u3001mac \u548c icmp\u3002\n\n# \u9690\u5f0f\u6a21\u5757\u5219\u4f1a\u5728\u9700\u8981\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u81ea\u52a8\u52a0\u8f7d\uff0c\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u663e\u5f0f\u8c03\u7528\u3002\u4ee5\u4e0b\u662f\u4e00\u4e9b\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u9690\u5f0f\u6a21\u5757\uff1a\n\n# 1.tcp \u6a21\u5757\uff1a\u5f53\u4f60\u4f7f\u7528 -p tcp \u9009\u9879\u65f6\uff0ciptables \u4f1a\u81ea\u52a8\u52a0\u8f7d tcp \u6a21\u5757\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6a21\u5757\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9bTCP\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u5339\u914d\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u5982 --tcp-flags\u3001--sport\uff08\u6e90\u7aef\u53e3\uff09\u3001--dport\uff08\u76ee\u6807\u7aef\u53e3\uff09\u7b49\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a\niptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 22 -j ACCEPT\n\n# 2.udp \u6a21\u5757\uff1a\u5f53\u4f60\u4f7f\u7528 -p udp \u9009\u9879\u65f6\uff0ciptables \u4f1a\u81ea\u52a8\u52a0\u8f7d udp \u6a21\u5757\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6a21\u5757\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9bUDP\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u5339\u914d\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u5982 --sport \u548c --dport\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a\niptables -A INPUT -p udp --dport 53 -j ACCEPT\n\n# 3.icmp \u6a21\u5757\uff1a\u5f53\u4f60\u4f7f\u7528 -p icmp \u9009\u9879\u65f6\uff0ciptables \u4f1a\u81ea\u52a8\u52a0\u8f7d icmp \u6a21\u5757\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6a21\u5757\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9bICMP\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u5339\u914d\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u5982 --icmp-type\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a\niptables -A INPUT -p icmp --icmp-type echo-request -j DROP<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u9009\u9879\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>-A<\/code>\uff1a\u5c06\u65b0\u89c4\u5219\u8ffd\u52a0\u5230\u94fe\u7684\u672b\u5c3e\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-I<\/code>\uff1a\u5c06\u65b0\u89c4\u5219\u63d2\u5165\u5230\u94fe\u7684\u6307\u5b9a\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-D<\/code>\uff1a\u4ece\u94fe\u4e2d\u5220\u9664\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u89c4\u5219\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-R<\/code>\uff1a\u66ff\u6362\u94fe\u4e2d\u7684\u67d0\u4e2a\u89c4\u5219\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-L<\/code>\uff1a\u5217\u51fa\u6307\u5b9a\u94fe\u7684\u89c4\u5219\uff08\u5982\u679c\u672a\u6307\u5b9a\u94fe\uff0c\u5219\u5217\u51fa\u6240\u6709\u94fe\u7684\u89c4\u5219\uff09\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-F<\/code>\uff1a\u6e05\u7a7a\u6307\u5b9a\u94fe\u7684\u89c4\u5219\uff08\u5982\u679c\u672a\u6307\u5b9a\u94fe\uff0c\u5219\u6e05\u7a7a\u6240\u6709\u94fe\u7684\u89c4\u5219\uff09\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-Z<\/code>\uff1a\u5c06\u6307\u5b9a\u94fe\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5305\u548c\u5b57\u8282\u8ba1\u6570\u5668\u91cd\u7f6e\u4e3a\u96f6\uff08\u5982\u679c\u672a\u6307\u5b9a\u94fe\uff0c\u5219\u91cd\u7f6e\u6240\u6709\u94fe\u7684\u8ba1\u6570\u5668\uff09\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-N<\/code>\uff1a\u521b\u5efa\u65b0\u7684\u7528\u6237\u81ea\u5b9a\u4e49\u94fe\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-X<\/code>\uff1a\u5220\u9664\u7528\u6237\u81ea\u5b9a\u4e49\u94fe\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-P<\/code>\uff1a\u8bbe\u7f6e\u9ed8\u8ba4\u7b56\u7565\uff08\u5982 ACCEPT\u3001DROP \u6216 REJECT\uff09\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-t<\/code>\uff1a\u9009\u62e9\u64cd\u4f5c\u7684\u8868\uff08\u5982 <code>filter<\/code>\u3001<code>nat<\/code>\u3001<code>mangle<\/code> \u6216 <code>raw<\/code>\uff09\u3002\u9ed8\u8ba4\u4e3a <code>filter<\/code> \u8868\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u94fe\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>INPUT<\/code>\uff1a\u5904\u7406\u8fdb\u5165\u672c\u5730\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5305\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>OUTPUT<\/code>\uff1a\u5904\u7406\u4ece\u672c\u5730\u7cfb\u7edf\u53d1\u9001\u51fa\u53bb\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5305\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>FORWARD<\/code>\uff1a\u5904\u7406\u5728\u672c\u5730\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0a\u8fdb\u884c\u8f6c\u53d1\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5305\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>PREROUTING<\/code>\uff1a\u5728 <code>nat<\/code> \u8868\u4e2d\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u5904\u7406\u8def\u7531\u524d\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5305\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>POSTROUTING<\/code>\uff1a\u5728 <code>nat<\/code> \u8868\u4e2d\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u5904\u7406\u8def\u7531\u540e\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5305\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u5339\u914d\u6761\u4ef6\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>-p<\/code>\uff1a\u6307\u5b9a\u534f\u8bae\uff08\u5982 TCP\u3001UDP\u3001ICMP \u7b49\uff09\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-s<\/code>\uff1a\u6307\u5b9a\u6e90 IP \u5730\u5740\u6216\u5b50\u7f51\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-d<\/code>\uff1a\u6307\u5b9a\u76ee\u6807 IP \u5730\u5740\u6216\u5b50\u7f51\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>--sport<\/code>\uff1a\u6307\u5b9a\u6e90\u7aef\u53e3\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>--dport<\/code>\uff1a\u6307\u5b9a\u76ee\u6807\u7aef\u53e3\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-i<\/code>\uff1a\u6307\u5b9a\u8f93\u5165\u7f51\u7edc\u63a5\u53e3\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-o<\/code>\uff1a\u6307\u5b9a\u8f93\u51fa\u7f51\u7edc\u63a5\u53e3\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-m<\/code>\uff1a\u52a0\u8f7d\u6269\u5c55\u6a21\u5757\u4ee5\u63d0\u4f9b\u989d\u5916\u7684\u5339\u914d\u6761\u4ef6\uff08\u5982 <code>conntrack<\/code>\u3001<code>limit<\/code>\u3001<code>state<\/code> \u7b49\uff09\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u52a8\u4f5c\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>-j<\/code>\uff1a\u6307\u5b9a\u76ee\u6807\u64cd\u4f5c\uff0c\u5982 ACCEPT\u3001DROP\u3001REJECT \u6216\u81ea\u5b9a\u4e49\u94fe\u540d\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>--to-destination<\/code>\uff1a\u5728 DNAT\uff08\u76ee\u6807\u5730\u5740\u8f6c\u6362\uff09\u89c4\u5219\u4e2d\u6307\u5b9a\u65b0\u7684\u76ee\u6807 IP \u5730\u5740\u548c\uff08\u6216\uff09\u7aef\u53e3\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>--to-source<\/code>\uff1a\u5728 SNAT\uff08\u6e90\u5730\u5740\u8f6c\u6362\uff09\u89c4\u5219\u4e2d\u6307\u5b9a\u65b0\u7684\u6e90 IP \u5730\u5740\u548c\uff08\u6216\uff09\u7aef\u53e3\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>--to-ports<\/code>\uff1a\u5728 REDIRECT \u89c4\u5219\u4e2d\u6307\u5b9a\u65b0\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u7aef\u53e3\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a\u8981\u963b\u6b62\u6765\u81eaIP192.168.1.10\u7684\u6240\u6709\u6570\u636e\u5305\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u4e00\u4e0b\u547d\u4ee4\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">iptables -A INPUT -s 192.168.1.10 -j DROP<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8fd9\u91cc\u7684 <code>-A<\/code> \u4ee3\u8868\u8ffd\u52a0\u89c4\u5219\uff08Append\uff09\uff0c<code>-s<\/code> \u4ee3\u8868\u6e90 IP \u5730\u5740\uff0c<code>-j<\/code> \u4ee3\u8868\u76ee\u6807\u64cd\u4f5c\uff08\u5728\u672c\u4f8b\u4e2d\u662f DROP\uff0c\u8868\u793a\u4e22\u5f03\u6570\u636e\u5305\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u9700\u8981\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0ciptables \u4ec5\u9002\u7528\u4e8e IPv4 \u7f51\u7edc\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e IPv6 \u7f51\u7edc\uff0c\u60a8\u9700\u8981\u4f7f\u7528 ip6tables\u3002<\/p>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li>\u67e5\u770b\u5f53\u524d\u9632\u706b\u5899\u89c4\u5219\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">iptables -L -n -v<\/code><\/pre>\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li>\u6e05\u7a7a\u5f53\u524d\u6240\u6709\u89c4\u5219\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">iptables -F<\/code><\/pre>\n<ol start=\"4\">\n<li>\u963b\u6b62\u6765\u81ea\u7279\u5b9aIP\u5730\u5740\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5305\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">iptables -A INPUT -s &lt;IP\u5730\u5740&gt; -j DROP<\/code><\/pre>\n<ol start=\"5\">\n<li>\u5141\u8bb8\u6765\u81ea\u7279\u5b9aIP\u5730\u5740\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5305\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">iptables -A INPUT -s &lt;IP\u5730\u5740&gt; -j ACCEPT<\/code><\/pre>\n<ol start=\"6\">\n<li>\u963b\u6b62\u6765\u81ea\u7279\u5b9a\u7aef\u53e3\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5305\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a\u963b\u6b62\u6240\u6709SSH\u6d41\u91cf\uff09\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 22 -j DROP<\/code><\/pre>\n<ol start=\"7\">\n<li>\u5141\u8bb8\u6765\u81ea\u7279\u5b9a\u7aef\u53e3\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5305\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5141\u8bb8\u6240\u6709 SSH \u6d41\u91cf\uff09\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 22 -j ACCEPT<\/code><\/pre>\n<ol start=\"8\">\n<li>\u9650\u5236\u7279\u5b9a IP \u5730\u5740\u7684\u5e76\u53d1\u8fde\u63a5\u6570\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">iptables -A INPUT -p tcp -s &lt;IP\u5730\u5740&gt; -m connlimit --connlimit-above &lt;\u8fde\u63a5\u6570\u9650\u5236&gt; -j DROP<\/code><\/pre>\n<ol start=\"9\">\n<li>\u5bf9\u7279\u5b9a IP \u5730\u5740\u5b9e\u65bd\u8bbf\u95ee\u901f\u7387\u9650\u5236\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">iptables -A INPUT -s &lt;IP\u5730\u5740&gt; -m limit --limit &lt;\u6bcf\u79d2\u5141\u8bb8\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5305\u6570\u91cf&gt; --limit-burst &lt;\u7a81\u53d1\u6570\u636e\u5305\u6570\u91cf&gt; -j ACCEPT<\/code><\/pre>\n<ol start=\"10\">\n<li>\u8f6c\u53d1\u7279\u5b9a\u7aef\u53e3\u5230\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u7aef\u53e3\uff08\u7aef\u53e3\u6620\u5c04\uff09\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">iptables -t nat -A PREROUTING -p tcp --dport &lt;\u539f\u7aef\u53e3&gt; -j REDIRECT --to-port &lt;\u76ee\u6807\u7aef\u53e3&gt;<\/code><\/pre>\n<ol start=\"11\">\n<li>\u8bbe\u7f6e\u9ed8\u8ba4\u7b56\u7565\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u62d2\u7edd\u6240\u6709\u4f20\u5165\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5305\uff09\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">iptables -P INPUT DROP<\/code><\/pre>\n<h2>kill<\/h2>\n<blockquote>\n<p>\u5728Linux\u4e2d\uff0ckill\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7528\u4e8e\u53d1\u9001\u4fe1\u53f7\u7ed9\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u53d1\u9001\u4fe1\u53f7\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u63a7\u5236\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u7ec8\u6b62\u8fdb\u7a0b\u3001\u91cd\u65b0\u542f\u52a8\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7b49\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>kill\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u8bed\u6cd5\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">kill [signal] [pid]<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u5176\u4e2d\uff0csignal\u662f\u8981\u53d1\u9001\u7684\u4fe1\u53f7\uff0cpid\u662f\u8981\u63a5\u6536\u4fe1\u53f7\u7684\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7684ID\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u6307\u5b9asignal\uff0c\u9ed8\u8ba4\u4f1a\u53d1\u9001\u4fe1\u53f715\uff08SIGTERM\uff09\uff0c\u5b83\u4f1a\u8bf7\u6c42\u8fdb\u7a0b\u6b63\u5e38\u9000\u51fa\u3002\u5982\u679c\u8fdb\u7a0b\u6ca1\u6709\u54cd\u5e94SIGTERM\u4fe1\u53f7\uff0c\u5219\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u5f3a\u5236\u7ec8\u6b62\u4fe1\u53f79\uff08SIGKILL\uff09\u6765\u5f3a\u5236\u7ec8\u6b62\u8fdb\u7a0b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5176\u4e2d\uff0c<code>pid<\/code>\u662f\u8fdb\u7a0bID\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6216\u591a\u4e2a\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7684ID\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4ee5\u4e0b\u662f\u4e00\u4e9b\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u4fe1\u53f7\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>SIGHUP<\/code>\uff081\uff09\uff1a\u6302\u8d77\u3002\u901a\u5e38\u5728\u7ec8\u7aef\u65ad\u5f00\u8fde\u63a5\u65f6\u53d1\u9001\u7ed9\u4e0e\u7ec8\u7aef\u5173\u8054\u7684\u8fdb\u7a0b\u3002\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u6765\u901a\u77e5\u8fdb\u7a0b\u91cd\u65b0\u8bfb\u53d6\u914d\u7f6e\u6587\u4ef6\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>SIGINT<\/code>\uff082\uff09\uff1a\u4e2d\u65ad\u3002\u901a\u5e38\u7531\u7528\u6237\u901a\u8fc7\u6309\u4e0b Ctrl+C \u6765\u53d1\u9001\u3002\u7528\u4e8e\u7ec8\u6b62\u4e00\u4e2a\u6b63\u5728\u8fd0\u884c\u7684\u8fdb\u7a0b\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>SIGQUIT<\/code>\uff083\uff09\uff1a\u9000\u51fa\u3002\u7c7b\u4f3c\u4e8e <code>SIGINT<\/code>\uff0c\u4f46\u4f1a\u751f\u6210\u6838\u5fc3\u8f6c\u50a8\u6587\u4ef6\u4ee5\u8fdb\u884c\u8c03\u8bd5\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>SIGTERM<\/code>\uff0815\uff09\uff1a\u7ec8\u6b62\u3002\u8bf7\u6c42\u8fdb\u7a0b\u6b63\u5e38\u7ec8\u6b62\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u6355\u83b7\u548c\u5ffd\u7565\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6e29\u548c\u7684\u7ec8\u6b62\u4fe1\u53f7\uff0c\u5141\u8bb8\u8fdb\u7a0b\u6267\u884c\u6e05\u7406\u64cd\u4f5c\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>SIGKILL<\/code>\uff089\uff09\uff1a\u7ec8\u6b62\u3002\u7acb\u5373\u7ed3\u675f\u8fdb\u7a0b\uff0c\u65e0\u6cd5\u88ab\u6355\u83b7\u6216\u5ffd\u7565\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f3a\u5236\u7ec8\u6b62\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7684\u4fe1\u53f7\uff0c\u5e94\u8c28\u614e\u4f7f\u7528\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>SIGSTOP<\/code>\uff0817\uff09\uff1a\u505c\u6b62\u3002\u6682\u505c\u8fdb\u7a0b\u6267\u884c\uff0c\u65e0\u6cd5\u88ab\u6355\u83b7\u6216\u5ffd\u7565\u3002\u53ef\u7528\u4e8e\u6682\u505c\u8fdb\u7a0b\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>SIGCONT<\/code>\uff0818\uff09\uff1a\u7ee7\u7eed\u3002\u4f7f\u505c\u6b62\uff08\u6682\u505c\uff09\u7684\u8fdb\u7a0b\u6062\u590d\u6267\u884c\u3002\u53ef\u7528\u4e8e\u6062\u590d\u88ab\u6682\u505c\u7684\u8fdb\u7a0b\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u60f3\u8981\u5411\u8fdb\u7a0b\u53d1\u9001\u5176\u4ed6\u4fe1\u53f7\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u4ee5\u4e0b\u547d\u4ee4\u6765\u67e5\u770b\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u53ef\u7528\u7684\u4fe1\u53f7\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">kill -l\ntrap -l<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u60f3\u8981\u5411\u8fdb\u7a0bID\u4e3a1234\u7684\u8fdb\u7a0b\u53d1\u9001SIGKILL\u4fe1\u53f7\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u6267\u884c\u4ee5\u4e0b\u547d\u4ee4\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">kill -9 1234<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u5982\u679c\u60f3\u8981\u5411\u6240\u6709\u540d\u79f0\u4e3anginx\u7684\u8fdb\u7a0b\u53d1\u9001SIGTERM\u4fe1\u53f7\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u6267\u884c\u4ee5\u4e0b\u547d\u4ee4\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">pkill -TERM nginx\n#\u6216\u8005\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u4fe1\u53f7\u7684\u540d\u79f0\uff1a\nkill -SIGTERM 1234<\/code><\/pre>\n<h2>ls<\/h2>\n<blockquote>\n<p><code>ls<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u662f Linux \u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u6700\u5e38\u7528\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u5b83\u7528\u4e8e\u5217\u51fa\u6307\u5b9a\u76ee\u5f55\u4e0b\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u548c\u5b50\u76ee\u5f55\u3002\u4e0b\u9762\u662f\u4e00\u4e9b\u5e38\u7528\u7684 <code>ls<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u9009\u9879\uff1a<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<ol>\n<li><code>ls -l<\/code>\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528\u957f\u683c\u5f0f\u663e\u793a\u6587\u4ef6\u548c\u76ee\u5f55\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u6587\u4ef6\u6743\u9650\u3001\u6240\u6709\u8005\u3001\u6587\u4ef6\u5927\u5c0f\u548c\u4fee\u6539\u65f6\u95f4\u7b49\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>ls -a<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u9690\u85cf\u6587\u4ef6\u548c\u76ee\u5f55\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>ls -h<\/code>\uff1a\u4ee5\u4eba\u7c7b\u53ef\u8bfb\u7684\u683c\u5f0f\u663e\u793a\u6587\u4ef6\u548c\u76ee\u5f55\u5927\u5c0f\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>ls -t<\/code>\uff1a\u6309\u4fee\u6539\u65f6\u95f4\u6392\u5e8f\u5e76\u663e\u793a\u6587\u4ef6\u548c\u76ee\u5f55\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>ls -S<\/code>\uff1a\u6309\u6587\u4ef6\u5927\u5c0f\u6392\u5e8f\u5e76\u663e\u793a\u6587\u4ef6\u548c\u76ee\u5f55\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>ls -R<\/code>\uff1a\u9012\u5f52\u663e\u793a\u6307\u5b9a\u76ee\u5f55\u4e0b\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u548c\u5b50\u76ee\u5f55\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>ls -i<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u6587\u4ef6\u548c\u76ee\u5f55\u7684 inode \u53f7\u7801\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2>ln<\/h2>\n<blockquote>\n<p><code>ln<\/code>\u547d\u4ee4\u662fLinux\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e38\u7528\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u4f5c\u7528\u662f\u7528\u4e8e\u521b\u5efa\u786c\u94fe\u63a5\u6216\u7b26\u53f7\u94fe\u63a5\u3002\u786c\u94fe\u63a5\u548c\u7b26\u53f7\u94fe\u63a5(\u8f6f\u94fe\u63a5)\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u6765\u8fde\u63a5\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u5b9e\u73b0\u65b9\u5f0f\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u7528\u6cd5\u548c\u7279\u6027\u4e5f\u7565\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p><code>ln<\/code>\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u8bed\u6cd5\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">ln [\u9009\u9879] \u6e90\u6587\u4ef6 \u76ee\u6807\u6587\u4ef6<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u5176\u4e2d\uff0c<code>\u6e90\u6587\u4ef6<\/code>\u8868\u793a\u9700\u8981\u521b\u5efa\u94fe\u63a5\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c<code>\u76ee\u6807\u6587\u4ef6<\/code>\u8868\u793a\u521b\u5efa\u7684\u94fe\u63a5\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u540d\u79f0\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u57fa\u672c\u7528\u6cd5<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>\u521b\u5efa\u786c\u94fe\u63a5<\/strong>\uff1a\u8fd9\u662f<code>ln<\/code>\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u9ed8\u8ba4\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u8bed\u6cd5\u662f <code>ln TARGET LINK_NAME<\/code>\u3002 \u4f8b\u5982\uff0c<code>ln file1 link1<\/code> \u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u540d\u4e3a<code>link1<\/code>\u7684\u786c\u94fe\u63a5\uff0c\u8be5\u786c\u94fe\u63a5\u6307\u5411<code>file1<\/code>\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u521b\u5efa\u7b26\u53f7\u94fe\u63a5<\/strong>\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528<code>-s<\/code>\u6216<code>--symbolic<\/code>\u9009\u9879\u3002\u8bed\u6cd5\u662f <code>ln -s TARGET LINK_NAME<\/code>\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c<code>ln -s \/path\/to\/file link1<\/code> \u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u540d\u4e3a<code>link1<\/code>\u7684\u7b26\u53f7\u94fe\u63a5\uff0c\u8be5\u7b26\u53f7\u94fe\u63a5\u6307\u5411<code>\/path\/to\/file<\/code>\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u9009\u9879\uff1a<\/p>\n<p><code>ln<\/code>\u547d\u4ee4\u652f\u6301\u7684\u9009\u9879\u6709\u5f88\u591a\uff0c\u4e0b\u9762\u662f\u4e00\u4e9b\u5e38\u7528\u9009\u9879\u7684\u8be6\u7ec6\u8bf4\u660e\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>--backup[=CONTROL]<\/code>\uff1a\u4e3a\u6bcf\u4e2a\u73b0\u6709\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u6587\u4ef6\u521b\u5efa\u5907\u4efd\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-b<\/code>\uff1a\u7c7b\u4f3c\u4e8e<code>--backup<\/code>\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u63a5\u53d7\u53c2\u6570\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-d, -F, --directory<\/code>\uff1a\u5141\u8bb8\u8d85\u7ea7\u7528\u6237\u5c1d\u8bd5\u786c\u94fe\u63a5\u76ee\u5f55\uff08\u4f46\u6ce8\u610f\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u7cfb\u7edf\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u5bf9\u4e8e\u8d85\u7ea7\u7528\u6237\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u5931\u8d25\uff09\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-f, --force<\/code>\uff1a\u5220\u9664\u73b0\u6709\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u6587\u4ef6\u6216\u8005\u8bf4\u8986\u76d6\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-s<\/code>\uff08\u6216<code>--symbolic<\/code>\uff09\uff1a\u7528\u4e8e\u521b\u5efa\u7b26\u53f7\u94fe\u63a5\uff08\u4e5f\u79f0\u4e3a\u8f6f\u94fe\u63a5\uff09\uff0c\u5373\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u6307\u5411\u6e90\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u7b26\u53f7\u94fe\u63a5\u6587\u4ef6\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-S, --suffix=SUFFIX<\/code>\uff1a\u8986\u76d6\u901a\u5e38\u7684\u5907\u4efd\u540e\u7f00\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-i<\/code>\uff08\u6216<code>--interactive<\/code>\uff09\uff1a\u5982\u679c\u76ee\u6807\u6587\u4ef6\u5df2\u7ecf\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u8be2\u95ee\u7528\u6237\u662f\u5426\u8986\u76d6\u5b83\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-L, --logical<\/code>\uff1a\u53d6\u6d88\u5f15\u7528\u76ee\u6807\u662f\u7b26\u53f7\u94fe\u63a5\u7684TARGET\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-n<\/code>\uff08\u6216<code>--no-dereference<\/code>\uff09\uff1a\u5982\u679c\u5b83\u662f\u6307\u5411\u76ee\u5f55\u7684\u7b26\u53f7\u94fe\u63a5\uff0c\u5219\u5c06LINK_NAME\u89c6\u4e3a\u666e\u901a\u6587\u4ef6\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-P, --physical<\/code>\uff1a\u76f4\u63a5\u5bf9\u7b26\u53f7\u94fe\u63a5\u521b\u5efa\u786c\u94fe\u63a5\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-r, --relative<\/code>\uff1a\u76f8\u5bf9\u4e8e\u94fe\u63a5\u4f4d\u7f6e\u521b\u5efa\u7b26\u53f7\u94fe\u63a5\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-t, --target-directory=DIRECTORY<\/code>\uff1a\u6307\u5b9a\u8981\u5728\u5176\u4e2d\u521b\u5efa\u94fe\u63a5\u7684\u76ee\u5f55\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-T, --no-target-directory<\/code>\uff1a\u59cb\u7ec8\u5c06LINK_NAME\u89c6\u4e3a\u666e\u901a\u6587\u4ef6\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-v<\/code>\uff08\u6216<code>--verbose<\/code>\uff09\uff1a\u5728\u6267\u884c\u547d\u4ee4\u65f6\u663e\u793a\u8be6\u7ec6\u8f93\u51fa\u4fe1\u606f<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u786c\u94fe\u63a5\u548c\u7b26\u53f7\u94fe\u63a5\u7684\u533a\u522b\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u786c\u94fe\u63a5\uff1a\u786c\u94fe\u63a5\u662f\u6307\u5728\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\uff0c\u5c06\u4e00\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u540d\u4e0e\u4e00\u4e2ainode\u53f7\u5efa\u7acb\u4e00\u4e00\u5bf9\u5e94\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u540d\u6765\u8bbf\u95ee\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u5185\u5bb9\u3002\u5982\u679c\u5220\u9664\u4e00\u4e2a\u786c\u94fe\u63a5\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u53ea\u662f\u5220\u9664\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u8def\u5f84\u540d\uff0c\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5220\u9664\uff0c\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5f71\u54cd\u5176\u4ed6\u786c\u94fe\u63a5\u548c\u539f\u59cb\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u9664\u975e\u5220\u9664\u4e86\u8be5\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u4e2a\u786c\u94fe\u63a5\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u7b26\u53f7\u94fe\u63a5\uff1a\u7b26\u53f7\u94fe\u63a5\u662f\u6307\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5305\u542b\u4e00\u4e2a\u6307\u5411\u539f\u59cb\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u8def\u5f84\u540d\uff0c\u4e5f\u79f0\u4e3a\u8f6f\u94fe\u63a5\u3002\u5982\u679c\u5220\u9664\u4e00\u4e2a\u7b26\u53f7\u94fe\u63a5\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5f71\u54cd\u539f\u59cb\u6587\u4ef6\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u786c\u94fe\u63a5(\u53ef\u4ee5\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u684c\u9762\u5feb\u6377\u65b9\u5f0f)\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\"># \u6848\u4f8b\uff1a\n# 1.\u521b\u5efa\u786c\u94fe\u63a5\n\u5047\u8bbe\u4f60\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u53ebfile1.txt\uff0c\u4f60\u60f3\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u786c\u94fe\u63a5\u53eblink1.txt\u3002\nln file1.txt link1.txt\n\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u4f1a\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u540d\u5b57\u4e3alink1.txt\u7684\u786c\u94fe\u63a5\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u786c\u94fe\u63a5\u548cfile1.txt\u6307\u5411\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0clink1.txt\u548cfile1.txt\u662f\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e0d\u540c\u540d\u5b57\u3002\n\n# 2.\u521b\u5efa\u7b26\u53f7\u94fe\u63a5\n\u5047\u8bbe\u4f60\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u5728\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u76ee\u5f55\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\/path\/to\/file1.txt\uff0c\u4f60\u60f3\u5728\u5f53\u524d\u76ee\u5f55\u4e0b\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u5230\u8be5\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u7b26\u53f7\u94fe\u63a5\u3002\nln -s \/path\/to\/file1.txt link1.txt\n\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u4f1a\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u540d\u5b57\u4e3alink1.txt\u7684\u7b26\u53f7\u94fe\u63a5\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7b26\u53f7\u94fe\u63a5\u6307\u5411\/path\/to\/file1.txt\u3002\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0clink1.txt\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u5b83\u5305\u542b\u4e86\/path\/to\/file1.txt\u7684\u8def\u5f84\u540d\u3002\n\n# 3.\u5f3a\u5236\u521b\u5efa\u94fe\u63a5\n\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u8bd5\u56fe\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u5df2\u7ecf\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u94fe\u63a5\uff0cln\u547d\u4ee4\u9ed8\u8ba4\u4f1a\u62a5\u9519\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528-f\u6216--force\u9009\u9879\u6765\u8986\u76d6\u73b0\u6709\u7684\u94fe\u63a5\u3002\nln -sf \/path\/to\/file1.txt link1.txt\n\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u4f1a\u8986\u76d6\u73b0\u6709\u7684link1.txt\uff08\u5982\u679c\u5b58\u5728\uff09\uff0c\u5e76\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u6307\u5411\/path\/to\/file1.txt\u7684\u7b26\u53f7\u94fe\u63a5\u3002\n\n# 4.\u521b\u5efa\u76ee\u5f55\u7684\u7b26\u53f7\u94fe\u63a5\n\u548c\u6587\u4ef6\u7c7b\u4f3c\uff0c\u4f60\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e3a\u76ee\u5f55\u521b\u5efa\u7b26\u53f7\u94fe\u63a5\u3002\nln -s \/path\/to\/directory link_to_directory\n\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u4f1a\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u6307\u5411\/path\/to\/directory\u7684\u7b26\u53f7\u94fe\u63a5link_to_directory\u3002\n\n# 5.\u521b\u5efa\u591a\u4e2a\u94fe\u63a5\n\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e00\u6b21\u521b\u5efa\u591a\u4e2a\u94fe\u63a5\u3002\nln file1.txt file2.txt \/path\/to\/directory\n\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u4f1a\u5728\/path\/to\/directory\u76ee\u5f55\u4e0b\u521b\u5efafile1.txt\u548cfile2.txt\u7684\u786c\u94fe\u63a5\u3002\n\n# 6.\u521b\u5efa\u76f8\u5bf9\u94fe\u63a5\n\u4f7f\u7528-r\u6216--relative\u9009\u9879\u53ef\u4ee5\u521b\u5efa\u76f8\u5bf9\u4e8e\u94fe\u63a5\u4f4d\u7f6e\u7684\u76f8\u5bf9\u94fe\u63a5\u3002\nln -rs \/path\/to\/file1.txt link1.txt\n\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u4f1a\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u540d\u4e3alink1.txt\u7684\u7b26\u53f7\u94fe\u63a5\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u94fe\u63a5\u662f\u76f8\u5bf9\u4e8elink1.txt\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u7684\u76f8\u5bf9\u8def\u5f84\u3002\n\n# 7.\u5907\u4efd\u73b0\u6709\u7684\u94fe\u63a5\n\u4f7f\u7528--backup\u9009\u9879\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u8986\u76d6\u73b0\u6709\u94fe\u63a5\u65f6\u521b\u5efa\u5907\u4efd\u3002\nln --backup -s \/path\/to\/file1.txt link1.txt\n\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u4f1a\u521b\u5efalink1.txt\u7684\u5907\u4efd\uff08\u5982\u679c\u5b83\u5df2\u7ecf\u5b58\u5728\uff09\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684link1.txt\u7b26\u53f7\u94fe\u63a5\u3002\n\n# 8.\u6307\u5b9a\u76ee\u6807\u76ee\u5f55\n\u4f7f\u7528-t\u9009\u9879\u53ef\u4ee5\u6307\u5b9a\u76ee\u6807\u76ee\u5f55\u3002\nln -t \/path\/to\/directory file1.txt\n\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u4f1a\u5728\/path\/to\/directory\u76ee\u5f55\u4e0b\u521b\u5efafile1.txt\u7684\u786c\u94fe\u63a5\u3002\n\n# 9.-n\u7528\u6cd5\n-n \u6216 --no-dereference \u9009\u9879\u7528\u4e8e\u9632\u6b62\u5728\u521b\u5efa\u94fe\u63a5\u65f6\u89e3\u5f15\u7528\u7b26\u53f7\u94fe\u63a5\u3002\n\u901a\u5e38\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u8bd5\u56fe\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u76ee\u5f55\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u94fe\u63a5\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e2a\u76ee\u5f55\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7b26\u53f7\u94fe\u63a5\uff0cln \u547d\u4ee4\u4f1a\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7b26\u53f7\u94fe\u63a5\u89c6\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u666e\u901a\u7684\u76ee\u5f55\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u76ee\u5f55\u4e0b\u521b\u5efa\u94fe\u63a5\u3002\u4f46\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u4f7f\u7528 -n \u9009\u9879\uff0cln \u547d\u4ee4\u4f1a\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7b26\u53f7\u94fe\u63a5\u89c6\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u666e\u901a\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\n\n#\u6ca1\u6709\u4f7f\u7528 -n \u9009\u9879\n\u5047\u8bbe\u4f60\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u7b26\u53f7\u94fe\u63a5 link_to_directory\uff0c\u5b83\u6307\u5411\u4e00\u4e2a\u76ee\u5f55 \/path\/to\/directory\u3002\nln -s \/path\/to\/directory link_to_directory\n\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u8bd5\u56fe\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u76ee\u5f55\u4e0b\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u94fe\u63a5\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a\nln -s \/path\/to\/file1.txt link_to_directory\/file1.txt\nln \u547d\u4ee4\u4f1a\u5728 \/path\/to\/directory \u76ee\u5f55\u4e0b\u521b\u5efa file1.txt \u7684\u94fe\u63a5\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5728 link_to_directory \u7b26\u53f7\u94fe\u63a5\u4e0a\u521b\u5efa\u3002\n\n# \u4f7f\u7528 -n \u9009\u9879\nln -sn \/path\/to\/file1.txt link_to_directory\/file1.txt\n\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u4e2d\uff0cln \u547d\u4ee4\u4f1a\u62a5\u9519\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a link_to_directory \u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u666e\u901a\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u76ee\u5f55\u3002\n\n# \u5728\u6267\u884c\u547d\u4ee4\u65f6\u663e\u793a\u8be6\u7ec6\u8f93\u51fa\u4fe1\u606f\uff1a\nln -v \u6e90\u6587\u4ef6 \u76ee\u6807\u6587\u4ef6<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u6ce8\u610f\u4e8b\u9879\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u521b\u5efa\u7b26\u53f7\u94fe\u63a5\u65f6\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6e90\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u7edd\u5bf9\u8def\u5f84\u548c\u76ee\u6807\u6587\u4ef6\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0a\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u4f7f\u7528\u7edd\u5bf9\u8def\u5f84\u6765\u521b\u5efa\u7b26\u53f7\u94fe\u63a5<\/li>\n<li>\u5728\u521b\u5efa\u7b26\u53f7\u94fe\u63a5\u65f6\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5220\u9664\u4e86\u539f\u59cb\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u7b26\u53f7\u94fe\u63a5\u5c06\u6210\u4e3a\u5b64\u513f\u94fe\u63a5\uff0c\u65e0\u6cd5\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u9700\u8981\u8c28\u614e\u64cd\u4f5c\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u4e0d\u80fd\u5bf9\u76ee\u5f55\u521b\u5efa\u786c\u94fe\u63a5\u3002\u7b26\u53f7\u94fe\u63a5\u53ef\u4ee5\uff0c\u786c\u94fe\u63a5\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u662f\u5728\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u540d\uff0c\u4f7f\u5176\u4e0e\u539f\u6587\u4ef6\u5171\u4eab\u540c\u4e00\u4e2ainode\u548c\u6570\u636e\u5757\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u786c\u94fe\u63a5\u53ea\u80fd\u521b\u5efa\u5728\u6587\u4ef6\u4e0a\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u80fd\u521b\u5efa\u5728\u76ee\u5f55\u4e0a\u3002\u5982\u679c\u5728\u76ee\u5f55\u4e0a\u521b\u5efa\u786c\u94fe\u63a5\uff0c\u4f1a\u7834\u574f\u76ee\u5f55\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e00\u4e9b\u6587\u4ef6\u65e0\u6cd5\u88ab\u6b63\u5e38\u8bbf\u95ee\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5f71\u54cd\u6574\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u6b63\u5e38\u8fd0\u884c\u3002\u800c\u7b26\u53f7\u94fe\u63a5\u5219\u53ef\u4ee5\u521b\u5efa\u5728\u76ee\u5f55\u4e0a\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u7b26\u53f7\u94fe\u63a5\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6307\u5411\u76ee\u6807\u6587\u4ef6\u6216\u76ee\u5f55\u7684\u8def\u5f84\u540d\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>\u786c\u94fe\u63a5\u548c\u8f6f\u94fe\u63a5\u7684\u533a\u522b<\/h3>\n<blockquote>\n<p>Linux\u4e2d\u6709\u4e24\u79cd\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u94fe\u63a5\uff1a\u786c\u94fe\u63a5\uff08Hard Link\uff09\u548c\u8f6f\u94fe\u63a5\uff08Symbolic Link\uff0c\u4e5f\u53eb\u7b26\u53f7\u94fe\u63a5\uff09\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u6709\u4ee5\u4e0b\u533a\u522b\uff1a<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">1.inode\u548c\u6570\u636e\u5757\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\uff1a\u786c\u94fe\u63a5\u4e0e\u539f\u59cb\u6587\u4ef6\u5171\u4eab\u76f8\u540c\u7684inode\u548c\u6570\u636e\u5757\uff0c\u800c\u8f6f\u94fe\u63a5\u5219\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5305\u542b\u4e00\u4e2a\u6307\u5411\u539f\u59cb\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u8def\u5f84\u540d\u3002\n\n2.\u8de8\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u9650\u5236\uff1a\u786c\u94fe\u63a5\u4e0d\u80fd\u8de8\u8d8a\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u786c\u94fe\u63a5\u53ea\u80fd\u5728\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u5185\u521b\u5efa\uff0c\u800c\u8f6f\u94fe\u63a5\u53ef\u4ee5\u8de8\u8d8a\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002\n\n3.\u6587\u4ef6\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\uff1a\u786c\u94fe\u63a5\u53ea\u80fd\u94fe\u63a5\u5230\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u94fe\u63a5\u5230\u76ee\u5f55\uff0c\u800c\u8f6f\u94fe\u63a5\u53ef\u4ee5\u94fe\u63a5\u5230\u6587\u4ef6\u6216\u76ee\u5f55\u3002\n\n4.\u5220\u9664\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff1a\u5982\u679c\u539f\u59cb\u6587\u4ef6\u88ab\u5220\u9664\u4e86\uff0c\u786c\u94fe\u63a5\u4ecd\u7136\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bbf\u95ee\u539f\u59cb\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u5171\u4eab\u76f8\u540c\u7684inode\u548c\u6570\u636e\u5757\u3002\u800c\u8f6f\u94fe\u63a5\u5219\u65e0\u6cd5\u8bbf\u95ee\u539f\u59cb\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6307\u5411\u539f\u59cb\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u8def\u5f84\u540d\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u539f\u59cb\u6587\u4ef6\u88ab\u5220\u9664\u4e86\uff0c\u8f6f\u94fe\u63a5\u5c31\u6210\u4e3a\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b64\u513f\u94fe\u63a5\uff0c\u65e0\u6cd5\u8bbf\u95ee\u539f\u59cb\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u6570\u636e\u3002\n\n5.\u521b\u5efa\u6570\u91cf\u7684\u9650\u5236\uff1a\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u5bf9\u786c\u94fe\u63a5\u7684\u6570\u91cf\u6ca1\u6709\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u800c\u5bf9\u8f6f\u94fe\u63a5\u7684\u6570\u91cf\u6709\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684\u9650\u5236\u3002\n\n\u603b\u7684\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u786c\u94fe\u63a5\u4e0e\u539f\u59cb\u6587\u4ef6\u5171\u4eab\u76f8\u540c\u7684inode\u548c\u6570\u636e\u5757\uff0c\u662f\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u5185\u90e8\u7684\u94fe\u63a5\u65b9\u5f0f\uff1b\u800c\u8f6f\u94fe\u63a5\u5219\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6307\u5411\u539f\u59cb\u6587\u4ef6\u6216\u76ee\u5f55\u7684\u8def\u5f84\u540d\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8de8\u8d8a\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002\u5728\u4f7f\u7528\u65f6\u9700\u8981\u6ce8\u610f\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u7279\u70b9\u548c\u9002\u7528\u8303\u56f4\u3002<\/code><\/pre>\n<pre><code>\u672c\u8d28\uff1a\n\u786c\u94fe\u63a5\uff1a\u672c\u8d28\u662f\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\n\u8f6f\u94fe\u63a5\uff1a\u672c\u8d28\u4e0d\u662f\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\n2. \u8de8\u8bbe\u5907\n\u786c\u94fe\u63a5\uff1a\u4e0d\u652f\u6301\n\u8f6f\u94fe\u63a5\uff1a\u652f\u6301\n3. inode\n\u786c\u94fe\u63a5\uff1a\u76f8\u540c\n\u8f6f\u94fe\u63a5\uff1a\u4e0d\u540c\n4. \u94fe\u63a5\u6570\n\u786c\u94fe\u63a5\uff1a\u521b\u5efa\u65b0\u7684\u786c\u94fe\u63a5,\u94fe\u63a5\u6570\u4f1a\u589e\u52a0,\u5220\u9664\u786c\u94fe\u63a5,\u94fe\u63a5\u6570\u51cf\u5c11\n\u8f6f\u94fe\u63a5\uff1a\u521b\u5efa\u6216\u5220\u9664,\u94fe\u63a5\u6570\u4e0d\u4f1a\u53d8\u5316\n5. \u6587\u4ef6\u5939\n\u786c\u94fe\u63a5\uff1a\u4e0d\u652f\u6301\n\u8f6f\u94fe\u63a5\uff1a\u652f\u6301\n6. \u76f8\u5bf9\u8def\u5f84\n\u786c\u94fe\u63a5\uff1a\u539f\u59cb\u6587\u4ef6\u76f8\u5bf9\u8def\u5f84\u662f\u76f8\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5f53\u524d\u5de5\u4f5c\u76ee\u5f55\n\u8f6f\u94fe\u63a5\uff1a\u539f\u59cb\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u76f8\u5bf9\u8def\u5f84\u662f\u76f8\u5bf9\u4e8e\u94fe\u63a5\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u76f8\u5bf9\u8def\u5f84\n7. \u5220\u9664\u6e90\u6587\u4ef6\n\u786c\u94fe\u63a5\uff1a\u53ea\u662f\u94fe\u63a5\u6570\u51cf\u4e00,\u4f46\u94fe\u63a5\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u8bbf\u95ee\u4e0d\u53d7\u5f71\u54cd\n\u8f6f\u94fe\u63a5\uff1a\u94fe\u63a5\u6587\u4ef6\u5c06\u65e0\u6cd5\u8bbf\u95ee\n8. \u6587\u4ef6\u7c7b\u578b\n\u786c\u94fe\u63a5\uff1a\u548c\u6e90\u6587\u4ef6\u76f8\u540c\n\u8f6f\u94fe\u63a5\uff1a\u94fe\u63a5\u6587\u4ef6,\u548c\u6e90\u6587\u4ef6\u65e0\u5173\n9. \u6587\u4ef6\u5927\u5c0f\n\u786c\u94fe\u63a5: \u548c\u6e90\u6587\u4ef6\u76f8\u540c\n\u8f6f\u94fe\u63a5: \u6e90\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u8def\u5f84\u7684\u957f\u5ea6<\/code><\/pre>\n<h2>less<\/h2>\n<blockquote>\n<p><code>less<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u662f Linux \u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u4e00\u4e2a\u975e\u5e38\u6709\u7528\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u5b83\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u4e8e\u67e5\u770b\u5927\u578b\u6587\u672c\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u652f\u6301\u5411\u524d\u548c\u5411\u540e\u6eda\u52a8\u6587\u672c\u3001\u67e5\u627e\u7279\u5b9a\u6587\u672c\u7b49\u529f\u80fd\u3002<code>less<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u76f8\u5bf9\u4e8e <code>more<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u4f18\u70b9\u5728\u4e8e\u5b83\u53ef\u4ee5\u5411\u524d\u548c\u5411\u540e\u6eda\u52a8\u6587\u672c\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u5411\u524d\u6eda\u52a8\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>\u67e5\u770b\u4e00\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">less myfile.txt<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u5411\u524d\u6eda\u52a8\u6587\u672c\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">space(\u7a7a\u683c\u952e)<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u5411\u540e\u6eda\u52a8\u6587\u672c\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">b<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u641c\u7d22\u7279\u5b9a\u6587\u672c\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">\/search_term<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u9700\u8981\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c <code>less<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u4e8e\u67e5\u770b\u5927\u578b\u6587\u672c\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5982\u679c\u6587\u4ef6\u975e\u5e38\u5927\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u9700\u8981\u4e00\u4e9b\u65f6\u95f4\u624d\u80fd\u52a0\u8f7d\u5b8c\u6574\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\u5728\u4f7f\u7528 <code>less<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u65f6\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u4ee5\u4e0b\u547d\u4ee4\u6765\u63a7\u5236\u6eda\u52a8\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u4f7f\u7528\u7a7a\u683c\u952e\u5411\u524d\u6eda\u52a8\u4e00\u9875\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u4f7f\u7528 <code>b<\/code> \u952e\u5411\u540e\u6eda\u52a8\u4e00\u9875\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u4f7f\u7528\u5411\u4e0a\u548c\u5411\u4e0b\u7bad\u5934\u952e\u5411\u524d\u6216\u5411\u540e\u6eda\u52a8\u4e00\u884c\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u4f7f\u7528 <code>g<\/code> \u952e\u8df3\u5230\u6587\u672c\u7684\u5f00\u5934\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u4f7f\u7528 <code>G<\/code> \u952e\u8df3\u5230\u6587\u672c\u7684\u7ed3\u5c3e\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u4f7f\u7528 <code>\/search_term<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u641c\u7d22\u7279\u5b9a\u6587\u672c\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u4f7f\u7528 <code>q<\/code> \u952e\u9000\u51fa <code>less<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>lsb_release<\/h2>\n<p><code>lsb_release<\/code>\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5728Linux\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u5b83\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86Linux\u6807\u51c6\u57fa\u7840\uff08Linux Standard Base\uff0c\u7b80\u79f0LSB\uff09\u548c\u7279\u5b9a\u53d1\u884c\u7248\u7684\u67d0\u4e9b\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\u4e0b\u9762\u662f\u5173\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u9009\u9879\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>-h, --help<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u5e2e\u52a9\u4fe1\u606f\u5e76\u9000\u51fa\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-v, --version<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u6b64\u7cfb\u7edf\u652f\u6301\u7684LSB\u6a21\u5757\u3002LSB\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6807\u51c6\uff0c\u65e8\u5728\u589e\u52a0Linux\u53d1\u884c\u7248\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u4e92\u64cd\u4f5c\u6027\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-i, --id<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u53d1\u884c\u7248\u7684ID\u3002\u8fd9\u901a\u5e38\u5c31\u662f\u53d1\u884c\u7248\u7684\u540d\u79f0\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982&quot;Ubuntu&quot;\u6216&quot;Debian&quot;\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-d, --description<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u6b64\u53d1\u884c\u7248\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\u3002\u8fd9\u901a\u5e38\u5305\u62ec\u53d1\u884c\u7248\u7684\u5168\u540d\u548c\u7248\u672c\u53f7\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-r, --release<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u6b64\u53d1\u884c\u7248\u7684\u7248\u672c\u53f7\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-c, --codename<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u6b64\u53d1\u884c\u7248\u7684\u4ee3\u53f7\u3002\u67d0\u4e9b\u53d1\u884c\u7248\uff08\u5982Ubuntu\uff09\u4f1a\u4e3a\u6bcf\u4e2a\u7248\u672c\u6307\u5b9a\u4e00\u4e2a\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u4ee3\u53f7\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-a, --all<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u4ee5\u4e0a\u6240\u6709\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-s, --short<\/code>\uff1a\u4ee5\u7b80\u77ed\u683c\u5f0f\u663e\u793a\u8bf7\u6c42\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\u8fd9\u4f1a\u8f93\u51fa\u7eaf\u6587\u672c\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u5305\u62ec\u63cf\u8ff0\u6027\u7684\u6807\u7b7e\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e9b\u53c2\u6570\u53ef\u4ee5\u7ec4\u5408\u8fdb\u884c\u67e5\u770b\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">[root@ubuntu2204 ~]#lsb_release -rc\nRelease:    22.04\nCodename:   jammy\n[root@ubuntu2204 ~]#\n\n#\u52a0\u4e0as\u5c31\u53d6\u540e\u9762\u7684\u503c\uff0c\u524d\u9762\u7684\u5b57\u6bb5\u4e0d\u8981\n[15:51:10 root@CentOS8 ~]#lsb_release -is\nCentOS\n[15:51:43 root@CentOS8 ~]#<\/code><\/pre>\n<h2>lsblk<\/h2>\n<blockquote>\n<p>\u5728Linux\u4e2d\uff0c<code>lsblk<\/code>\u547d\u4ee4\u7528\u4e8e\u5217\u51fa\u5757\u8bbe\u5907\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u78c1\u76d8\u5206\u533a\u3001\u8f6f\u4ef6RAID\u3001LVM\u903b\u8f91\u5377\u7b49\u7b49\u3002\u4e0b\u9762\u662f\u8be5\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u5e38\u89c1\u7528\u6cd5\u548c\u9009\u9879\uff1a<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>\u5e38\u89c1\u7528\u6cd5<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u5217\u51fa\u6240\u6709\u5757\u8bbe\u5907\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\uff1a<code>lsblk -f<\/code><\/li>\n<li>\u5217\u51fa\u6307\u5b9a\u8bbe\u5907\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\uff1a<code>lsblk \/dev\/sda<\/code><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u5e38\u89c1\u9009\u9879\uff1a<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\n<p><code>-a,--all<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u6240\u6709\u7684\u5757\u8bbe\u5907\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u672a\u6302\u8f7d\u7684\u8bbe\u5907\u548c\u865a\u62df\u8bbe\u5907\uff08\u4f8b\u5982 <code>\/dev\/sda<\/code> \u548c <code>\/dev\/sda1<\/code>\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><code>-d,--nodeps<\/code>\uff1a\u4ec5\u663e\u793a\u78c1\u76d8\u8bbe\u5907\uff0c\u4e0d\u663e\u793a\u5206\u533a\u8bbe\u5907\u3002<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><code>-b, --bytes<\/code>\uff1a\u4ee5\u5b57\u8282\u4e3a\u5355\u4f4d\u663e\u793a\u8bbe\u5907\u5927\u5c0f\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u4ee5\u4eba\u7c7b\u53ef\u8bfb\u7684\u683c\u5f0f\uff08\u5982KB\uff0cMB\uff0cGB\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><code>-D, --discard<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u8bbe\u5907\u7684\u4e22\u5f03\uff08discard\uff09\u529f\u80fd\u3002<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><code>-e, --exclude &lt;list&gt;<\/code>\uff1a\u6839\u636e\u4e3b\u8bbe\u5907\u53f7\u6392\u9664\u8bbe\u5907\uff08\u9ed8\u8ba4\u4e3aRAM\u78c1\u76d8\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><code>-z, --zoned<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u8bbe\u5907\u7684\u533a\u57df\u6a21\u578b\u3002<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><code>-f, --fs<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u8be6\u7ec6\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><code>-i, --ascii<\/code>\uff1a\u53ea\u4f7f\u7528ASCII\u5b57\u7b26<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><code>-m, --perms<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u5173\u4e8e\u8bbe\u5907\u6743\u9650\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><code>-I, --include &lt;list&gt;<\/code>\uff1a\u53ea\u663e\u793a\u6307\u5b9a\u4e3b\u8bbe\u5907\u53f7\u7684\u8bbe\u5907\u3002<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><code>-n, --noheadings<\/code>\uff1a\u4e0d\u6253\u5370\u6807\u9898\u3002<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><code>-l, --list<\/code>\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528\u5217\u8868\u683c\u5f0f\u8f93\u51fa\u3002<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><code>-J, --json<\/code>\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528JSON\u683c\u5f0f\u8f93\u51fa\u3002<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><code>-T, --tree<\/code>\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528\u6811\u683c\u5f0f\u8f93\u51fa\u3002<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><code>-o, --output &lt;list&gt;<\/code>\uff1a\u4ec5\u663e\u793a\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u5217\uff0c\u591a\u4e2a\u5217\u540d\u4ee5\u9017\u53f7\u5206\u9694\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982 <code>-o NAME,SIZE<\/code>\u3002<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><code>-O, --output-all<\/code>\uff1a\u8f93\u51fa\u6240\u6709\u5217\u3002<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><code>-p, --paths<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u8bbe\u5907\u7684\u5b8c\u6574\u8def\u5f84\u3002<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><code>-P, --pairs<\/code>\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528<code>key=&quot;value&quot;<\/code>\u683c\u5f0f\u8f93\u51fa\u3002<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><code>-r, --raw<\/code>\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528\u539f\u59cb\u683c\u5f0f\u8f93\u51fa\u3002<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><code>-s, --inverse<\/code>\uff1a\u53cd\u8f6c\u4f9d\u8d56\u5173\u7cfb\u3002<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><code>-S, --scsi<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u5173\u4e8eSCSI\u8bbe\u5907\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><code>-t, --topology<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u5173\u4e8e\u8bbe\u5907\u62d3\u6251\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><code>-x, --sort &lt;column&gt;<\/code>\uff1a\u6309\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u5217\u6392\u5e8f\u8f93\u51fa\u3002<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c<code>lsblk -o NAME,SIZE,FSTYPE,MOUNTPOINT<\/code>\u4f1a\u8f93\u51fa\u8bbe\u5907\u540d\u79f0\u3001\u5927\u5c0f\u3001\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u7c7b\u578b\u548c\u6302\u8f7d\u70b9\u7b49\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c<code>lsblk -s \/dev\/sda<\/code>\u4f1a\u8f93\u51fa<code>\/dev\/sda<\/code>\u8bbe\u5907\u53ca\u5176\u5b50\u8bbe\u5907\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u547d\u4ee4\u8f93\u51fa\u5217\uff1a<\/strong><\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">\u8bbe\u5907\u540d\uff08NAME\uff09\n\u5185\u90e8\u5185\u6838\u8bbe\u5907\u540d\uff08KNAME\uff09\n\u4e3b\u8bbe\u5907\u53f7\u548c\u6b21\u8bbe\u5907\u53f7\uff08MAJ:MIN\uff09\n\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u7c7b\u578b\uff08FSTYPE\uff09\n\u6302\u8f7d\u70b9\uff08MOUNTPOINT\uff09\n\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u6807\u7b7e\uff08LABEL\uff09\n\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edfUUID\uff08UUID\uff09\n\u5206\u533a\u7c7b\u578bUUID\uff08PARTTYPE\uff09\n\u5206\u533a\u6807\u7b7e\uff08PARTLABEL\uff09\n\u5206\u533aUUID\uff08PARTUUID\uff09\n\u5206\u533a\u6807\u5fd7\uff08PARTFLAGS\uff09\n\u8bbe\u5907\u7684\u8bfb\u53d6\u9884\u8bfb\uff08RA\uff09\n\u53ea\u8bfb\u8bbe\u5907\uff08RO\uff09\n\u53ef\u79fb\u52a8\u8bbe\u5907\uff08RM\uff09\n\u70ed\u63d2\u62d4\u8bbe\u5907\uff08HOTPLUG\uff09\n\u8bbe\u5907\u6807\u8bc6\u7b26\uff08MODEL\uff09\n\u786c\u76d8\u5e8f\u5217\u53f7\uff08SERIAL\uff09\n\u8bbe\u5907\u5927\u5c0f\uff08SIZE\uff09\n\u8bbe\u5907\u72b6\u6001\uff08STATE\uff09\n\u7528\u6237\u540d\uff08OWNER\uff09\n\u7ec4\u540d\uff08GROUP\uff09\n\u8bbe\u5907\u8282\u70b9\u6743\u9650\uff08MODE\uff09\n\u5bf9\u9f50\u504f\u79fb\uff08ALIGNMENT\uff09\n\u6700\u5c0fI\/O\u5927\u5c0f\uff08MIN-IO\uff09\n\u6700\u4f73I\/O\u5927\u5c0f\uff08OPT-IO\uff09\n\u7269\u7406\u6247\u533a\u5927\u5c0f\uff08PHY-SEC\uff09\n\u903b\u8f91\u6247\u533a\u5927\u5c0f\uff08LOG-SEC\uff09\n\u65cb\u8f6c\u8bbe\u5907\uff08ROTA\uff09\nI\/O\u8c03\u5ea6\u7a0b\u5e8f\u540d\u79f0\uff08SCHED\uff09\n\u8bf7\u6c42\u961f\u5217\u5927\u5c0f\uff08RQ-SIZE\uff09\n\u8bbe\u5907\u7c7b\u578b\uff08TYPE\uff09\nDISC-ALN\uff1a\u4e22\u5f03\u5bf9\u9f50\u504f\u79fb\u3002\nDISC-GRAN\uff1a\u4e22\u5f03\u7c92\u5ea6\uff0c\u8868\u793a\u8bbe\u5907\u53ef\u4ee5\u6267\u884c\u7684\u6700\u5c0f\u4e22\u5f03\u64cd\u4f5c\u7684\u5927\u5c0f\u3002\nDISC-MAX\uff1a\u4e22\u5f03\u6700\u5927\u5b57\u8282\uff0c\u8868\u793a\u8bbe\u5907\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e00\u6b21\u6267\u884c\u7684\u6700\u5927\u4e22\u5f03\u64cd\u4f5c\u7684\u5927\u5c0f\u3002\nDISC-ZERO\uff1a\u4e22\u5f03\u662f\u5426\u5f52\u96f6\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u8868\u793a\u8bbe\u5907\u5728\u6267\u884c\u4e22\u5f03\u64cd\u4f5c\u65f6\u662f\u5426\u4f1a\u5c06\u6570\u636e\u533a\u57df\u6e05\u96f6\u3002\nWSAME\uff1a\u5199\u5165\u76f8\u540c\u6700\u5927\u5b57\u8282\uff0c\u8868\u793a\u8bbe\u5907\u4e00\u6b21\u53ef\u4ee5\u5199\u5165\u7684\u76f8\u540c\u6570\u636e\u5757\u7684\u6700\u5927\u5b57\u8282\u6570\u3002\nWWN\uff1a\u552f\u4e00\u5b58\u50a8\u6807\u8bc6\u7b26\uff0c\u4e16\u754c\u8303\u56f4\u540d\uff08World Wide Name\uff09\u662f\u5b58\u50a8\u8bbe\u5907\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u6807\u8bc6\u7b26\u3002\nRAND\uff1a\u6dfb\u52a0\u968f\u673a\u6027\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u8868\u793a\u8bbe\u5907\u662f\u5426\u6dfb\u52a0\u5230\u71b5\u6c60\uff08\u7528\u4e8e\u968f\u673a\u6570\u751f\u6210\uff09\u3002\nPKNAME\uff1a\u5185\u90e8\u7236\u5185\u6838\u8bbe\u5907\u540d\uff0c\u8868\u793a\u8bbe\u5907\u7684\u7236\u8bbe\u5907\u7684\u5185\u6838\u540d\u79f0\u3002\nHCTL\uff1aSCSI\u7684Host:Channel:Target:Lun\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\nTRAN\uff1a\u8bbe\u5907\u4f20\u8f93\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982SATA\u3001SAS\u3001NVMe\u7b49\u3002\nSUBSYSTEMS\uff1a\u53bb\u91cd\u7684\u5b50\u7cfb\u7edf\u94fe\uff0c\u8868\u793a\u8bbe\u5907\u6240\u5c5e\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u5b50\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002\nREV\uff1a\u8bbe\u5907\u7248\u672c\u6216\u4fee\u8ba2\u53f7\u3002\nVENDOR\uff1a\u8bbe\u5907\u4f9b\u5e94\u5546\u3002\nZONED\uff1a\u533a\u57df\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u652f\u6301Zoned Block Commands\uff08ZBC\uff09\u7684\u8bbe\u5907\uff0c\u6b64\u5217\u8868\u793a\u8bbe\u5907\u7684\u533a\u57df\u7c7b\u578b\u3002<\/code><\/pre>\n<h2>locate<\/h2>\n<blockquote>\n<p><code>locate<\/code> \u662f Linux \u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u884c\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u5feb\u901f\u641c\u7d22\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\u76f8\u6bd4\u4e8e <code>find<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\uff0c<code>locate<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u901f\u5ea6\u66f4\u5feb\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u662f\u57fa\u4e8e\u7d22\u5f15\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5bf9\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u8fdb\u884c\u5b9e\u65f6\u641c\u7d22\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p><code>locate<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u4f7f\u7528\u4e00\u4e2a\u53eb\u505a\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u5217\u8868\u6765\u8bb0\u5f55\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u8def\u5f84\uff0c\u6bcf\u6b21\u6267\u884c <code>locate<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u65f6\uff0c\u5b83\u4f1a\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5217\u8868\u4e2d\u8fdb\u884c\u641c\u7d22\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5bf9\u6574\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u8fdb\u884c\u641c\u7d22\u3002\u8fd9\u4f7f\u5f97 <code>locate<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u641c\u7d22\u901f\u5ea6\u6bd4 <code>find<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u5feb\u5f88\u591a\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e0b\u9762\u662f <code>locate<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u5e38\u89c1\u7528\u6cd5:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u641c\u7d22\u6307\u5b9a\u6587\u4ef6\u540d\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">locate filename\n\neg:\nlocate myfile.txt\n\u8be5\u547d\u4ee4\u4f1a\u641c\u7d22\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u6240\u6709\u5305\u542b myfile.txt \u7684\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u5e76\u8f93\u51fa\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u8def\u5f84<\/code><\/pre>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li>\u4f7f\u7528\u901a\u914d\u7b26\u641c\u7d22\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">locate pattern\n\neg:\nlocate *.txt\n\u8be5\u547d\u4ee4\u4f1a\u641c\u7d22\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u6240\u6709\u4ee5 .txt \u7ed3\u5c3e\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u5e76\u8f93\u51fa\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u8def\u5f84\u3002<\/code><\/pre>\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li>\u641c\u7d22\u7279\u5b9a\u76ee\u5f55\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">locate -r &#039;\/path\/to\/directory\/*&#039;\n\neg:\nlocate -r &#039;\/home\/user\/*.txt&#039;\n\u8be5\u547d\u4ee4\u4f1a\u641c\u7d22 \/home\/user \u76ee\u5f55\u4e0b\u6240\u6709\u4ee5 .txt \u7ed3\u5c3e\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u5e76\u8f93\u51fa\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u8def\u5f84\u3002<\/code><\/pre>\n<ol start=\"4\">\n<li>\u66f4\u65b0\u6570\u636e\u5e93\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">sudo updatedb<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><code>locate<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u4f7f\u7528\u4e00\u4e2a\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u6765\u5b58\u50a8\u6587\u4ef6\u8def\u5f84\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u88ab\u6dfb\u52a0\u3001\u5220\u9664\u6216\u79fb\u52a8\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u4e2d\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u5c31\u4f1a\u8fc7\u65f6\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u8ba9 <code>locate<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u641c\u7d22\u7ed3\u679c\u66f4\u51c6\u786e\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u9700\u8981\u5b9a\u671f\u66f4\u65b0\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u3002\u4f7f\u7528 <code>updatedb<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u53ef\u4ee5\u66f4\u65b0\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u9700\u8981\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e <code>locate<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u662f\u57fa\u4e8e\u7d22\u5f15\u7684\u641c\u7d22\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u51fa\u73b0\u641c\u7d22\u7ed3\u679c\u4e0d\u51c6\u786e\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u3002\u5982\u679c\u9700\u8981\u8fdb\u884c\u7cbe\u786e\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u641c\u7d22\uff0c\u5efa\u8bae\u4f7f\u7528 <code>find<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u3002<\/p>\n<h2>LVM<\/h2>\n<blockquote>\n<p>LVM (Logical Volume Manager) \u662f Linux \u4e0b\u4e00\u79cd\u78c1\u76d8\u5206\u533a\u7ba1\u7406\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u52a8\u6001\u5730\u7ba1\u7406\u78c1\u76d8\u5206\u533a\u3002\u4f7f\u7528 LVM \u53ef\u4ee5\u65b9\u4fbf\u5730\u8fdb\u884c\u78c1\u76d8\u5206\u533a\u7684\u7ba1\u7406\u548c\u6269\u5bb9\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u8fd8\u652f\u6301\u78c1\u76d8\u5feb\u7167\u548c\u5728\u7ebf\u5907\u4efd\u7b49\u529f\u80fd\u3002\u5728Linux\u4e2d\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528<code>LVM<\/code>\uff08Logical Volume Manager\uff09\u6765\u52a8\u6001\u5730\u7ba1\u7406\u78c1\u76d8\u5206\u533a\u548c\u903b\u8f91\u5377\u3002LVM\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06\u591a\u4e2a\u7269\u7406\u5377\uff08PV\uff09\u5408\u5e76\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u5377\u7ec4\uff08VG\uff09\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u4ece\u5377\u7ec4\u4e2d\u521b\u5efa\u903b\u8f91\u5377\uff08LV\uff09\u3002\u903b\u8f91\u5377\u53ef\u4ee5\u968f\u65f6\u8c03\u6574\u5927\u5c0f\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5f71\u54cd\u6570\u636e\u7684\u5b8c\u6574\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>\u4e0b\u9762\u662f\u4f7f\u7528 LVM \u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u903b\u8f91\u5377\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u53ca\u76f8\u5e94\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\uff1a<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u521b\u5efa\u7269\u7406\u5377<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u4f7f\u7528 <code>pvcreate<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06\u7269\u7406\u78c1\u76d8\u8bbe\u5907\u6216\u8005\u5206\u533a\u5212\u5206\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u7269\u7406\u5377\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4e0b\u9762\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u5c06\u78c1\u76d8 <code>\/dev\/sdb<\/code> \u5212\u5206\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u7269\u7406\u5377\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\"># pvcreate \/dev\/sdb<\/code><\/pre>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li>\u521b\u5efa\u5377\u7ec4<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u4f7f\u7528 <code>vgcreate<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06\u4e00\u4e2a\u6216\u591a\u4e2a\u7269\u7406\u5377\u5212\u5206\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5377\u7ec4\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4e0b\u9762\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u5c06\u540d\u4e3a <code>vg0<\/code> \u7684\u5377\u7ec4\u5212\u5206\u4e3a\u521a\u521a\u521b\u5efa\u7684\u7269\u7406\u5377 <code>\/dev\/sdb<\/code>\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\"># vgcreate vg0 \/dev\/sdb<\/code><\/pre>\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li>\u521b\u5efa\u903b\u8f91\u5377<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u4f7f\u7528 <code>lvcreate<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u5377\u7ec4\u4e2d\u521b\u5efa\u903b\u8f91\u5377\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4e0b\u9762\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u5c06\u5728 <code>vg0<\/code> \u5377\u7ec4\u4e2d\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u540d\u4e3a <code>mylv<\/code>\u3001\u5927\u5c0f\u4e3a 10GB \u7684\u903b\u8f91\u5377\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\"># lvcreate -n mylv -L 10G vg0<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u4e2d <code>-n<\/code> \u9009\u9879\u6307\u5b9a\u903b\u8f91\u5377\u7684\u540d\u79f0\uff0c<code>-L<\/code> \u9009\u9879\u6307\u5b9a\u903b\u8f91\u5377\u7684\u5927\u5c0f\u3002<\/p>\n<ol start=\"4\">\n<li>\u683c\u5f0f\u5316\u903b\u8f91\u5377<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u4f7f\u7528 <code>mkfs<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u53ef\u4ee5\u683c\u5f0f\u5316\u903b\u8f91\u5377\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4e0b\u9762\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u5c06 <code>mylv<\/code> \u903b\u8f91\u5377\u683c\u5f0f\u5316\u4e3a <code>ext4<\/code> \u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\"># mkfs.ext4 \/dev\/vg0\/mylv<\/code><\/pre>\n<ol start=\"5\">\n<li>\u6302\u8f7d\u903b\u8f91\u5377<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u4f7f\u7528 <code>mount<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06\u903b\u8f91\u5377\u6302\u8f7d\u5230\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u6302\u8f7d\u70b9\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4e0b\u9762\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u5c06 <code>mylv<\/code> \u903b\u8f91\u5377\u6302\u8f7d\u5230 <code>\/mnt<\/code> \u76ee\u5f55<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\"># mount \/dev\/vg0\/mylv \/mnt<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u5728\u4f7f\u7528 LVM \u8fdb\u884c\u78c1\u76d8\u5206\u533a\u7ba1\u7406\u65f6\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u5148\u5212\u5206\u7269\u7406\u5377\uff0c\u518d\u5c06\u7269\u7406\u5377\u5212\u5206\u4e3a\u5377\u7ec4\uff0c\u6700\u540e\u5728\u5377\u7ec4\u4e2d\u521b\u5efa\u903b\u8f91\u5377\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b9e\u73b0\u5bf9\u78c1\u76d8\u5206\u533a\u7684\u7075\u6d3b\u7ba1\u7406\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u53e6\u5916\uff0cLVM \u8fd8\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u5e38\u7528\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u5982 <code>pvdisplay<\/code>\u3001<code>vgdisplay<\/code>\u3001<code>lvdisplay<\/code> \u7b49\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u6765\u67e5\u770b\u7269\u7406\u5377\u3001\u5377\u7ec4\u548c\u903b\u8f91\u5377\u7684\u8be6\u7ec6\u4fe1\u606f<\/p>\n<h2>lsof<\/h2>\n<blockquote>\n<p>lsof\uff08List Open Files\uff09\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7528\u4e8e\u5217\u51fa\u5f53\u524d\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u6253\u5f00\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u7f51\u7edc\u5957\u63a5\u5b57\u3001\u7ba1\u9053\u3001FIFO\u3001\u8bbe\u5907\u6587\u4ef6\u7b49\u7b49\u3002lsof \u53ef\u4ee5\u5e2e\u52a9\u7cfb\u7edf\u7ba1\u7406\u5458\u548c\u5f00\u53d1\u8005\u5b9a\u4f4d\u6587\u4ef6\u76f8\u5173\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u6587\u4ef6\u6cc4\u9732\u3001\u6587\u4ef6\u88ab\u5360\u7528\u3001\u6587\u4ef6\u6743\u9650\u7b49\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>lsof \u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u8bed\u6cd5\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">lsof [options]<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u5176\u4e2d\uff0coptions \u662f\u53ef\u9009\u53c2\u6570\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u6307\u5b9a\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u8f93\u51fa\u683c\u5f0f\u548c\u67e5\u8be2\u6761\u4ef6\u3002\u5e38\u7528\u7684 options \u5305\u62ec\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">-a\uff1a\u8868\u793a\u201cand\u201d\uff0c\u8fde\u63a5\u4e24\u4e2a\u6216\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u9009\u9879\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u8fd4\u56de\u7ed3\u679c\u7684\u4ea4\u96c6\u3002\n-b\uff1a\u9632\u6b62 lsof \u963b\u585e\u3002\n-c c\uff1a\u5217\u51fa\u6240\u6709\u4ee5 c \u4e3a\u540d\u5b57\u7684\u8fdb\u7a0b\u6253\u5f00\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\n-d s\uff1a\u5217\u51fa\u4f7f\u7528\u6587\u4ef6\u63cf\u8ff0\u7b26\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\uff0cs \u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u6587\u4ef6\u63cf\u8ff0\u7b26\u7684\u6570\u5b57\u6216\u8005\u662f\u6587\u4ef6\u63cf\u8ff0\u7b26\u7684\u9017\u53f7\u5206\u9694\u7684\u5217\u8868\u3002\n-i\uff1a\u5217\u51fa\u4f7f\u7528 Internet \u5730\u5740\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u7aef\u53e3\u53f7\uff09\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\n-l\uff1a\u4e0d\u5c06\u7528\u6237\u7684 ID \u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a\u767b\u5f55\u540d\u3002\n-n\uff1a\u4e0d\u5c06\u7f51\u7edc\u6570\u5b57\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a\u4e3b\u673a\u540d\u3002\n-p s\uff1a\u5217\u51fa PID \u4e3a s \u7684\u8fdb\u7a0b\u6253\u5f00\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\n-t\uff1a\u53ea\u663e\u793a\u6587\u4ef6\u63cf\u8ff0\u7b26\uff0c\u8be5\u9009\u9879\u5e38\u7528\u4e8e\u4e0e -d\u3001-u\u3001-p \u6216\u8005 -c \u9009\u9879\u4e00\u8d77\u4f7f\u7528\u3002\n-u s\uff1a\u5217\u51fa\u5c5e\u4e8e\u7528\u6237 s \u6253\u5f00\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\n-v\uff1a\u663e\u793a lsof \u7684\u7248\u672c\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\n-R\uff1a\u5217\u51fa\u7236\u8fdb\u7a0b ID (PPID)\u3002\n-? \u6216 -h\uff1a\u663e\u793a lsof \u7684\u5e2e\u52a9\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/code><\/pre>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\"># 1.\u5217\u51fa\u6240\u6709\u6253\u5f00\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u8fde\u63a5\uff1a\nlsof -i\n\n# 2.\u5217\u51fa\u6240\u6709 TCP \u7f51\u7edc\u8fde\u63a5\uff1a\nlsof -i tcp\n\n# 3.\u5217\u51fa\u6240\u6709\u7531\u7528\u6237 root \u6253\u5f00\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\uff1a\nlsof -u root\n\n# 4.\u5217\u51fa\u6240\u6709\u8fdb\u7a0b ID \u4e3a 123 \u7684\u8fdb\u7a0b\u6253\u5f00\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\uff1a\nlsof -p 123\n\n# 5.\u5217\u51fa\u6240\u6709\u88ab\u8fdb\u7a0b\u540d\u79f0\u4e3a &quot;bash&quot; \u7684\u8fdb\u7a0b\u6253\u5f00\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\uff1a\nlsof -c bash\n\n# 5.\u5217\u51fa\u6240\u6709\u6253\u5f00\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\uff1a\nlsof\n\n# \u5217\u51fa\u6307\u5b9a\u7aef\u53e3\u6216\u5730\u5740\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u8fde\u63a5\uff1a\nlsof -i TCP:PORT\nlsof -i TCP@IP:PORT<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u5176\u4e2d\uff0cTCP \u8868\u793a\u534f\u8bae\u7c7b\u578b\uff0cPORT \u8868\u793a\u7aef\u53e3\u53f7\uff0cIP \u8868\u793a IP \u5730\u5740\u3002<\/p>\n<p>lsof \u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u8f93\u51fa\u4fe1\u606f\u5305\u542b\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u5b57\u6bb5\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u4e9b\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u5b57\u6bb5\u5305\u62ec\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>COMMAND\uff1a\u8fdb\u7a0b\u540d\u6216\u8fdb\u7a0b ID\uff1b<\/li>\n<li>PID\uff1a\u8fdb\u7a0b ID\uff1b<\/li>\n<li>USER\uff1a\u7528\u6237\u540d\uff1b<\/li>\n<li>FD\uff1a\u6587\u4ef6\u63cf\u8ff0\u7b26\uff0c\u6307\u5b9a\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u6253\u5f00\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982 <code>cwd<\/code> \u8868\u793a\u5f53\u524d\u5de5\u4f5c\u76ee\u5f55\uff0c<code>txt<\/code> \u8868\u793a\u53ef\u6267\u884c\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c<code>mem<\/code> \u8868\u793a\u5185\u5b58\u6620\u50cf\u6587\u4ef6\uff1b<\/li>\n<li>TYPE\uff1a\u6587\u4ef6\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982 <code>REG<\/code> \u8868\u793a\u666e\u901a\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c<code>DIR<\/code> \u8868\u793a\u76ee\u5f55\uff0c<code>CHR<\/code> \u8868\u793a\u5b57\u7b26\u8bbe\u5907\uff0c<code>FIFO<\/code> \u8868\u793a\u547d\u540d\u7ba1\u9053\uff1b<\/li>\n<li>DEVICE\uff1a\u8bbe\u5907\u53f7\uff1b<\/li>\n<li>SIZE\/OFF\uff1a\u6587\u4ef6\u5927\u5c0f\u6216\u504f\u79fb\u91cf\uff1b<\/li>\n<li>NODE\uff1a\u6587\u4ef6\u7684 inode \u53f7\uff1b<\/li>\n<li>NAME\uff1a\u6587\u4ef6\u540d\u6216\u8def\u5f84\uff1b<\/li>\n<li>PID\/TID\uff1a\u7ebf\u7a0b ID\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u4e0b\u9762\u662f\u4e00\u4e9b\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u8f93\u51fa\u4fe1\u606f\u548c\u5176\u542b\u4e49\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">COMMAND     PID   USER  FD   TYPE  DEVICE  SIZE\/OFF  NODE     NAME\nnginx       123   root  12u  IPv4  1234    0t0       TCP      *:80 (LISTEN)\nnginx       123   root  13u  IPv6  1234    0t0       TCP      *:80 (LISTEN)\nnginx       123   root  14u  IPv4  5678    0t0       TCP      *:443 (LISTEN)\nhttpd       345   apache  3u  IPv4  1234    0t0       TCP      example.com:http-&gt;192.168.1.1:54123 (ESTABLISHED)\nmysqld     4567   mysql  5u  REG   1234    100      5678     \/var\/lib\/mysql\/dbname\/table.frm\npython    12345   root   3r  FIFO  1234    0t0       pipe     &#039;\/tmp\/mypipe&#039;<\/code><\/pre>\n<ul>\n<li>\u5bf9\u4e8e\u7f51\u7edc\u8fde\u63a5\uff0cNAME \u5217\u5305\u542b\u4e86\u8fdc\u7a0b\u4e3b\u673a\u7684 IP \u5730\u5740\u548c\u7aef\u53e3\u53f7\uff0c\u683c\u5f0f\u4e3a\u201c\u672c\u5730\u5730\u5740:\u672c\u5730\u7aef\u53e3\u53f7-&gt;\u8fdc\u7a0b\u5730\u5740:\u8fdc\u7a0b\u7aef\u53e3\u53f7 (\u72b6\u6001)\u201d\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u5bf9\u4e8e\u666e\u901a\u6587\u4ef6\uff0cNAME \u5217\u663e\u793a\u6587\u4ef6\u540d\u6216\u5b8c\u6574\u8def\u5f84\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u5bf9\u4e8e\u8bbe\u5907\u6587\u4ef6\u548c\u7279\u6b8a\u6587\u4ef6\uff0cNAME \u5217\u5305\u542b\u4e86\u8bbe\u5907\u53f7\u548c\u6587\u4ef6\u540d\uff0c\u683c\u5f0f\u4e3a\u201c\u8bbe\u5907\u53f7:\u6587\u4ef6\u540d\u201d\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u5bf9\u4e8e\u7ba1\u9053\u548c FIFO\uff0cNAME \u5217\u5305\u542b\u4e86\u6587\u4ef6\u540d\u6216\u5b8c\u6574\u8def\u5f84\uff0c\u4ee5\u5355\u5f15\u53f7\u62ec\u8d77\u6765\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>FD \u5217\u6307\u793a\u4e86\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u6253\u5f00\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u5305\u542b\u4ee5\u4e0b\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u503c\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>cwd<\/code>\uff1a\u8868\u793a\u5f53\u524d\u5de5\u4f5c\u76ee\u5f55\uff08current working directory\uff09\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>txt<\/code>\uff1a\u8868\u793a\u53ef\u6267\u884c\u6587\u4ef6\u6216\u5171\u4eab\u5e93\u6587\u4ef6\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>mem<\/code>\uff1a\u8868\u793a\u5185\u5b58\u6620\u50cf\u6587\u4ef6\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>REG<\/code>\uff1a\u8868\u793a\u666e\u901a\u6587\u4ef6\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>DIR<\/code>\uff1a\u8868\u793a\u76ee\u5f55\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>CHR<\/code>\uff1a\u8868\u793a\u5b57\u7b26\u8bbe\u5907\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>BLK<\/code>\uff1a\u8868\u793a\u5757\u8bbe\u5907\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>FIFO<\/code>\uff1a\u8868\u793a\u547d\u540d\u7ba1\u9053\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>SOCK<\/code>\uff1a\u8868\u793a\u7f51\u7edc\u5957\u63a5\u5b57\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>lsof \u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u8f93\u51fa\u6307\u5b9a\u683c\u5f0f\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528 <code>-F<\/code> \u53c2\u6570\u53ef\u4ee5\u6307\u5b9a\u8f93\u51fa\u683c\u5f0f\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528 <code>-F p<\/code> \u53ea\u8f93\u51fa\u8fdb\u7a0b ID\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528 <code>-F n<\/code> \u53ea\u8f93\u51fa\u6587\u4ef6\u540d\u3002\u66f4\u591a\u683c\u5f0f\u53c2\u8003 <code>man lsof<\/code> \u7684 OUTPUT FOR OTHER PROGRAMS \u4e00\u8282\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u67e5\u627e\u88ab\u54ea\u4e2a\u8fdb\u7a0b\u5360\u7528\u4e86\u67d0\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">lsof \/path\/to\/file<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u67e5\u627e\u54ea\u4e2a\u8fdb\u7a0b\u4f7f\u7528\u4e86\u6700\u591a\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u53e5\u67c4\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">lsof | awk &#039;{print $2}&#039; | sort | uniq -c | sort -nr | head<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u67e5\u627e\u54ea\u4e2a\u8fdb\u7a0b\u4f7f\u7528\u4e86\u6700\u591a\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u8fde\u63a5\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">lsof -i | awk &#039;{print $1}&#039; | sort | uniq -c | sort -nr | head<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u67e5\u627e\u54ea\u4e2a\u8fdb\u7a0b\u5360\u7528\u4e86\u67d0\u4e2a\u7aef\u53e3\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">lsof -i :PORT<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u67e5\u627e\u54ea\u4e9b\u8fdb\u7a0b\u6b63\u5728\u4f7f\u7528\u67d0\u4e2a\u76ee\u5f55\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">lsof +D \/path\/to\/directory<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u67e5\u627e\u54ea\u4e9b\u8fdb\u7a0b\u4f7f\u7528\u4e86\u67d0\u4e2a\u5171\u4eab\u5e93\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">lsof \/path\/to\/shared\/library<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u67e5\u770b\u54ea\u4e9b\u6587\u4ef6\u88ab\u591a\u4e2a\u8fdb\u7a0b\u5171\u4eab\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">lsof | awk &#039;{if($2 != &quot;&quot;) print $2}&#039; | sort | uniq -d | xargs ps -p<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u67e5\u770b\u54ea\u4e9b\u8fdb\u7a0b\u6ca1\u6709\u6253\u5f00\u4efb\u4f55\u6587\u4ef6\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">ps -eo pid | grep -v PID | xargs -I{} sh -c &#039;lsof -p {} &gt;\/dev\/null || echo {}&#039;<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u67e5\u770b\u54ea\u4e9b\u8fdb\u7a0b\u6ca1\u6709\u6b63\u5e38\u9000\u51fa\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">ps axo pid,command,stat | awk &#039;$3 != &quot;Z&quot; &amp;&amp; $2 != &quot;ps&quot; &amp;&amp; $2 != &quot;awk&quot; &amp;&amp; $2 != &quot;lsof&quot; {print}&#039;<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u67e5\u770b\u54ea\u4e9b\u8fdb\u7a0b\u4f7f\u7528\u4e86\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u865a\u62df\u5185\u5b58\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">ps axo pid,command,rss,vsz | awk &#039;{if($3\/$4 &gt; 0.5) print}&#039;<\/code><\/pre>\n<h2>mkdir<\/h2>\n<blockquote>\n<p><code>mkdir<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u662f Linux \u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e38\u7528\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u521b\u5efa\u65b0\u7684\u76ee\u5f55\u3002\u5728 Linux \u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\uff0c\u76ee\u5f55\u662f\u7528\u4e8e\u7ec4\u7ec7\u548c\u7ba1\u7406\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u7528\u6237\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 <code>mkdir<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u521b\u5efa\u65b0\u7684\u76ee\u5f55\u5e76\u8fdb\u884c\u6587\u4ef6\u7ba1\u7406\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">#\u53c2\u6570\u7684\u76f8\u5173\u542b\u4e49\uff1a\n-m, --mode=MODE\uff1a\n\u8fd9\u4e2a\u53c2\u6570\u5141\u8bb8\u4f60\u8bbe\u7f6e\u65b0\u76ee\u5f55\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u5728chmod\u547d\u4ee4\u4e2d\u90a3\u6837\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0cmkdir -m 755 directory_name\u4f1a\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u540d\u4e3a&quot;directory_name&quot;\u7684\u65b0\u76ee\u5f55\uff0c\u4e14\u5176\u6743\u9650\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e3a755\uff08\u5373\u6240\u6709\u8005\u6709\u8bfb\/\u5199\/\u6267\u884c\u6743\u9650\uff0c\u7ec4\u6709\u8bfb\/\u6267\u884c\u6743\u9650\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u7528\u6237\u6709\u8bfb\/\u6267\u884c\u6743\u9650\uff09\u3002\n-p, --parents\uff1a\n\u8fd9\u4e2a\u53c2\u6570\u5141\u8bb8\u4f60\u521b\u5efa\u591a\u7ea7\u76ee\u5f55\uff0c\u5373\u5982\u679c\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u76ee\u5f55\u8def\u5f84\u4e2d\u7684\u67d0\u4e9b\u76ee\u5f55\u5c1a\u672a\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u4f1a\u81ea\u52a8\u521b\u5efa\u5b83\u4eec\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0cmkdir -p dir1\/dir2\/dir3\u4f1a\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u76ee\u5f55\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5305\u542bdir1\uff08\u5982\u679c\u5c1a\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u8bdd\uff09\uff0cdir1\u4e0b\u7684dir2\uff0c\u4ee5\u53cadir2\u4e0b\u7684dir3\u3002\n-v, --verbose\uff1a\n\u4f7f\u7528\u8fd9\u4e2a\u53c2\u6570\uff0cmkdir\u547d\u4ee4\u4f1a\u4e3a\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b83\u521b\u5efa\u7684\u76ee\u5f55\u6253\u5370\u4e00\u6761\u6d88\u606f\u3002\u8fd9\u5bf9\u4e8e\u8ddf\u8e2amkdir\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u6267\u884c\u7279\u522b\u6709\u7528\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5f53\u4f60\u4f7f\u7528-p\u53c2\u6570\u521b\u5efa\u591a\u7ea7\u76ee\u5f55\u65f6\u3002\n-Z\uff1a\n\u8fd9\u4e2a\u53c2\u6570\u4f1a\u8bbe\u7f6e\u6bcf\u4e2a\u521b\u5efa\u7684\u76ee\u5f55\u7684SELinux\u5b89\u5168\u4e0a\u4e0b\u6587\u4e3a\u9ed8\u8ba4\u7c7b\u578b\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u4e0e\u7cfb\u7edf\u5b89\u5168\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u9009\u9879\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u4f60\u77e5\u9053\u81ea\u5df1\u5728\u505a\u4ec0\u4e48\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u624d\u4f1a\u4f7f\u7528\u3002\n--context[=CTX]\uff1a\n\u8fd9\u4e2a\u53c2\u6570\u7c7b\u4f3c\u4e8e-Z\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5982\u679c\u6307\u5b9a\u4e86CTX\uff0c\u5b83\u5c06\u4f1a\u8bbe\u7f6eSELinux\u6216SMACK\u5b89\u5168\u4e0a\u4e0b\u6587\u4e3aCTX\u3002\u8fd9\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0e\u7cfb\u7edf\u5b89\u5168\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u9009\u9879\u3002\n--help\uff1a\n\u663e\u793a\u5173\u4e8emkdir\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u5e2e\u52a9\u4fe1\u606f\n--version\uff1a\n\u8f93\u51famkdir\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u7248\u672c\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/code><\/pre>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">#\u6848\u4f8b\n# 1.\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u540d\u4e3a&quot;test_directory&quot;\u7684\u65b0\u76ee\u5f55\uff1a\nmkdir test_directory\n\n# 2.\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u540d\u4e3a&quot;test_directory&quot;\u7684\u65b0\u76ee\u5f55\uff0c\u5e76\u8bbe\u7f6e\u5176\u6a21\u5f0f\u4e3a755\uff1a\nmkdir -m 755 test_directory\n\n# 3.\u521b\u5efa\u591a\u7ea7\u76ee\u5f55&quot;dir1\/dir2\/dir3&quot;\uff1a\nmkdir -p dir1\/dir2\/dir3\n\n# 4.\u5efa\u591a\u7ea7\u76ee\u5f55\u5e76\u663e\u793a\u5173\u4e8e\u521b\u5efa\u7684\u6bcf\u4e2a\u76ee\u5f55\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\uff1a\nmkdir -pv dir1\/dir2\/dir3\nmkdir -pv \/etc\/pki\/CA\/{certs,crl,newcerts,private} #CA\u81ea\u7b7e\u540d\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u7528\u5230<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u76ee\u5f55\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">mkdir newdir<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u9012\u5f52\u521b\u5efa\u76ee\u5f55\u53ca\u5176\u5b50\u76ee\u5f55\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">mkdir -p newdir\/subdir<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u521b\u5efa\u591a\u4e2a\u76ee\u5f55\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">mkdir dir1 dir2 dir3<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u5728\u6307\u5b9a\u76ee\u5f55\u4e0b\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u76ee\u5f55\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">mkdir \/path\/to\/newdir<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u9700\u8981\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u8981\u5728\u5df2\u7ecf\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u76ee\u5f55\u4e2d\u521b\u5efa\u65b0\u76ee\u5f55\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u4f7f\u7528\u8be5\u76ee\u5f55\u7684\u7edd\u5bf9\u8def\u5f84\u6216\u76f8\u5bf9\u8def\u5f84\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4f7f\u7528\u76f8\u5bf9\u8def\u5f84\uff0c\u5219\u5c06\u76f8\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5f53\u524d\u5de5\u4f5c\u76ee\u5f55\u8fdb\u884c\u8ba1\u7b97\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u8981\u521b\u5efa\u591a\u4e2a\u76ee\u5f55\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728 <code>mkdir<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u4e2d\u6307\u5b9a\u591a\u4e2a\u76ee\u5f55\u540d\u79f0\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u4f7f\u7528 shell \u901a\u914d\u7b26\u6765\u521b\u5efa\u591a\u4e2a\u76ee\u5f55\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 <code>mkdir dir{1..3}<\/code> \u6765\u521b\u5efa <code>dir1<\/code>\u3001<code>dir2<\/code> \u548c <code>dir3<\/code> \u4e09\u4e2a\u76ee\u5f55\u3002<\/p>\n<h2>mv<\/h2>\n<blockquote>\n<p><code>mv<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u662f Linux \u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e38\u7528\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u79fb\u52a8\u6216\u91cd\u547d\u540d\u6587\u4ef6\u6216\u76ee\u5f55\u3002\u5728 Linux \u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\uff0c\u7528\u6237\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 <code>mv<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u5c06\u6587\u4ef6\u6216\u76ee\u5f55\u4ece\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f4d\u7f6e\u79fb\u52a8\u5230\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06\u6587\u4ef6\u6216\u76ee\u5f55\u91cd\u547d\u540d<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>\u79fb\u52a8\u4e00\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u5230\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">mv myfile.txt \/path\/to\/newlocation\/<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u79fb\u52a8\u4e00\u4e2a\u76ee\u5f55\u53ca\u5176\u6240\u6709\u5b50\u76ee\u5f55\u548c\u6587\u4ef6\u5230\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">mv mydir \/path\/to\/newlocation\/<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u5c06\u4e00\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u91cd\u547d\u540d\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">mv myfile.txt newfile.txt<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u9700\u8981\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c <code>mv<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u65e2\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u4e8e\u79fb\u52a8\u6587\u4ef6\u6216\u76ee\u5f55\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u4e8e\u91cd\u547d\u540d\u6587\u4ef6\u6216\u76ee\u5f55\u3002\u5982\u679c\u8981\u5c06\u6587\u4ef6\u6216\u76ee\u5f55\u79fb\u52a8\u5230\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u6307\u5b9a\u76ee\u6807\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982 <code>\/path\/to\/newlocation\/<\/code>\u3002\u5982\u679c\u76ee\u6807\u4f4d\u7f6e\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5df2\u7ecf\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u76ee\u5f55\uff0c\u5219\u4f1a\u5c06\u6587\u4ef6\u6216\u76ee\u5f55\u79fb\u52a8\u5230\u8be5\u76ee\u5f55\u4e2d\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u76ee\u6807\u4f4d\u7f6e\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u76ee\u5f55\u540d\u79f0\uff0c\u5219\u4f1a\u521b\u5efa\u8be5\u76ee\u5f55\u5e76\u5c06\u6587\u4ef6\u6216\u76ee\u5f55\u79fb\u52a8\u5230\u5176\u4e2d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u8981\u91cd\u547d\u540d\u4e00\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u6216\u76ee\u5f55\uff0c\u53ea\u9700\u8981\u5c06\u539f\u59cb\u540d\u79f0\u66ff\u6362\u4e3a\u65b0\u540d\u79f0\u5373\u53ef\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982 <code>mv myfile.txt newfile.txt<\/code>\u3002<\/p>\n<h2>more<\/h2>\n<blockquote>\n<p><code>more<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u662f Linux \u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u4e00\u4e2a\u7528\u4e8e\u67e5\u770b\u6587\u4ef6\u5185\u5bb9\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u5b83\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06\u6587\u672c\u5185\u5bb9\u5206\u9875\u663e\u793a\uff0c\u5e76\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e00\u4e9b\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u6d4f\u89c8\u548c\u641c\u7d22\u529f\u80fd<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>\u67e5\u770b\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">more filename.txt<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u5411\u4e0b\u7ffb\u4e00\u9875\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">space(\u7a7a\u683c\u952e)<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u5411\u4e0a\u7ffb\u4e00\u9875\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">b<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u5411\u4e0b\u7ffb\u4e00\u884c\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">Enter(\u56de\u8f66\u952e)<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u9000\u51fa <code>more<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">q<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u9700\u8981\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c<code>more<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u4ec5\u652f\u6301\u5411\u4e0b\u7ffb\u9875\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u5411\u4e0a\u7ffb\u9875\uff0c\u8fd9\u4f7f\u5f97\u5b83\u6709\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684\u5c40\u9650\u6027\u3002\u5982\u679c\u9700\u8981\u5728\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u8fdb\u884c\u5feb\u901f\u641c\u7d22\u6216\u6eda\u52a8\uff0c\u5efa\u8bae\u4f7f\u7528 <code>less<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u3002\u53e6\u5916\uff0c<code>more<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u901a\u5e38\u7528\u4e8e\u8f83\u5c0f\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5728\u67e5\u770b\u8f83\u5927\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u65f6\uff0c\u5206\u9875\u52a0\u8f7d\u6570\u636e\u53ef\u80fd\u9700\u8981\u4e00\u4e9b\u65f6\u95f4\u3002<\/p>\n<h2>mount\u3001umount<\/h2>\n<blockquote>\n<p><code>mount<\/code>\u548c<code>umount<\/code>\u662fLinux\u64cd\u4f5c\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u7528\u4e8e\u6302\u8f7d\u548c\u5378\u8f7d\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<h3>\u6302\u8f7d\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\uff08mount\uff09<\/h3>\n<p><code>mount<\/code>\u547d\u4ee4\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06\u4e00\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u6302\u8f7d\u5230\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u6302\u8f7d\u70b9\u4e0a\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u8be5\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u8bbf\u95ee\u548c\u64cd\u4f5c\u3002\u4f7f\u7528<code>mount<\/code>\u547d\u4ee4\u9700\u8981\u6307\u5b9a\u4e24\u4e2a\u53c2\u6570\uff1a\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u8bbe\u5907\u548c\u6302\u8f7d\u70b9\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8bed\u6cd5\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">mount [-t filesystem-type] [-o mount-options] device mount-point<\/code><\/pre>\n<ul>\n<li><code>-t<\/code>\u9009\u9879\u7528\u4e8e\u6307\u5b9a\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u7c7b\u578b\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u6307\u5b9a\uff0cLinux\u4f1a\u81ea\u52a8\u68c0\u6d4b\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u7c7b\u578b\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-r<\/code>readonly,\u53ea\u8bfb\u6302\u8f7d<\/li>\n<li><code>-w<\/code>read and write\uff0c\u8bfb\u5199\u6302\u8f7d\uff0c\u6b64\u4e3a\u9ed8\u8ba4\u8bbe\u5907\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u7701\u7565<\/li>\n<li><code>-o<\/code>\u9009\u9879\u7528\u4e8e\u6307\u5b9a\u6302\u8f7d\u9009\u9879\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u8bfb\u5199\u6743\u9650\u3001\u7528\u6237\u6743\u9650\u7b49\u3002\u591a\u4e2a\u9009\u9879\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u9017\u53f7\u9694\u5f00\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>device<\/code>\u53c2\u6570\u7528\u4e8e\u6307\u5b9a\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u8bbe\u5907\u8def\u5f84\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u8bbe\u5907\u6587\u4ef6\u8def\u5f84\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u7f51\u7edc\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u8def\u5f84\u7b49\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>mount-point<\/code>\u53c2\u6570\u7528\u4e8e\u6307\u5b9a\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u6302\u8f7d\u7684\u6302\u8f7d\u70b9<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e0b\u547d\u4ee4\u5c06\/dev\/sdb1\u5206\u533a\u4ee5ext4\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u4ee5\u8bfb\u5199\u6743\u9650\u6302\u8f7d\u5230\/mnt\u76ee\u5f55\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">mount -t ext4 -o rw \/dev\/sdb1 \/mnt<\/code><\/pre>\n<h3>\u5378\u8f7d\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\uff08umount\uff09<\/h3>\n<p><code>umount<\/code>\u547d\u4ee4\u7528\u4e8e\u5378\u8f7d\u4e00\u4e2a\u5df2\u7ecf\u6302\u8f7d\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u8be5\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u4e0d\u80fd\u88ab\u8bbf\u95ee\u548c\u64cd\u4f5c\u3002\u4f7f\u7528<code>umount<\/code>\u547d\u4ee4\u53ea\u9700\u8981\u6307\u5b9a\u5378\u8f7d\u70b9\u5373\u53ef\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8bed\u6cd5:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">umount mount-point<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e0b\u547d\u4ee4\u5c06\/mnt\u76ee\u5f55\u4e0a\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u5378\u8f7d\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">umount \/mnt<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u9700\u8981\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u6b63\u5728\u88ab\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u6b63\u5728\u8fd0\u884c\u7684\u7a0b\u5e8f\u6b63\u5728\u8bfb\u5199\u8be5\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u4f7f\u7528<code>umount<\/code>\u547d\u4ee4\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u5931\u8d25\u3002\u6b64\u65f6\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u505c\u6b62\u6240\u6709\u6b63\u5728\u4f7f\u7528\u8be5\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u8fdb\u7a0b\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u4f7f\u7528<code>-l<\/code>\u9009\u9879\u5f3a\u5236\u5378\u8f7d\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e0b\u547d\u4ee4\u5f3a\u5236\u5378\u8f7d\/mnt\u76ee\u5f55\u4e0a\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">umount -l \/mnt<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><code>mount<\/code>\u547d\u4ee4\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u4f7f\u7528<code>-o<\/code>\u9009\u9879\u6765\u4e3a\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u6307\u5b9a\u4e00\u4e9b\u6302\u8f7d\u9009\u9879\u3002\u4e0b\u9762\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e00\u4e9b\u5e38\u89c1\u7684<code>-o<\/code>\u9009\u9879\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>rw<\/code>\uff1a\u4ee5\u53ef\u8bfb\u5199\u6a21\u5f0f\uff08\u9ed8\u8ba4\uff09\u6302\u8f7d\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>ro<\/code>\uff1a\u4ee5\u53ea\u8bfb\u6a21\u5f0f(read-only)\u6302\u8f7d\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u53ea\u80fd\u88ab\u8bfb\u53d6\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u88ab\u4fee\u6539\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>remount<\/code>\uff1a\u91cd\u65b0\u6302\u8f7d\u4e00\u4e2a\u5df2\u7ecf\u6302\u8f7d\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u5e76\u66f4\u6539\u6302\u8f7d\u9009\u9879\u3002\u8be5\u9009\u9879\u9700\u8981\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u6302\u8f7d\u9009\u9879\u4e00\u8d77\u4f7f\u7528\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c<code>mount -o remount,rw \/dev\/sda1 \/mnt<\/code>\u5c06\u91cd\u65b0\u5c06<code>\/dev\/sda1<\/code>\u5206\u533a\u4ee5\u53ef\u8bfb\u5199\u6a21\u5f0f\u6302\u8f7d\u5230<code>\/mnt<\/code>\u76ee\u5f55\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>noexec<\/code>\uff1a\u7981\u6b62\u5728\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0a\u6267\u884c\u4efb\u4f55\u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236\u6587\u4ef6\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>nodev<\/code>\uff1a\u7981\u6b62\u5728\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0a\u521b\u5efa\u8bbe\u5907\u6587\u4ef6\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>nosuid<\/code>\uff1a\u7981\u6b62\u5728\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0a\u542f\u7528<code>setuid<\/code>\u548c<code>setgid<\/code>\u6743\u9650\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>noatime<\/code>\uff1a\u4e0d\u66f4\u65b0\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u8bbf\u95ee\u65f6\u95f4\u6233\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u63d0\u9ad8\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u6027\u80fd\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>nodiratime<\/code>\uff1a\u4e0d\u66f4\u65b0\u76ee\u5f55\u7684\u8bbf\u95ee\u65f6\u95f4\u6233\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u63d0\u9ad8\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u6027\u80fd\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>sync<\/code>\uff1a\u6240\u6709\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5199\u5165\u90fd\u4f1a\u88ab\u540c\u6b65\u5199\u5165\u5b58\u50a8\u8bbe\u5907\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u63d0\u9ad8\u6570\u636e\u5b89\u5168\u6027\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4f1a\u5f71\u54cd\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u6027\u80fd\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>async<\/code>\uff1a\u6570\u636e\u5199\u5165\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u7f13\u5b58\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u63d0\u9ad8\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u6027\u80fd\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4f1a\u964d\u4f4e\u6570\u636e\u5b89\u5168\u6027\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>defaults<\/code>\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528\u9ed8\u8ba4\u7684\u6302\u8f7d\u9009\u9879\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u53ef\u8bfb\u5199\u6a21\u5f0f\u3001\u8bbf\u95ee\u65f6\u95f4\u6233\u66f4\u65b0\u7b49.\u76f8\u5f53\u4e8erw, suid, dev, exec, auto, nouser, async\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>user<\/code>\uff1a\u5141\u8bb8\u666e\u901a\u7528\u6237\u6302\u8f7d\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u5426\u5219\u53ea\u6709\u8d85\u7ea7\u7528\u6237\u624d\u80fd\u8fdb\u884c\u6302\u8f7d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e0b\u547d\u4ee4\u5c06\u4ee5\u53ea\u8bfb\u6a21\u5f0f\u6302\u8f7d<code>\/dev\/sda1<\/code>\u5206\u533a\uff0c\u5e76\u7981\u6b62\u5728\u8be5\u5206\u533a\u4e0a\u6267\u884c\u4efb\u4f55\u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236\u6587\u4ef6\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">mount -o ro,noexec \/dev\/sda1 \/mnt<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u9700\u8981\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u6302\u8f7d\u9009\u9879\u53ef\u4ee5\u7ec4\u5408\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982<code>mount -o rw,noatime,nodiratime \/dev\/sda1 \/mnt<\/code>\u5c06\u4ee5\u53ef\u8bfb\u5199\u6a21\u5f0f\u6302\u8f7d<code>\/dev\/sda1<\/code>\u5206\u533a\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u4e0d\u4f1a\u66f4\u65b0\u6587\u4ef6\u548c\u76ee\u5f55\u7684\u8bbf\u95ee\u65f6\u95f4\u6233\u3002<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>errors=remount-ro<\/code>\uff1a\u5f53\u53d1\u751f\u9519\u8bef\u65f6\uff0c\u91cd\u65b0\u6302\u8f7d\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e3a\u53ea\u8bfb\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002\u8fd9\u53ef\u4ee5\u9632\u6b62\u5bf9\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u635f\u574f\uff0c\u5e76\u53ef\u4ee5\u5e2e\u52a9\u6062\u590d\u6570\u636e\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>uid<\/code>\uff1a\u6307\u5b9a\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u6240\u6709\u8005\u7528\u6237ID\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>gid<\/code>\uff1a\u6307\u5b9a\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u6240\u6709\u8005\u7ec4ID\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>umask<\/code>\uff1a\u6307\u5b9a\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u9ed8\u8ba4\u6743\u9650\u63a9\u7801\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>offset<\/code>\uff1a\u6307\u5b9a\u5206\u533a\u7684\u504f\u79fb\u91cf\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u6302\u8f7d\u67d0\u4e9b\u4e0d\u652f\u6301LVM\u6216RAID\u7b49\u9ad8\u7ea7\u529f\u80fd\u7684\u78c1\u76d8\u5206\u533a\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>loop<\/code>\uff1a\u5c06\u6587\u4ef6\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5757\u8bbe\u5907\u6302\u8f7d\u4e3a\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u8fd9\u901a\u5e38\u7528\u4e8e\u6302\u8f7dISO\u6620\u50cf\u6587\u4ef6\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e0b\u547d\u4ee4\u5c06\u4ee5\u9ed8\u8ba4\u7684\u6302\u8f7d\u9009\u9879\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528<code>uid<\/code>\u548c<code>gid<\/code>\u9009\u9879\u6765\u6307\u5b9a\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u6240\u6709\u8005\u4e3a1001\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">mount -o uid=1001,gid=1001 \/dev\/sda1 \/mnt<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u9700\u8981\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c<code>-o<\/code>\u9009\u9879\u53ef\u4ee5\u6709\u591a\u4e2a\uff0c\u4ee5\u9017\u53f7\u5206\u9694\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c<code>mount -o rw,noatime,uid=1001,gid=1001 \/dev\/sda1 \/mnt<\/code>\u5c06\u4ee5\u53ef\u8bfb\u5199\u6a21\u5f0f\u6302\u8f7d<code>\/dev\/sda1<\/code>\u5206\u533a\uff0c\u4e0d\u4f1a\u66f4\u65b0\u8bbf\u95ee\u65f6\u95f4\u6233\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u6240\u6709\u8005\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e3a1001\u7528\u6237\u548c\u7ec4.<\/p>\n<h2>mkfs<\/h2>\n<p>\u5728Linux\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\uff0cmkfs\u547d\u4ee4\u7528\u4e8e\u683c\u5f0f\u5316\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u5373\u5728\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u5206\u533a\u6216\u8bbe\u5907\u4e0a\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002\u4f7f\u7528mkfs\u547d\u4ee4\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06\u4e00\u4e2a\u5206\u533a\u6216\u8bbe\u5907\u683c\u5f0f\u5316\u4e3a\u5404\u79cd\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982ext2\u3001ext3\u3001ext4\u3001xfs\u3001NTFS\u7b49\u3002\u672c\u6587\u5c06\u8be6\u7ec6\u4ecb\u7ecdmkfs\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u65b9\u6cd5\u548c\u5e38\u7528\u9009\u9879\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u57fa\u672c\u8bed\u6cd5\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">mkfs [\u9009\u9879] \u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u7c7b\u578b \u5206\u533a\u6216\u8bbe\u5907\u540d\u79f0<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u5e38\u7528\u9009\u9879\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>-t <\/code>\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u7c7b\u578b\uff1a\u6307\u5b9a\u8981\u521b\u5efa\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u7c7b\u578b\uff1b<\/li>\n<li><code>-V<\/code>\u663e\u793a\u8be6\u7ec6\u7684\u8c03\u8bd5\u4fe1\u606f\uff1b<\/li>\n<li><code>-c<\/code>\u5728\u521b\u5efa\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u524d\u8fdb\u884c\u68c0\u67e5\uff0c\u4ee5\u907f\u514d\u574f\u5757\u7684\u4ea7\u751f\uff1b<\/li>\n<li><code>-L<\/code> \u6807\u7b7e\u540d\uff1a\u4e3a\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e00\u4e2a\u6807\u7b7e\uff1b<\/li>\n<li><code>-m<\/code>\u4fdd\u7559\u7a7a\u95f4\u6bd4\u4f8b\uff1a\u6307\u5b9a\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u5e94\u8be5\u4fdd\u7559\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u6bd4\u4f8b\uff1b<\/li>\n<li><code>-n<\/code>\u4e0d\u8981\u521b\u5efa\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u53ea\u8f93\u51fa\u5c06\u8981\u6267\u884c\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4e0b\u9762\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u5c06\u5728\/dev\/sdb1\u8bbe\u5907\u4e0a\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2aext4\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u8bbe\u7f6e\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u6807\u7b7e\u4e3adata\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">mkfs -t ext4 -L data \/dev\/sdb1\n#\u6216\u8005\nmkfs.ext4 -L data \/dev\/sdb1<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u5728\u6267\u884c\u8be5\u547d\u4ee4\u65f6\uff0cmkfs\u4f1a\u9996\u5148\u68c0\u67e5\u8bbe\u5907\u4e0a\u662f\u5426\u5b58\u5728\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5b58\u5728\u5219\u4f1a\u63d0\u793a\u7528\u6237\u662f\u5426\u8986\u76d6\u539f\u6709\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e9b\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u7c7b\u578b\uff0cmkfs\u547d\u4ee4\u8fd8\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u989d\u5916\u7684\u9009\u9879\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8eext2\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u5982\u4e0b\u547d\u4ee4\u521b\u5efa\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">mkfs.ext2 [\u9009\u9879] \u5206\u533a\u6216\u8bbe\u5907\u540d\u79f0<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u5176\u4e2d\uff0cext2\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5e38\u7528\u9009\u9879\u5305\u62ec\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>-b<\/code> \u5757\u5927\u5c0f\uff1a\u6307\u5b9a\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5757\u5927\u5c0f\uff1b<\/li>\n<li><code>-I<\/code> inode\u5927\u5c0f\uff1a\u6307\u5b9a\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2dinode\u8282\u70b9\u7684\u5927\u5c0f\uff1b<\/li>\n<li><code>-N <\/code>inode\u6570\u91cf\uff1a\u6307\u5b9a\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2dinode\u8282\u70b9\u7684\u6570\u91cf\uff1b<\/li>\n<li><code>-m<\/code> \u4fdd\u7559\u7a7a\u95f4\u6bd4\u4f8b\uff1a\u6307\u5b9a\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u5e94\u8be5\u4fdd\u7559\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u6bd4\u4f8b\uff1b<\/li>\n<li><code>-v<\/code>\u663e\u793a\u8be6\u7ec6\u7684\u8f93\u51fa\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u603b\u4e4b\uff0cmkfs\u547d\u4ee4\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u975e\u5e38\u6709\u7528\u7684\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5e2e\u52a9\u7528\u6237\u5728Linux\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u5feb\u901f\u521b\u5efa\u5404\u79cd\u4e0d\u540c\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u66f4\u597d\u5730\u7ba1\u7406\u548c\u5229\u7528\u7cfb\u7edf\u8d44\u6e90\u3002\u5728\u4f7f\u7528mkfs\u547d\u4ee4\u65f6\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u6ce8\u610f\u9009\u62e9\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u7c7b\u578b\u548c\u9009\u9879\uff0c\u4ee5\u907f\u514d\u51fa\u73b0\u9519\u8bef\u548c\u4e0d\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u635f\u5931\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8981\u683c\u5f0f\u5316\u4e00\u4e2a\u5206\u533a\u6216\u8bbe\u5907\u4e3axfs\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u5982\u4e0b\u547d\u4ee4\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">mkfs.xfs [\u9009\u9879] \u5206\u533a\u6216\u8bbe\u5907\u540d\u79f0<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u5176\u4e2d\uff0c\u9009\u9879\u53ef\u4ee5\u6839\u636e\u9700\u8981\u8fdb\u884c\u8bbe\u7f6e\uff0c\u5e38\u7528\u7684\u9009\u9879\u5305\u62ec\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>-d<\/code> \u6570\u636e\u76d8\u5e03\u5c40\u9009\u9879\uff1a\u7528\u4e8e\u6307\u5b9a\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u6570\u636e\u76d8\u5e03\u5c40\u53c2\u6570\uff1b<\/li>\n<li><code>-f<\/code>\u5f3a\u5236\u683c\u5f0f\u5316\uff0c\u4e0d\u8fdb\u884c\u4efb\u4f55\u786e\u8ba4\u64cd\u4f5c\uff1b<\/li>\n<li><code>-l<\/code> \u65e5\u5fd7\u9009\u9879\uff1a\u7528\u4e8e\u6307\u5b9a\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u65e5\u5fd7\u53c2\u6570\uff1b<\/li>\n<li><code>-n<\/code>\u6570\u636e\u76d8\u5e03\u5c40\u540d\u79f0\uff1a\u7528\u4e8e\u6307\u5b9a\u6570\u636e\u76d8\u5e03\u5c40\u7684\u540d\u79f0\uff1b<\/li>\n<li><code>-L<\/code> \u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u6807\u7b7e\uff1a\u7528\u4e8e\u6307\u5b9a\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u6807\u7b7e\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4e0b\u9762\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u5c06\u5728\/dev\/sdc1\u8bbe\u5907\u4e0a\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684xfs\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u5e76\u8bbe\u7f6e\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u6807\u7b7e\u4e3adata\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">mkfs.xfs -L data \/dev\/sdc1<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u5728\u6267\u884c\u8be5\u547d\u4ee4\u65f6\uff0cmkfs.xfs\u4f1a\u9996\u5148\u68c0\u67e5\u8bbe\u5907\u4e0a\u662f\u5426\u5b58\u5728\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5b58\u5728\u5219\u4f1a\u63d0\u793a\u7528\u6237\u662f\u5426\u8986\u76d6\u539f\u6709\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u9700\u8981\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528mkfs\u547d\u4ee4\u683c\u5f0f\u5316\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u65f6\uff0c\u4f1a\u5c06\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0a\u6240\u6709\u7684\u6570\u636e\u548c\u5143\u6570\u636e\u6e05\u9664\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5728\u6267\u884c\u8be5\u547d\u4ee4\u524d\u5e94\u8be5\u5907\u4efd\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u6570\u636e\u3002<\/p>\n<h2>mkpasswd<\/h2>\n<blockquote>\n<p><code>mkpasswd<\/code> \u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7528\u4e8e\u751f\u6210\u52a0\u5bc6\u5bc6\u7801\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u884c\u5de5\u5177\u3002\u5b83\u4f7f\u7528 <code>crypt(3)<\/code> \u51fd\u6570\u6765\u52a0\u5bc6\u5bc6\u7801\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\"># \u9009\u9879\n\n-m, --method=TYPE\uff1a\u9009\u62e9\u52a0\u5bc6\u65b9\u6cd5 TYPE\u3002TYPE\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f md5crypt\u3001sha-256\u3001sha-512 \u7b49\u3002\u5982\u679c\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e3a help\uff0c\u5219\u4f1a\u8f93\u51fa\u6240\u6709\u53ef\u7528\u7684\u52a0\u5bc6\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\n-5\uff1a\u8fd9\u662f --method=md5crypt \u7684\u5feb\u6377\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u8868\u793a\u4f7f\u7528 MD5 \u7b97\u6cd5\u52a0\u5bc6\u5bc6\u7801\u3002\n-S, --salt=SALT\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528\u6307\u5b9a\u7684 SALT\u3002\u76d0\u662f\u7528\u4e8e\u52a0\u5bc6\u5bc6\u7801\u7684\u968f\u673a\u6570\u636e\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u6307\u5b9a\u76d0\uff0c\u5c06\u751f\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u968f\u673a\u7684\u76d0\u3002\n-R, --rounds=NUMBER\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528\u6307\u5b9a\u7684 NUMBER \u8f6e\u6570\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u52a0\u5bc6\u7b97\u6cd5\u4e2d\u7684\u8fed\u4ee3\u6b21\u6570\u3002\u4e0d\u662f\u6240\u6709\u7684\u52a0\u5bc6\u65b9\u6cd5\u90fd\u652f\u6301\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9009\u9879\u3002\n-P, --password-fd=NUM\uff1a\u4ece\u6587\u4ef6\u63cf\u8ff0\u7b26 NUM \u8bfb\u53d6\u5bc6\u7801\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u4ece \/dev\/tty\u3002\u8fd9\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u4e8e\u4ece\u6587\u4ef6\u6216\u7ba1\u9053\u8bfb\u53d6\u5bc6\u7801\u3002\n-s, --stdin\uff1a\u8fd9\u662f --password-fd=0 \u7684\u5feb\u6377\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u8868\u793a\u4ece\u6807\u51c6\u8f93\u5165\u8bfb\u53d6\u5bc6\u7801\u3002\n-h, --help\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u5e2e\u52a9\u4fe1\u606f\u5e76\u9000\u51fa\u3002\n-V, --version\uff1a\u8f93\u51fa\u7248\u672c\u4fe1\u606f\u5e76\u9000\u51fa\u3002\n\u5982\u679c PASSWORD \u672a\u6307\u5b9a\uff0c\u5219\u4f1a\u4ea4\u4e92\u5f0f\u5730\u63d0\u793a\u8f93\u5165\u3002\n\u5982\u679c\u672a\u6307\u5b9a SALT\uff0c\u5219\u4f1a\u751f\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u968f\u673a\u7684\u76d0\n\n[root@Rocky9 ~]# mkpasswd --method=help\nAvailable methods:\nyescrypt        Yescrypt\ngost-yescrypt   GOST Yescrypt\nscrypt          scrypt\nbcrypt          bcrypt\nbcrypt-a        bcrypt (obsolete $2a$ version)\nsha512crypt     SHA-512\nsha256crypt     SHA-256\nsunmd5          SunMD5\nmd5crypt        MD5\nbsdicrypt       BSDI extended DES-based crypt(3)\ndescrypt        standard 56 bit DES-based crypt(3)\nnt              NT-Hash\n[root@Rocky9 ~]#\n\n# \u6848\u4f8b\n# 1.\u751f\u6210 MD5 \u52a0\u5bc6\u7684\u5bc6\u7801\nmkpasswd --method=md5 &quot;yourpassword&quot;\nor\nmkpasswd -5 &quot;yourpassword&quot;\nor\nmkpasswd -m md5 &quot;root&quot;\n\n# 2.\u751f\u6210 SHA-512 \u52a0\u5bc6\u7684\u5bc6\u7801\uff0c\u5e76\u6307\u5b9a\u76d0\nmkpasswd --method=sha-512 --salt=&quot;yoursalt&quot; &quot;yourpassword&quot;\n\n# 3.\u4ece\u6807\u51c6\u8f93\u5165\u8bfb\u53d6\u5bc6\u7801\necho &quot;yourpassword&quot; | mkpasswd -s -5\n\n# 4.\u751f\u6210\u52a0\u5bc6\u5bc6\u7801\u5e76\u6307\u5b9a\u8fed\u4ee3\u6b21\u6570\nmkpasswd --method=sha-512 --rounds=5000 &quot;yourpassword&quot;\n\u8fd9\u5c06\u4f7f\u7528 5000 \u8f6e\u8fed\u4ee3\u751f\u6210 sha-512 \u52a0\u5bc6\u7684\u5bc6\u7801\u3002\n\n# 5.\u4ece\u6587\u4ef6\u8bfb\u53d6\u5bc6\u7801\nmkpasswd --method=sha-512 --password-fd=3 3&lt;password.txt\n\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0c3&lt;password.txt \u5c06\u6587\u4ef6\u63cf\u8ff0\u7b26 3 \u5173\u8054\u5230 password.txt \u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u7136\u540e --password-fd=3 \u9009\u9879\u544a\u8bc9 mkpasswd \u4ece\u6587\u4ef6\u63cf\u8ff0\u7b26 3 \u8bfb\u53d6\u5bc6\u7801\u3002<\/code><\/pre>\n<h2>mkswap<\/h2>\n<blockquote>\n<p><code>mkswap<\/code> \u662f Linux \u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u7528\u4e8e\u521b\u5efa\u4ea4\u6362\u5206\u533a\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u3002\u4ea4\u6362\u5206\u533a\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5728\u7269\u7406\u5185\u5b58\u4e0d\u8db3\u65f6\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u6269\u5c55\u53ef\u7528\u5185\u5b58\u7684\u6280\u672f\u3002\u5b83\u5229\u7528\u78c1\u76d8\u7a7a\u95f4\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e34\u65f6\u5b58\u50a8\u533a\u57df\uff0c\u5c06\u7269\u7406\u5185\u5b58\u4e2d\u6682\u65f6\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u7684\u6570\u636e\u8f6c\u5b58\u5230\u78c1\u76d8\u4e0a\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u4e3a\u5373\u5c06\u5230\u6765\u7684\u8fdb\u7a0b\u817e\u51fa\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u5185\u5b58\u7a7a\u95f4<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>\u4ee5\u4e0b\u662f\u4f7f\u7528 <code>mkswap<\/code> \u521b\u5efa\u4ea4\u6362\u5206\u533a\u7684\u8be6\u7ec6\u6b65\u9aa4\uff1a<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u786e\u5b9a\u54ea\u4e2a\u78c1\u76d8\u5206\u533a\u5c06\u88ab\u7528\u4f5c\u4ea4\u6362\u5206\u533a\u3002\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 <code>fdisk<\/code> \u6216 <code>parted<\/code> \u7b49\u547d\u4ee4\u67e5\u770b\u78c1\u76d8\u5206\u533a\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u6267\u884c\u4ee5\u4e0b\u547d\u4ee4\u5c06\u6240\u9009\u5206\u533a\u683c\u5f0f\u5316\u4e3a\u4ea4\u6362\u5206\u533a\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">sudo mkswap \/dev\/sdxY<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u5176\u4e2d <code>\/dev\/sdxY<\/code> \u662f\u6240\u9009\u5206\u533a\u7684\u8def\u5f84\u3002\u6267\u884c\u6b64\u547d\u4ee4\u540e\uff0c\u7cfb\u7edf\u4f1a\u5c06\u5206\u533a\u6807\u8bb0\u4e3a Linux swap\uff0c\u5e76\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u7528\u4e8e\u8ddf\u8e2a\u4ea4\u6362\u5206\u533a\u4f7f\u7528\u60c5\u51b5\u7684 UUID<\/p>\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li>\u63a5\u4e0b\u6765\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u5c06\u4ea4\u6362\u5206\u533a\u542f\u7528\u3002\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u4ee5\u4e0b\u547d\u4ee4\u6fc0\u6d3b\u4ea4\u6362\u5206\u533a\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">sudo swapon \/dev\/sdxY<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u5176\u4e2d <code>\/dev\/sdxY<\/code> \u662f\u4ea4\u6362\u5206\u533a\u7684\u8def\u5f84\u3002\u6267\u884c\u6b64\u547d\u4ee4\u540e\uff0c\u7cfb\u7edf\u4f1a\u5c06\u4ea4\u6362\u5206\u533a\u52a0\u5165\u5230\u53ef\u7528\u7684\u4ea4\u6362\u7a7a\u95f4\u5217\u8868\u4e2d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5982\u679c\u60f3\u8981\u5728\u542f\u52a8\u65f6\u81ea\u52a8\u542f\u7528\u4ea4\u6362\u5206\u533a\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06\u5176\u8def\u5f84\u6dfb\u52a0\u5230 <code>\/etc\/fstab<\/code> \u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u3002\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u4ee5\u4e0b\u547d\u4ee4\u5c06\u5176\u6dfb\u52a0\u5230 <code>\/etc\/fstab<\/code> \u4e2d\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">echo &#039;\/dev\/sdxY swap swap defaults 0 0&#039; | sudo tee -a \/etc\/fstab<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u6267\u884c\u6b64\u547d\u4ee4\u540e\uff0c\u7cfb\u7edf\u4f1a\u5c06\u4ea4\u6362\u5206\u533a\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u6dfb\u52a0\u5230 <code>\/etc\/fstab<\/code> \u4e2d\u3002<\/p>\n<ol start=\"4\">\n<li>\u5982\u679c\u60f3\u8981\u7981\u7528\u4ea4\u6362\u5206\u533a\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u4ee5\u4e0b\u547d\u4ee4\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">sudo swapoff \/dev\/sdxY<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u5176\u4e2d <code>\/dev\/sdxY<\/code> \u662f\u4ea4\u6362\u5206\u533a\u7684\u8def\u5f84\u3002\u6267\u884c\u6b64\u547d\u4ee4\u540e\uff0c\u7cfb\u7edf\u4f1a\u5c06\u4ea4\u6362\u5206\u533a\u4ece\u53ef\u7528\u7684\u4ea4\u6362\u7a7a\u95f4\u5217\u8868\u4e2d\u5220\u9664\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u603b\u7ed3\u4e00\u4e0b\uff0c\u521b\u5efa\u4ea4\u6362\u5206\u533a\u7684\u6b65\u9aa4\u662f\uff1a<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u786e\u5b9a\u5206\u533a<\/li>\n<li>\u6267\u884c <code>mkswap<\/code> \u683c\u5f0f\u5316\u5206\u533a<\/li>\n<li>\u4f7f\u7528 <code>swapon<\/code> \u542f\u7528\u5206\u533a<\/li>\n<li>\u5c06\u5206\u533a\u6dfb\u52a0\u5230 <code>\/etc\/fstab<\/code> \u5b9e\u73b0\u542f\u52a8\u65f6\u81ea\u52a8\u542f\u7528<\/li>\n<li>\u4f7f\u7528 <code>swapoff<\/code> \u7981\u7528\u5206\u533a\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2>mtr<\/h2>\n<p><code>mtr<\/code>\uff08My Traceroute\uff09\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7f51\u7edc\u8bca\u65ad\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u7ed3\u5408\u4e86 <code>ping<\/code> \u548c <code>traceroute<\/code> \u7684\u529f\u80fd\u3002\u5b83\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b9e\u65f6\u663e\u793a\u6570\u636e\u5305\u5728\u4ece\u6e90\u4e3b\u673a\u5230\u76ee\u6807\u4e3b\u673a\u7684\u8def\u5f84\u4e0a\u7684\u6bcf\u4e2a\u8df3\u70b9\u7684\u5f80\u8fd4\u65f6\u95f4\uff08RTT\uff09\u548c\u4e22\u5305\u7387\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4ee5\u4e0b\u662f\u5173\u4e8e\u5982\u4f55\u4f7f\u7528 <code>mtr<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u53ca\u5176\u9009\u9879\u7684\u8be6\u7ec6\u8bb2\u89e3\uff1a<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u8fd0\u884c <code>mtr<\/code>\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u8981\u4f7f\u7528 <code>mtr<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u53ea\u9700\u8f93\u5165 <code>mtr<\/code>\uff0c\u540e\u8ddf\u76ee\u6807\u4e3b\u673a\u7684 IP \u5730\u5740\u6216\u57df\u540d\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">mtr &lt;\u76ee\u6807\u4e3b\u673a&gt;<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><code>mtr<\/code> \u5c06\u4ee5\u5b9e\u65f6\u65b9\u5f0f\u663e\u793a\u4ece\u60a8\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u5230\u76ee\u6807\u4e3b\u673a\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u8def\u5f84\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u663e\u793a\u6bcf\u4e2a\u8df3\u70b9\u7684 RTT \u548c\u4e22\u5305\u7387\u3002<\/p>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li>\u4f7f\u7528 ICMP ECHO \u8bf7\u6c42\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u9ed8\u8ba4\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c<code>mtr<\/code> \u4f7f\u7528 UDP \u6570\u636e\u5305\u8fdb\u884c\u63a2\u6d4b\u3002\u60a8\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 <code>-I<\/code> \u6216 <code>--icmp<\/code> \u9009\u9879\u5c06\u5176\u66f4\u6539\u4e3a\u4f7f\u7528 ICMP ECHO \u8bf7\u6c42\u6570\u636e\u5305\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e0e <code>ping<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5305\u7c7b\u578b\u76f8\u540c\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">mtr -I &lt;\u76ee\u6807\u4e3b\u673a&gt;\n\u6216\u8005\nmtr --icmp &lt;\u76ee\u6807\u4e3b\u673a&gt;<\/code><\/pre>\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li>\u8bbe\u7f6e\u62a5\u544a\u6a21\u5f0f\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><code>mtr<\/code> \u652f\u6301\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u663e\u793a\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002\u4f7f\u7528 <code>-r<\/code> \u6216 <code>--report<\/code> \u9009\u9879\uff0c\u60a8\u53ef\u4ee5\u751f\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u62a5\u544a\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5305\u542b\u8def\u5f84\u4e0a\u6bcf\u4e2a\u8df3\u70b9\u7684\u7edf\u8ba1\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\u62a5\u544a\u5c06\u5728\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u67e5\u8be2\u5468\u671f\u6570\uff08\u9ed8\u8ba4\u4e3a 10\uff09\u4e4b\u540e\u751f\u6210\u3002<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">mtr -r &lt;\u76ee\u6807\u4e3b\u673a&gt;\n\u6216\u8005\nmtr --report &lt;\u76ee\u6807\u4e3b\u673a&gt;<\/code><\/pre>\n<ol start=\"4\">\n<li>\u8bbe\u7f6e\u67e5\u8be2\u5468\u671f\u6570\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u8981\u8bbe\u7f6e\u751f\u6210\u62a5\u544a\u7684\u67e5\u8be2\u5468\u671f\u6570\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 <code>-c<\/code> \u6216 <code>--report-cycles<\/code> \u9009\u9879\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u8981\u751f\u6210\u5305\u542b 20 \u4e2a\u67e5\u8be2\u5468\u671f\u7684\u62a5\u544a\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u6267\u884c\u4ee5\u4e0b\u547d\u4ee4\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">mtr -r -c 20 &lt;\u76ee\u6807\u4e3b\u673a&gt;\n\u6216\u8005\nmtr --report --report-cycles 20 &lt;\u76ee\u6807\u4e3b\u673a&gt;<\/code><\/pre>\n<ol start=\"5\">\n<li>\u8bbe\u7f6e\u5176\u4ed6\u9009\u9879\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><code>mtr<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u8fd8\u6709\u8bb8\u591a\u5176\u4ed6\u9009\u9879\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5e2e\u52a9\u60a8\u6839\u636e\u9700\u8981\u8fdb\u884c\u7f51\u7edc\u8bca\u65ad\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>-n<\/code> \u6216 <code>--no-dns<\/code>\uff1a\u4e0d\u6267\u884c\u53cd\u5411 DNS \u89e3\u6790\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-s<\/code> \u6216 <code>--psize<\/code>\uff1a\u8bbe\u7f6e\u53d1\u9001\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5305\u7684\u5927\u5c0f\uff08\u4ee5\u5b57\u8282\u4e3a\u5355\u4f4d\uff09\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-i<\/code> \u6216 <code>--interval<\/code>\uff1a\u8bbe\u7f6e\u53d1\u51fa\u63a2\u6d4b\u6570\u636e\u5305\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u95f4\u9694\uff08\u4ee5\u79d2\u4e3a\u5355\u4f4d\uff09\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>mpstat<\/h2>\n<p><code>mpstat<\/code> \u662f\u4e00\u4e2a Linux \u547d\u4ee4\u884c\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u663e\u793a\u5173\u4e8e\u5904\u7406\u5668\uff08CPU\uff09\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\u62a5\u544a\u3002\u5b83\u7279\u522b\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u591a\u5904\u7406\u5668\u548c\u591a\u6838\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u663e\u793a\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5904\u7406\u5668\u6216\u6838\u5fc3\u7684\u8be6\u7ec6\u6027\u80fd\u6570\u636e\u3002<code>mpstat<\/code> \u662f <code>sysstat<\/code> \u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u9700\u8981\u5355\u72ec\u5b89\u88c5\u3002<\/p>\n<p><code>mpstat<\/code> \u7684\u57fa\u672c\u8bed\u6cd5\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">mpstat [options] [interval] [count]<\/code><\/pre>\n<ul>\n<li><code>options<\/code>\uff1a\u6307\u5b9a\u663e\u793a\u7684\u62a5\u544a\u7c7b\u578b\u548c\u683c\u5f0f\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>interval<\/code>\uff1a\u6307\u5b9a\u62a5\u544a\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u95f4\u9694\uff08\u4ee5\u79d2\u4e3a\u5355\u4f4d\uff09\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>count<\/code>\uff1a\u6307\u5b9a\u8981\u751f\u6210\u7684\u62a5\u544a\u6570\u91cf\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u4ee5\u4e0b\u662f\u4e00\u4e9b\u5e38\u7528\u7684 <code>mpstat<\/code> \u9009\u9879\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>-A<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u6240\u6709\u53ef\u7528\u62a5\u544a\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-P<\/code>\uff1a\u6307\u5b9a\u8981\u663e\u793a\u7684\u5904\u7406\u5668\u7f16\u53f7\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c<code>-P 0<\/code> \u4ec5\u663e\u793a\u5904\u7406\u5668 0 \u7684\u62a5\u544a\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-u<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a CPU \u5229\u7528\u7387\u62a5\u544a\uff08\u9ed8\u8ba4\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff09\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-I<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u4e2d\u65ad\u62a5\u544a\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-V<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a <code>mpstat<\/code> \u7684\u7248\u672c\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u4ee5\u4e0b\u662f\u4e00\u4e9b\u4f7f\u7528 <code>mpstat<\/code> \u7684\u793a\u4f8b\uff1a<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u663e\u793a\u6240\u6709\u5904\u7406\u5668\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\u62a5\u544a\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">mpstat<\/code><\/pre>\n<ol>\n<li>\u6bcf\u9694 5 \u79d2\u663e\u793a\u4e00\u6b21\u5904\u7406\u5668\u6d3b\u52a8\u62a5\u544a\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">mpstat 5\nmpstat 1 5 #1\u79d2\u4e00\u6b21\uff0c\u663e\u793a5\u6b21\u4ee5\u540e\u9000\u51fa<\/code><\/pre>\n<ol>\n<li>\u663e\u793a\u7279\u5b9a\u5904\u7406\u5668\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5904\u7406\u5668 0\uff09\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\u62a5\u544a\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">mpstat -P 0<\/code><\/pre>\n<ol>\n<li>\u663e\u793a\u6240\u6709\u5904\u7406\u5668\u7684\u4e2d\u65ad\u62a5\u544a\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">mpstat -I<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><code>mpstat<\/code> \u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u6709\u5173\u7cfb\u7edf\u5904\u7406\u5668\u6027\u80fd\u7684\u8be6\u7ec6\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u76d1\u63a7\u3001\u5206\u6790\u548c\u8c03\u8bd5 CPU \u4f7f\u7528\u60c5\u51b5\u975e\u5e38\u6709\u7528\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u5b9a\u671f\u6536\u96c6\u548c\u5206\u6790 <code>mpstat<\/code> \u7684\u8f93\u51fa\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u53d1\u73b0\u6f5c\u5728\u7684\u6027\u80fd\u95ee\u9898\u5e76\u4f18\u5316\u7cfb\u7edf\u8bbe\u7f6e\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u8f93\u51fa\u4fe1\u606f\uff1a<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><code>mpstat<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u8f93\u51fa\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u4e3b\u8981\u5173\u6ce8 CPU \u4f7f\u7528\u60c5\u51b5\u548c\u6027\u80fd\u6307\u6807\u3002\u4e0b\u9762\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5178\u578b\u7684 <code>mpstat<\/code> \u8f93\u51fa\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5404\u5217\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-perl\">Linux 4.15.0-112-generic (hostname)     04\/10\/2023  _x86_64_    (4 CPU)\n\n12:34:56 PM  CPU    %usr   %nice    %sys %iowait    %irq   %soft  %steal  %guest  %gnice   %idle\n12:34:56 PM  all   11.23    0.00    2.55    0.20    0.00    0.05    0.00    0.00    0.00   85.96<\/code><\/pre>\n<ul>\n<li><code>CPU<\/code>\uff1a\u6307\u793a\u5904\u7406\u5668\u7f16\u53f7\u3002&quot;all&quot; \u8868\u793a\u6240\u6709\u5904\u7406\u5668\u7684\u5e73\u5747\u503c\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u662f\u7279\u5b9a\u5904\u7406\u5668\u7f16\u53f7\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>%usr<\/code>\uff1a\u7528\u6237\u6001\u8fd0\u884c\u65f6\u95f4\u767e\u5206\u6bd4\u3002\u8868\u793a CPU \u7528\u4e8e\u6267\u884c\u7528\u6237\u7ea7\u5e94\u7528\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u6bd4\u4f8b\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>%nice<\/code>\uff1a\u7528\u6237\u6001\u8fd0\u884c\u65f6\u95f4\uff08\u4f18\u5148\u7ea7\u4e3a\u6b63\u6570\uff09\u767e\u5206\u6bd4\u3002\u8868\u793a CPU \u7528\u4e8e\u6267\u884c nice \u503c\u5927\u4e8e 0 \u7684\u7528\u6237\u7ea7\u5e94\u7528\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u6bd4\u4f8b\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>%sys<\/code>\uff1a\u7cfb\u7edf\u6001\u8fd0\u884c\u65f6\u95f4\u767e\u5206\u6bd4\u3002\u8868\u793a CPU \u7528\u4e8e\u6267\u884c\u5185\u6838\u7ea7\u4efb\u52a1\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u6bd4\u4f8b\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>%iowait<\/code>\uff1a\u7b49\u5f85 I\/O \u5b8c\u6210\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u767e\u5206\u6bd4\u3002\u8868\u793a CPU \u7a7a\u95f2\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u7b49\u5f85\u78c1\u76d8 I\/O \u5b8c\u6210\u800c\u65e0\u6cd5\u6267\u884c\u5176\u4ed6\u4efb\u52a1\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u6bd4\u4f8b\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>%irq<\/code>\uff1a\u5904\u7406\u786c\u4e2d\u65ad\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u767e\u5206\u6bd4\u3002\u8868\u793a CPU \u7528\u4e8e\u5904\u7406\u786c\u4e2d\u65ad\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u6bd4\u4f8b\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>%soft<\/code>\uff1a\u5904\u7406\u8f6f\u4e2d\u65ad\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u767e\u5206\u6bd4\u3002\u8868\u793a CPU \u7528\u4e8e\u5904\u7406\u8f6f\u4e2d\u65ad\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u6bd4\u4f8b\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>%steal<\/code>\uff1a\u865a\u62df\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u7b49\u5f85 CPU \u8d44\u6e90\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u767e\u5206\u6bd4\u3002\u8868\u793a\u5728\u865a\u62df\u673a\u4e2d\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u5176\u4ed6\u865a\u62df\u673a\u7ade\u4e89 CPU \u8d44\u6e90\u800c\u5bfc\u81f4\u7684\u7b49\u5f85\u65f6\u95f4\u6bd4\u4f8b\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>%guest<\/code>\uff1a\u8fd0\u884c\u865a\u62df CPU \u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u767e\u5206\u6bd4\u3002\u8868\u793a CPU \u7528\u4e8e\u8fd0\u884c KVM \u548c Xen \u7b49\u865a\u62df\u673a\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u6bd4\u4f8b\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>%gnice<\/code>\uff1a\u8fd0\u884c\u5e26\u6709\u6b63 nice \u503c\u7684\u865a\u62df CPU \u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u767e\u5206\u6bd4\u3002\u8868\u793a CPU \u7528\u4e8e\u8fd0\u884c\u5e26\u6709\u6b63 nice \u503c\u7684\u865a\u62df\u673a\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u6bd4\u4f8b\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>%idle<\/code>\uff1aCPU \u7a7a\u95f2\u65f6\u95f4\u767e\u5206\u6bd4\u3002\u8868\u793a CPU \u672a\u6267\u884c\u4efb\u4f55\u4efb\u52a1\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u6bd4\u4f8b\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><code>mpstat<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u8f93\u51fa\u53ef\u4ee5\u5e2e\u52a9\u5206\u6790 CPU \u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u60c5\u51b5\u548c\u6027\u80fd\u74f6\u9888\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u5b9a\u671f\u76d1\u89c6 <code>mpstat<\/code> \u8f93\u51fa\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bc6\u522b\u6027\u80fd\u95ee\u9898\u3001\u4f18\u5316\u7cfb\u7edf\u8bbe\u7f6e\u5e76\u786e\u4fdd\u8d44\u6e90\u5f97\u5230\u6709\u6548\u5229\u7528<\/p>\n<h2>mysql<\/h2>\n<p><code>mysql<\/code> \u662f MySQL \u6570\u636e\u5e93\u7684\u5b98\u65b9\u547d\u4ee4\u884c\u5ba2\u6237\u7aef\u5de5\u5177\u3002\u5b83\u5141\u8bb8\u7528\u6237\u4ee5\u4ea4\u4e92\u5f0f\u6216\u6279\u5904\u7406\u65b9\u5f0f\u6267\u884c SQL \u67e5\u8be2\u548c\u547d\u4ee4\u3002\u4e0b\u9762\u662f <code>mysql<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u7528\u6cd5\u548c\u5e38\u89c1\u53c2\u6570\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>\u57fa\u672c\u7528\u6cd5\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>\u8fde\u63a5\u5230\u672c\u5730 MySQL \u670d\u52a1\u5668\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">mysql -u [username] -p<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u5176\u4e2d\uff0c<code>[username]<\/code> \u662f\u4f60\u60f3\u8981\u767b\u5f55\u7684 MySQL \u7528\u6237\u540d\u3002\u8f93\u5165\u547d\u4ee4\u540e\uff0c\u4f60\u4f1a\u88ab\u63d0\u793a\u8f93\u5165\u7528\u6237\u5bc6\u7801\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fde\u63a5\u5230\u8fdc\u7a0b MySQL \u670d\u52a1\u5668\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">mysql -h [hostname] -u [username] -p<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u5176\u4e2d\uff0c<code>[hostname]<\/code> \u662f\u8fdc\u7a0b\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u7684\u540d\u79f0\u6216 IP \u5730\u5740\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5e38\u89c1\u53c2\u6570\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>-h, --host=[hostname]<\/code>: \u6307\u5b9a\u8981\u8fde\u63a5\u7684 MySQL \u670d\u52a1\u5668\u4e3b\u673a\u540d\u6216 IP \u5730\u5740\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-u, --user=[username]<\/code>: \u6307\u5b9a\u767b\u5f55 MySQL \u7684\u7528\u6237\u540d\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-p, --password<\/code>: \u63d0\u793a\u8f93\u5165\u7528\u6237\u5bc6\u7801\u3002\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u76f4\u63a5\u8ddf\u5bc6\u7801\uff08\u4e0d\u63a8\u8350\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u6837\u5bc6\u7801\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u88ab\u5b58\u50a8\u5728\u5386\u53f2\u8bb0\u5f55\u4e2d\u6216\u88ab\u5176\u4ed6\u7528\u6237\u770b\u5230\uff09\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-P, --port=[port]<\/code>: \u6307\u5b9a MySQL \u670d\u52a1\u5668\u7684\u7aef\u53e3\u53f7\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5b83\u4e0d\u5728\u9ed8\u8ba4\u7684 3306 \u7aef\u53e3\u4e0a\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-D, --database=[dbname]<\/code>: \u542f\u52a8\u65f6\u76f4\u63a5\u9009\u62e9\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-e, --execute=&quot;SQL Query&quot;<\/code>: \u6267\u884c SQL \u67e5\u8be2\u5e76\u9000\u51fa\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a<code>mysql -u root -p -e &quot;SHOW DATABASES&quot;<\/code><\/li>\n<li><code>-B, --batch<\/code>: \u975e\u4ea4\u4e92\u6a21\u5f0f\u6267\u884c\u3002\u5f53\u4f60\u9700\u8981\u4ece\u811a\u672c\u6216\u5176\u4ed6\u975e\u4ea4\u4e92\u65b9\u5f0f\u8fd0\u884c <code>mysql<\/code> \u65f6\u5f88\u6709\u7528\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>--silent<\/code>: \u9759\u9ed8\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002\u4ec5\u8fd4\u56de\u67e5\u8be2\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u4e0d\u663e\u793a\u5176\u4ed6\u4fe1\u606f\uff08\u5982\u63d0\u793a\u7b26\u548c\u6807\u5934\uff09\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>--skip-column-names<\/code>: \u6267\u884c\u67e5\u8be2\u65f6\u4e0d\u663e\u793a\u5217\u540d\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>--table<\/code>: \u4ee5\u8868\u683c\u683c\u5f0f\u8f93\u51fa\u67e5\u8be2\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u4f7f\u5176\u66f4\u6613\u4e8e\u9605\u8bfb\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\"># \u6848\u4f8b\n1.\u4ece\u6587\u4ef6\u6267\u884c SQL \u8bed\u53e5\uff1a\nmysql -u [username] -p [database_name] &lt; file.sql\n\n2.\u5bfc\u51fa\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u4e3a SQL \u6587\u4ef6\uff1a\nmysqldump -u [username] -p [database_name] &gt; file.sql\n\n\u5728 mysql \u63d0\u793a\u7b26\u4e0b\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u6267\u884c\u4efb\u4f55\u6807\u51c6\u7684 SQL \u67e5\u8be2\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982 SHOW TABLES;, SELECT * FROM tablename; \u7b49\u3002\n\n\u4f7f\u7528 \\G \u800c\u4e0d\u662f ; \u7ed3\u675f\u67e5\u8be2\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f97\u5230\u5782\u76f4\u683c\u5f0f\u7684\u8f93\u51fa\uff0c\u8fd9\u5728\u7ed3\u679c\u96c6\u6709\u5f88\u591a\u5217\u65f6\u5f88\u6709\u7528\u3002<\/code><\/pre>\n<h2>mysqlbinlog<\/h2>\n<p><code>mysqlbinlog<\/code> \u662f MySQL \u7528\u4e8e\u5904\u7406\u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236\u65e5\u5fd7\u6587\u4ef6\uff08\u4e5f\u79f0\u4e3a binlog\uff09\u7684\u5b9e\u7528\u7a0b\u5e8f\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u65e5\u5fd7\u5305\u542b\u4e86\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u4e2d\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u6240\u6709\u66f4\u6539\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u63d2\u5165\u3001\u66f4\u65b0\u548c\u5220\u9664\u64cd\u4f5c\uff09\u3002\u4f7f\u7528 <code>mysqlbinlog<\/code>\uff0c\u60a8\u53ef\u4ee5\u67e5\u770b\u3001\u5206\u6790\u6216\u751a\u81f3\u56de\u653e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u66f4\u6539\u3002<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\"># \u5e38\u7528\u9009\u9879\n--start-datetime=datetime\n\u4ece\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u65e5\u671f\u548c\u65f6\u95f4\u5f00\u59cb\u663e\u793a\u65e5\u5fd7\u4e8b\u4ef6\u3002\n\u683c\u5f0f\uff1aYYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS\n--stop-datetime=datetime\n\u5728\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u65e5\u671f\u548c\u65f6\u95f4\u505c\u6b62\u663e\u793a\u65e5\u5fd7\u4e8b\u4ef6\u3002\n-j\uff0c--start-position=position\n\u4ece\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u5f00\u59cb\u663e\u793a\u65e5\u5fd7\u4e8b\u4ef6\u3002\n--stop-position=position\n\u5728\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u505c\u6b62\u663e\u793a\u65e5\u5fd7\u4e8b\u4ef6\u3002\n-v,--verbose\n\u4f7f\u8f93\u51fa\u66f4\u4e3a\u8be6\u7ec6\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5728\u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236\u65e5\u5fd7\u683c\u5f0f\u4e3aROW\u65f6\u3002\u5b83\u5c06\u663e\u793a\u66f4\u6539\u7684\u884c\u5185\u5bb9\u3002\n--base64-output=type\n\u63a7\u5236\u5982\u4f55\u663e\u793a\u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236\u6570\u636e\u3002\u5f53\u4f7f\u7528 --verbose \u65f6\uff0c\u5efa\u8bae\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e3a DECODE-ROWS\uff0c\u4ee5\u89e3\u7801\u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236\u65e5\u5fd7\u4e2d\u7684base64\u7f16\u7801\u7684\u4e8b\u4ef6\u3002\n--decode-rows\n\u89e3\u7801\u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236\u683c\u5f0f\u7684\u65e5\u5fd7\u4e2d\u7684\u884c\u4e8b\u4ef6\uff0c\u4f7f\u5176\u66f4\u5bb9\u6613\u9605\u8bfb\u3002\n--short-form\n\u4e0d\u663e\u793a\u884c\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u3002\u8fd9\u5bf9\u4e8e\u53ea\u67e5\u770b\u975e\u884c\u4e8b\u4ef6\u6216\u4ec5\u67e5\u770b\u67e5\u8be2\u65e5\u5fd7\u975e\u5e38\u6709\u7528\u3002\n--raw\n\u5c06\u65e5\u5fd7\u5199\u5165\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u65e5\u5fd7\u4e8b\u4ef6\u5bf9\u5e94\u4e00\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\u8fd9\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5c06\u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236\u65e5\u5fd7\u4e8b\u4ef6\u8f6c\u50a8\u5230\u6587\u4ef6\u975e\u5e38\u6709\u7528\u3002\n--result-file=file_name\n\u5c06\u8f93\u51fa\u5199\u5165\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5c4f\u5e55\u3002\n--read-from-remote-server\n\u4ece\u8fdc\u7a0bMySQL\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u8bfb\u53d6\u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236\u65e5\u5fd7\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u672c\u5730\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\n--host=host_name\n\u8fde\u63a5\u5230\u7684MySQL\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u7684\u4e3b\u673a\u540d\u6216IP\u5730\u5740\uff08\u4e0e\u4e0a\u4e00\u4e2a\u9009\u9879\u4e00\u8d77\u4f7f\u7528\uff09\u3002\n--port=port_num\nMySQL\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u7684\u7aef\u53e3\u53f7\uff08\u4e0e --read-from-remote-server \u4e00\u8d77\u4f7f\u7528\uff09\u3002\n--disable-log-bin\n\u5728\u56de\u653e\u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236\u65e5\u5fd7\u4e8b\u4ef6\u65f6\u7981\u7528\u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236\u65e5\u5fd7\u3002\u8fd9\u53ef\u4ee5\u9632\u6b62\u751f\u6210\u65b0\u7684\u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236\u65e5\u5fd7\u4e8b\u4ef6\u3002\n--skip-gtids[=(uuid:seqno[,uuid:seqno]...)]\n\u8df3\u8fc7\u6307\u5b9a\u7684 GTID \u4e8b\u4ef6\u3002\n--include-gtids[=(uuid:seqno[,uuid:seqno]...)]\n\u53ea\u663e\u793a\u6307\u5b9a\u7684 GTID \u4e8b\u4ef6\u3002<\/code><\/pre>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\"># \u7528\u6cd5\u6848\u4f8b\n1.\u663e\u793a\u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236\u65e5\u5fd7\u5185\u5bb9\uff1a\nmysqlbinlog \/path\/to\/mysql-bin.000001\n\n2.\u4ece\u4e00\u4e2a\u65e5\u671f\u548c\u65f6\u95f4\u5f00\u59cb\u663e\u793a \u4f7f\u7528 --start-datetime \u9009\u9879\u6765\u6307\u5b9a\u5f00\u59cb\u65e5\u671f\u548c\u65f6\u95f4\uff1a\nmysqlbinlog --start-datetime=&quot;YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS&quot; filename\n\n3.\u663e\u793a\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u65e5\u671f\u548c\u65f6\u95f4\u4e3a\u6b62 \u4f7f\u7528 --stop-datetime \u9009\u9879\uff1a\nmysqlbinlog --stop-datetime=&quot;YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS&quot; filename\n\n4.\u67e5\u770b\u7279\u5b9a\u4f4d\u7f6e\u7684\u4e8b\u4ef6 \u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 --start-position \u548c --stop-position \u6765\u67e5\u770b\u4ece\u4e00\u4e2a\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u5f00\u59cb\u6216\u7ed3\u675f\u7684\u4e8b\u4ef6\uff1a\nmysqlbinlog --start-position=12345 --stop-position=67890 filename\n\n5.\u89e3\u7801\u884c\u683c\u5f0f\u7684\u4e8b\u4ef6 \u5982\u679c\u60a8\u7684\u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236\u65e5\u5fd7\u683c\u5f0f\uff08binlog_format\uff09\u4e3a ROW\uff0c\u60a8\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 --verbose \u9009\u9879\u6765\u89e3\u7801\u5b83\nmysqlbinlog --verbose \/path\/to\/mysql-bin.000001\n\n6.\u5c06\u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236\u65e5\u5fd7\u4e8b\u4ef6\u5e94\u7528\u5230\u6570\u636e\u5e93 \u8fd9\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 mysql \u5ba2\u6237\u7aef\u6765\u5b9e\u73b0\uff1a\nmysqlbinlog filename | mysql -u [user] -p\n\n7.\u9650\u5236\u663e\u793a\u7684\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7c7b\u578b \u4f7f\u7528 --exclude-gtids \u6216 --include-gtids \u9009\u9879\u6765\u9650\u5236\u663e\u793a\u7684\u4e8b\u4ef6\uff1a\nmysqlbinlog --exclude-gtids=UUID:1-5 filename\n\n8.\u663e\u793a\u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236\u65e5\u5fd7\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u5143\u6570\u636e \u4f7f\u7528 --base64-output=DECODE-ROWS \u548c --verbose \u9009\u9879\u4e00\u8d77\u6765\u663e\u793a\u5143\u6570\u636e\uff1a\nmysqlbinlog --base64-output=DECODE-ROWS --verbose \/path\/to\/mysql-bin.000001\n\n9.\u8fde\u63a5\u5230\u8fdc\u7a0b\u670d\u52a1\u5668 mysqlbinlog \u53ef\u4ee5\u8fde\u63a5\u5230\u8fdc\u7a0b MySQL \u670d\u52a1\u5668\u5e76\u83b7\u53d6\u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236\u65e5\u5fd7\uff1a\nmysqlbinlog --read-from-remote-server --host=hostname --port=3306 --user=username --password=password filename\n\n10.\u4ece\u8fdc\u7a0b\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u8bfb\u53d6\u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236\u65e5\u5fd7\nmysqlbinlog --read-from-remote-server --host=localhost --port=3306 --user=root --password=password mysql-bin.000001\n\n11.\u5c06\u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236\u65e5\u5fd7\u5185\u5bb9\u5e94\u7528\u5230\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a MySQL \u670d\u52a1\u5668\n\u4f7f\u7528 mysqlbinlog \u8bfb\u53d6\u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236\u65e5\u5fd7\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u8f93\u51fa\u91cd\u5b9a\u5411\u5230 mysql \u5ba2\u6237\u7aef\uff1a\nmysqlbinlog \/path\/to\/mysql-bin.000001 | mysql -u root -p -h other-host-name\n\n12.\u4fdd\u5b58\u8f93\u51fa\u5230\u6587\u4ef6\nmysqlbinlog \/path\/to\/mysql-bin.000001 &gt; output.sql\n\n13.\u4f7f\u7528 GTID \u8fc7\u6ee4\n\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u4f7f\u7528 GTIDs\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u4e0b\u9762\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u53ea\u5305\u542b\u6216\u6392\u9664\u67d0\u4e9b GTIDs:\nmysqlbinlog --skip-gtids=&quot;uuid:seqno&quot; \/path\/to\/mysql-bin.000001\nmysqlbinlog --include-gtids=&quot;uuid:seqno&quot; \/path\/to\/mysql-bin.000001\n\n14.\u4e0d\u663e\u793a\u884c\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\nmysqlbinlog --short-form \/path\/to\/mysql-bin.000001\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<h2>mysqladmin<\/h2>\n<blockquote>\n<p><code>mysqladmin<\/code> \u662f MySQL \u670d\u52a1\u5668\u7684\u7ba1\u7406\u5ba2\u6237\u7aef\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u5b83\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u6765\u6267\u884c\u5404\u79cd\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u7ba1\u7406\u547d\u4ee4\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u547d\u4ee4\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u521b\u5efa\u6216\u5220\u9664\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u3001\u68c0\u67e5\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u72b6\u6001\u3001\u6e05\u9664\u72b6\u6001\u548c\u7f13\u5b58\uff0c\u7b49\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\"># \u8fd9\u91cc\u662f\u4e00\u4e9b\u5e38\u7528\u7684 mysqladmin \u53c2\u6570\uff1a\n-c, --count=# : \u6267\u884c\u6307\u5b9a\u6b21\u6570\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u3002\u53ea\u80fd\u4e0e -i \u53c2\u6570\u4e00\u8d77\u4f7f\u7528\u3002\n-f, --force : \u5728\u5220\u9664\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u65f6\u4e0d\u8981\u6c42\u786e\u8ba4\uff1b\u5982\u679c\u5b58\u5728\u591a\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u53d1\u751f\u9519\u8bef\u4e5f\u7ee7\u7eed\u3002\n-i \u6216 --sleep=# : \u91cd\u590d\u6267\u884c\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u4e24\u6b21\u6267\u884c\u4e4b\u95f4\u6682\u505c\u6307\u5b9a\u79d2\u6570\u3002\n-p, --password[=name] : \u7528\u4e8e\u8fde\u63a5\u5230\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u7684\u5bc6\u7801\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6ca1\u6709\u7ed9\u51fa\u5bc6\u7801\uff0c\u5c06\u4ece\u7ec8\u7aef\u8be2\u95ee\u3002\n-u, --user=name : \u767b\u5f55\u7684\u7528\u6237\u540d\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u662f\u5f53\u524d\u7528\u6237\uff0c\u5219\u5fc5\u987b\u6307\u5b9a\u3002\n-h, --host=name : \u8981\u8fde\u63a5\u7684\u4e3b\u673a\u540d\u3002\n--protocol=name : \u7528\u4e8e\u8fde\u63a5\u7684\u534f\u8bae\uff08tcp\uff0csocket\uff0cpipe\uff0cmemory\uff09\u3002\n-P, --port=# : \u7528\u4e8e\u8fde\u63a5\u7684\u7aef\u53e3\u53f7\uff0c\u6216 0 \u4f5c\u4e3a\u9ed8\u8ba4\u503c\u3002\n-S, --socket=name : \u7528\u4e8e\u8fde\u63a5\u7684\u5957\u63a5\u5b57\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\n-v \u6216 --verbose : \u4ee5\u8be6\u7ec6\u6a21\u5f0f\u8fd0\u884c\u3002\n--ssl : \u542f\u7528 SSL \u8fde\u63a5\uff08\u4f7f\u7528\u5176\u4ed6\u6807\u5fd7\u65f6\u81ea\u52a8\u542f\u7528\uff09\u3002\n--ssl-ca=name : PEM \u683c\u5f0f\u7684 CA \u6587\u4ef6\uff08\u68c0\u67e5 OpenSSL \u6587\u6863\uff0c\u6697\u793a --ssl\uff09\u3002\n--ssl-cert=name : PEM \u683c\u5f0f\u7684 X509 \u8bc1\u4e66\uff08\u6697\u793a --ssl\uff09\u3002\n--ssl-key=name : PEM \u683c\u5f0f\u7684 X509 \u5bc6\u94a5\uff08\u6697\u793a --ssl\uff09\u3002\n--connect-timeout=# : \u8fde\u63a5\u8d85\u65f6\u65f6\u95f4\uff08\u79d2\uff09\u3002\n--shutdown : \u5173\u95ed\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u3002\n--shutdown-timeout=# : \u5173\u95ed\u8d85\u65f6\u65f6\u95f4\uff08\u79d2\uff09\u3002\n--defaults-file=# : \u4ec5\u4ece\u6307\u5b9a\u6587\u4ef6\u8bfb\u53d6\u9ed8\u8ba4\u9009\u9879\u3002\n\n# \u540e\u9762\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ddf\u4e00\u4e2a\u6216\u591a\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\ncreate databasename : \u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u3002\ndebug : \u6307\u793a\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u5c06\u8c03\u8bd5\u4fe1\u606f\u5199\u5165\u65e5\u5fd7\u3002\ndrop databasename : \u5220\u9664\u4e00\u4e2a\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u53ca\u5176\u6240\u6709\u8868\u3002\nextended-status : \u4ece\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u83b7\u53d6\u6269\u5c55\u72b6\u6001\u6d88\u606f\u3002\nflush-all-statistics : \u5237\u65b0\u6240\u6709\u7edf\u8ba1\u8868\u3002\nflush-all-status : \u5237\u65b0\u72b6\u6001\u548c\u7edf\u8ba1\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\nflush-client-statistics : \u5237\u65b0\u5ba2\u6237\u7aef\u7edf\u8ba1\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\nflush-hosts : \u5237\u65b0\u6240\u6709\u7f13\u5b58\u7684\u4e3b\u673a\u3002\nflush-index-statistics : \u5237\u65b0\u7d22\u5f15\u7edf\u8ba1\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\nflush-logs : \u5237\u65b0\u6240\u6709\u65e5\u5fd7\u3002\nflush-privileges : \u91cd\u65b0\u52a0\u8f7d\u6388\u6743\u8868\uff08\u4e0e\u91cd\u65b0\u52a0\u8f7d\u76f8\u540c\uff09\u3002\nflush-binary-log : \u5237\u65b0\u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236\u65e5\u5fd7\u3002\nflush-engine-log : \u5237\u65b0\u5f15\u64ce\u65e5\u5fd7\u3002\nflush-error-log : \u5237\u65b0\u9519\u8bef\u65e5\u5fd7\u3002\nflush-general-log : \u5237\u65b0\u5e38\u89c4\u65e5\u5fd7\u3002\nflush-relay-log : \u5237\u65b0\u4e2d\u7ee7\u65e5\u5fd7\u3002\nflush-slow-log : \u5237\u65b0\u6162\u67e5\u8be2\u65e5\u5fd7\u3002\nflush-status : \u6e05\u9664\u72b6\u6001\u53d8\u91cf\u3002\nflush-table-statistics : \u6e05\u9664\u8868\u7edf\u8ba1\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\nflush-tables : \u5237\u65b0\u6240\u6709\u8868\u3002\nflush-threads : \u5237\u65b0\u7ebf\u7a0b\u7f13\u5b58\u3002\nflush-user-statistics : \u5237\u65b0\u7528\u6237\u7edf\u8ba1\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\nflush-user-resources : \u5237\u65b0\u7528\u6237\u8d44\u6e90\u3002\nkill id,id,... : \u7ec8\u6b62 MySQL \u7ebf\u7a0b\u3002\npassword [new-password] : \u5c06\u65e7\u5bc6\u7801\u66f4\u6539\u4e3a\u5f53\u524d\u683c\u5f0f\u7684\u65b0\u5bc6\u7801\u3002\nold-password [new-password] : \u5c06\u65e7\u5bc6\u7801\u66f4\u6539\u4e3a\u65e7\u683c\u5f0f\u7684\u65b0\u5bc6\u7801\u3002\nping : \u68c0\u67e5 mysqld \u662f\u5426\u6d3b\u52a8\u3002\nprocesslist : \u663e\u793a\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u4e2d\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\u7ebf\u7a0b\u5217\u8868\u3002\nreload : \u91cd\u65b0\u52a0\u8f7d\u6388\u6743\u8868\u3002\nrefresh : \u5237\u65b0\u6240\u6709\u8868\u5e76\u5173\u95ed\u5e76\u6253\u5f00\u65e5\u5fd7\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\nshutdown : \u5173\u95ed\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u3002\nstatus : \u4ece\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u83b7\u53d6\u7b80\u77ed\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u6d88\u606f\u3002\nstart-slave : \u542f\u52a8\u4ece\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u3002\nstop-slave : \u505c\u6b62\u4ece\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u3002\nvariables : \u6253\u5370\u53ef\u7528\u7684\u53d8\u91cf\u3002\nversion : \u4ece\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u83b7\u53d6\u7248\u672c\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/code><\/pre>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\"># \u6848\u4f8b\uff1a\n# 1.\u68c0\u67e5\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u72b6\u6001\nmysqladmin -u root -p status\n\n# 2.\u521b\u5efa\u6570\u636e\u5e93\nmysqladmin -u root -p create testdb\n\n# 3.\u5220\u9664\u6570\u636e\u5e93\nmysqladmin -u root -p drop testdb\n\n# 4.\u5173\u95ed\u670d\u52a1\u5668\nmysqladmin -u root -p shutdown\n\n# 5.\u7ec8\u6b62\u6307\u5b9a\u7ebf\u7a0b\nmysqladmin -u root -p kill 34,42\n\n# 6.\u66f4\u6539\u5bc6\u7801\nmysqladmin -u root -p password newpassword\n\n# 7.\u663e\u793a\u5f53\u524d\u8fde\u63a5\u5230\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u7684\u8fdb\u7a0b\nmysqladmin -u root -p processlist\n\n# 8.\u5237\u65b0\u6240\u6709\u8868\u548c\u65e5\u5fd7\nmysqladmin -u root -p flush-tables flush-logs\n\n# 9.\u91cd\u590d\u6267\u884c\u547d\u4ee4\nmysqladmin -u root -p -i 5 --sleep=3 status\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<h2>mysqld_safe<\/h2>\n<blockquote>\n<p><code>mysqld_safe<\/code> \u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7528\u4e8e\u542f\u52a8 <code>mysqld<\/code> \u670d\u52a1\u5668\u7684\u811a\u672c\uff0c\u8be5\u811a\u672c\u6dfb\u52a0\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u5b89\u5168\u6027\u7279\u6027\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u81ea\u52a8\u91cd\u542f\u548c\u9519\u8bef\u65e5\u5fd7\u8bb0\u5f55\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">#\u4ee5\u4e0b\u662f mysqld_safe \u7684\u9009\u9879\u89e3\u91ca\uff1a\n\n--no-defaults: \u4e0d\u8bfb\u53d6\u7cfb\u7edf\u9ed8\u8ba4\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\n--defaults-file=FILE: \u4f7f\u7528\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u9ed8\u8ba4\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\n--defaults-extra-file=FILE: \u4f7f\u7528\u6307\u5b9a\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u989d\u5916\u9ed8\u8ba4\u9009\u9879\u3002\n--defaults-group-suffix=X: \u9644\u52a0\u8bfb\u53d6\u9ed8\u8ba4\u7ec4\u7684\u9009\u9879\uff0c\u5176\u4e2dX\u662f\u9644\u52a0\u7684\u540e\u7f00\u3002\n--ledir=DIRECTORY: \u5728\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u76ee\u5f55\u4e2d\u67e5\u627e mysqld\u3002\n--open-files-limit=LIMIT: \u9650\u5236\u6253\u5f00\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u6570\u91cf\u3002\n--crash-script=FILE: \u5f53 mysqld \u5d29\u6e83\u65f6\u8c03\u7528\u7684\u811a\u672c\u3002\n--core-file-size=LIMIT: \u9650\u5236\u6838\u5fc3\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u5927\u5c0f\u3002\n--timezone=TZ: \u8bbe\u7f6e\u7cfb\u7edf\u65f6\u533a\u3002\n--malloc-lib=LIB: \u5982\u679c\u53ef\u7528\uff0c\u9884\u52a0\u8f7d\u5171\u4eab\u5e93LIB\u3002\n--mysqld=FILE: \u4f7f\u7528\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u4f5c\u4e3a mysqld\u3002\n--mysqld-version=VERSION: \u4f7f\u7528 &quot;mysqld-VERSION&quot; \u4f5c\u4e3a mysqld\u3002\n--dry-run: \u6a21\u62df\u542f\u52a8\u4ee5\u68c0\u6d4b\u9519\u8bef\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u542f\u52a8\u3002\n--nice=NICE: \u8bbe\u7f6e mysqld \u7684\u8c03\u5ea6\u4f18\u5148\u7ea7\u3002\n--no-auto-restart: \u542f\u52a8 mysqld \u540e\u9000\u51fa\u3002\n--nowatch: \u542f\u52a8 mysqld \u540e\u9000\u51fa\u3002\n--plugin-dir=DIR: \u63d2\u4ef6\u4f4d\u4e8eDIR\u4e0b\u6216DIR\/VERSION\u4e0b\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u7ed9\u5b9a\u4e86\u7248\u672c\u3002\n--skip-kill-mysqld: \u4e0d\u5c1d\u8bd5\u6740\u6b7b\u5931\u63a7\u7684 mysqld \u8fdb\u7a0b\u3002\n--syslog: \u4f7f\u7528 &#039;logger&#039; \u5c06\u65e5\u5fd7\u6d88\u606f\u8bb0\u5f55\u5230 syslog\u3002\n--skip-syslog: \u5c06\u65e5\u5fd7\u6d88\u606f\u8bb0\u5f55\u5230\u9519\u8bef\u65e5\u5fd7\uff08\u9ed8\u8ba4\uff09\u3002\n--syslog-tag=TAG: \u5c06 -t &quot;mysqld-TAG&quot; \u4f20\u9012\u7ed9 &#039;logger&#039;\u3002\n--flush-caches: \u5728\u542f\u52a8\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u4e4b\u524d\u5237\u65b0\u548c\u6e05\u9664\u7f13\u51b2\u533a\/\u7f13\u5b58\u3002\n--numa-interleave: \u5728\u6240\u6709NUMA\u8282\u70b9\u4e0a\u4ea4\u9519\u8fd0\u884c mysqld \u7684\u5185\u5b58\u3002<\/code><\/pre>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\"># mysqld_safe \u7528\u4e8e\u542f\u52a8\u3001\u505c\u6b62\u548c\u91cd\u542fMySQL\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u3002\u5b83\u662f\u4e00\u4e2ashell\u811a\u672c\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u542f\u52a8 mysqld \u5b88\u62a4\u8fdb\u7a0b\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5f53\u8be5\u8fdb\u7a0b\u5d29\u6e83\u65f6\uff0c\u5b83\u4f1a\u81ea\u52a8\u91cd\u542f\u5b83\u3002\n\n# 1.\u542f\u52a8MySQL\u670d\u52a1\u5668\nmysqld_safe --user=mysql &amp;\n\u8be5\u547d\u4ee4\u5c06\u4ee5 mysql \u7528\u6237\u8eab\u4efd\u542f\u52a8 mysqld \u5b88\u62a4\u8fdb\u7a0b\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u5176\u653e\u5165\u540e\u53f0\u8fd0\u884c\u3002\n\n# 2.\u6307\u5b9a\u9ed8\u8ba4\u6587\u4ef6\u542f\u52a8MySQL\u670d\u52a1\u5668\nmysqld_safe --defaults-file=\/etc\/mysql\/my.cnf --user=mysql &amp;\n\n# 3.\u5728\u7cfb\u7edf\u65e5\u5fd7\u4e2d\u8bb0\u5f55\u6d88\u606f\nmysqld_safe --syslog --user=mysql &amp;\n\u8be5\u547d\u4ee4\u5c06 mysqld \u5b88\u62a4\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7684\u65e5\u5fd7\u6d88\u606f\u8bb0\u5f55\u5230\u7cfb\u7edf\u65e5\u5fd7\u4e2d\u3002<\/code><\/pre>\n<h2>mysqldump<\/h2>\n<p><code>mysqldump<\/code>\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u975e\u5e38\u5b9e\u7528\u7684MySQL\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u5907\u4efd\u5de5\u5177\u3002\u5b83\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06MySQL\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u5bfc\u51fa\u4e3aSQL\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u4fbf\u4e8e\u5907\u4efd\u3001\u8fc1\u79fb\u6216\u590d\u5236\u5230\u5176\u4ed6\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u3002<\/p>\n<p><code>mysqldump<\/code>\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u7528\u6cd5\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">mysqldump -u [username] -p[password] [database_name] &gt; [output_file.sql]\nmysqldump [OPTIONS] database [tables]\nmysqldump [OPTIONS] --databases [OPTIONS] DB1 [DB2 DB3...]\nmysqldump [OPTIONS] --all-databases [OPTIONS]<\/code><\/pre>\n<ul>\n<li><code>[username]<\/code>\uff1a\u767b\u5f55MySQL\u7684\u7528\u6237\u540d\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>[password]<\/code>\uff1a\u5bc6\u7801\u3002\uff08\u6ce8\u610f\uff1a<code>-p<\/code>\u548c\u5bc6\u7801\u4e4b\u95f4\u6ca1\u6709\u7a7a\u683c\u3002\uff09<\/li>\n<li><code>[database_name]<\/code>\uff1a\u9700\u8981\u5907\u4efd\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u540d\u79f0\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>[output_file.sql]<\/code>\uff1a\u5907\u4efd\u7684\u8f93\u51fa\u6587\u4ef6\u540d\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\"># \u53c2\u6570\u9009\u9879\uff1a\n--print-defaults: \u663e\u793a\u9ed8\u8ba4\u7684\u7a0b\u5e8f\u53c2\u6570\u7136\u540e\u9000\u51fa\u3002\n--no-defaults: \u4e0d\u4ece\u4efb\u4f55\u9009\u9879\u6587\u4ef6\u8bfb\u53d6\u9ed8\u8ba4\u9009\u9879\uff0c\u767b\u5f55\u6587\u4ef6\u9664\u5916\u3002\n--defaults-file=#: \u4ec5\u4ece\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u8bfb\u53d6\u9ed8\u8ba4\u9009\u9879\u3002\n--defaults-extra-file=#: \u5728\u8bfb\u53d6\u5168\u5c40\u6587\u4ef6\u540e\u8bfb\u53d6\u6b64\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\n--defaults-group-suffix=#: \u8bfb\u53d6\u4e0e\u6307\u5b9a\u540e\u7f00\u8fde\u63a5\u7684\u7ec4\u3002\n--login-path=#: \u4ece\u767b\u5f55\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u8bfb\u53d6\u6b64\u8def\u5f84\u3002\n-A, --all-databases: \u5bfc\u51fa\u6240\u6709\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u3002\n-Y, --all-tablespaces: \u5bfc\u51fa\u6240\u6709\u8868\u7a7a\u95f4\u3002\n-y, --no-tablespaces: \u4e0d\u5bfc\u51fa\u4efb\u4f55\u8868\u7a7a\u95f4\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\n--add-drop-database: \u5728\u6bcf\u4e2aCREATE DATABASE\u4e4b\u524d\u6dfb\u52a0DROP DATABASE\u3002\n--add-drop-table: \u5728\u6bcf\u4e2aCREATE TABLE\u4e4b\u524d\u6dfb\u52a0DROP TABLE\u8bed\u53e5\u3002\uff08\u9ed8\u8ba4\u542f\u7528\uff09\n--add-drop-trigger: \u5728\u6bcf\u4e2aCREATE TRIGGER\u4e4b\u524d\u6dfb\u52a0DROP TRIGGER\u3002\n--add-locks: \u5728INSERT\u8bed\u53e5\u5468\u56f4\u6dfb\u52a0\u9501\u3002\uff08\u9ed8\u8ba4\u542f\u7528\uff09\n--allow-keywords: \u5141\u8bb8\u521b\u5efa\u540d\u79f0\u4e3a\u5173\u952e\u5b57\u7684\u5217\u3002\n--apply-replica-statements: \u5728\u6570\u636e\u5bfc\u51fa\u4e2d\u6dfb\u52a0STOP SLAVE\u548cSTART SLAVE\u3002\n--apply-slave-statements: \u5df2\u5e9f\u5f03\uff0c\u5efa\u8bae\u4f7f\u7528apply-replica-statements\u3002\n--bind-address=name: \u7ed1\u5b9a\u5230\u7279\u5b9a\u7684IP\u5730\u5740\u3002\n--character-sets-dir=name: \u6307\u5b9a\u5b57\u7b26\u96c6\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u76ee\u5f55\u3002\n--column-statistics: \u6dfb\u52a0ANALYZE TABLE\u8bed\u53e5\u4ee5\u91cd\u65b0\u751f\u6210\u4efb\u4f55\u73b0\u6709\u7684\u5217\u7edf\u8ba1\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\uff08\u9ed8\u8ba4\u542f\u7528\uff09\n-i, --comments: \u5199\u5165\u989d\u5916\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\uff08\u9ed8\u8ba4\u542f\u7528\uff09\n--compatible=name: \u66f4\u6539\u5bfc\u51fa\u4ee5\u4e0e\u7ed9\u5b9a\u6a21\u5f0f\u517c\u5bb9\u3002\u9ed8\u8ba4\u4e3aMySQL\u4f18\u5316\u7684\u683c\u5f0f\u3002\n--compact: \u8f93\u51fa\u7b80\u6d01\u7248\uff0c\u4fbf\u4e8e\u8c03\u8bd5\uff0c\u4f1a\u7981\u7528\u4e00\u4e9b\u8bc4\u8bba\u548c\u7ed3\u6784\u3002\n-c, --complete-insert: \u4f7f\u7528\u5b8c\u6574\u7684INSERT\u8bed\u53e5\u3002\n-C, --compress: \u5728\u670d\u52a1\u5668\/\u5ba2\u6237\u7aef\u534f\u8bae\u4e2d\u4f7f\u7528\u538b\u7f29\u3002\n-a, --create-options: \u5305\u62ec\u6240\u6709MySQL\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u521b\u5efa\u9009\u9879\u3002\uff08\u9ed8\u8ba4\u542f\u7528\uff09\n-B, --databases: \u5bfc\u51fa\u591a\u4e2a\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u3002\u6240\u6709\u547d\u540d\u53c2\u6570\u90fd\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u540d\u79f0\u3002\n-#, --debug[=#]: \u975e\u8c03\u8bd5\u7248\u672c\uff0c\u6355\u83b7\u6b64\u9879\u5e76\u9000\u51fa\u3002\n--debug-check: \u975e\u8c03\u8bd5\u7248\u672c\uff0c\u6355\u83b7\u6b64\u9879\u5e76\u9000\u51fa\u3002\n--debug-info: \u975e\u8c03\u8bd5\u7248\u672c\uff0c\u6355\u83b7\u6b64\u9879\u5e76\u9000\u51fa\u3002\n--default-character-set=name: \u8bbe\u7f6e\u9ed8\u8ba4\u5b57\u7b26\u96c6\u3002\n--delete-source-logs: \u5728\u5907\u4efd\u4e4b\u524d\u548c\u4e4b\u540e\u65cb\u8f6c\u548c\u6e05\u9664\u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236\u65e5\u5fd7\u3002\n--delete-master-logs: \u5df2\u5e9f\u5f03\uff0c\u5efa\u8bae\u4f7f\u7528delete-source-logs\u3002\n-K, --disable-keys: \u5728\u8f93\u51fa\u4e2d\u7981\u7528\u548c\u542f\u7528\u8868\u7684\u952e\u3002\uff08\u9ed8\u8ba4\u542f\u7528\uff09\n--dump-replica[=#]: \u5728\u5bfc\u51fa\u6570\u636e\u8f93\u51fa\u4e2d\u6dfb\u52a0\u6e90\u7684\u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236\u65e5\u5fd7\u4f4d\u7f6e\u548c\u6587\u4ef6\u540d\u3002\n--dump-slave[=#]: \u5df2\u5e9f\u5f03\uff0c\u5efa\u8bae\u4f7f\u7528dump-replica\u3002\n-E, --events: \u5bfc\u51fa\u4e8b\u4ef6\u3002\n-e, --extended-insert: \u4f7f\u7528\u5305\u542b\u591a\u4e2aVALUES\u5217\u8868\u7684\u591a\u884cINSERT\u8bed\u6cd5\u3002\uff08\u9ed8\u8ba4\u542f\u7528\uff09\n--fields-terminated-by=name: \u8f93\u51fa\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u7684\u5b57\u6bb5\u4ee5\u7ed9\u5b9a\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u5206\u9694\u3002\n--fields-enclosed-by=name: \u8f93\u51fa\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u7684\u5b57\u6bb5\u7531\u7ed9\u5b9a\u5b57\u7b26\u5305\u56f4\u3002\n--fields-optionally-enclosed-by=name: \u8f93\u51fa\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u7684\u5b57\u6bb5\u53ef\u9009\u5730\u7531\u7ed9\u5b9a\u5b57\u7b26\u5305\u56f4\u3002\n--fields-escaped-by=name: \u8f93\u51fa\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u7684\u5b57\u6bb5\u7531\u7ed9\u5b9a\u5b57\u7b26\u8f6c\u4e49\u3002\n-F, --flush-logs: \u5728\u5f00\u59cb\u5bfc\u51fa\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u5237\u65b0\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u4e2d\u7684\u65e5\u5fd7\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\n--flush-privileges: \u5728\u5bfc\u51famysql\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u540e\u53d1\u51faFLUSH PRIVILEGES\u547d\u4ee4\u3002\n-f, --force: \u5373\u4f7f\u51fa\u73b0SQL\u9519\u8bef\u4e5f\u7ee7\u7eed\u3002\n-?, --help: \u663e\u793a\u5e2e\u52a9\u4fe1\u606f\u5e76\u9000\u51fa\u3002\n--hex-blob: \u4ee5\u5341\u516d\u8fdb\u5236\u683c\u5f0f\u5bfc\u51fa\u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\uff08\u5982BINARY, VARBINARY, BLOB\uff09\u3002\n-h, --host=name: \u8fde\u63a5\u5230\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u4e3b\u673a\u3002\n--ignore-error=name: \u5728\u5bfc\u51fa\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u9047\u5230\u65f6\u5c06\u5ffd\u7565\u7684\u9519\u8bef\u7f16\u53f7\u5217\u8868\u3002\n--ignore-table=name: \u4e0d\u5bfc\u51fa\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u8868\u3002\u6bcf\u4e2a\u8868\u90fd\u5fc5\u987b\u7528\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u540d\u548c\u8868\u540d\u6307\u5b9a\u3002\n--include-source-host-port: \u5728\u4f7f\u7528--dump-replica\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u5bfc\u51fa\u4e2d\u6dfb\u52a0&#039;MASTER_HOST=&lt;host&gt;, MASTER_PORT=&lt;port&gt;&#039;\u3002\n--include-master-host-port: \u5df2\u5e9f\u5f03\uff0c\u5efa\u8bae\u4f7f\u7528include-source-host-port\u3002\n--insert-ignore: \u4f7f\u7528INSERT IGNORE\u63d2\u5165\u884c\u3002\n--lines-terminated-by=name: \u8f93\u51fa\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u7684\u884c\u7531\u7ed9\u5b9a\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u7ed3\u675f\u3002\n-x, --lock-all-tables: \u9501\u5b9a\u6240\u6709\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u4e2d\u7684\u6240\u6709\u8868\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u5728\u6574\u4e2a\u5bfc\u51fa\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u83b7\u53d6\u5168\u5c40\u8bfb\u9501\u6765\u5b9e\u73b0\u7684\u3002\u81ea\u52a8\u5173\u95ed--single-transaction\u548c--lock-tables\u3002\n-l, --lock-tables: \u9501\u5b9a\u6240\u6709\u8868\u8fdb\u884c\u8bfb\u53d6\u3002\u9ed8\u8ba4\u5f00\u542f\uff1b\u4f7f\u7528--skip-lock-tables\u6765\u7981\u7528\u3002\n--log-error=name: \u5c06\u8b66\u544a\u548c\u9519\u8bef\u9644\u52a0\u5230\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\n--mysqld-long-query-time=#: \u4e3a\u6b64\u6b21\u5bfc\u51fa\u7684\u4f1a\u8bdd\u8bbe\u7f6elong_query_time\u3002\u7701\u7565\u6b64\u6807\u5fd7\u610f\u5473\u7740\u4f7f\u7528\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u503c\u3002\n--source-data[=#]: \u4f7f\u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236\u65e5\u5fd7\u4f4d\u7f6e\u548c\u6587\u4ef6\u540d\u9644\u52a0\u5230\u8f93\u51fa\u3002\u5982\u679c\u7b49\u4e8e1\uff0c\u5c06\u6253\u5370\u4e3aCHANGE MASTER\u547d\u4ee4\uff1b\u5982\u679c\u7b49\u4e8e2\uff0c\u8be5\u547d\u4ee4\u524d\u4f1a\u5e26\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u6ce8\u91ca\u7b26\u53f7\u3002\u6b64\u9009\u9879\u4f1a\u6253\u5f00--lock-all-tables\uff0c\u9664\u975e\u4e5f\u6307\u5b9a\u4e86--single-transaction\u3002\u5728\u6240\u6709\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u4efb\u4f55\u5bf9\u65e5\u5fd7\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c\u90fd\u4f1a\u5728\u5bfc\u51fa\u7684\u786e\u5207\u65f6\u523b\u53d1\u751f\u3002\u9009\u9879\u81ea\u52a8\u5173\u95ed--lock-tables\u3002\n--master-data[=#]: \u6b64\u9009\u9879\u5df2\u5f03\u7528\uff0c\u5c06\u5728\u672a\u6765\u7684\u7248\u672c\u4e2d\u5220\u9664\u3002\u5efa\u8bae\u4f7f\u7528source-data\u4ee3\u66ff\u3002\n--max-allowed-packet=#: \u53d1\u9001\u5230\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u6216\u4ece\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u63a5\u6536\u7684\u6700\u5927\u6570\u636e\u5305\u957f\u5ea6\u3002\n--net-buffer-length=#: TCP\/IP\u548c\u5957\u63a5\u5b57\u901a\u4fe1\u7684\u7f13\u51b2\u533a\u5927\u5c0f\u3002\n--no-autocommit: \u4f7f\u7528autocommit\/commit\u8bed\u53e5\u5305\u88c5\u8868\u3002\n-n, --no-create-db: \u6291\u5236\u901a\u5e38\u4e3a\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5df2\u5bfc\u51fa\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u8f93\u51fa\u7684CREATE DATABASE ... IF EXISTS\u8bed\u53e5\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u7ed9\u51fa\u4e86--all-databases\u6216--databases\u3002\n-t, --no-create-info: \u4e0d\u5199\u8868\u521b\u5efa\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\n-d, --no-data: \u6ca1\u6709\u884c\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\n-N, --no-set-names: \u4e0e--skip-set-charset\u76f8\u540c\u3002\n--opt: \u4e0e--add-drop-table, --add-locks, --create-options, --quick, --extended-insert, --lock-tables, --set-charset, \u548c --disable-keys\u76f8\u540c\u3002\u9ed8\u8ba4\u542f\u7528\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528--skip-opt\u7981\u7528\u3002\n--order-by-primary: \u6309\u4e3b\u952e\u5bf9\u6bcf\u4e2a\u8868\u7684\u884c\u8fdb\u884c\u6392\u5e8f\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u5982\u679c\u5b58\u5728\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u952e\uff0c\u5219\u6309\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u552f\u4e00\u952e\u8fdb\u884c\u6392\u5e8f\u3002\u5f53\u5c06MyISAM\u8868\u8f6c\u50a8\u4e3a\u8981\u52a0\u8f7d\u5230InnoDB\u8868\u65f6\u5f88\u6709\u7528\uff0c\u4f46\u4f1a\u4f7f\u8f6c\u50a8\u672c\u8eab\u82b1\u8d39\u66f4\u957f\u65f6\u95f4\u3002\n-p, --password[=name]: \u8fde\u63a5\u5230\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u65f6\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u5bc6\u7801\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6ca1\u6709\u7ed9\u51fa\u5bc6\u7801\uff0c\u5219\u4f1a\u4ecetty\u8bf7\u6c42\u3002\n--password1[=name]: \u7b2c\u4e00\u56e0\u5b50\u8ba4\u8bc1\u63d2\u4ef6\u7684\u5bc6\u7801\u3002\n--password2[=name]: \u7b2c\u4e8c\u56e0\u5b50\u8ba4\u8bc1\u63d2\u4ef6\u7684\u5bc6\u7801\u3002\n--password3[=name]: \u7b2c\u4e09\u56e0\u5b50\u8ba4\u8bc1\u63d2\u4ef6\u7684\u5bc6\u7801\u3002\n-P, --port=#: \u7528\u4e8e\u8fde\u63a5\u7684\u7aef\u53e3\u53f7\u3002\n--protocol=name: \u7528\u4e8e\u8fde\u63a5\u7684\u534f\u8bae\uff08tcp, socket, pipe, memory\uff09\u3002\n-q, --quick: \u4e0d\u7f13\u51b2\u67e5\u8be2\uff0c\u76f4\u63a5\u5c06\u7ed3\u679c\u8f6c\u50a8\u5230stdout\u3002\u9ed8\u8ba4\u5f00\u542f\uff1b\u4f7f\u7528--skip-quick\u6765\u7981\u7528\u3002\n-Q, --quote-names: \u4f7f\u7528\u53cd\u5f15\u53f7()\u5f15\u7528\u8868\u548c\u5217\u540d\u3002\u9ed8\u8ba4\u5f00\u542f\uff1b\u4f7f\u7528--skip-quote-names`\u6765\u7981\u7528\u3002\n--replace: \u4f7f\u7528REPLACE INTO\u4ee3\u66ffINSERT INTO\u3002\n-r, --result-file=name: \u5c06\u8f93\u51fa\u76f4\u63a5\u53d1\u9001\u5230\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9009\u9879\u5e94\u8be5\u5728\u4f7f\u7528\u56de\u8f66\u6362\u884c\u5bf9(\\r\\n)\u5206\u9694\u6587\u672c\u884c\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u4f7f\u7528\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0cDOS\u3001Windows\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u786e\u4fdd\u53ea\u4f7f\u7528\u4e00\u4e2a\u6362\u884c\u7b26\u3002\n-R, --routines: \u8f6c\u50a8\u5b58\u50a8\u7684\u4f8b\u7a0b\uff08\u51fd\u6570\u548c\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff09\u3002\n--set-charset: \u5c06&#039;SET NAMES default_character_set&#039;\u6dfb\u52a0\u5230\u8f93\u51fa\u3002\u9ed8\u8ba4\u5f00\u542f\uff1b\u4f7f\u7528--skip-set-charset\u6765\u7981\u7528\u3002\n--set-gtid-purged[=name]: \u5c06&#039;SET @@GLOBAL.GTID_PURGED&#039;\u6dfb\u52a0\u5230\u8f93\u51fa\u3002\u6b64\u9009\u9879\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u503c\u662fON, COMMENTED, OFF\u548cAUTO\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4f7f\u7528\u4e86ON\u5e76\u4e14\u5728\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u4e0a\u672a\u542f\u7528GTID\uff0c\u5219\u4f1a\u751f\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u9519\u8bef\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4f7f\u7528\u4e86COMMENTED\uff0c&#039;SET @@GLOBAL.GTID_PURGED&#039;\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6ce8\u91ca\u6dfb\u52a0\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4f7f\u7528OFF\uff0c\u6b64\u9009\u9879\u65e0\u6548\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4f7f\u7528AUTO\u5e76\u4e14\u5728\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u4e0a\u542f\u7528\u4e86GTID\uff0c\u5219\u5c06&#039;SET @@GLOBAL.GTID_PURGED&#039;\u6dfb\u52a0\u5230\u8f93\u51fa\u3002\u5982\u679cGTID\u88ab\u7981\u7528\uff0cAUTO\u65e0\u6548\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6ca1\u6709\u63d0\u4f9b\u503c\uff0c\u5219\u5c06\u8003\u8651\u9ed8\u8ba4\u503c\uff08AUTO\uff09\u3002\n--single-transaction: \u901a\u8fc7\u5728\u5355\u4e2a\u4e8b\u52a1\u4e2d\u8f6c\u50a8\u6240\u6709\u8868\u6765\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u81f4\u7684\u5feb\u7167\u3002\u4ec5\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u652f\u6301\u591a\u7248\u672c\u7684\u5b58\u50a8\u5f15\u64ce\u7684\u8868\uff08\u76ee\u524d\u53ea\u6709InnoDB\u652f\u6301\uff09\uff1b\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5176\u4ed6\u5b58\u50a8\u5f15\u64ce\uff0c\u8f6c\u50a8\u4e0d\u4fdd\u8bc1\u4e00\u81f4\u6027\u3002\u5f53\u8fdb\u884c--single-transaction\u8f6c\u50a8\u65f6\uff0c\u4e3a\u786e\u4fdd\u6709\u6548\u7684\u8f6c\u50a8\u6587\u4ef6\uff08\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u8868\u5185\u5bb9\u548c\u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236\u65e5\u5fd7\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff09\uff0c\u4e0d\u5e94\u8be5\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u8fde\u63a5\u4f7f\u7528\u4ee5\u4e0b\u8bed\u53e5\uff1aALTER TABLE, DROP TABLE, RENAME TABLE, TRUNCATE TABLE\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e00\u81f4\u7684\u5feb\u7167\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u5b8c\u5168\u963b\u6b62\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8bed\u53e5\u8fd0\u884c\u7684\u3002\n--skip-add-drop-table: \u6291\u5236\u6bcf\u4e2aCREATE TABLE\u8bed\u53e5\u4e4b\u524d\u7684DROP TABLE\u8bed\u53e5\u3002\n--skip-add-locks: \u6291\u5236\u8f6c\u50a8\u4e2d\u7684LOCK TABLES\u8bed\u53e5\u3002\n--skip-comments: \u6291\u5236\u5305\u62ec\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u7248\u672c\u3001\u8868\u548c\u5217\u6ce8\u91ca\u7b49\u4fe1\u606f\u5728\u5185\u7684\u6240\u6709\u6ce8\u91ca\u3002\u9ed8\u8ba4\u5173\u95ed\u3002\n--skip-compact: \u6291\u5236\u6240\u6709\u8f6c\u50a8\u8f93\u51fa\u4e2d\u7684\/*! ... *\/\u6ce8\u91ca\u3002\n--skip-disable-keys: \u6291\u5236ALTER TABLE ... DISABLE KEYS\u548cALTER TABLE ... ENABLE KEYS\u8bed\u53e5\u3002\n--skip-dump-date: \u6291\u5236\u8f6c\u50a8\u8f93\u51fa\u7684\u9996\u90e8\u4e2d\u7684\u8f6c\u50a8\u65e5\u671f\u3002\n--skip-extended-insert: \u6291\u5236\u8f6c\u50a8\u4e2d\u7684\u591a\u884cINSERT\u8bed\u6cd5\uff0c\u8be5\u9009\u9879\u5c06\u786e\u4fdd\u6bcf\u4e00\u884c\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u4e2aINSERT\u8bed\u53e5\u3002\n--skip-lock-tables: \u6291\u5236LOCK TABLES\u8bed\u53e5\u3002\n--skip-network-timeout: \u4e0d\u5728\u8f6c\u50a8\u8f93\u51fa\u4e2d\u5305\u62ec\u7f51\u7edc\u8d85\u65f6\u8bbe\u7f6e\u3002\n--skip-opt: \u7981\u7528--opt\u9009\u9879\u8bbe\u7f6e\u7684\u6240\u6709\u529f\u80fd\u3002\u8fd9\u4e0e\u6307\u5b9a\u4ee5\u4e0b\u9009\u9879\u7b49\u4ef7\uff1a--skip-add-drop-table, --skip-add-locks, --skip-disable-keys, --skip-extended-insert, --skip-lock-tables, --skip-quick\u548c --skip-set-charset\u3002\n--skip-quick: \u4e0e-q\u76f8\u540c\u3002\n--skip-quote-names: \u4e0d\u4f7f\u7528\u53cd\u5f15\u53f7(`)\u5f15\u7528\u8868\u548c\u5217\u540d\u3002\n--skip-set-charset: \u6291\u5236&#039;SET NAMES default_character_set&#039;\u8bed\u53e5\u7684\u8f93\u51fa\u3002\n--skip-triggers: \u8df3\u8fc7\u6240\u6709\u89e6\u53d1\u5668\u7684\u8f6c\u50a8\u3002\n--skip-tz-utc: \u4e0d\u5c06\u65f6\u95f4\u503c\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3aUTC\u3002\n--socket=name: \u7528\u4e8e\u8fde\u63a5\u7684Unix\u5957\u63a5\u5b57\u6587\u4ef6\u6216Windows\u547d\u540d\u7ba1\u9053\u3002\n--ssl: \u542f\u7528SSL\u52a0\u5bc6\u8fde\u63a5\u3002\u4f7f\u7528--skip-ssl\u6765\u7981\u7528\u3002\n--ssl-ca=name: \u6307\u5b9a\u7684CA\u8bc1\u4e66\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u8def\u5f84\u3002\n--ssl-capath=name: \u6307\u5b9a\u7684CA\u8bc1\u4e66\u76ee\u5f55\u7684\u8def\u5f84\u3002\n--ssl-cert=name: \u6307\u5b9a\u7684SSL\u8bc1\u4e66\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u8def\u5f84\u3002\n--ssl-cipher=name: \u5141\u8bb8\u4f7f\u7528\u7684SSL\u5bc6\u7801\u5957\u4ef6\u5217\u8868\u3002\n--ssl-crl=name: \u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u8bc1\u4e66\u64a4\u9500\u5217\u8868\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u8def\u5f84\u3002\n--ssl-crlpath=name: \u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u8bc1\u4e66\u64a4\u9500\u5217\u8868\u76ee\u5f55\u7684\u8def\u5f84\u3002\n--ssl-key=name: \u6307\u5b9a\u7684SSL\u5bc6\u94a5\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u8def\u5f84\u3002\n--ssl-mode=name: SSL\u8fde\u63a5\u7684\u5b89\u5168\u72b6\u6001\u3002\n--ssl-verify-server-cert: \u5728\u5efa\u7acbSSL\u8fde\u63a5\u65f6\u9a8c\u8bc1\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u7684\u8bc1\u4e66\u3002\n--tab=name: \u4e3a\u6bcf\u4e2a\u8f6c\u50a8\u7684\u8868\u751f\u6210\u4e24\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\u8fd9\u9700\u8981FILE\u6743\u9650\u3002\n--tables: \u8f6c\u50a8\u7ed9\u5b9a\u7684\u8868\u3002\u8fd9\u4e0d\u751f\u6210CREATE DATABASE\u8bed\u53e5\u3002\n--triggers: \u8f6c\u50a8\u89e6\u53d1\u5668\u3002\u9ed8\u8ba4\u542f\u7528\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528--skip-triggers\u6765\u7981\u7528\u3002\n--tz-utc: \u8f6c\u50a8TIMESTAMP\u6570\u636e\u65f6\uff0c\u9ed8\u8ba4\u5c06\u5176\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3aUTC\uff08\u4e0d\u8003\u8651\u5f53\u524d\u7684\u65f6\u533a\uff09\u3002\u9ed8\u8ba4\u542f\u7528\uff1b\u4f7f\u7528--skip-tz-utc\u6765\u7981\u7528\u3002\n-u, --user=name: \u7528\u6237\u540d\u7528\u4e8e\u767b\u5f55MySQL\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u3002\n--verbose: \u63d0\u4f9b\u8be6\u7ec6\u8f93\u51fa\u3002\n--version: \u8f93\u51fa\u7248\u672c\u4fe1\u606f\u5e76\u9000\u51fa\u3002\n-V, --version-short: \u8f93\u51fa\u7248\u672c\u4fe1\u606f\u5e76\u9000\u51fa\uff0c\u4f46\u53ea\u663e\u793a\u6570\u5b57\u90e8\u5206\u3002\n-w, --where=name: \u8f6c\u50a8\u8868\u65f6\u7684WHERE\u5b50\u53e5\u3002\n--xml: \u751f\u6210XML\u8f93\u51fa\u683c\u5f0f\u3002<\/code><\/pre>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\"># \u6848\u4f8b\n1.\u5907\u4efd\u5355\u4e00\u6570\u636e\u5e93\uff1a\nmysqldump -u root -p your_password your_database_name &gt; backup.sql\n\n2.\u5907\u4efd\u6240\u6709\u6570\u636e\u5e93\uff1a\nmysqldump -u root -p your_password --all-databases &gt; all_databases.sql\n\n3.\u5907\u4efd\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u5305\u542b\u6570\u636e\uff1a\nmysqldump -u root -p your_password --no-data your_database_name &gt; structure.sql\n\n4.\u66f4\u6539\u9ed8\u8ba4\u5b57\u7b26\u96c6\uff1a\nmysqldump -u [username] -p[password] --default-character-set=utf8 [database_name] &gt; utf8_backup.sql\n\n5.\nmysqldump -uroot -F -E -R --triggers --single-transaction --master-data=2 --default-character-set=utf8 -q -B $DB | gzip &gt;${DIR}\/${DB}_${TIME}.sql.gz\n# \u5f53\u4f7f\u7528 --single-transaction \u9009\u9879\u65f6\uff0cmysqldump \u4f1a\u4e3a\u8f6c\u50a8\u8fc7\u7a0b\u542f\u52a8\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u4e8b\u52a1\uff0c\u786e\u4fdd\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e8b\u52a1\u4e2d\u8bfb\u53d6\u7684\u6240\u6709\u6570\u636e\u90fd\u662f\u4e00\u81f4\u7684\uff0c\u5373\u4ece\u4e8b\u52a1\u5f00\u59cb\u65f6\u7684\u90a3\u4e00\u523b\u5f00\u59cb\u7684\u6570\u636e\u72b6\u6001\u3002\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u8f6c\u50a8\u8fc7\u7a0b\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u6301\u7eed\u4e00\u6bb5\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u4f46\u6574\u4e2a\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u64cd\u4f5c\uff08\u5982\u63d2\u5165\u3001\u66f4\u65b0\u3001\u5220\u9664\u7b49\uff09\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5f71\u54cd\u8f6c\u50a8\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u3002\u8fd9\u4e3a\u60a8\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u6570\u636e\u7684\u4e00\u81f4\u6027\u5feb\u7167\u3002\n\n# \u4f7f\u7528\u573a\u666f\n\u5927\u578b\u6570\u636e\u5e93\uff1a\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5927\u578b\u6570\u636e\u5e93\uff0c\u8f6c\u50a8\u64cd\u4f5c\u53ef\u80fd\u9700\u8981\u4e00\u6bb5\u65f6\u95f4\u3002\u4f7f\u7528 --single-transaction \u9009\u9879\u53ef\u4ee5\u786e\u4fdd\u5728\u8f6c\u50a8\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u83b7\u53d6\u6570\u636e\u7684\u4e00\u81f4\u6027\u89c6\u56fe\u3002\n\n\u907f\u514d\u9501\u5b9a\uff1a\u5bf9\u4e8e InnoDB \u5b58\u50a8\u5f15\u64ce\u7684\u8868\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528 --single-transaction \u901a\u5e38\u6bd4\u4f7f\u7528 --lock-tables \u9009\u9879\u66f4\u4e3a\u5408\u9002\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u540e\u8005\u4f1a\u9501\u5b9a\u8868\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u5bfc\u81f4\u5176\u4ed6\u64cd\u4f5c\u65e0\u6cd5\u6267\u884c\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c--single-transaction \u53ea\u5728\u8f6c\u50a8\u5f00\u59cb\u65f6\u83b7\u53d6\u4e00\u6b21\u5168\u5c40\u8bfb\u9501\uff0c\u4e4b\u540e\u5c31\u91ca\u653e\u4e86\u3002\n\n\u786e\u4fdd\u6570\u636e\u4e00\u81f4\u6027\uff1a\u5f53\u60a8\u5e0c\u671b\u786e\u4fdd\u8f6c\u50a8\u6570\u636e\u7684\u4e00\u81f4\u6027\u65f6\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5907\u4efd\u6216\u8fc1\u79fb\u6570\u636e\uff09\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9009\u9879\u662f\u5f88\u6709\u7528\u7684\u3002\n\n\u6ce8\u610f\u4e8b\u9879\uff1a\n\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9009\u9879\u53ea\u5bf9\u652f\u6301\u591a\u7248\u672c\u5e76\u53d1\u63a7\u5236 (MVCC) \u7684\u5b58\u50a8\u5f15\u64ce\uff08\u5982 InnoDB\uff09\u6709\u6548\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4e0d\u652f\u6301 MVCC \u7684\u5b58\u50a8\u5f15\u64ce\uff08\u5982 MyISAM\uff09\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9009\u9879\u4e0d\u4fdd\u8bc1\u6570\u636e\u7684\u4e00\u81f4\u6027\u3002\n\n\u4f7f\u7528 --single-transaction \u65f6\uff0c\u4e3a\u786e\u4fdd\u8f6c\u50a8\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u6709\u6548\u6027\uff08\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u8868\u5185\u5bb9\u548c\u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236\u65e5\u5fd7\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff09\uff0c\u5728\u8f6c\u50a8\u8fdb\u884c\u65f6\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u8fde\u63a5\u4e0d\u5e94\u4f7f\u7528\u4ee5\u4e0b\u8bed\u53e5\uff1aALTER TABLE\u3001DROP TABLE\u3001RENAME TABLE \u548c TRUNCATE TABLE\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8bed\u53e5\u4e0d\u53d7\u6b64\u9009\u9879\u7684\u4e00\u81f4\u6027\u5feb\u7167\u4fdd\u62a4\u3002<\/code><\/pre>\n<h2>nmcli<\/h2>\n<p><code>nmcli<\/code>\uff08NetworkManager\u547d\u4ee4\u884c\u63a5\u53e3\uff09\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7528\u4e8e\u7ba1\u7406Linux\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0a\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u8fde\u63a5\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u884c\u5de5\u5177\u3002\u5b83\u5141\u8bb8\u7528\u6237\u67e5\u770b\u3001\u521b\u5efa\u3001\u7f16\u8f91\u548c\u5220\u9664\u7f51\u7edc\u8fde\u63a5\u3002<code>nmcli<\/code> \u662fNetworkManager\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0cNetworkManager\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7528\u4e8e\u7ba1\u7406\u7f51\u7edc\u7684\u5b88\u62a4\u8fdb\u7a0b\u3002<code>nmcli<\/code> \u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u4f18\u52bf\u5728\u4e8e\u5176\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u884c\u754c\u9762\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u65b9\u4fbf\u5730\u7528\u4e8e\u811a\u672c\u548c\u81ea\u52a8\u5316\u4efb\u52a1\u3002<\/p>\n<p><code>nmcli<\/code>\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u8bed\u6cd5\u662f\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">nmcli [OPTIONS] OBJECT {command | help}<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u5176\u4e2d\uff0c<code>OPTIONS<\/code> \u662f\u53ef\u9009\u7684\u53c2\u6570\uff0c<code>OBJECT<\/code> \u662f\u8981\u64cd\u4f5c\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\uff08\u5982\u8bbe\u5907\u3001\u8fde\u63a5\u7b49\uff09\uff0c<code>command<\/code> \u662f\u8981\u5bf9\u5bf9\u8c61\u6267\u884c\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c\uff0c<code>help<\/code> \u662f\u83b7\u53d6\u5e2e\u52a9\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/p>\n<p><code>nmcli<\/code>\u652f\u6301\u4ee5\u4e0b\u9009\u9879\u53c2\u6570\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>-t<\/code> \u6216 <code>--terse<\/code>\uff1a\u8f93\u51fa\u7b80\u6d01\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u811a\u672c\u5904\u7406\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-p<\/code> \u6216 <code>--pretty<\/code>\uff1a\u8f93\u51fa\u66f4\u7f8e\u89c2\u3001\u6613\u8bfb\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-m<\/code> \u6216 <code>--mode<\/code>\uff1a\u8bbe\u7f6e\u8f93\u51fa\u6a21\u5f0f\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff1atabular, multiline\uff09\uff0c\u9ed8\u8ba4\u4e3atabular\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-f<\/code> \u6216 <code>--fields<\/code>\uff1a\u6307\u5b9a\u8981\u663e\u793a\u7684\u5b57\u6bb5\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-g<\/code> \u6216 <code>--get-values<\/code>\uff1a\u83b7\u53d6\u6307\u5b9a\u5b57\u6bb5\u7684\u503c\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-s<\/code> \u6216 <code>--show-secrets<\/code>\uff1a\u5728\u8f93\u51fa\u4e2d\u663e\u793a\u5bc6\u7801\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u654f\u611f\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-a<\/code> \u6216 <code>--ask<\/code>\uff1a\u5728\u6267\u884c\u547d\u4ee4\u65f6\u63d0\u793a\u8f93\u5165\u5bc6\u7801\u6216\u7f3a\u5931\u53c2\u6570\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-w<\/code> \u6216 <code>--wait<\/code>\uff1a\u6307\u5b9a\u7b49\u5f85\u64cd\u4f5c\u5b8c\u6210\u7684\u8d85\u65f6\u65f6\u95f4\uff08\u5355\u4f4d\uff1a\u79d2\uff09\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-v<\/code> \u6216 <code>--version<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a<code>nmcli<\/code>\u7684\u7248\u672c\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-h<\/code> \u6216 <code>--help<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u5e2e\u52a9\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><code>nmcli<\/code>\u652f\u6301\u4ee5\u4e0b\u5bf9\u8c61\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>g<\/code> \u6216 <code>general<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u548c\u8bbe\u7f6eNetworkManager\u7684\u901a\u7528\u5c5e\u6027\u548c\u72b6\u6001\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>n<\/code> \u6216 <code>networking<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u548c\u8bbe\u7f6e\u7f51\u7edc\u4f7f\u80fd\u72b6\u6001\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>r<\/code> \u6216 <code>radio<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u548c\u8bbe\u7f6e\u65e0\u7ebf\u8bbe\u5907\u7684\u5c04\u9891\u4f7f\u80fd\u72b6\u6001\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>c<\/code> \u6216 <code>connection<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u548c\u64cd\u4f5c\u7f51\u7edc\u8fde\u63a5\u914d\u7f6e\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>d<\/code> \u6216 <code>device<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u548c\u64cd\u4f5c\u8bbe\u5907\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>m<\/code> \u6216 <code>monitor<\/code>\uff1a\u76d1\u89c6NetworkManager\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u53d8\u5316\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u4ee5\u4e0b\u662f\u4e00\u4e9b\u5e38\u7528\u7684<code>nmcli<\/code>\u547d\u4ee4:<\/p>\n<p>\u67e5\u770bNetworkManager\u7684\u72b6\u6001\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">nmcli general status<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u67e5\u770b\u7f51\u7edc\u4f7f\u80fd\u72b6\u6001\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">nmcli networking<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u542f\u7528\u6216\u7981\u7528\u7f51\u7edc\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">nmcli networking on\nnmcli networking off<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u67e5\u770b\u65e0\u7ebf\u5c04\u9891\u72b6\u6001\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">nmcli radio<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u542f\u7528\u6216\u7981\u7528\u65e0\u7ebf\u5c04\u9891\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">nmcli radio wifi on\nnmcli radio wifi off<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u67e5\u770b\u7f51\u7edc\u8fde\u63a5\u5217\u8868\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">nmcli connection show<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u663e\u793a\u7279\u5b9a\u8fde\u63a5\u7684\u8be6\u7ec6\u4fe1\u606f\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">nmcli connection show &quot;Connection_Name&quot;<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u5bfc\u51fa\u7f51\u7edc\u8fde\u63a5\u914d\u7f6e\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">nmcli connection export &quot;Connection_Name&quot; &gt; exported_connection.conf<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u5bfc\u5165\u7f51\u7edc\u8fde\u63a5\u914d\u7f6e\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">nmcli connection import type &quot;Connection_Type&quot; file exported_connection.conf<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5bfc\u5165\u4e00\u4e2a\u4ee5\u592a\u7f51\u8fde\u63a5\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">nmcli connection import type ethernet file exported_connection.conf<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u91cd\u547d\u540d\u7f51\u7edc\u8fde\u63a5\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">nmcli connection modify &quot;Old_Connection_Name&quot; connection.id &quot;New_Connection_Name&quot;<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u67e5\u770b\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0a\u6240\u6709\u8bbe\u5907\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u548c\u8be6\u7ec6\u4fe1\u606f\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">nmcli device<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u67e5\u770b\u7279\u5b9a\u8bbe\u5907\u7684\u8be6\u7ec6\u4fe1\u606f\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">nmcli device show &quot;Interface_Name&quot;<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u91cd\u65b0\u52a0\u8f7dNetworkManager\u914d\u7f6e\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">nmcli general reload<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u91cd\u542fNetworkManager\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">nmcli general restart<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u542f\u7528\u6216\u7981\u7528IPv6\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">nmcli connection modify &quot;Connection_Name&quot; ipv6.method auto\nnmcli connection modify &quot;Connection_Name&quot; ipv6.method ignore<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8bbe\u7f6e\u9759\u6001IPv6\u5730\u5740\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">nmcli connection modify &quot;Connection_Name&quot; ipv6.addresses &quot;2001:db8::2\/64&quot; ipv6.gateway &quot;2001:db8::1&quot; ipv6.dns &quot;2001:4860:4860::8888,2001:4860:4860::8844&quot;<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8bbe\u7f6eDHCP\u9009\u9879\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">nmcli connection modify &quot;Connection_Name&quot; ipv4.dhcp-send-hostname yes\nnmcli connection modify &quot;Connection_Name&quot; ipv4.dhcp-hostname &quot;MyHostname&quot;<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8bbe\u7f6e\u81ea\u52a8\u8fde\u63a5\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">nmcli connection modify &quot;Connection_Name&quot; connection.autoconnect yes\nnmcli connection modify &quot;Connection_Name&quot; connection.autoconnect no<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u4fee\u6539DNS\u670d\u52a1\u5668\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">nmcli connection modify &quot;Connection_Name&quot; ipv4.dns &quot;8.8.8.8,8.8.4.4&quot;\nnmcli connection modify &quot;Connection_Name&quot; ipv6.dns &quot;2001:4860:4860::8888,2001:4860:4860::8844&quot;<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u8fde\u63a5\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u5176\u914d\u7f6e\u4e3a\u7ed1\u5b9a\uff08bonding\uff09\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">nmcli connection add type bond con-name mybond0 ifname bond0 mode active-backup ipv4.method manual ipv4.addresses 10.0.0.100\/24\n\nnmcli connection add\uff1a\u6b64\u547d\u4ee4\u7528\u4e8e\u521b\u5efa\u65b0\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u8fde\u63a5\u3002\ntype bond\uff1a\u6307\u5b9a\u65b0\u8fde\u63a5\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u4e3a bond\u3002bond \u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u7f51\u7edc\u63a5\u53e3\uff0c\u5141\u8bb8\u5c06\u591a\u4e2a\u7269\u7406\u63a5\u53e3\u805a\u5408\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u903b\u8f91\u63a5\u53e3\uff0c\u4ee5\u5b9e\u73b0\u8d1f\u8f7d\u5e73\u8861\u3001\u6545\u969c\u8f6c\u79fb\u7b49\u529f\u80fd\u3002\ncon-name mybond0\uff1a\u4e3a\u65b0\u521b\u5efa\u7684 bond \u8fde\u63a5\u6307\u5b9a\u4e00\u4e2a\u540d\u79f0\uff0c\u5373 mybond0\u3002\nifname bond0\uff1a\u6307\u5b9a bond \u8fde\u63a5\u7684\u63a5\u53e3\u540d\u79f0\uff0c\u5373 bond0\u3002\nmode active-backup\uff1a\u8bbe\u7f6e bond \u6a21\u5f0f\u4e3a active-backup\u3002\u5728 active-backup \u6a21\u5f0f\u4e0b\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u4ece\u63a5\u53e3\u5904\u4e8e\u6d3b\u52a8\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u63a5\u53e3\u5904\u4e8e\u5907\u4efd\u72b6\u6001\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6d3b\u52a8\u63a5\u53e3\u6545\u969c\uff0c\u7cfb\u7edf\u4f1a\u81ea\u52a8\u5207\u6362\u5230\u5907\u4efd\u63a5\u53e3\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u6a21\u5f0f\u4e3b\u8981\u7528\u4e8e\u5b9e\u73b0\u6545\u969c\u8f6c\u79fb\u3002\nipv4.method manual\uff1a\u8bbe\u7f6e IPv4 \u914d\u7f6e\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e3a\u624b\u52a8\uff08manual\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\u60a8\u9700\u8981\u624b\u52a8\u6307\u5b9a IP \u5730\u5740\u3001\u5b50\u7f51\u63a9\u7801\u3001\u7f51\u5173\u7b49\u53c2\u6570\u3002\nipv4.addresses 10.0.0.100\/24\uff1a\u5206\u914d\u7ed9 bond \u63a5\u53e3\u7684 IPv4 \u5730\u5740\u3002\u5728\u672c\u4f8b\u4e2d\uff0cIP \u5730\u5740\u4e3a 10.0.0.100\uff0c\u5b50\u7f51\u63a9\u7801\u4e3a \/24\uff08\u5373 255.255.255.0\uff09\u3002\n\u6267\u884c\u6b64\u547d\u4ee4\u540e\uff0c\u5c06\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u540d\u4e3a mybond0 \u7684\u65b0 bond \u8fde\u63a5\uff0c\u914d\u7f6e\u4e3a active-backup \u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u5e76\u5177\u6709\u6307\u5b9a\u7684 IP \u5730\u5740\u3002\u63a5\u4e0b\u6765\uff0c\u60a8\u9700\u8981\u5c06\u7269\u7406\u63a5\u53e3\uff08\u5982 eth0\u3001eth1 \u7b49\uff09\u6dfb\u52a0\u5230\u6b64 bond \u8fde\u63a5\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u5b83\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f5c\u4e3a bond \u6210\u5458\u6b63\u5e38\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u7528\u4e8e\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u8fde\u63a5\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u5176\u914d\u7f6e\u4e3a\u7ed1\u5b9a\uff08bonding\uff09\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u521b\u5efa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u540d\u4e3a <code>mybond0<\/code> \u7684\u65b0 bond \u8fde\u63a5\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528 <code>bond0<\/code> \u4f5c\u4e3a\u7f51\u7edc\u63a5\u53e3\u540d\u79f0\uff0c\u5e76\u8bbe\u7f6e bond \u6a21\u5f0f\u4e3a active-backup\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u8fd8\u5c06 IPv4 \u914d\u7f6e\u4e3a\u624b\u52a8\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u5e76\u5206\u914d IP \u5730\u5740 <code>10.0.0.100\/24<\/code>\u3002<\/p>\n<h2>netstat<\/h2>\n<blockquote>\n<p>\u5728Linux\u64cd\u4f5c\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\uff0cnetstat\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u884c\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u663e\u793a\u7f51\u7edc\u8fde\u63a5\u3001\u8def\u7531\u8868\u3001\u7f51\u7edc\u63a5\u53e3\u548c\u7f51\u7edc\u534f\u8bae\u7edf\u8ba1\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\u5b83\u53ef\u4ee5\u5e2e\u52a9\u7cfb\u7edf\u7ba1\u7406\u5458\u548c\u7f51\u7edc\u5de5\u7a0b\u5e08\u76d1\u63a7\u548c\u5206\u6790\u7f51\u7edc\u8fde\u63a5\u548c\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u8bca\u65ad\u7f51\u7edc\u6545\u969c\u548c\u5b89\u5168\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>\u4e0b\u9762\u662fnetstat\u5e38\u7528\u7684\u9009\u9879\u548c\u53c2\u6570\uff1a<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><code>-a<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u6240\u6709\u8fde\u63a5\uff0c\u5305\u62ecTCP\u3001UDP\u548cUNIX\u57df\u5957\u63a5\u5b57\u8fde\u63a5\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-t<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793aTCP\u8fde\u63a5\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-u<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793aUDP\u8fde\u63a5\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-n<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793aIP\u5730\u5740\u548c\u7aef\u53e3\u53f7\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u4f7f\u7528\u540d\u79f0\u548c\u670d\u52a1\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-p<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u4e0e\u8fde\u63a5\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u8fdb\u7a0b\u540d\u79f0\u6216PID\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-e<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u6269\u5c55\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u5982TCP\u7a97\u53e3\u5927\u5c0f\u3001\u6570\u636e\u5305\u5927\u5c0f\u7b49\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-s<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u7f51\u7edc\u534f\u8bae\u7edf\u8ba1\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u5982TCP\u3001UDP\u3001IP\u7b49\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5305\u4f20\u8f93\u60c5\u51b5\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-r<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u8def\u7531\u8868\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-c<\/code>\uff1a\u6301\u7eed\u663e\u793anetstat\u547d\u4ee4\u8f93\u51fa\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u624b\u52a8\u7ec8\u6b62\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-x<\/code>:  \u663e\u793aUNIX\u57df\u5957\u63a5\u5b57\u8fde\u63a5\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-i<\/code>:  \u663e\u793a\u7f51\u7edc\u63a5\u53e3\u7684\u7edf\u8ba1\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-l<\/code>:  \u663e\u793a\u6240\u6709\u6b63\u5728\u76d1\u542c\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u8fde\u63a5\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u4e0b\u9762\u662f\u4e00\u4e9bnetstat\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\uff1a<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><code>netstat -an<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u6240\u6709TCP\u548cUDP\u8fde\u63a5\u7684IP\u5730\u5740\u548c\u7aef\u53e3\u53f7\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>netstat -tulpn<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u6240\u6709\u6b63\u5728\u76d1\u542cTCP\u7aef\u53e3\u7684\u8fdb\u7a0b\u540d\u548cPID\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>netstat -r<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u8def\u7531\u8868\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>netstat -s<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u5404\u79cd\u7f51\u7edc\u534f\u8bae\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5305\u4f20\u8f93\u60c5\u51b5\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>netstat -c<\/code>\uff1a\u6301\u7eed\u663e\u793anetstat\u547d\u4ee4\u8f93\u51fa\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u624b\u52a8\u7ec8\u6b62\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Linux\u547d\u4ee4\u8be6\u89e3 arp arp \u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7528\u4e8e\u7ba1\u7406 Linux \u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u7684 ARP \u7f13\u5b58\u8868\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u3002AR [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[65],"tags":[66],"views":229,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/8.141.4.74\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/391"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/8.141.4.74\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/8.141.4.74\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/8.141.4.74\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/8.141.4.74\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=391"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"http:\/\/8.141.4.74\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/391\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":495,"href":"http:\/\/8.141.4.74\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/391\/revisions\/495"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/8.141.4.74\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=391"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/8.141.4.74\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=391"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/8.141.4.74\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=391"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}