{"id":393,"date":"2023-11-26T22:03:26","date_gmt":"2023-11-26T14:03:26","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/8.141.4.74\/?p=393"},"modified":"2024-08-29T17:55:29","modified_gmt":"2024-08-29T09:55:29","slug":"linux%e5%91%bd%e4%bb%a4%ef%bc%88%e4%ba%8c%ef%bc%89","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/8.141.4.74\/?p=393","title":{"rendered":"Linux\u547d\u4ee4\u8be6\u89e3\uff08\u4e8c\uff09"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>named-checkconf<\/h2>\n<blockquote>\n<p><code>named-checkconf<\/code> \u7528\u4e8e\u68c0\u67e5 <code>named<\/code> \u914d\u7f6e\u6587\u4ef6\uff08\u901a\u5e38\u662f <code>\/etc\/named.conf<\/code>\uff09\u7684\u8bed\u6cd5\u548c\u4e00\u81f4\u6027\u3002\u5b83\u53ef\u4ee5\u5e2e\u52a9\u4f60\u627e\u5230\u5e76\u4fee\u590d\u914d\u7f6e\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u9632\u6b62 <code>named<\/code> \u670d\u52a1\u542f\u52a8\u5931\u8d25\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u4ee5\u4e0b\u547d\u4ee4\u6765\u68c0\u67e5\u9ed8\u8ba4\u7684 <code>named<\/code> \u914d\u7f6e\u6587\u4ef6\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">named-checkconf \/etc\/named.conf\n\n# \u5982\u679c\u914d\u7f6e\u6587\u4ef6\u6ca1\u6709\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u8be5\u547d\u4ee4\u5c06\u4e0d\u8f93\u51fa\u4efb\u4f55\u5185\u5bb9\u5e76\u8fd4\u56de\u5230\u547d\u4ee4\u884c\u63d0\u793a\u7b26\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5b83\u5c06\u6253\u5370\u51fa\u9519\u8bef\u6d88\u606f\u5e76\u8fd4\u56de\u4e00\u4e2a\u975e\u96f6\u9000\u51fa\u7801\u3002<\/code><\/pre>\n<h2>named-checkzone<\/h2>\n<blockquote>\n<p><code>named-checkzone<\/code> \u7528\u4e8e\u68c0\u67e5 <code>BIND<\/code> \u533a\u57df\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u8bed\u6cd5\u548c\u4e00\u81f4\u6027\u3002\u5b83\u8bfb\u53d6\u533a\u57df\u6587\u4ef6\u5e76\u5c1d\u8bd5\u89e3\u6790\u6240\u6709\u7684\u8bb0\u5f55\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u786e\u4fdd\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u683c\u5f0f\u6b63\u786e\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">named-checkzone example.com \/var\/named\/example.com.zone\n\n# \u6837\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u533a\u57df\u6587\u4ef6\u6ca1\u6709\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u8be5\u547d\u4ee4\u5c06\u6253\u5370\u51fa\u4e00\u4e9b\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u7edf\u8ba1\u4fe1\u606f\u5e76\u8fd4\u56de\u5230\u547d\u4ee4\u884c\u63d0\u793a\u7b26\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5b83\u5c06\u6253\u5370\u51fa\u9519\u8bef\u6d88\u606f\u5e76\u8fd4\u56de\u4e00\u4e2a\u975e\u96f6\u9000\u51fa\u7801\u3002<\/code><\/pre>\n<h2>nc<\/h2>\n<p>\u5728Linux\u4e2d\uff0cnc\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u975e\u5e38\u6709\u7528\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u5b83\u662fnetcat\u7684\u7f29\u5199\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u6b3e\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bfb\u53d6\u3001\u5199\u5165\u6570\u636e\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u5de5\u5177\u3002\u5b83\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7TCP\u6216UDP\u534f\u8bae\u5728\u7f51\u7edc\u4e0a\u5efa\u7acb\u8fde\u63a5\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5b9e\u73b0\u7f51\u7edc\u901a\u4fe1\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u3002<\/p>\n<p>nc\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u8bed\u6cd5\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">nc [options] host port<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u5176\u4e2d\uff0chost\u8868\u793a\u8981\u8fde\u63a5\u7684\u4e3b\u673a\u540d\u6216IP\u5730\u5740\uff0cport\u8868\u793a\u8981\u8fde\u63a5\u7684\u7aef\u53e3\u53f7\u3002options\u662f\u53ef\u9009\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u53c2\u6570\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u6765\u914d\u7f6enc\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e0b\u9762\u662fnc\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u5e38\u89c1\u7528\u6cd5\uff1a<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u5efa\u7acbTCP\u8fde\u63a5<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">nc host port<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u4f7f\u7528\u8be5\u547d\u4ee4\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e0e\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u4e3b\u673a\u548c\u7aef\u53e3\u5efa\u7acbTCP\u8fde\u63a5\u3002\u8fde\u63a5\u6210\u529f\u540e\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u7ec8\u7aef\u8f93\u5165\u6570\u636e\u5e76\u53d1\u9001\u5230\u8fdc\u7a0b\u4e3b\u673a\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ece\u8fdc\u7a0b\u4e3b\u673a\u8bfb\u53d6\u6570\u636e\u5e76\u5728\u7ec8\u7aef\u4e0a\u663e\u793a\u3002<\/p>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li>\u5efa\u7acbUDP\u8fde\u63a5<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">nc -u host port<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u4f7f\u7528\u8be5\u547d\u4ee4\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e0e\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u4e3b\u673a\u548c\u7aef\u53e3\u5efa\u7acbUDP\u8fde\u63a5\u3002\u4e0eTCP\u8fde\u63a5\u4e0d\u540c\uff0cUDP\u8fde\u63a5\u662f\u65e0\u72b6\u6001\u7684\uff0c\u53d1\u9001\u65b9\u53d1\u9001\u6570\u636e\u5305\u540e\u5c31\u4e0d\u518d\u5173\u5fc3\u5b83\u662f\u5426\u5230\u8fbe\u63a5\u6536\u65b9\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528nc\u5efa\u7acbUDP\u8fde\u63a5\u65f6\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u81ea\u5df1\u63a7\u5236\u6570\u636e\u5305\u7684\u987a\u5e8f\u548c\u91cd\u4f20\u673a\u5236\u3002<\/p>\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li>\u76d1\u542c\u7aef\u53e3<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">nc -l port<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u4f7f\u7528\u8be5\u547d\u4ee4\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u672c\u5730\u4e3b\u673a\u4e0a\u76d1\u542c\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u7aef\u53e3\uff0c\u7b49\u5f85\u5176\u4ed6\u4e3b\u673a\u5efa\u7acb\u8fde\u63a5\u3002\u5f53\u6709\u8fde\u63a5\u8bf7\u6c42\u65f6\uff0cnc\u4f1a\u81ea\u52a8\u5c06\u8fde\u63a5\u63a5\u53d7\u5e76\u663e\u793a\u8fde\u63a5\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/p>\n<ol start=\"4\">\n<li>\u6587\u4ef6\u4f20\u8f93<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">nc -l port &lt; file<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u4f7f\u7528\u8be5\u547d\u4ee4\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06\u672c\u5730\u6587\u4ef6\u4f20\u8f93\u5230\u8fdc\u7a0b\u4e3b\u673a\u3002\u8be5\u547d\u4ee4\u5728\u76d1\u542c\u7aef\u53e3\u7684\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u4ece\u6807\u51c6\u8f93\u5165\u4e2d\u8bfb\u53d6\u6587\u4ef6\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u5176\u53d1\u9001\u5230\u8fde\u63a5\u7684\u8fdc\u7a0b\u4e3b\u673a\u3002\u5982\u679c\u9700\u8981\u4ece\u8fdc\u7a0b\u4e3b\u673a\u63a5\u6536\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u5219\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u76f8\u53cd\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">nc host port &gt; file<\/code><\/pre>\n<ol start=\"5\">\n<li>\u626b\u63cf\u7aef\u53e3<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">nc -z host start_port-end_port<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u4f7f\u7528\u8be5\u547d\u4ee4\u53ef\u4ee5\u626b\u63cf\u6307\u5b9a\u4e3b\u673a\u4e0a\u7684\u4e00\u6bb5\u7aef\u53e3\uff0c\u67e5\u770b\u54ea\u4e9b\u7aef\u53e3\u662f\u5f00\u653e\u7684\u3002\u8be5\u547d\u4ee4\u4f1a\u4f9d\u6b21\u5c1d\u8bd5\u8fde\u63a5\u6307\u5b9a\u4e3b\u673a\u4e0a\u7684\u6bcf\u4e2a\u7aef\u53e3\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u7aef\u53e3\u5f00\u653e\uff0c\u5219\u4f1a\u663e\u793a\u8fde\u63a5\u6210\u529f\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/p>\n<h2>nice<\/h2>\n<p><code>nice<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u7528\u4e8e\u8c03\u6574\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7684\u4f18\u5148\u7ea7\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5f71\u54cd\u8fdb\u7a0b\u8c03\u5ea6\u3002\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7684\u4f18\u5148\u7ea7\u8303\u56f4\u4ece -20\uff08\u5bf9\u8fdb\u7a0b\u6700\u6709\u5229\uff09\u5230 19\uff08\u5bf9\u8fdb\u7a0b\u6700\u4e0d\u5229\uff09\u3002<code>nice<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u4e3b\u8981\u7528\u4e8e\u5728\u542f\u52a8\u65b0\u8fdb\u7a0b\u65f6\u8bbe\u7f6e\u5176\u4f18\u5148\u7ea7\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u547d\u4ee4\u683c\u5f0f<\/strong><\/p>\n<pre><code>nice [OPTION] [COMMAND [ARG]...]<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><strong>\u53c2\u6570\u8be6\u89e3<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>-n, --adjustment=N<\/strong>: \u5c06\u6574\u6570 N \u6dfb\u52a0\u5230\u5f53\u524d\u7684\u4f18\u5148\u7ea7\u503c\u3002\u9ed8\u8ba4\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c<code>nice<\/code> \u4f1a\u5c06\u4f18\u5148\u7ea7\u589e\u52a0 10\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>--help<\/strong>: \u663e\u793a\u5e2e\u52a9\u4fe1\u606f\u5e76\u9000\u51fa\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>--version<\/strong>: \u8f93\u51fa\u7248\u672c\u4fe1\u606f\u5e76\u9000\u51fa\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u8be6\u7ec6\u8bf4\u660e<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><code>nice<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u7528\u4e8e\u5728\u542f\u52a8\u65b0\u8fdb\u7a0b\u65f6\u8c03\u6574\u5176\u4f18\u5148\u7ea7\uff0c\u4f18\u5148\u7ea7\u503c\u8d8a\u4f4e\uff0c\u8fdb\u7a0b\u83b7\u5f97\u7684 CPU \u65f6\u95f4\u7247\u8d8a\u591a\u3002\u9ed8\u8ba4\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c<code>nice<\/code> \u4f1a\u5c06\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7684\u4f18\u5148\u7ea7\u589e\u52a0 10\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u793a\u4f8b\u89e3\u91ca<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p><strong>\u4e0d\u5e26\u547d\u4ee4\u8fd0\u884c <code>nice<\/code><\/strong><\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-sh\">nice<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u5728\u4e0d\u5e26\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u8fd0\u884c <code>nice<\/code>\uff0c\u5b83\u5c06\u8f93\u51fa\u5f53\u524d shell \u7684 niceness \u503c\u3002<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>\u4f7f\u7528 <code>nice<\/code> \u8c03\u6574\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u4f18\u5148\u7ea7<\/strong><\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-sh\">nice -n 5 myscript.sh<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8fd9\u5c06\u4ee5\u4f18\u5148\u7ea7\u589e\u52a0 5 \u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u8fd0\u884c <code>myscript.sh<\/code>\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u4f7f\u5b83\u7684\u8c03\u5ea6\u4f18\u5148\u7ea7\u964d\u4f4e\uff08\u53d8\u5f97\u76f8\u5bf9\u4e0d\u91cd\u8981\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>\u8bbe\u7f6e\u8d1f\u7684 niceness \u503c<\/strong><\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-sh\">sudo nice -n -10 myscript.sh<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8fd9\u5c06\u4ee5\u4f18\u5148\u7ea7\u51cf\u5c0f 10 \u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u8fd0\u884c <code>myscript.sh<\/code>\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u4f7f\u5b83\u7684\u8c03\u5ea6\u4f18\u5148\u7ea7\u63d0\u9ad8\uff08\u53d8\u5f97\u66f4\u91cd\u8981\uff09\u3002\u6ce8\u610f\uff0c\u8d1f\u7684 niceness \u503c\u901a\u5e38\u9700\u8981\u8d85\u7ea7\u7528\u6237\u6743\u9650\u3002<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u6ce8\u610f\u4e8b\u9879<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>nice<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u901a\u5e38\u4e0e <code>renice<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u7ed3\u5408\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u540e\u8005\u7528\u4e8e\u8c03\u6574\u5df2\u7ecf\u5728\u8fd0\u884c\u7684\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7684\u4f18\u5148\u7ea7\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u4e0d\u540c\u7684 shell \u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u81ea\u5df1\u7684 <code>nice<\/code> \u7248\u672c\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u4f1a\u8986\u76d6 GNU <code>nice<\/code>\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u8bf7\u67e5\u9605 shell \u7684\u6587\u6863\u4ee5\u83b7\u53d6\u7279\u5b9a\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>nice<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u5728\u591a\u7528\u6237\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u5c24\u5176\u6709\u7528\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u9632\u6b62\u67d0\u4e2a\u8fdb\u7a0b\u8fc7\u5ea6\u5360\u7528\u7cfb\u7edf\u8d44\u6e90\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u603b\u7ed3<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><code>nice<\/code> \u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7528\u4e8e\u8c03\u6574\u8fdb\u7a0b\u4f18\u5148\u7ea7\u7684\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u8bbe\u7f6e\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7684 niceness \u503c\u6765\u5f71\u54cd\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7684\u8c03\u5ea6\u4f18\u5148\u7ea7\u3002\u5b83\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u5728\u591a\u4efb\u52a1\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u66f4\u597d\u5730\u7ba1\u7406\u7cfb\u7edf\u8d44\u6e90\uff0c\u786e\u4fdd\u91cd\u8981\u4efb\u52a1\u83b7\u5f97\u8db3\u591f\u7684 CPU \u65f6\u95f4\u7247\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u964d\u4f4e\u4e0d\u91cd\u8981\u4efb\u52a1\u7684\u4f18\u5148\u7ea7\u3002<\/p>\n<h2>nmcli<\/h2>\n<blockquote>\n<p><code>nmcli<\/code> \u662f NetworkManager \u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u884c\u5ba2\u6237\u7aef\u3002NetworkManager \u662f Linux \u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u7528\u4e8e\u7ba1\u7406\u7f51\u7edc\u7684\u5b88\u62a4\u8fdb\u7a0b\u3002<code>nmcli<\/code> \u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u547d\u4ee4\u884c\u65b9\u5f0f\u6765\u63a7\u5236 NetworkManager\uff0c\u5141\u8bb8\u4f60\u67e5\u770b\u7f51\u7edc\u72b6\u6001\u3001\u8fde\u63a5\u548c\u65ad\u5f00\u7f51\u7edc\u3001\u4fee\u6539\u7f51\u7edc\u914d\u7f6e\u7b49\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u8fd9\u4e9b\u64cd\u4f5c\u90fd\u65e0\u9700\u56fe\u5f62\u754c\u9762\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\"># \u9009\u9879(OPTIONS)\n-a, --ask: \u5982\u679c\u5728\u547d\u4ee4\u4e2d\u7f3a\u5c11\u6240\u9700\u53c2\u6570\uff0c\u8be5\u9009\u9879\u4f1a\u8ba9 nmcli \u63d0\u793a\u7528\u6237\u8f93\u5165\u5b83\u4eec\u3002\n-c, --colors auto|yes|no: \u51b3\u5b9a\u662f\u5426\u5728\u8f93\u51fa\u4e2d\u4f7f\u7528\u989c\u8272\u3002auto \u4f1a\u5728\u8f93\u51fa\u5230\u7ec8\u7aef\u65f6\u4f7f\u7528\u989c\u8272\uff0c\u800c\u5728\u5176\u4ed6\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u4e0d\u4f7f\u7528\u3002\n-e, --escape yes|no: \u662f\u5426\u8f6c\u4e49\u8f93\u51fa\u4e2d\u7684\u5217\u5206\u9694\u7b26\u3002\n-f, --fields &lt;field,...&gt;|all|common: \u6307\u5b9a\u8f93\u51fa\u4e2d\u8981\u663e\u793a\u7684\u5b57\u6bb5\u3002\u8fd9\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u6765\u81ea\u5b9a\u4e49\u8f93\u51fa\u7684\u5217\u3002\n-g, --get-values &lt;field,...&gt;|all|common: \u8fd9\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u7b80\u5316\u8f93\u51fa\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5feb\u6377\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u4ee5\u8868\u683c\u5f0f\u8f93\u51fa\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u5b57\u6bb5\uff0c\u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e\u540c\u65f6\u4f7f\u7528 -m tabular -t -f \u9009\u9879\u3002\n-h, --help: \u663e\u793a\u5e2e\u52a9\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\n-m, --mode tabular|multiline: \u8bbe\u7f6e\u8f93\u51fa\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002tabular \u4e3a\u8868\u683c\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0cmultiline \u4e3a\u591a\u884c\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002\n-o, --overview: \u7b80\u7565\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e00\u4e2a\u603b\u89c8\u3002\n-p, --pretty: \u4f7f\u8f93\u51fa\u66f4\u52a0\u7f8e\u89c2\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u4e0e multiline \u6a21\u5f0f\u7ed3\u5408\u4f7f\u7528\u3002\n-s, --show-secrets: \u5141\u8bb8\u663e\u793a\u5bc6\u7801\u6216\u5176\u4ed6\u654f\u611f\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\n-t, --terse: \u4f7f\u8f93\u51fa\u7b80\u6d01\uff0c\u4ec5\u663e\u793a\u5fc5\u8981\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\n-v, --version: \u663e\u793a nmcli \u7684\u7248\u672c\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\n-w, --wait &lt;seconds&gt;: \u8bbe\u7f6e\u5728\u7b49\u5f85\u64cd\u4f5c\u5b8c\u6210\u65f6\u7684\u8d85\u65f6\u65f6\u95f4\u3002\n\n# \u5bf9\u8c61(OBJECT)\ng[eneral]: \u663e\u793a\u548c\u64cd\u4f5c NetworkManager \u7684\u4e00\u822c\u72b6\u6001\u3002\nn[etworking]: \u63a7\u5236\u6574\u4f53\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u8bbe\u7f6e\u3002\nr[adio]: \u63a7\u5236 NetworkManager \u7684\u65e0\u7ebf\u5f00\u5173\uff0c\u5982 Wi-Fi\u3001Bluetooth\u3002\nc[onnection]: \u7ba1\u7406 NetworkManager \u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u8fde\u63a5\u3002\nd[evice]: \u663e\u793a\u548c\u7ba1\u7406\u7531 NetworkManager \u7ba1\u7406\u7684\u8bbe\u5907\u3002\na[gent]: \u4e0e NetworkManager \u7684\u79d8\u5bc6\u4ee3\u7406\u6216 polkit \u4ee3\u7406\u4ea4\u4e92\u3002\nm[onitor]: \u76d1\u63a7 NetworkManager \u7684\u66f4\u6539\u3002\n#\u4e2d\u62ec\u53f7\u91cc\u9762\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u53ef\u4ee5\u5199\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4e0d\u5199\n\n# \u7528\u6cd5\nnmcli [OPTIONS] OBJECT { COMMAND | help }\n# nmcli connection \u4e3b\u8981\u5173\u6ce8\u4e0e NetworkManager \u4e2d\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u8fde\u63a5\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c\u3002\u4ee5\u4e0b\u662f nmcli connection \u7684\u5b50\u547d\u4ee4\u53ca\u5176\u63cf\u8ff0\uff1a\n\n# show: \u5217\u51fa\u6240\u6709\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u8fde\u63a5\u6216\u663e\u793a\u7279\u5b9a\u8fde\u63a5\u7684\u8be6\u7ec6\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\n    \u4e0d\u5e26\u53c2\u6570\uff1anmcli connection show \u5217\u51fa\u6240\u6709\u8fde\u63a5\u3002\n    \u5e26\u53c2\u6570\uff1anmcli connection show &lt;CONNECTION_NAME&gt; \u663e\u793a\u7279\u5b9a\u8fde\u63a5\u7684\u8be6\u7ec6\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\n# up: \u6fc0\u6d3b\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u8fde\u63a5\u3002\n    \u7528\u6cd5\uff1anmcli connection up &lt;CONNECTION_NAME&gt;\n# down: \u505c\u7528\uff08\u6216\u65ad\u5f00\uff09\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u8fde\u63a5\u3002\n    \u7528\u6cd5\uff1anmcli connection down &lt;CONNECTION_NAME&gt;\n# add: \u6dfb\u52a0\u65b0\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u8fde\u63a5\u3002\n    \u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u8981\u6dfb\u52a0\u65b0\u7684 Ethernet \u8fde\u63a5\uff1anmcli connection add type ethernet con-name            &lt;CONNECTION_NAME&gt; ifname &lt;INTERFACE_NAME&gt;\n# edit: \u4ee5\u4ea4\u4e92\u6a21\u5f0f\u7f16\u8f91\u73b0\u6709\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u8fde\u63a5\u3002\n    \u7528\u6cd5\uff1anmcli connection edit &lt;CONNECTION_NAME&gt;\n# delete: \u5220\u9664\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u8fde\u63a5\u3002\n    \u7528\u6cd5\uff1anmcli connection delete &lt;CONNECTION_NAME&gt;\n# modify: \u4fee\u6539\u73b0\u6709\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u8fde\u63a5\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u3002\n    \u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u8981\u66f4\u6539\u8fde\u63a5\u7684 IPv4 \u5730\u5740\uff1anmcli connection modify &lt;CONNECTION_NAME&gt; ipv4.addresses &lt;NEW_IP_ADDRESS&gt;\n# clone: \u514b\u9686\u73b0\u6709\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u8fde\u63a5\uff0c\u5e76\u4e3a\u65b0\u8fde\u63a5\u6307\u5b9a\u65b0\u7684\u540d\u79f0\u3002\n    \u7528\u6cd5\uff1anmcli connection clone &lt;EXISTING_CONNECTION_NAME&gt; &lt;NEW_CONNECTION_NAME&gt;\n# reload: \u91cd\u65b0\u52a0\u8f7d NetworkManager \u7684\u8fde\u63a5\u914d\u7f6e\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u5e94\u7528\u5b83\u4eec\u3002\n    \u7528\u6cd5\uff1anmcli connection reload\n# load: \u4ece\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u52a0\u8f7d\u8fde\u63a5\u3002\n    \u7528\u6cd5\uff1anmcli connection load &lt;FILE_PATH&gt;\n# import: \u4ece\u5176\u4ed6\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u914d\u7f6e\u6587\u4ef6\uff08\u4f8b\u5982 VPN\uff09\u5bfc\u5165\u8fde\u63a5\u3002\n    \u7528\u6cd5\uff1anmcli connection import type &lt;TYPE&gt; file &lt;FILE_PATH&gt;\n# export: \u5c06\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u8fde\u63a5\u5bfc\u51fa\u4e3a\u5916\u90e8\u7684\u914d\u7f6e\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\n    \u7528\u6cd5\uff1anmcli connection export &lt;CONNECTION_NAME&gt;\n# monitor: \u5b9e\u65f6\u76d1\u89c6\u7f51\u7edc\u8fde\u63a5\u7684\u66f4\u6539\u3002\n    \u7528\u6cd5\uff1anmcli connection monitor [&lt;CONNECTION_NAME&gt;]\n# \u6848\u4f8b\n# 1.\u8981\u67e5\u770b\u6240\u6709\u7f51\u7edc\u8bbe\u5907\u7684\u72b6\u6001\uff1a\nnmcli device status\n\n# 2.\u67e5\u770b\u4e00\u4e2a\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u8fde\u63a5\u7684\u8be6\u7ec6\u4fe1\u606f\uff1a\nnmcli -p connection show CONNECTION_NAME\n\n# 3.\u67e5\u770b\u7f51\u7edc\uff1a\nnmcli -p -m multiline connection show\n===============================================================================\n                      NetworkManager connection profiles\n===============================================================================\nNAME:                                   eth0\nUUID:                                   5fb06bd0-0bb0-7ffb-45f1-d6edd65f3e03\nTYPE:                                   ethernet\nDEVICE:                                 eth0\n-------------------------------------------------------------------------------\nNAME:                                   eth1\nUUID:                                   bd3d361f-bd4d-3778-ad0b-2a5a957bfcc4\nTYPE:                                   ethernet\nDEVICE:                                 eth1\n-------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n# 4.\u5217\u51fa\u6240\u6709\u7f51\u7edc\u8fde\u63a5\uff1a\nnmcli connection show\n\n# 5.\u542f\u52a8\/\u505c\u6b62\u7279\u5b9a\u7f51\u7edc\u8fde\u63a5\uff1a\n# \u542f\u52a8\u8fde\u63a5\uff1a\nnmcli connection up CONNECTION_NAME\n\n#\u5173\u95ed\u8fde\u63a5\uff1a\nnmcli connection down CONNECTION_NAME\n\n# 6.\u6dfb\u52a0\u65b0\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u8fde\u63a5\uff1a\n# \u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u8981\u6dfb\u52a0\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684 Wi-Fi \u8fde\u63a5\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\uff1a\n# \u5176\u4e2d SSID \u662f Wi-Fi \u7684\u540d\u79f0\uff0cPASSWORD \u662f Wi-Fi \u7684\u5bc6\u7801\u3002\nnmcli device wifi connect SSID password PASSWORD\n\n# 7.\u5220\u9664\u7f51\u7edc\u8fde\u63a5\uff1a\n# \u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u8981\u4fee\u6539\u4e00\u4e2a\u8fde\u63a5\u7684 IPv4 \u5730\u5740\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\uff1a\nnmcli connection modify CONNECTION_NAME ipv4.addresses NEW_IP_ADDRESS\n\n# 8.\u5217\u51fa\u53ef\u7528\u7684 Wi-Fi \u7f51\u7edc\uff1a\nnmcli device wifi list\n\n# 9.\u65ad\u5f00\u8bbe\u5907\u7684\u6240\u6709\u7f51\u7edc\u8fde\u63a5\uff1a\nnmcli device disconnect DEVICE_NAME\n# \u5176\u4e2d DEVICE_NAME \u662f\u8bbe\u5907\u7684\u540d\u79f0\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982 wlan0\u3002\n\n# 10. \u67e5\u770b\u7279\u5b9a\u8bbe\u5907\u7684\u8be6\u7ec6\u4fe1\u606f\uff1a\nnmcli device show DEVICE_NAME\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<h3>nmcli connection show<\/h3>\n<blockquote>\n<p>\u5728\u8f83\u65b0\u7248\u672c\u7684 <code>nmcli<\/code> \u4e2d\uff0c<code>nmcli con status<\/code> \u5df2\u7ecf\u88ab\u5f03\u7528\u3002\u53d6\u800c\u4ee3\u4e4b\u7684\u662f <code>nmcli con show<\/code>\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u67d0\u4e9b\u7248\u672c\u7684 <code>nmcli<\/code> \u53ef\u80fd\u4ecd\u7136\u652f\u6301 <code>nmcli con status<\/code><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\"># \u5728\u8f83\u65b0\u7248\u672c\u7684 nmcli \u4e2d\uff0cnmcli con show \u547d\u4ee4\u7528\u4e8e\u67e5\u770b\u8fde\u63a5\u7684\u8be6\u7ec6\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\n# \u4e0d\u5e26\u53c2\u6570\uff1a\u5217\u51fa\u6240\u6709\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u8fde\u63a5\u548c\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u3002\nnmcli con show\n\n# \u5e26\u8fde\u63a5\u540d\u79f0\u6216UUID\uff1a\u67e5\u770b\u7279\u5b9a\u8fde\u63a5\u7684\u8be6\u7ec6\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\nnmcli con show &lt;CONNECTION_NAME_OR_UUID&gt;\n\n# \u67e5\u770b\u6fc0\u6d3b\u7684\u8fde\u63a5\uff1a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7528\u6cd5\u7c7b\u4f3c\u4e8e\u65e7\u7684 nmcli con status \u547d\u4ee4\u3002\nnmcli con show --active<\/code><\/pre>\n<h3>nmcli connection up<\/h3>\n<blockquote>\n<p><code>nmcli con up<\/code> \u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7528\u4e8e\u6fc0\u6d3b NetworkManager \u8fde\u63a5\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u4f7f\u7528\u5b83\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u542f\u52a8\u9884\u5148\u914d\u7f6e\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u8fde\u63a5\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u6709\u7ebf\u3001\u65e0\u7ebf\u8fd8\u662f VPN \u8fde\u63a5\u3002\u4ee5\u4e0b\u662f\u8be5\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u8be6\u7ec6\u7528\u6cd5\uff1a<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\"># \u6fc0\u6d3b\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u8fde\u63a5\n# \u4f7f\u7528\u8fde\u63a5\u7684\u540d\u79f0\u6216 UUID \u6765\u6fc0\u6d3b\u5b83\u3002\nnmcli con up &lt;CONNECTION_NAME_OR_UUID&gt;\n\n# \u9009\u9879\n# \u6307\u5b9a\u8bbe\u5907\uff1a\n# \u5982\u679c\u6709\u591a\u4e2a\u8bbe\u5907\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4e24\u4e2a Wi-Fi \u9002\u914d\u5668\uff09\u5e76\u4e14\u4f60\u60f3\u5728\u7279\u5b9a\u8bbe\u5907\u4e0a\u6fc0\u6d3b\u8fde\u63a5\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 ifname \u9009\u9879\u3002\nnmcli con up &lt;CONNECTION_NAME_OR_UUID&gt; ifname &lt;INTERFACE_NAME&gt;\n\n# 1.\u8bbe\u7f6e IP \u5730\u5740\uff1a\n# \u5f53\u6fc0\u6d3b\u8fde\u63a5\u65f6\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e34\u65f6\u6307\u5b9a IP \u5730\u5740\u3002\nnmcli con up &lt;CONNECTION_NAME&gt; ip4 &lt;IPV4_ADDRESS\/MASK&gt; gw4 &lt;GATEWAY_ADDRESS&gt;\neg:\nnmcli con up MyConnection ip4 192.168.1.100\/24 gw4 192.168.1.1\n\n# 2.\u8bbe\u7f6e DNS \u670d\u52a1\u5668\uff1a\n# \u6fc0\u6d3b\u8fde\u63a5\u65f6\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e34\u65f6\u6307\u5b9a DNS \u670d\u52a1\u5668\u3002\nnmcli con up &lt;CONNECTION_NAME&gt; ipv4.dns &quot;&lt;DNS1,DNS2&gt;&quot;\n\n# 3.\u5e26\u6709\u8d85\u65f6\u7684\u6fc0\u6d3b\uff1a\n# \u4f7f\u7528 --wait \u53ef\u4ee5\u8bbe\u7f6e\u5c1d\u8bd5\u6fc0\u6d3b\u8fde\u63a5\u7684\u8d85\u65f6\u65f6\u95f4\uff08\u4ee5\u79d2\u4e3a\u5355\u4f4d\uff09\u3002\u5982\u679c\u5728\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u5185\u65e0\u6cd5\u6fc0\u6d3b\u8fde\u63a5\uff0c\u5219\u64cd\u4f5c\u5c06\u5931\u8d25\u3002\nnmcli con up &lt;CONNECTION_NAME&gt; --wait &lt;SECONDS&gt;\n\n# 4.\u5f3a\u5236\u6fc0\u6d3b\uff1a\n# \u5982\u679c\u51fa\u4e8e\u67d0\u79cd\u539f\u56e0\u4f60\u60f3\u5f3a\u5236\u6fc0\u6d3b\u8fde\u63a5\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u5f53\u524d\u6761\u4ef6\u5e76\u4e0d\u5b8c\u5168\u6ee1\u8db3\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 --force \u9009\u9879\u3002\u8bf7\u8c28\u614e\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e0d\u7a33\u5b9a\u7684\u8fde\u63a5\u3002\nnmcli con up &lt;CONNECTION_NAME&gt; --force\n# \u6848\u4f8b\n# 1.\u6fc0\u6d3b\u7279\u5b9a\u7684 Wi-Fi \u8fde\u63a5\uff1a\n# \u5982\u679c\u4f60\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u540d\u4e3a &quot;Home_Wifi&quot; \u7684 Wi-Fi \u8fde\u63a5\u914d\u7f6e\uff0c\u5e76\u60f3\u6fc0\u6d3b\u5b83\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u6267\u884c\uff1a\nnmcli con up Home_Wifi\n\n# 2.\u5728\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u8bbe\u5907\u4e0a\u6fc0\u6d3b\u8fde\u63a5\uff1a\n# \u8bbe\u4f60\u6709\u4e24\u4e2a\u6709\u7ebf\u7f51\u7edc\u9002\u914d\u5668\uff1aeth0 \u548c eth1\u3002\u4f60\u60f3\u5728 eth1 \u4e0a\u6fc0\u6d3b\u540d\u4e3a &quot;Office_Net&quot; \u7684\u8fde\u63a5\uff1a\nnmcli con up Office_Net ifname eth1\n\n# 3.\u6fc0\u6d3b VPN \u8fde\u63a5\uff1a\n# \u5982\u679c\u4f60\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a VPN \u8fde\u63a5\u914d\u7f6e\uff0c\u540d\u4e3a &quot;MyVPN&quot;\uff0c\u5e76\u60f3\u6fc0\u6d3b\u5b83\uff0c\u53ea\u9700\uff1a\nnmcli con up MyVPN\n\n# 4.\u4f7f\u7528\u81ea\u5b9a\u4e49 IP \u6fc0\u6d3b\u8fde\u63a5\uff1a\n# \u5047\u8bbe\u4f60\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u540d\u4e3a &quot;Static_Net&quot; \u7684\u8fde\u63a5\uff0c\u4f60\u60f3\u4e34\u65f6\u4f7f\u7528\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0d\u540c\u7684 IP \u5730\u5740\u548c\u7f51\u5173\u6765\u6fc0\u6d3b\u5b83\uff1a\nnmcli con up Static_Net ip4 10.0.2.15\/24 gw4 10.0.2.1\n\n# 5.\u6fc0\u6d3b\u8fde\u63a5\u5e76\u8bbe\u7f6e DNS\uff1a\n# \u5982\u679c\u4f60\u5e0c\u671b\u5728\u6fc0\u6d3b\u8fde\u63a5\u65f6\u6307\u5b9a DNS \u670d\u52a1\u5668\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u6267\u884c\uff1a\nnmcli con up MyConnection ipv4.dns &quot;8.8.8.8,8.8.4.4&quot;\n\n# 6.\u6fc0\u6d3b\u8fde\u63a5\uff0c\u4f46\u6709\u8d85\u65f6\u9650\u5236\uff1a\n# \u6709\u65f6\uff0c\u5728\u5c1d\u8bd5\u6fc0\u6d3b\u67d0\u4e2a\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0d\u7a33\u5b9a\u6216\u8fdc\u7a0b\u7684\u8fde\u63a5\u65f6\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0d\u5e0c\u671b\u5b83\u65e0\u4f11\u6b62\u5730\u5c1d\u8bd5\u3002\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e00\u4e2a\u8d85\u65f6\uff1a\nnmcli con up Remote_Net --wait 10\n# \u5728\u4e0a\u8ff0\u793a\u4f8b\u4e2d\uff0c\u5982\u679c &quot;Remote_Net&quot; \u8fde\u63a5\u5728 10 \u79d2\u5185\u672a\u6fc0\u6d3b\uff0c\u547d\u4ee4\u5c06\u8fd4\u56de\u5931\u8d25\u3002\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<h3>nmcli connection down<\/h3>\n<blockquote>\n<p><code>nmcli con down<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u7528\u4e8e\u505c\u6b62\u6216\u53bb\u6fc0\u6d3b NetworkManager \u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u8fde\u63a5\u3002\u5f53\u4f60\u60f3\u8981\u65ad\u5f00\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f53\u524d\u6d3b\u8dc3\u7684\u8fde\u63a5\u65f6\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u975e\u5e38\u6709\u7528\u3002\u4e0b\u9762\u662f\u5173\u4e8e <code>nmcli con down<\/code> \u7684\u8be6\u7ec6\u8bb2\u89e3\u548c\u7528\u6cd5\uff1a<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\"># \u4f7f\u7528\nnmcli con down &lt;CONNECTION_NAME_OR_UUID&gt;\n\n# \u6307\u5b9a\u8bbe\u5907\uff1a\n# \u5982\u679c\u4f60\u6709\u591a\u4e2a\u8bbe\u5907\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4e24\u4e2a Wi-Fi \u9002\u914d\u5668\uff09\u5e76\u4e14\u60f3\u5728\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u8bbe\u5907\u4e0a\u53bb\u6fc0\u6d3b\u8fde\u63a5\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 ifname \u9009\u9879\u3002\nnmcli con down &lt;CONNECTION_NAME_OR_UUID&gt; ifname &lt;INTERFACE_NAME&gt;\n\n# \u5e26\u6709\u8d85\u65f6\u7684\u53bb\u6fc0\u6d3b\uff1a\n# \u4f7f\u7528 --wait \u53ef\u4ee5\u8bbe\u7f6e\u5c1d\u8bd5\u53bb\u6fc0\u6d3b\u8fde\u63a5\u7684\u8d85\u65f6\u65f6\u95f4\uff08\u4ee5\u79d2\u4e3a\u5355\u4f4d\uff09\u3002\u5982\u679c\u5728\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u5185\u65e0\u6cd5\u53bb\u6fc0\u6d3b\u8fde\u63a5\uff0c\u5219\u64cd\u4f5c\u5c06\u5931\u8d25\u3002\nnmcli con down &lt;CONNECTION_NAME&gt; --wait &lt;SECONDS&gt;\n# \u6848\u4f8b\n# 1.\u65ad\u5f00\u7279\u5b9a\u7684 Wi-Fi \u8fde\u63a5\uff1a\nnmcli con down Home_Wifi\n\n# 2.\u5728\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u8bbe\u5907\u4e0a\u65ad\u5f00\u8fde\u63a5\uff1a\nnmcli con down Office_Net ifname eth1\n\n# 3.\u65ad\u5f00 VPN \u8fde\u63a5\uff1a\nnmcli con down MyVPN\n\n# 4.\u65ad\u5f00\u8fde\u63a5\uff0c\u4f46\u6709\u8d85\u65f6\u9650\u5236\uff1a\nnmcli con down Remote_Net --wait 10<\/code><\/pre>\n<h3>nmcli connection add<\/h3>\n<blockquote>\n<p><code>nmcli connection add<\/code> \u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u975e\u5e38\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u901a\u8fc7 NetworkManager \u521b\u5efa\u65b0\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u8fde\u63a5\u914d\u7f6e\u3002\u5b83\u652f\u6301\u591a\u79cd\u8fde\u63a5\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u5982 Ethernet\u3001Wi-Fi\u3001VPN\u3001\u6865\u63a5\u3001VLAN \u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\"># \u57fa\u7840\u7ed3\u6784\nnmcli con add type &lt;TYPE&gt; [options]\n\n# \u5176\u4e2d &lt;TYPE&gt; \u662f\u8fde\u63a5\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u5982 ethernet\u3001wifi\u3001bridge\u3001vlan \u7b49\u3002\n\n#\u5e38\u89c1\u53c2\u6570\ncon-name &lt;NAME&gt;\uff1a\u6307\u5b9a\u65b0\u8fde\u63a5\u7684\u540d\u79f0\u3002\nifname &lt;INTERFACE&gt;\uff1a\u6307\u5b9a\u7f51\u7edc\u63a5\u53e3\u7684\u540d\u79f0\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4ee5\u592a\u7f51\uff0c\u5b83\u53ef\u80fd\u662f eth0\u3001ens33 \u7b49\u3002\nip4 &lt;IP_ADDRESS&gt; \u548c gw4 &lt;GATEWAY&gt;\uff1a\u6307\u5b9a IPv4 \u5730\u5740\u548c\u7f51\u5173\u3002\nautoconnect yes|no\uff1a\u6307\u5b9a\u662f\u5426\u5728\u542f\u52a8\u6216\u63a5\u53e3\u53ef\u7528\u65f6\u81ea\u52a8\u6fc0\u6d3b\u6b64\u8fde\u63a5\u3002\n# \u6848\u4f8b\n# 1.\u6dfb\u52a0\u4e00\u4e2a\u4ee5\u592a\u7f51\u8fde\u63a5\uff1a\n# \u5982\u679c\u4f60\u60f3\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u63a5\u53e3\uff08\u5982 eth0\uff09\u6dfb\u52a0\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u4ee5\u592a\u7f51\u8fde\u63a5\u5e76\u8bbe\u7f6e\u5176\u9759\u6001 IP \u5730\u5740\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\uff1a\nnmcli con add type ethernet con-name MyConnection ifname eth0 ip4 192.168.1.100\/24 gw4 192.168.1.1\n\n# 2.\u6dfb\u52a0 Wi-Fi \u8fde\u63a5\uff1a\n# \u8981\u6dfb\u52a0\u4e00\u4e2a Wi-Fi \u8fde\u63a5\u5e76\u8bbe\u7f6e SSID \u548c\u5bc6\u7801\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u6267\u884c\uff1a\nnmcli con add type wifi con-name MyWifiConnection ifname wlan0 ssid MySSID\nnmcli con modify MyWifiConnection wifi-sec.key-mgmt wpa-psk\nnmcli con modify MyWifiConnection wifi-sec.psk &#039;MyPassword&#039;\n\n# 3.\u6dfb\u52a0\u6865\u63a5\u8fde\u63a5\uff1a\n# \u5982\u679c\u4f60\u60f3\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u6865\u63a5\u5e76\u5c06 eth0 \u548c eth1 \u6dfb\u52a0\u4e3a\u5176\u6210\u5458\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u6267\u884c\uff1a\nnmcli con add type bridge con-name MyBridge ifname br0\nnmcli con add type bridge-slave autoconnect yes con-name MyBridge-eth0 ifname eth0 master br0\nnmcli con add type bridge-slave autoconnect yes con-name MyBridge-eth1 ifname eth1 master br0\n\n# \u4f7f\u7528 nmcli connection add \u6dfb\u52a0\u8fde\u63a5\u540e\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u80fd\u9700\u8981\u4f7f\u7528 nmcli connection up \u6765\u6fc0\u6d3b\u8be5\u8fde\u63a5\u3002\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<h3>nmcli connection edit<\/h3>\n<blockquote>\n<p><code>nmcli connection edit<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u5141\u8bb8\u4f60\u4ea4\u4e92\u5f0f\u5730\u7f16\u8f91\u4e00\u4e2a\u73b0\u6709\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u8fde\u63a5\u914d\u7f6e\u3002\u4f7f\u7528\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u4f60\u4f1a\u8fdb\u5165\u4e00\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u884c\u754c\u9762\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u4fee\u6539\u3001\u6dfb\u52a0\u6216\u5220\u9664\u8fde\u63a5\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u5c5e\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\"># \u4f7f\u7528\u65b9\u6cd5\n# \u57fa\u672c\u547d\u4ee4\u683c\u5f0f\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a\nnmcli connection edit &lt;CONNECTION_NAME_OR_UUID&gt;\n\n# \u5176\u4e2d &lt;CONNECTION_NAME_OR_UUID&gt; \u662f\u4f60\u60f3\u8981\u7f16\u8f91\u7684\u8fde\u63a5\u7684\u540d\u79f0\u6216UUID\u3002\n\n# \u7f16\u8f91\u4f1a\u8bdd\n\u4e00\u65e6\u4f60\u8fdb\u5165\u7f16\u8f91\u4f1a\u8bdd\uff0c\u4f60\u4f1a\u770b\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u63d0\u793a\u7b26\uff0c\u5982 [nmcli]\u3002\u5728\u6b64\u63d0\u793a\u7b26\u4e0b\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u4ee5\u4e0b\u547d\u4ee4\uff1a\nprint: \u663e\u793a\u8fde\u63a5\u7684\u6240\u6709\u5c5e\u6027\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0cprint ipv4 \u4ec5\u663e\u793aIPv4\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u3002\nset: \u8bbe\u7f6e\u5c5e\u6027\u7684\u503c\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0cset ipv4.addresses 192.168.1.10\/24 \u8bbe\u7f6eIPv4\u5730\u5740\u3002\nremove \u6216 rm: \u5220\u9664\u5c5e\u6027\u7684\u503c\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0cremove ipv4.dns \u5220\u9664\u5df2\u8bbe\u7f6e\u7684DNS\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u3002\nverify: \u68c0\u67e5\u5f53\u524d\u7684\u914d\u7f6e\u662f\u5426\u6709\u6548\u3002\nsave: \u4fdd\u5b58\u5f53\u524d\u7684\u914d\u7f6e\u5e76\u9000\u51fa\u7f16\u8f91\u4f1a\u8bdd\u3002\nquit: \u9000\u51fa\u7f16\u8f91\u4f1a\u8bdd\u800c\u4e0d\u4fdd\u5b58\u66f4\u6539\u3002\nhelp \u6216 ?: \u663e\u793a\u53ef\u7528\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u5e2e\u52a9\u3002\n# \u793a\u4f8b\n# \u5047\u8bbe\u4f60\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u540d\u4e3a \u201cHomeWiFi\u201d \u7684\u65e0\u7ebf\u8fde\u63a5\uff0c\u4f60\u60f3\u8981\u66f4\u6539\u5176\u9759\u6001IP\u548cDNS\u8bbe\u7f6e\u3002\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fd9\u6837\u505a\uff1a\nnmcli connection edit HomeWiFi\n\u5728\u7f16\u8f91\u4f1a\u8bdd\u4e2d\uff1a\n[nmcli] set ipv4.method manual\n[nmcli] set ipv4.addresses 192.168.1.100\/24\n[nmcli] set ipv4.gateway 192.168.1.1\n[nmcli] set ipv4.dns 8.8.8.8,8.8.4.4\n[nmcli] save\n[nmcli] quit\n# \u8fd9\u5c06\u4e3a \u201cHomeWiFi\u201d \u8fde\u63a5\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e00\u4e2a\u9759\u6001IP\u5730\u5740\uff0c\u7f51\u5173\u548cDNS\u670d\u52a1\u5668\uff0c\u5e76\u4fdd\u5b58\u8fd9\u4e9b\u66f4\u6539\u3002<\/code><\/pre>\n<h3>nmcli connection  delete<\/h3>\n<blockquote>\n<p><code>nmcli connection delete<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u5141\u8bb8\u4f60\u5220\u9664\u4e00\u4e2a\u6216\u591a\u4e2a NetworkManager \u7ba1\u7406\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u8fde\u63a5\u914d\u7f6e\u3002\u8bf7\u6ce8\u610f\uff0c\u6b64\u64cd\u4f5c\u53ea\u4f1a\u5220\u9664\u914d\u7f6e\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5bf9\u7269\u7406\u63a5\u53e3\u6216\u8bbe\u5907\u4ea7\u751f\u5f71\u54cd\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\"># \u4f7f\u7528\u65b9\u6cd5\n\u57fa\u672c\u547d\u4ee4\u683c\u5f0f\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a\nnmcli connection delete &lt;CONNECTION_NAME_OR_UUID&gt; [&lt;CONNECTION_NAME_OR_UUID&gt;...]\n\n# \u5176\u4e2d &lt;CONNECTION_NAME_OR_UUID&gt; \u662f\u4f60\u60f3\u8981\u5220\u9664\u7684\u8fde\u63a5\u7684\u540d\u79f0\u6216UUID\u3002\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u540c\u65f6\u6307\u5b9a\u591a\u4e2a\u8fde\u63a5\u540d\u79f0\u6216UUID\u4ee5\u6279\u91cf\u5220\u9664\u5b83\u4eec\u3002\n# 1.\u5220\u9664\u4e00\u4e2a\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u8fde\u63a5\uff1a\n# \u5982\u679c\u4f60\u77e5\u9053\u8981\u5220\u9664\u7684\u8fde\u63a5\u7684\u540d\u79f0\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u540d\u4e3a \u201cHomeWiFi\u201d\u7684\u8fde\u63a5\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u6267\u884c\u4ee5\u4e0b\u547d\u4ee4\uff1a\nnmcli connection delete HomeWiFi\n\n# 2.\u5220\u9664\u591a\u4e2a\u8fde\u63a5\uff1a\n# \u5982\u679c\u4f60\u60f3\u4e00\u6b21\u6027\u5220\u9664\u540d\u4e3a \u201cHomeWiFi\u201d \u548c \u201cOfficeEthernet\u201d\u7684\u8fde\u63a5\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fd9\u6837\u505a\uff1a\nnmcli connection delete HomeWiFi OfficeEthernet\n\n# 3. \u4f7f\u7528 UUID \u5220\u9664\u8fde\u63a5\uff1a\n# \u6bcf\u4e2a\u8fde\u63a5\u90fd\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u552f\u4e00\u7684 UUID\u3002\u6709\u65f6\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528 UUID \u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u8fde\u63a5\u540d\u79f0\u66f4\u4e3a\u51c6\u786e\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5f53\u5b58\u5728\u591a\u4e2a\u8fde\u63a5\u5177\u6709\u76f8\u540c\u540d\u79f0\u65f6\u3002\nnmcli connection delete 27c487f9-c6d6-3955-9db8-ae1b2f2872c3<\/code><\/pre>\n<h3>nmcli connection modify<\/h3>\n<blockquote>\n<p><code>nmcli connection modify<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u5141\u8bb8\u4f60\u975e\u4ea4\u4e92\u5f0f\u5730\u4fee\u6539\u4e00\u4e2a\u73b0\u6709\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u8fde\u63a5\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u3002\u4e0e <code>nmcli connection edit<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u6b64\u547d\u4ee4\u662f\u975e\u4ea4\u4e92\u5f0f\u7684\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u76f4\u63a5\u5728\u4e00\u884c\u547d\u4ee4\u4e2d\u6307\u5b9a\u8981\u4fee\u6539\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u548c\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u65b0\u503c\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\"># \u4f7f\u7528\u65b9\u6cd5\n# \u57fa\u672c\u547d\u4ee4\u683c\u5f0f\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a\nnmcli connection modify &lt;CONNECTION_NAME_OR_UUID&gt; &lt;SETTING&gt;.&lt;PROPERTY&gt; &lt;VALUE&gt; [&lt;SETTING&gt;.&lt;PROPERTY&gt; &lt;VALUE&gt;...]\n\n# &lt;CONNECTION_NAME_OR_UUID&gt;: \u8981\u4fee\u6539\u7684\u8fde\u63a5\u7684\u540d\u79f0\u6216UUID\u3002\n# &lt;SETTING&gt;: \u8fde\u63a5\u7684\u8bbe\u7f6e\u540d\u79f0\uff0c\u5982 ipv4, ipv6, 802-11-wireless \u7b49\u3002\n802-3-ethernet (\u6709\u7ebf\u8fde\u63a5):\nauto-negotiate: \u662f\u5426\u81ea\u52a8\u534f\u5546\u8fde\u63a5\u901f\u5ea6\u548c\u53cc\u5de5\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002\nduplex: \u53cc\u5de5\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f &#039;half&#039; \u6216 &#039;full&#039;\u3002\nmac-address: MAC \u5730\u5740\u3002\nmtu: MTU \u503c\n\n802-11-wireless (\u65e0\u7ebf\u8fde\u63a5):\nssid: \u65e0\u7ebf\u7f51\u7edc\u7684 SSID\u3002\nmode: \u8fde\u63a5\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982 &#039;infrastructure&#039;\uff08\u57fa\u7840\u8bbe\u65bd\u6a21\u5f0f\uff09\u6216 &#039;ad-hoc&#039;\u3002\nband: \u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u9891\u5e26\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982 &#039;a&#039;, &#039;bg&#039;\u3002\nchannel: \u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u901a\u9053\u3002\nmac-address: MAC \u5730\u5740\u3002\ncloned-mac-address: \u4f2a\u88c5\u7684 MAC \u5730\u5740\u3002\nmtu: MTU \u503c\u3002\n\nipv4 (IPv4 \u8bbe\u7f6e):\nmethod: \u83b7\u53d6 IP \u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982 &#039;auto&#039;\uff08DHCP\uff09\uff0c&#039;manual&#039;\uff08\u9759\u6001\uff09\u6216 &#039;disabled&#039;\u3002\naddresses: \u9759\u6001 IP \u5730\u5740\u548c\u524d\u7f00\u957f\u5ea6\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982 &quot;192.168.1.100\/24&quot;\u3002\ngateway: \u7f51\u5173\u7684 IP \u5730\u5740\u3002\ndns: DNS \u670d\u52a1\u5668\u7684 IP \u5730\u5740\u3002\nroutes: \u9759\u6001\u8def\u7531\u3002\n\nipv6 (IPv6 \u8bbe\u7f6e):\nmethod: \u540c\u4e0a\uff0c\u4f46\u9002\u7528\u4e8e IPv6\u3002\naddresses: \u540c\u4e0a\uff0c\u4f46\u9002\u7528\u4e8e IPv6\u3002\ngateway: \u540c\u4e0a\uff0c\u4f46\u9002\u7528\u4e8e IPv6\u3002\ndns: \u540c\u4e0a\uff0c\u4f46\u9002\u7528\u4e8e IPv6\u3002\nroutes: \u540c\u4e0a\uff0c\u4f46\u9002\u7528\u4e8e IPv6\u3002\n\nconnection:\nid: \u8fde\u63a5\u7684\u540d\u79f0\u3002\nuuid: \u8fde\u63a5\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u6807\u8bc6\u3002\ntype: \u8fde\u63a5\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982 &#039;wifi&#039; \u6216 &#039;ethernet&#039;\u3002\nautoconnect: \u662f\u5426\u81ea\u52a8\u8fde\u63a5\u3002\ntimestamp: \u8fde\u63a5\u4e0a\u6b21\u6d3b\u8dc3\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u3002\n\nproxy:\nmethod: \u4ee3\u7406\u8bbe\u7f6e\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982 &#039;none&#039;, &#039;auto&#039;, &#039;manual&#039;\u3002\nbrowser-only: \u662f\u5426\u4ec5\u4e3a\u6d4f\u89c8\u5668\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4ee3\u7406\u3002\npac-url: PAC \u6587\u4ef6\u7684 URL\uff08\u7528\u4e8e\u81ea\u52a8\u4ee3\u7406\u914d\u7f6e\uff09\u3002\npac-script: PAC \u811a\u672c\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u3002\nhttp: HTTP \u4ee3\u7406\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u5730\u5740\u3002\nhttps: HTTPS \u4ee3\u7406\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u5730\u5740\u3002\nftp: FTP \u4ee3\u7406\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u5730\u5740\u3002\nsocks: SOCKS \u4ee3\u7406\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u5730\u5740\u3002\n# &lt;PROPERTY&gt;: \u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e2d\u7684\u7279\u5b9a\u5c5e\u6027\uff0c\u5982 addresses, method, ssid \u7b49\u3002\n# &lt;VALUE&gt;: \u4e3a\u5c5e\u6027\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u65b0\u503c\u3002\n# \u6848\u4f8b\n# 1.\u8bbe\u7f6e\u9759\u6001IP\u5730\u5740\uff1a\n# \u8981\u4e3a\u540d\u4e3a \u201cHomeEthernet\u201d\u7684\u8fde\u63a5\u8bbe\u7f6e\u9759\u6001 IP\u3001\u7f51\u5173\u548cDNS\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u6267\u884c\u4ee5\u4e0b\u547d\u4ee4\uff1a\nnmcli connection modify HomeEthernet ipv4.method manual ipv4.addresses &quot;192.168.1.10\/24&quot; ipv4.gateway 192.168.1.1 ipv4.dns &quot;8.8.8.8,8.8.4.4&quot;\n\n# 2.\u66f4\u6539 Wi-Fi SSID\uff1a\nnmcli connection modify MyWifiConnection 802-11-wireless.ssid NewSSIDName\n\n# 3.\u542f\u7528\/\u7981\u7528\u81ea\u52a8\u8fde\u63a5\uff1a\n# \u5982\u679c\u4f60\u5e0c\u671b\u8fde\u63a5\u5728\u7cfb\u7edf\u542f\u52a8\u65f6\u81ea\u52a8\u5efa\u7acb\uff08\u6216\u9632\u6b62\u5b83\u8fd9\u6837\u505a\uff09\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bbe\u7f6e autoconnect \u5c5e\u6027\uff1a\nnmcli connection modify HomeEthernet connection.autoconnect yes\n\u6216\nnmcli connection modify HomeEthernet connection.autoconnect no\n\n# 3.\u6539\u53d8\u8fde\u63a5\u540d\u79f0:\n# \u4f7f\u7528 con-name \u53ef\u4ee5\u66f4\u6539\u8fde\u63a5\u7684\u540d\u79f0\uff1a\nnmcli connection modify &lt;CONNECTION_NAME_OR_UUID&gt; connection.id &lt;NEW_NAME&gt;\n\u6216\u8005\nnmcli connection modify &lt;CONNECTION_NAME_OR_UUID&gt; con-name &lt;NEW_NAME&gt;\n\n# 4.\u6307\u5b9a\u6216\u4fee\u6539UUID:\nnmcli connection modify &lt;CONNECTION_NAME_OR_UUID&gt; connection.uuid &lt;NEW_UUID&gt;\n\n# 5.\u66f4\u6539\u8fde\u63a5\u7684\u7c7b\u578b:\n# \u4fee\u6539\u8fde\u63a5\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4ece Wi-Fi \u66f4\u6539\u4e3a\u4ee5\u592a\u7f51\uff09\uff1a\nnmcli connection modify &lt;CONNECTION_NAME_OR_UUID&gt; connection.type ethernet\n\n# 6.\u8bbe\u7f6e\u81ea\u52a8\u8fde\u63a5\u8d85\u65f6:\n# \u4fee\u6539\u8fde\u63a5\u5c1d\u8bd5\u5efa\u7acb\u8fde\u63a5\u7684\u8d85\u65f6\u65f6\u95f4\uff1a\nnmcli connection modify &lt;CONNECTION_NAME_OR_UUID&gt; connection.autoconnect-timeout &lt;TIME_IN_SECONDS&gt;\n\n# 7.\u6307\u5b9a\u8fde\u63a5\u7684\u7279\u5b9a\u63a5\u53e3\u540d:\n# \u5982\u679c\u4f60\u60f3\u8ba9\u4e00\u4e2a\u8fde\u63a5\u4ec5\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u63a5\u53e3\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982 eth0\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fd9\u6837\u505a\uff1a\nnmcli connection modify &lt;CONNECTION_NAME_OR_UUID&gt; connection.interface-name eth0<\/code><\/pre>\n<h3>nmcli connection clone<\/h3>\n<blockquote>\n<p><code>nmcli connection clone<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u5141\u8bb8\u4f60\u590d\u5236\u4e00\u4e2a\u73b0\u6709\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u8fde\u63a5\uff0c\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0e\u539f\u59cb\u8fde\u63a5\u51e0\u4e4e\u5b8c\u5168\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u65b0\u8fde\u63a5\u3002\u8fd9\u5728\u5f88\u591a\u573a\u666f\u4e0b\u90fd\u5f88\u6709\u7528\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5f53\u4f60\u60f3\u4e3a\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u73af\u5883\u6216\u786c\u4ef6\u8bbe\u5907\u521b\u5efa\u76f8\u4f3c\u7684\u8fde\u63a5\u914d\u7f6e\u65f6\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\"># \u7528\u6cd5\nnmcli connection clone {CONNECTION_NAME_OR_UUID} {NEW_CONNECTION_NAME}\n\n{CONNECTION_NAME_OR_UUID}: \u8981\u514b\u9686\u7684\u73b0\u6709\u8fde\u63a5\u7684\u540d\u79f0\u6216UUID\u3002\n{NEW_CONNECTION_NAME}: \u65b0\u8fde\u63a5\u7684\u540d\u79f0\u3002\n\n# \u53c2\u6570\uff1a\n--temporary \u6216 -temporary: \u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e34\u65f6\u8fde\u63a5\u3002\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\u5f53 NetworkManager \u91cd\u542f\u6216\u7cfb\u7edf\u91cd\u542f\u65f6\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u514b\u9686\u7684\u8fde\u63a5\u5c06\u4e0d\u4f1a\u88ab\u4fdd\u7559\n# \u6848\u4f8b\uff1a\n# 1.\u590d\u5236\u4e00\u4e2a\u5df2\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u8fde\u63a5:\n# \u5047\u8bbe\u4f60\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u53eb\u505a HomeEthernet \u7684\u73b0\u6709\u8fde\u63a5\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u4f60\u60f3\u4e3a\u4f60\u7684\u529e\u516c\u5ba4\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u8fde\u63a5\u3002\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u7b80\u5355\u5730\u590d\u5236\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8fde\u63a5\uff0c\u5e76\u7ed9\u65b0\u7684\u8fde\u63a5\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u540d\u5b57\uff0c\u5982 OfficeEthernet\uff1a\nnmcli connection clone HomeEthernet OfficeEthernet\n# \u8fd9\u5c06\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u540d\u4e3a OfficeEthernet \u7684\u65b0\u8fde\u63a5\uff0c\u5176\u914d\u7f6e\u4e0e HomeEthernet \u76f8\u540c\u3002\n\n# 2.\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e34\u65f6\u7684\u514b\u9686\u8fde\u63a5:\n# \u5982\u679c\u4f60\u60f3\u6d4b\u8bd5\u4e00\u4e2a\u8fde\u63a5\u914d\u7f6e\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u5e0c\u671b\u5b83\u5728\u7cfb\u7edf\u91cd\u542f\u540e\u4ecd\u7136\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e34\u65f6\u7684\u514b\u9686\u8fde\u63a5\uff1a\nnmcli connection clone --temporary HomeEthernet TestEthernet\n# \u8fd9\u4f1a\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u540d\u4e3a TestEthernet \u7684\u4e34\u65f6\u8fde\u63a5\uff0c\u8be5\u8fde\u63a5\u5728 NetworkManager \u91cd\u542f\u6216\u7cfb\u7edf\u91cd\u542f\u540e\u5c06\u88ab\u81ea\u52a8\u5220\u9664\n\n# \u6ce8\u610f\uff1a\n# 1.\u4f7f\u7528 nmcli connection clone \u521b\u5efa\u7684\u65b0\u8fde\u63a5\u4f1a\u81ea\u52a8\u4e3a\u65b0\u8fde\u63a5\u5206\u914d\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684 UUID\u3002\n# 2.\u514b\u9686\u64cd\u4f5c\u4e0d\u4f1a\u542f\u52a8\u65b0\u7684\u8fde\u63a5\u3002\u4f60\u5fc5\u987b\u4f7f\u7528 nmcli connection up \u547d\u4ee4\u624b\u52a8\u542f\u52a8\u5b83\u3002<\/code><\/pre>\n<h3>nmcli connection reload<\/h3>\n<blockquote>\n<p><code>nmcli connection reload<\/code> \u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7b80\u5355\u4f46\u975e\u5e38\u6709\u7528\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u5176\u4e3b\u8981\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u91cd\u65b0\u52a0\u8f7dNetworkManager\u7684\u6240\u6709\u8fde\u63a5\u914d\u7f6e\u3002\u5f53\u4f60\u624b\u52a8\u4fee\u6539\u4e86NetworkManager\u7684\u914d\u7f6e\u6587\u4ef6\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5728 <code>\/etc\/NetworkManager\/system-connections\/<\/code> \u4e0b\uff09\uff0c\u5e76\u5e0c\u671bNetworkManager\u8bc6\u522b\u8fd9\u4e9b\u66f4\u6539\uff0c\u4f46\u53c8\u4e0d\u5e0c\u671b\u91cd\u65b0\u542f\u52a8\u6574\u4e2aNetworkManager\u670d\u52a1\u65f6\uff0c\u6b64\u547d\u4ee4\u975e\u5e38\u6709\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\"># \u7528\u6cd5\nnmcli connection reload\n\n# \u53c2\u6570\uff1a\n# \u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\uff0cnmcli connection reload \u547d\u4ee4\u6ca1\u6709\u989d\u5916\u7684\u53c2\u6570\u3002\u5b83\u53ea\u662f\u7b80\u5355\u5730\u544a\u8bc9 NetworkManager \u91cd\u65b0\u8bfb\u53d6\u548c\u5e94\u7528\u6240\u6709\u7684\u8fde\u63a5\u914d\u7f6e\u3002\n\n# \u573a\u666f\n# \u5047\u8bbe\u4f60\u624b\u52a8\u7f16\u8f91\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u7f51\u7edc\u8fde\u63a5\u7684\u914d\u7f6e\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u80fd\u5df2\u7ecf\u8fdb\u5165 \/etc\/sysconfig\/network-scripts\/ifcfg-eth0\n\n\u5728\u7f16\u8f91\u540e\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u786e\u4fddNetworkManager\u80fd\u591f\u8bc6\u522b\u5e76\u5e94\u7528\u4f60\u6240\u505a\u7684\u66f4\u6539\uff0c\u4f60\u5e94\u5f53\u6267\u884c\uff1a\nnmcli connection reload\n\n# \u5373\u4f7f\u91cd\u65b0\u52a0\u8f7d\u4e86\u8fde\u63a5\u914d\u7f6e\uff0c\u5b83\u5e76\u4e0d\u4f1a\u81ea\u52a8\u5e94\u7528\u5230\u5f53\u524d\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u8fde\u63a5\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u5df2\u7ecf\u6d3b\u8dc3\u7684\u8fde\u63a5\u4e0a\u5e94\u7528\u66f4\u6539\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u80fd\u8fd8\u9700\u8981\u65ad\u5f00\u8be5\u8fde\u63a5\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u91cd\u65b0\u8fde\u63a5\uff0c\u6216\u4f7f\u7528nmcli connection up\u547d\u4ee4\u3002<\/code><\/pre>\n<h3>nmcli connection load<\/h3>\n<blockquote>\n<p><code>nmcli connection load<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u5141\u8bb8\u4f60\u76f4\u63a5\u4ece\u6587\u4ef6\u52a0\u8f7d\u4e00\u4e2a\u6216\u591a\u4e2a\u7f51\u7edc\u8fde\u63a5\u914d\u7f6e\u5230 NetworkManager\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u9884\u5148\u914d\u7f6e\u7684\u8fde\u63a5\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u4f60\u4ece\u53e6\u4e00\u53f0\u673a\u5668\u6216\u5907\u4efd\u4e2d\u83b7\u53d6\u4e86\u8fde\u63a5\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u5e76\u5e0c\u671b\u5c06\u5176\u5bfc\u5165\u5230\u5f53\u524d\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u5c31\u4f1a\u975e\u5e38\u6709\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\"># \u57fa\u672c\u7528\u6cd5\uff1a\nnmcli connection load {\/path\/to\/connection\/file}\n\n# {\/path\/to\/connection\/file}: \u8981\u52a0\u8f7d\u7684\u8fde\u63a5\u914d\u7f6e\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u8def\u5f84\u3002\n\u53ef\u4ee5\u6307\u5b9a\u591a\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u8def\u5f84\uff0c\u4ee5\u7a7a\u683c\u5206\u9694\uff0c\u4e00\u6b21\u52a0\u8f7d\u591a\u4e2a\u8fde\u63a5\u3002\n\n# \u793a\u4f8b\uff1a\n# 1.\u4ece\u6307\u5b9a\u6587\u4ef6\u52a0\u8f7d\u8fde\u63a5:\n# \u5047\u8bbe\u4f60\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u540d\u4e3a office.nmconnection \u7684\u8fde\u63a5\u914d\u7f6e\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u4f60\u60f3\u5c06\u5b83\u5bfc\u5165\u5230 NetworkManager \u4e2d\uff1a\nnmcli connection load \/path\/to\/office.nmconnection\n# \u4e0a\u8ff0\u547d\u4ee4\u4f1a\u52a0\u8f7d\u5e76\u5bfc\u5165 office.nmconnection \u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u7684\u8fde\u63a5\u914d\u7f6e\u3002\n\n# 2.\u4e00\u6b21\u52a0\u8f7d\u591a\u4e2a\u8fde\u63a5\u6587\u4ef6:\n# \u5982\u679c\u4f60\u6709\u591a\u4e2a\u8fde\u63a5\u6587\u4ef6\u5e76\u5e0c\u671b\u4e00\u6b21\u5bfc\u5165\u5b83\u4eec\uff0c\u53ea\u9700\u5728\u547d\u4ee4\u4e2d\u6307\u5b9a\u6240\u6709\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u8def\u5f84\uff1a\nnmcli connection load \/path\/to\/office.nmconnection \/path\/to\/home.nmconnection\n# \u8fd9\u4f1a\u5c06 office.nmconnection \u548c home.nmconnection \u4e24\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u90fd\u5bfc\u5165\u5230 NetworkManager \u4e2d\u3002\n\n# \u6ce8\u610f\uff1a\n\u52a0\u8f7d\u65b0\u7684\u8fde\u63a5\u914d\u7f6e\u4e0d\u4f1a\u81ea\u52a8\u6fc0\u6d3b\u8be5\u8fde\u63a5\u3002\u8981\u542f\u52a8\u65b0\u5bfc\u5165\u7684\u8fde\u63a5\uff0c\u4f60\u5fc5\u987b\u4f7f\u7528 nmcli connection up \u547d\u4ee4\u3002\n\u5982\u679c\u52a0\u8f7d\u7684\u8fde\u63a5\u914d\u7f6e\u6587\u4ef6\u540d\u4e0e\u73b0\u6709\u7684\u8fde\u63a5\u540d\u79f0\u76f8\u540c\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u8be5\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u8fde\u63a5\u914d\u7f6e\u5c06\u4e0d\u4f1a\u88ab\u52a0\u8f7d\uff0c\u9664\u975e\u73b0\u6709\u7684\u8fde\u63a5\u5148\u88ab\u5220\u9664\u6216\u91cd\u547d\u540d\u3002\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<h3>nmcli connection import<\/h3>\n<blockquote>\n<p><code>nmcli connection import<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u7528\u4e8e\u4ece\u7279\u5b9a\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u5916\u90e8\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u5bfc\u5165\u7f51\u7edc\u8fde\u63a5\u914d\u7f6e\u3002\u5b83\u4e0e <code>nmcli connection load<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u7a0d\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u800c <code>nmcli connection load<\/code> \u76f4\u63a5\u52a0\u8f7d NetworkManager \u7684\u539f\u751f <code>.nmconnection<\/code> \u6587\u4ef6\uff0c<code>nmcli connection import<\/code> \u5219\u662f\u7528\u4e8e\u5176\u4ed6\u683c\u5f0f\uff0c\u5982 VPN \u914d\u7f6e\u6587\u4ef6\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\"># \u4e3b\u8981\u53c2\u6570\uff1a\n--type \u6216 -t: \u5bfc\u5165\u7684\u914d\u7f6e\u6587\u4ef6\u7c7b\u578b\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e OpenVPN \u8fde\u63a5\uff0c\u4f60\u4f1a\u6307\u5b9a openvpn \u4f5c\u4e3a\u7c7b\u578b\u3002\nFILENAME: \u8981\u5bfc\u5165\u7684\u914d\u7f6e\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u8def\u5f84\u3002\n\n# \u7528\u6cd5\nnmcli connection import --type {type} FILENAME\n\n# \u793a\u4f8b\uff1a\n# 1. \u5bfc\u5165 OpenVPN \u914d\u7f6e:\n\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a OpenVPN \u7684 .ovpn \u914d\u7f6e\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u5e76\u5e0c\u671b\u5c06\u5176\u5bfc\u5165\u5230 NetworkManager \u4e2d\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u4ee5\u4e0b\u547d\u4ee4\uff1a\nnmcli connection import --type openvpn \/path\/to\/vpn-config.ovpn\n# \u6b64\u547d\u4ee4\u4f1a\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684 NetworkManager VPN \u8fde\u63a5\uff0c\u57fa\u4e8e\u4f60\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684 .ovpn \u6587\u4ef6\u3002\n\n# \u4e0e nmcli connection load \u547d\u4ee4\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u5bfc\u5165\u8fde\u63a5\u4e0d\u4f1a\u81ea\u52a8\u6fc0\u6d3b\u5b83\u3002\u8981\u542f\u52a8\u65b0\u5bfc\u5165\u7684\u8fde\u63a5\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u4f7f\u7528 nmcli connection up \u547d\u4ee4\u3002\n# nmcli connection import \u53ea\u652f\u6301\u67d0\u4e9b\u7279\u5b9a\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u914d\u7f6e\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982 VPN \u914d\u7f6e\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u5c1d\u8bd5\u5bfc\u5165\u4e0d\u652f\u6301\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u547d\u4ee4\u4f1a\u8fd4\u56de\u4e00\u4e2a\u9519\u8bef\u3002\n# \u5728\u4f7f\u7528 nmcli connection import \u5bfc\u5165\u8fde\u63a5\u540e\uff0c\u5b83\u4f1a\u5728 \/etc\/NetworkManager\/system-connections\/ \u76ee\u5f55\u4e2d\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684 .nmconnection \u6587\u4ef6\u3002<\/code><\/pre>\n<h3>nmcli connection export<\/h3>\n<blockquote>\n<p><code>nmcli connection export<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u5141\u8bb8\u4f60\u5c06\u7279\u5b9a\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u8fde\u63a5\u914d\u7f6e\u5bfc\u51fa\u5230\u5916\u90e8\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u3002\u8fd9\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5907\u4efd\u3001\u8fc1\u79fb\u6216\u5171\u4eab\u7279\u5b9a\u8fde\u63a5\u914d\u7f6e\uff08\u5c24\u5176\u662f VPN \u914d\u7f6e\uff09\u975e\u5e38\u6709\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\"># \u4e3b\u8981\u53c2\u6570\uff1a\nCONNECTION_NAME: \u8981\u5bfc\u51fa\u7684\u8fde\u63a5\u7684\u540d\u79f0\u3002\u8fd9\u662f NetworkManager \u4e2d\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u8fde\u63a5\u540d\u79f0\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u6587\u4ef6\u540d\u6216\u8bbe\u5907\u540d\u79f0\u3002\nFILE: \u5bfc\u51fa\u7684\u914d\u7f6e\u5e94\u4fdd\u5b58\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u8def\u5f84\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u6307\u5b9a\u6b64\u9009\u9879\uff0c\u8f93\u51fa\u5c06\u76f4\u63a5\u53d1\u9001\u5230\u6807\u51c6\u8f93\u51fa\u3002\n\n#\u57fa\u672c\u7528\u6cd5\uff1a\nnmcli connection export CONNECTION_NAME &gt; FILE\n\n# 1.\u5bfc\u51fa OpenVPN \u8fde\u63a5\u914d\u7f6e:\n\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u5728 NetworkManager \u4e2d\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684 OpenVPN \u8fde\u63a5\uff0c\u540d\u4e3a &quot;MyVPN&quot;\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u4f60\u5e0c\u671b\u5c06\u5176\u914d\u7f6e\u5bfc\u51fa\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a .ovpn \u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u4ee5\u4e0b\u547d\u4ee4\uff1a\nnmcli connection export MyVPN &gt; myvpn-config.ovpn\n\u6216\nnmcli connection export MyVPN myvpn-config.ovpn\n# \u8fd9\u4f1a\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u540d\u4e3a myvpn-config.ovpn \u7684\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5305\u542b &quot;MyVPN&quot; \u7684 OpenVPN \u914d\u7f6e\u3002\n\n# \u6ce8\u610f\nnmcli connection export \u4e3b\u8981\u7528\u4e8e VPN \u8fde\u63a5\u3002\u4e0d\u662f\u6240\u6709\u7684\u8fde\u63a5\u7c7b\u578b\u90fd\u652f\u6301\u5bfc\u51fa\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e0d\u662f\u6240\u6709\u7684\u8fde\u63a5\u90fd\u6709\u4e0e\u4e4b\u5bf9\u5e94\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u5916\u90e8\u914d\u7f6e\u6587\u4ef6\u683c\u5f0f\u3002\n\u5982\u679c\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u8fde\u63a5\u7c7b\u578b\u4e0d\u652f\u6301\u5bfc\u51fa\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u7ed9\u5b9a\u7684\u8fde\u63a5\u540d\u79f0\u5728 NetworkManager \u4e2d\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u547d\u4ee4\u4f1a\u8fd4\u56de\u4e00\u4e2a\u9519\u8bef\u3002\n\u4f7f\u7528 nmcli connection export \u5bfc\u51fa\u7684\u914d\u7f6e\u6587\u4ef6\u5e94\u8be5\u662f\u53ef\u76f4\u63a5\u7528\u4e8e\u76f8\u5e94\u7684 VPN \u5ba2\u6237\u7aef\u7684\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5bfc\u51fa\u7684 OpenVPN .ovpn \u6587\u4ef6\u5e94\u8be5\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u5176\u4ed6\u4e0d\u4f7f\u7528 NetworkManager \u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u6216\u8bbe\u5907\u4e0a\u4f7f\u7528\u3002<\/code><\/pre>\n<h3>nmcli connection monitor<\/h3>\n<blockquote>\n<p><code>nmcli connection monitor<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u7528\u4e8e\u5b9e\u65f6\u76d1\u63a7\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u8fde\u63a5\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u53d8\u5316\u3002\u5f53\u4f60\u60f3\u8981\u89c2\u5bdf\u4e00\u4e2a\u6216\u591a\u4e2a\u8fde\u63a5\u7684\u52a8\u6001\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u5982\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u4e0a\u7ebf\u548c\u4e0b\u7ebf\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u6b64\u547d\u4ee4\u662f\u5f88\u6709\u7528\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\"># \u4e3b\u8981\u53c2\u6570\uff1a\nCONNECTION_NAME: \u8981\u76d1\u63a7\u7684\u8fde\u63a5\u7684\u540d\u79f0\u3002\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u6307\u5b9a\u591a\u4e2a\u8fde\u63a5\u540d\u79f0\uff0c\u4ee5\u7a7a\u683c\u5206\u9694\u3002\n\n# \u57fa\u672c\u7528\u6cd5\uff1a\nnmcli connection monitor [CONNECTION_NAME...]\n\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u4e0d\u6307\u5b9a\u4efb\u4f55\u8fde\u63a5\u540d\u79f0\uff0cnmcli connection monitor \u5c06\u76d1\u63a7\u6240\u6709\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u8fde\u63a5\u3002\n\n# 1.\u76d1\u63a7\u7279\u5b9a\u8fde\u63a5:\n\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u60f3\u5b9e\u65f6\u76d1\u63a7\u540d\u4e3a &quot;HomeWifi&quot; \u7684\u8fde\u63a5\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u6267\u884c\u4ee5\u4e0b\u547d\u4ee4\uff1a\nnmcli connection monitor HomeWifi\n\u5f53 &quot;HomeWifi&quot; \u8fde\u63a5\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u53d1\u751f\u53d8\u5316\u65f6\uff0c\u4f60\u4f1a\u5728\u7ec8\u7aef\u4e2d\u770b\u5230\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\n\n# 2.\u76d1\u63a7\u591a\u4e2a\u8fde\u63a5:\n\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u60f3\u540c\u65f6\u76d1\u63a7\u540d\u4e3a &quot;HomeWifi&quot; \u548c &quot;OfficeVPN&quot; \u7684\u4e24\u4e2a\u8fde\u63a5\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fd9\u6837\u505a\uff1a\nnmcli connection monitor HomeWifi OfficeVPN\n\u5f53\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u8fde\u63a5\u4e2d\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u4e2a\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u53d1\u751f\u53d8\u5316\u65f6\uff0c\u90fd\u4f1a\u5728\u7ec8\u7aef\u4e2d\u663e\u793a\u76f8\u5173\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\n\n# \u76d1\u63a7\u6240\u6709\u8fde\u63a5:\n\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u53ea\u662f\u60f3\u76d1\u63a7\u6240\u6709\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u8fde\u63a5\uff0c\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u6307\u5b9a\u4efb\u4f55\u8fde\u63a5\u540d\u79f0\uff1a\nnmcli connection monitor\n\u4efb\u4f55\u6d3b\u52a8\u8fde\u63a5\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u53d8\u5316\u90fd\u4f1a\u5728\u7ec8\u7aef\u4e2d\u663e\u793a\u3002\n\u5f53\u4f7f\u7528 nmcli connection monitor \u547d\u4ee4\u65f6\uff0c\u5b83\u4f1a\u6301\u7eed\u8fd0\u884c\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u4f60\u4e2d\u65ad\u5b83\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u6309 Ctrl+C\uff09\u3002\n\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u8f93\u51fa\u4f1a\u63d0\u4f9b\u6709\u5173\u8fde\u63a5\u72b6\u6001\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u8be6\u7ec6\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u8fde\u63a5\u4f55\u65f6\u4e0a\u7ebf\u3001\u4f55\u65f6\u4e0b\u7ebf\u7b49\u3002\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<h3>\u53c2\u6570\u67e5\u9605<\/h3>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\"># \u547d\u4ee4\u9700\u8981\u7684\u53c2\u6570\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a\nautoconnect: \u5f53\u7f51\u7edc\u7ba1\u7406\u5668\u542f\u52a8\u65f6\u662f\u5426\u81ea\u52a8\u8fde\u63a5\u3002\ncon-name: \u8fde\u63a5\u7684\u540d\u79f0\u3002\nifname: \u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u754c\u9762\u540d\u79f0\uff0c\u5982eth0\u6216wlan0\u3002\nipv4.method: \u8bbe\u7f6eIPv4\u7684\u83b7\u53d6\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u5982manual\uff08\u624b\u52a8\uff09\u6216auto\uff08DHCP\uff09\u3002\nipv4.addresses: IPv4\u5730\u5740\u3002\nipv4.gateway: IPv4\u7684\u7f51\u5173\u3002\nipv4.dns: IPv4\u7684DNS\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u3002\nipv6.method: \u8bbe\u7f6eIPv6\u7684\u83b7\u53d6\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\nipv6.addresses: IPv6\u5730\u5740\u3002\nipv6.gateway: IPv6\u7684\u7f51\u5173\u3002\nipv6.dns: IPv6\u7684DNS\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u3002\ntype: \u8fde\u63a5\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u5982ethernet\u3001wifi\u7b49\u3002\nconnection.id: \u8fde\u63a5ID\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u4e0econ-name\u76f8\u540c\u3002\nconnection.type: \u8fde\u63a5\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u4ee5\u592a\u7f51\u3001Wi-Fi\u7b49\u3002\nconnection.autoconnect: \u662f\u5426\u5728\u53ef\u7528\u65f6\u81ea\u52a8\u8fde\u63a5\u3002\nconnection.uuid: \u8fde\u63a5\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u6807\u8bc6\u7b26\u3002\nmaster: \u4e3b\u8fde\u63a5\u540d\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u6865\u63a5\u6216\u7ed1\u5b9a\u3002\nslave-type: \u5f53\u8bbe\u5907\u4f5c\u4e3a\u67d0\u4e2a\u4e3b\u8bbe\u5907\u7684\u4ece\u5c5e\u8bbe\u5907\u65f6\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u3002\nconnection.wait-device-timeout: \u7b49\u5f85\u8bbe\u5907\u51c6\u5907\u597d\u8fde\u63a5\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u3002\nconnection.zone: \u4e3a\u8fde\u63a5\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u9632\u706b\u5899\u533a\u57df\u3002\nconnection.auth-retries: \u8ba4\u8bc1\u5c1d\u8bd5\u6b21\u6570\u3002\nconnection.autoconnect-priority: \u5728\u591a\u4e2a\u81ea\u52a8\u8fde\u63a5\u4e2d\uff0c\u8bbe\u7f6e\u8fde\u63a5\u7684\u4f18\u5148\u7ea7\u3002\nconnection.autoconnect-retries: \u81ea\u52a8\u8fde\u63a5\u5c1d\u8bd5\u5931\u8d25\u540e\u7684\u91cd\u8bd5\u6b21\u6570\u3002\nconnection.lldp: \u7528\u4e8e\u914d\u7f6eLLDP (Link Layer Discovery Protocol) \u7684\u8bbe\u7f6e\u3002\nipv4.dhcp-client-id: DHCP\u5ba2\u6237\u7aef\u6807\u8bc6\u7b26\u3002\nipv4.dhcp-hostname: \u901a\u8fc7DHCP\u8bf7\u6c42\u7684\u4e3b\u673a\u540d\u3002\nipv4.ignore-auto-dns: \u5ffd\u7565\u7531DHCP\u83b7\u53d6\u7684DNS\u8bbe\u7f6e\u3002\nipv4.may-fail: \u5982\u679c\u4e3a\u771f\uff0c\u5373\u4f7fIPv4\u914d\u7f6e\u5931\u8d25\uff0c\u7f51\u7edc\u7ba1\u7406\u5668\u4e5f\u4f1a\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8bbe\u5907\u5df2\u6210\u529f\u6fc0\u6d3b\u3002\nipv4.never-default: \u5982\u679c\u4e3a\u771f\uff0c\u6b64\u8fde\u63a5\u7684IP\u5730\u5740\u6c38\u8fdc\u4e0d\u4f1a\u4f5c\u4e3a\u9ed8\u8ba4\u8def\u7531\u3002\nipv6.addr-gen-mode: \u63a7\u5236\u5982\u4f55\u751f\u6210\u6807\u51c6\u7684IPv6\u5730\u5740\u3002\nipv6.dhcp-hostname: \u901a\u8fc7DHCPv6\u8bf7\u6c42\u7684\u4e3b\u673a\u540d\u3002\nipv6.may-fail: \u5982\u679c\u4e3a\u771f\uff0c\u5373\u4f7fIPv6\u914d\u7f6e\u5931\u8d25\uff0c\u7f51\u7edc\u7ba1\u7406\u5668\u4e5f\u4f1a\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8bbe\u5907\u5df2\u6210\u529f\u6fc0\u6d3b\u3002\nipv6.never-default: \u5982\u679c\u4e3a\u771f\uff0c\u6b64\u8fde\u63a5\u7684IPv6\u5730\u5740\u6c38\u8fdc\u4e0d\u4f1a\u4f5c\u4e3a\u9ed8\u8ba4\u8def\u7531\u3002\nconnection.metered: \u6307\u793a\u8fde\u63a5\u662f\u5426\u6709\u6d41\u91cf\u8ba1\u8d39\u6216\u6570\u636e\u4f7f\u7528\u9650\u5236\u3002\nconnection.permissions: \u7528\u6237\u7684\u6743\u9650\u5217\u8868\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u5217\u51fa\u7684\u7528\u6237\u53ef\u4ee5\u7ba1\u7406\u6b64\u8fde\u63a5\u3002\nconnection.read-only: \u5982\u679c\u4e3a\u771f\uff0c\u5219\u4e0d\u5141\u8bb8\u4fee\u6539\u8fde\u63a5\u3002\nproxy.method: \u4ee3\u7406\u8bbe\u7f6e\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982none\u3001auto\u6216manual\u3002\nproxy.browser-only: \u4ec5\u5bf9\u6d4f\u89c8\u5668\u5e94\u7528\u4ee3\u7406\u8bbe\u7f6e\u3002\nproxy.pac-url: PAC (Proxy Auto-Configuration) \u6587\u4ef6\u7684URL\u3002<\/code><\/pre>\n<h2>nmtui<\/h2>\n<p><code>nmtui<\/code>\uff08Network Manager Text User Interface\uff09\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u57fa\u4e8e\u6587\u672c\u7684\u7528\u6237\u754c\u9762\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u7b80\u5316NetworkManager\u7684\u914d\u7f6e\u548c\u7ba1\u7406\u3002\u5b83\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u7b80\u5355\u3001\u6613\u4e8e\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u83dc\u5355\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u5728\u6ca1\u6709\u56fe\u5f62\u7528\u6237\u754c\u9762\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u7ba1\u7406\u7f51\u7edc\u8bbe\u7f6e\u3002<code>nmtui<\/code>\u5728\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u548c\u547d\u4ee4\u884c\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u7279\u522b\u6709\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4f7f\u7528<code>nmtui<\/code>\u65f6\uff0c\u53ea\u9700\u5728\u7ec8\u7aef\u4e2d\u952e\u5165<code>nmtui<\/code>\u547d\u4ee4\u5e76\u6309Enter\u952e\u3002\u8fd9\u5c06\u6253\u5f00<code>nmtui<\/code>\u7684\u4e3b\u83dc\u5355\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5305\u542b\u4ee5\u4e0b\u9009\u9879\uff1a<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Edit a connection<\/strong>\uff1a\u7f16\u8f91\u73b0\u6709\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u8fde\u63a5\u6216\u521b\u5efa\u65b0\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u8fde\u63a5\u3002\u60a8\u53ef\u4ee5\u914d\u7f6e\u5404\u79cd\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u8fde\u63a5\uff0c\u5982\u6709\u7ebf\u3001\u65e0\u7ebf\u3001VPN\u3001VLAN\u7b49\u3002\u7f16\u8f91\u8fde\u63a5\u65f6\uff0c\u60a8\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bbe\u7f6eIP\u5730\u5740\u3001\u5b50\u7f51\u63a9\u7801\u3001\u7f51\u5173\u3001DNS\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u7b49\u53c2\u6570\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>Activate a connection<\/strong>\uff1a\u6fc0\u6d3b\u6216\u505c\u7528\u73b0\u6709\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u8fde\u63a5\u3002\u9009\u62e9\u8981\u64cd\u4f5c\u7684\u8fde\u63a5\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u6309Enter\u952e\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>Set system hostname<\/strong>\uff1a\u8bbe\u7f6e\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u4e3b\u673a\u540d\u3002\u8f93\u5165\u65b0\u7684\u4e3b\u673a\u540d\u540e\uff0c\u9009\u62e9\u201cOK\u201d\u5e76\u6309Enter\u952e\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>Quit<\/strong>\uff1a\u9000\u51fa<code>nmtui<\/code>\u7a0b\u5e8f\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u5728<code>nmtui<\/code>\u754c\u9762\u4e2d\uff0c\u60a8\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u4e0a\u4e0b\u7bad\u5934\u952e\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u9009\u9879\u4e4b\u95f4\u5bfc\u822a\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u5de6\u53f3\u7bad\u5934\u952e\u5728\u6309\u94ae\u4e4b\u95f4\u5207\u6362\u3002\u6309Enter\u952e\u9009\u62e9\u4e00\u4e2a\u9009\u9879\u6216\u786e\u8ba4\u66f4\u6539\uff0c\u6309Esc\u952e\u8fd4\u56de\u4e0a\u4e00\u7ea7\u83dc\u5355\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4ee5\u4e0b\u662f\u4f7f\u7528<code>nmtui<\/code>\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u5e38\u89c1\u64cd\u4f5c\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u8981\u521b\u5efa\u65b0\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u8fde\u63a5\uff0c\u8bf7\u9009\u62e9\u201cEdit a connection\u201d\u5e76\u6309Enter\u952e\u3002\u7136\u540e\uff0c\u5728\u5e95\u90e8\u9009\u62e9\u201cAdd\u201d\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u9700\u8981\u9009\u62e9\u8fde\u63a5\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u5e76\u586b\u5199\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u8981\u7f16\u8f91\u73b0\u6709\u8fde\u63a5\uff0c\u8bf7\u9009\u62e9\u201cEdit a connection\u201d\u5e76\u6309Enter\u952e\u3002\u7136\u540e\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u4e0a\u4e0b\u7bad\u5934\u952e\u9009\u62e9\u8981\u7f16\u8f91\u7684\u8fde\u63a5\uff0c\u6309Enter\u952e\u3002\u5728\u914d\u7f6e\u9875\u9762\u4e2d\uff0c\u60a8\u53ef\u4ee5\u66f4\u6539IP\u5730\u5740\u3001\u5b50\u7f51\u63a9\u7801\u3001\u7f51\u5173\u3001DNS\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u7b49\u8bbe\u7f6e\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u8981\u6fc0\u6d3b\u6216\u505c\u7528\u73b0\u6709\u8fde\u63a5\uff0c\u8bf7\u9009\u62e9\u201cActivate a connection\u201d\u5e76\u6309Enter\u952e\u3002\u7136\u540e\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u4e0a\u4e0b\u7bad\u5934\u952e\u9009\u62e9\u8981\u64cd\u4f5c\u7684\u8fde\u63a5\uff0c\u6309Enter\u952e\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>nmap<\/h2>\n<p><code>nmap<\/code>\uff08Network Mapper\uff09\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u529f\u80fd\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u626b\u63cf\u548c\u5b89\u5168\u5ba1\u8ba1\u5de5\u5177\u3002\u5b83\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7528\u4e8e\u7f51\u7edc\u53d1\u73b0\u3001\u5b89\u5168\u6d4b\u8bd5\u3001\u7f51\u7edc\u7ba1\u7406\u4ee5\u53ca\u6f0f\u6d1e\u68c0\u6d4b\u7b49\u573a\u666f\u3002<code>nmap<\/code> \u53ef\u4ee5\u5e2e\u52a9\u7528\u6237\u53d1\u73b0\u5f00\u653e\u7684\u7aef\u53e3\u3001\u8fd0\u884c\u7684\u670d\u52a1\u3001\u64cd\u4f5c\u7cfb\u7edf\u4fe1\u606f\u7b49\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u8bc4\u4f30\u7f51\u7edc\u5b89\u5168\u98ce\u9669\u3002<\/p>\n<p><code>nmap<\/code> \u7684\u57fa\u672c\u8bed\u6cd5\u683c\u5f0f\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">nmap [Scan Type] [Options] {targets}<\/code><\/pre>\n<ul>\n<li><code>Scan Type<\/code>\uff1a\u53ef\u9009\u7684\u626b\u63cf\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u5982 <code>-sS<\/code>\uff08SYN \u626b\u63cf\uff09\u3001<code>-sT<\/code>\uff08\u5168\u8fde\u63a5\u626b\u63cf\uff09\u7b49\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u6307\u5b9a\uff0c<code>nmap<\/code> \u9ed8\u8ba4\u4f7f\u7528 SYN \u626b\u63cf\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>Options<\/code>\uff1a\u53ef\u9009\u7684\u53c2\u6570\u548c\u9009\u9879\uff0c\u5982 <code>-p<\/code>\uff08\u6307\u5b9a\u7aef\u53e3\uff09\u3001<code>-O<\/code>\uff08\u64cd\u4f5c\u7cfb\u7edf\u68c0\u6d4b\uff09\u7b49\u3002\u53ef\u4ee5\u6839\u636e\u9700\u6c42\u7ec4\u5408\u4f7f\u7528\u591a\u4e2a\u9009\u9879\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>targets<\/code>\uff1a\u76ee\u6807\u4e3b\u673a\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u4e3b\u673a\u540d\u3001IP \u5730\u5740\u3001CIDR \u5b50\u7f51\u6216 IP \u5730\u5740\u8303\u56f4\u3002\u53ef\u4ee5\u540c\u65f6\u6307\u5b9a\u591a\u4e2a\u76ee\u6807\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>1.<strong>\u626b\u63cf\u7c7b\u578b\uff1a<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>-sS<\/code>\uff1aSYN \u626b\u63cf\uff08\u9ed8\u8ba4\u626b\u63cf\u7c7b\u578b\uff09\uff0c\u4ec5\u53d1\u9001 TCP SYN \u6570\u636e\u5305\uff1b<\/li>\n<li><code>-sT<\/code>\uff1a\u5168\u8fde\u63a5\u626b\u63cf\uff0c\u53d1\u9001\u5b8c\u6574\u7684 TCP \u63e1\u624b\u6570\u636e\u5305\uff1b<\/li>\n<li><code>-sU<\/code>\uff1aUDP \u626b\u63cf\uff0c\u626b\u63cf UDP \u7aef\u53e3\uff1b<\/li>\n<li><code>-sN<\/code>, <code>-sF<\/code>, <code>-sX<\/code>\uff1aTCP NULL\u3001FIN\u3001Xmas \u626b\u63cf\uff0c\u53d1\u9001\u7279\u6b8a\u7684 TCP \u6570\u636e\u5305\uff1b<\/li>\n<li><code>-sP<\/code>\uff1aPing \u626b\u63cf\uff0c\u53ea\u68c0\u67e5\u4e3b\u673a\u662f\u5426\u5728\u7ebf\uff0c\u4e0d\u626b\u63cf\u7aef\u53e3\uff1b<\/li>\n<li><code>-sn<\/code>\uff1aPing \u626b\u63cf\uff0c\u7981\u7528\u7aef\u53e3\u626b\u63cf\uff1b<\/li>\n<li><code>-sA<\/code>\uff1aACK \u626b\u63cf\uff0c\u53d1\u9001 TCP ACK \u6570\u636e\u5305\uff1b<\/li>\n<li><code>-sW<\/code>\uff1aWindow \u626b\u63cf\uff0c\u53d1\u9001 TCP ACK \u6570\u636e\u5305\u5e76\u68c0\u67e5\u7a97\u53e3\u5927\u5c0f\uff1b<\/li>\n<li><code>-s0<\/code>:   IP\u534f\u8bae\u626b\u63cf\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>2.<strong>\u626b\u63cf\u9009\u9879\uff1a<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>-p<\/code>\uff1a\u6307\u5b9a\u8981\u626b\u63cf\u7684\u7aef\u53e3\uff0c\u5982 <code>-p80,443<\/code> \u6216 <code>-p1-1024<\/code>\uff1b<\/li>\n<li><code>-F<\/code>\uff1a\u5feb\u901f\u626b\u63cf\uff0c\u626b\u63cf\u7ea6 100 \u4e2a\u5e38\u7528\u7aef\u53e3\uff1b<\/li>\n<li><code>-O<\/code>\uff1a\u64cd\u4f5c\u7cfb\u7edf\u68c0\u6d4b\uff0c\u5c1d\u8bd5\u8bc6\u522b\u76ee\u6807\u4e3b\u673a\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c\u7cfb\u7edf\uff1b<\/li>\n<li><code>-sV<\/code>\uff1a\u670d\u52a1\u7248\u672c\u68c0\u6d4b\uff0c\u5c1d\u8bd5\u8bc6\u522b\u76ee\u6807\u4e3b\u673a\u7684\u670d\u52a1\u53ca\u5176\u7248\u672c\uff1b<\/li>\n<li><code>-A<\/code>\uff1a\u8be6\u7ec6\u626b\u63cf\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u64cd\u4f5c\u7cfb\u7edf\u68c0\u6d4b\u3001\u670d\u52a1\u7248\u672c\u68c0\u6d4b\u3001\u811a\u672c\u626b\u63cf\u548c traceroute\uff1b<\/li>\n<li><code>-e<\/code>:   \u4f7f\u7528\u6307\u5b9a\u7f51\u7edc\u63a5\u53e3\u626b\u63cf\uff1b<\/li>\n<li><code>-6<\/code>\uff1aIPv6 \u626b\u63cf\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528 IPv6 \u5730\u5740\u8fdb\u884c\u626b\u63cf\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>3.<strong>\u53d1\u73b0\u9009\u9879\uff1a<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>-Pn<\/code>\uff1a\u8df3\u8fc7\u4e3b\u673a\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u76f4\u63a5\u626b\u63cf\uff1b<\/li>\n<li><code>-PE<\/code>, <code>-PP<\/code>, <code>-PM<\/code>\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528 ICMP echo\u3001timestamp \u548c netmask \u8bf7\u6c42\u8fdb\u884c\u4e3b\u673a\u53d1\u73b0\uff1b<\/li>\n<li><code>-PS<\/code>, <code>-PA<\/code>, <code>-PU<\/code>, <code>-PY<\/code>\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528 TCP SYN\/ACK\u3001UDP \u6216 SCTP \u63e1\u624b\u8fdb\u884c\u4e3b\u673a\u53d1\u73b0\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>4.<strong>\u65f6\u95f4\u548c\u6027\u80fd\u9009\u9879<\/strong>\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>-T<\/code>\uff1a\u8bbe\u7f6e\u65f6\u95f4\u6a21\u677f\uff0c\u8303\u56f4\u4e3a 0\uff08\u6700\u6162\uff09\u5230 5\uff08\u6700\u5feb\uff09\uff0c\u5982 <code>-T4<\/code>\uff1b<\/li>\n<li><code>--min-hostgroup<\/code>, <code>--max-hostgroup<\/code>\uff1a\u8bbe\u7f6e\u5e76\u884c\u626b\u63cf\u7684\u4e3b\u673a\u7ec4\u5927\u5c0f\uff1b<\/li>\n<li><code>--min-parallelism<\/code>, <code>--max-parallelism<\/code>\uff1a\u8bbe\u7f6e\u5e76\u884c\u626b\u63cf\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5305\u6570\u91cf\uff1b<\/li>\n<li><code>--min-rtt-timeout<\/code>, <code>--max-rtt-timeout<\/code>, <code>--initial-rtt-timeout<\/code>\uff1a\u8bbe\u7f6e RTT \u8d85\u65f6\u65f6\u95f4\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>5.<strong>\u8f93\u51fa\u9009\u9879<\/strong>\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>-oN<\/code>\uff1a\u5c06\u626b\u63cf\u7ed3\u679c\u8f93\u51fa\u5230\u666e\u901a\u6587\u672c\u6587\u4ef6\uff1b<\/li>\n<li><code>-oX<\/code>\uff1a\u5c06\u626b\u63cf\u7ed3\u679c\u8f93\u51fa\u5230 XML \u6587\u4ef6\uff1b<\/li>\n<li><code>-oG<\/code>\uff1a\u5c06\u626b\u63cf\u7ed3\u679c\u8f93\u51fa\u5230 grepable \u6587\u672c\u6587\u4ef6\uff1b<\/li>\n<li><code>-oA<\/code>\uff1a\u5c06\u626b\u63cf\u7ed3\u679c\u8f93\u51fa\u5230\u6240\u6709\u683c\u5f0f\uff08\u666e\u901a\u6587\u672c\u3001XML \u548c grepable\uff09\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>6.<strong>\u811a\u672c\u9009\u9879<\/strong>\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>--script<\/code>\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528 Nmap Scripting Engine\uff08NSE\uff09\u8fd0\u884c\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u811a\u672c\uff0c\u5982 <code>--script=http-title<\/code>\uff1b<\/li>\n<li><code>--script-args<\/code>\uff1a\u4e3a NSE \u811a\u672c\u63d0\u4f9b\u53c2\u6570\uff0c\u5982 <code>--script-args=username=admin,password=1234<\/code>\uff1b<\/li>\n<li><code>--script-updatedb<\/code>\uff1a\u66f4\u65b0 NSE \u811a\u672c\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>7.<strong>\u5176\u4ed6\u9009\u9879<\/strong>\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>-v<\/code>\uff1a\u589e\u52a0\u8be6\u7ec6\u8f93\u51fa\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u591a\u4e2a <code>-v<\/code> \u4ee5\u63d0\u9ad8\u8be6\u7ec6\u7a0b\u5ea6\uff1b<\/li>\n<li><code>-h<\/code> \u6216 <code>--help<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u5e2e\u52a9\u4fe1\u606f\uff1b<\/li>\n<li><code>-iL<\/code>\uff1a\u4ece\u6587\u4ef6\u8bfb\u53d6\u76ee\u6807\u4e3b\u673a\u5217\u8868\uff0c\u6bcf\u884c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e3b\u673a\u540d\u6216 IP \u5730\u5740\uff1b<\/li>\n<li><code>-exclude<\/code>\uff1a\u6392\u9664\u7279\u5b9a\u4e3b\u673a\u6216\u8303\u56f4\uff0c\u5982 <code>-exclude 192.168.1.1,192.168.1.10-192.168.1.20<\/code>\uff1b<\/li>\n<li><code>-exclude-file<\/code>\uff1a\u4ece\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u6392\u9664\u7279\u5b9a\u4e3b\u673a\uff1b<\/li>\n<li><code>--resolve-all<\/code>\uff1a\u5f3a\u5236\u89e3\u6790\u6240\u6709\u76ee\u6807\u4e3b\u673a\u7684 DNS \u540d\u79f0\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>8.<strong>\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u7528\u6cd5\uff1a<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u7aef\u53e3\u626b\u63cf\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">nmap example.com<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8fd9\u5c06\u626b\u63cf <code>example.com<\/code> \u4e0a\u7684\u9ed8\u8ba4\u7aef\u53e3\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u626b\u63cf\u6307\u5b9a\u7aef\u53e3\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">nmap -p 80,443,8080 example.com<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8fd9\u5c06\u626b\u63cf <code>example.com<\/code> \u4e0a\u7684\u6307\u5b9a\u7aef\u53e3\uff0880\u3001443\u30018080\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u626b\u63cf\u7aef\u53e3\u8303\u56f4\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">nmap -p 1-1024 example.com<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8fd9\u5c06\u626b\u63cf <code>example.com<\/code> \u4e0a\u7684\u7aef\u53e3\u8303\u56f4\uff081 \u5230 1024\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5bf9 <code>example.com<\/code> \u6267\u884c\u64cd\u4f5c\u7cfb\u7edf\u68c0\u6d4b\u548c\u670d\u52a1\u7248\u672c\u68c0\u6d4b\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">nmap -O -sV example.com<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8fd9\u5c06\u5c1d\u8bd5\u68c0\u6d4b <code>example.com<\/code> \u4e0a\u8fd0\u884c\u7684\u670d\u52a1\u53ca\u5176\u7248\u672c\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u626b\u63cf\u6574\u4e2a\u5b50\u7f51\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">nmap 192.168.1.0\/24<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8fd9\u5c06\u626b\u63cf <code>192.168.1.0\/24<\/code> \u5b50\u7f51\u4e0a\u7684\u6240\u6709\u4e3b\u673a\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5bf9 <code>192.168.1.1\/24<\/code> \u5b50\u7f51\u4e2d\u7684\u6240\u6709\u4e3b\u673a\u6267\u884c\u5feb\u901f\u626b\u63cf\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">nmap -T4 -F 192.168.1.1\/24<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8fd9\u5c06\u4ee5\u8f83\u9ad8\u7684\u901f\u5ea6\uff08<code>-T4<\/code>\uff09\u5bf9 <code>example.com<\/code> \u8fdb\u884c\u5feb\u901f\u626b\u63cf\uff08<code>-F<\/code>\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5bf9 <code>example.com<\/code> \u6267\u884c\u5168\u8fde\u63a5\u626b\u63cf\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">nmap -sT example.com<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>TCP SYN \u626b\u63cf\u6307\u5b9a\u7aef\u53e3\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">nmap -sS -p 22,80,443 example.com<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>UDP \u626b\u63cf\u6307\u5b9a\u7aef\u53e3\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">nmap -sU -p 53,67,68,123 example.com<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>IP\u534f\u8bae\u626b\u63cf\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">nmap -sO example.com<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u6b64\u547d\u4ee4\u626b\u63cf\u652f\u6301\u7684IP\u534f\u8bae\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u626b\u63cf\u4e3b\u673a\u5217\u8868\u6587\u4ef6\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">nmap -iL target_list.txt<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8fd9\u91cc <code>target_list.txt<\/code> \u5305\u542b\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e3b\u673a\u540d\u6216 IP \u5730\u5740\u7684\u5217\u8868\uff0c\u6bcf\u884c\u4e00\u4e2a\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4f7f\u7528\u6307\u5b9a\u7f51\u7edc\u63a5\u53e3\u626b\u63cf\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">nmap -e eth0 example.com<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8fd9\u91cc <code>-e<\/code> \u9009\u9879\u6307\u5b9a\u4e86\u8981\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u63a5\u53e3\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982 <code>eth0<\/code>\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8bc6\u522b\u4e3b\u673a\u652f\u6301\u7684 SSL\/TLS \u534f\u8bae\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">nmap --script ssl-enum-ciphers example.com<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u4f7f\u7528 Nmap Scripting Engine\uff08NSE\uff09\u6267\u884c\u7279\u5b9a\u811a\u672c\uff0c\u68c0\u67e5\u76ee\u6807\u4e3b\u673a\u652f\u6301\u7684 SSL\/TLS \u534f\u8bae\u53ca\u52a0\u5bc6\u5957\u4ef6\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u626b\u63cf\u5e76\u663e\u793a traceroute:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">nmap --traceroute example.com<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u6b64\u9009\u9879\u5c06\u5728\u626b\u63cf\u5b8c\u6210\u540e\u663e\u793a\u5230\u76ee\u6807\u4e3b\u673a\u7684\u8def\u7531\u3002<\/p>\n<h2>nl<\/h2>\n<blockquote>\n<p>\u5728Linux\u4e2d\uff0cnl\u547d\u4ee4\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u6587\u672c\u5904\u7406\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u5b83\u7528\u4e8e\u7ed9\u6587\u672c\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u6bcf\u4e00\u884c\u6dfb\u52a0\u884c\u53f7\u3002nl\u547d\u4ee4\u53ef\u4ee5\u6309\u7167\u884c\u53f7\u7684\u683c\u5f0f\u8f93\u51fa\u6587\u4ef6\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u5e76\u53ef\u4ee5\u6307\u5b9a\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u884c\u53f7\u683c\u5f0f\u3001\u884c\u53f7\u5bbd\u5ea6\u3001\u662f\u5426\u5bf9\u7a7a\u767d\u884c\u8fdb\u884c\u884c\u53f7\u8ba1\u7b97\u7b49\u3002\u4ee5\u4e0b\u662f\u4e00\u4e9b\u5173\u4e8enl\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u8be6\u7ec6\u4fe1\u606f<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>nl\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u8bed\u6cd5\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">nl [\u9009\u9879] \u6587\u4ef6\u540d<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u5176\u4e2d\uff0c\u9009\u9879\u5305\u62ec\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>-b\u6837\u5f0f\uff1a\u6307\u5b9a\u884c\u53f7\u6837\u5f0f\uff0c\u53ef\u9009\u503c\u4e3aa\u3001t\u3001n\uff0c\u5206\u522b\u8868\u793a\u4e0d\u5bf9\u7a7a\u767d\u884c\u8ba1\u7b97\u884c\u53f7\u3001\u53ea\u5bf9\u6587\u672c\u884c\u8ba1\u7b97\u884c\u53f7\u3001\u5bf9\u6240\u6709\u884c\u8ba1\u7b97\u884c\u53f7\u3002<\/li>\n<li>-n\uff1a\u6307\u5b9a\u884c\u53f7\u7684\u8d77\u59cb\u503c\uff0c\u5373\u7b2c\u4e00\u884c\u7684\u884c\u53f7\u3002<\/li>\n<li>-w\uff1a\u6307\u5b9a\u884c\u53f7\u5b57\u6bb5\u7684\u5bbd\u5ea6\u3002<\/li>\n<li>-s\uff1a\u6307\u5b9a\u884c\u53f7\u5b57\u6bb5\u548c\u6587\u672c\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5206\u9694\u7b26\u3002<\/li>\n<li>--help\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u547d\u4ee4\u5e2e\u52a9\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/li>\n<li>--version\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u547d\u4ee4\u7248\u672c\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol>\n<li>\u6dfb\u52a0\u9ed8\u8ba4\u884c\u53f7<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u4f7f\u7528nl\u547d\u4ee4\u6dfb\u52a0\u9ed8\u8ba4\u884c\u53f7\u7684\u8bed\u6cd5\u683c\u5f0f\u4e3a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">nl \u6587\u4ef6\u540d<\/code><\/pre>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li>\u6307\u5b9a\u884c\u53f7\u6837\u5f0f<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u4f7f\u7528nl\u547d\u4ee4\u6307\u5b9a\u884c\u53f7\u6837\u5f0f\u7684\u8bed\u6cd5\u683c\u5f0f\u4e3a:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">nl -b \u6837\u5f0f \u6587\u4ef6\u540d<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u5176\u4e2d\uff0c\u6837\u5f0f\u5305\u62ec\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>a\uff1a\u4e0d\u5bf9\u7a7a\u767d\u884c\u8ba1\u7b97\u884c\u53f7\u3002<\/li>\n<li>t\uff1a\u53ea\u5bf9\u6587\u672c\u884c\u8ba1\u7b97\u884c\u53f7\u3002<\/li>\n<li>n\uff1a\u5bf9\u6240\u6709\u884c\u8ba1\u7b97\u884c\u53f7<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u7ed9\u540d\u4e3atest.txt\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u6dfb\u52a0\u884c\u53f7\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u5bf9\u7a7a\u767d\u884c\u8ba1\u7b97\u884c\u53f7\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u6267\u884c\u4ee5\u4e0b\u547d\u4ee4:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">nl -b a test.txt<\/code><\/pre>\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li>\u6307\u5b9a\u884c\u53f7\u8d77\u59cb\u503c\u548c\u5b57\u6bb5\u5bbd\u5ea6<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u4f7f\u7528nl\u547d\u4ee4\u6307\u5b9a\u884c\u53f7\u8d77\u59cb\u503c\u548c\u5b57\u6bb5\u5bbd\u5ea6\u7684\u8bed\u6cd5\u683c\u5f0f\u4e3a\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">nl -n \u8d77\u59cb\u503c -w \u5bbd\u5ea6 \u6587\u4ef6\u540d<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u7ed9\u540d\u4e3atest.txt\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u6dfb\u52a0\u884c\u53f7\uff0c\u8d77\u59cb\u503c\u4e3a10\uff0c\u5b57\u6bb5\u5bbd\u5ea6\u4e3a4\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u6267\u884c\u4ee5\u4e0b\u547d\u4ee4\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">nl -n 10 -w 4 test.txt<\/code><\/pre>\n<ol start=\"4\">\n<li>\u6307\u5b9a\u5206\u9694\u7b26<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u4f7f\u7528nl\u547d\u4ee4\u6307\u5b9a\u5206\u9694\u7b26\u7684\u8bed\u6cd5\u683c\u5f0f\u4e3a\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">nl -s \u5206\u9694\u7b26 \u6587\u4ef6\u540d<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u7ed9\u540d\u4e3atest.txt\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u6dfb\u52a0\u884c\u53f7\uff0c\u5e76\u4f7f\u7528&quot;|&quot;\u4f5c\u4e3a\u884c\u53f7\u5b57\u6bb5\u548c\u6587\u672c\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5206\u9694\u7b26\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u6267\u884c\u4ee5\u4e0b\u547d\u4ee4\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">nl -s &quot;|&quot; test.txt<\/code><\/pre>\n<h2>nscd<\/h2>\n<blockquote>\n<p><code>nscd<\/code> \u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u540d\u4e3a &quot;Name Service Cache Daemon&quot; \u7684\u5b88\u62a4\u8fdb\u7a0b\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u7f13\u5b58\u540d\u5b57\u670d\u52a1\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u3002\u8fd9\u4e3b\u8981\u5305\u62ec\u4e3b\u673a\u540d\uff0c\u7528\u6237\u548c\u7ec4\u67e5\u8be2\u3002\u5f53\u7cfb\u7edf\u9891\u7e41\u5730\u8fdb\u884c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u67e5\u8be2\u65f6\uff08\u6bd4\u5982\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u5927\u578b\u7f51\u7edc\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\uff09\uff0c<code>nscd<\/code> \u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u5b58\u50a8\u5148\u524d\u7684\u67e5\u8be2\u7ed3\u679c\u6765\u63d0\u9ad8\u6027\u80fd\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u907f\u514d\u4e86\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u670d\u52a1\u7684\u91cd\u590d\u67e5\u8be2\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\"># \u53c2\u6570\n-d, --debug: \u8fd9\u4e2a\u9009\u9879\u8ba9 nscd \u4ee5\u8c03\u8bd5\u6a21\u5f0f\u8fd0\u884c\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u6a21\u5f0f\u4e0b\uff0cnscd \u4e0d\u4f1a\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5b88\u62a4\u8fdb\u7a0b\u8fd0\u884c\uff08\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u5b83\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5728\u540e\u53f0\u8fd0\u884c\uff09\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u4f1a\u5728\u5f53\u524d\u7ec8\u7aef\u4e0a\u663e\u793a\u6240\u6709\u7684\u6d88\u606f\u3002\n-f, --config-file=NAME: \u8fd9\u4e2a\u9009\u9879\u8ba9 nscd \u4ece\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u914d\u7f6e\u6587\u4ef6 NAME \u4e2d\u8bfb\u53d6\u914d\u7f6e\u6570\u636e\u3002\n-F, --foreground: \u8fd9\u4e2a\u9009\u9879\u8ba9 nscd \u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u524d\u53f0\u8fdb\u7a0b\u8fd0\u884c\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b88\u62a4\u8fdb\u7a0b\u3002\u5b83\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5728\u540e\u53f0\u8fd0\u884c\uff0c\u4f46\u9664\u6b64\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u5c31\u50cf\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b88\u62a4\u8fdb\u7a0b\u3002\n-g, --statistics: \u8fd9\u4e2a\u9009\u9879\u8ba9 nscd \u6253\u5370\u51fa\u5f53\u524d\u7684\u914d\u7f6e\u7edf\u8ba1\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\n-i, --invalidate=TABLE: \u8fd9\u4e2a\u9009\u9879\u8ba9 nscd \u4f7f\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u7f13\u5b58 TABLE \u5931\u6548\u3002\n-K, --shutdown: \u8fd9\u4e2a\u9009\u9879\u8ba9 nscd \u5173\u95ed\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u3002\n-t, --nthreads=NUMBER: \u8fd9\u4e2a\u9009\u9879\u8ba9 nscd \u542f\u52a8 NUMBER \u4e2a\u7ebf\u7a0b\u3002\n-?, --help: \u8fd9\u4e2a\u9009\u9879\u8ba9 nscd \u663e\u793a\u5e2e\u52a9\u5217\u8868\u3002\n--usage: \u8fd9\u4e2a\u9009\u9879\u8ba9 nscd \u663e\u793a\u4e00\u4e2a\u7b80\u77ed\u7684\u7528\u6cd5\u6d88\u606f\u3002\n-V, --version: \u8fd9\u4e2a\u9009\u9879\u8ba9 nscd \u6253\u5370\u51fa\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7248\u672c\u3002\n\n#\nnscd -d \u6216 nscd --debug\uff1a\u5728\u8c03\u8bd5\u6a21\u5f0f\u4e0b\u542f\u52a8 nscd\uff0c\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5728\u540e\u53f0\u8fd0\u884c\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u4f1a\u5728\u5f53\u524d\u7ec8\u7aef\u4e0a\u663e\u793a\u8c03\u8bd5\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\nnscd -f FILE \u6216 nscd --config-file=FILE\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u914d\u7f6e\u6587\u4ef6 FILE \u6765\u542f\u52a8 nscd\u3002\nnscd -F \u6216 nscd --foreground\uff1a\u4ee5\u524d\u53f0\u8fdb\u7a0b\u6a21\u5f0f\u8fd0\u884c nscd\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u5b83\u5c31\u4e0d\u4f1a\u53d8\u6210\u5b88\u62a4\u8fdb\u7a0b\u5e76\u5728\u540e\u53f0\u8fd0\u884c\u3002\nnscd -g \u6216 nscd --statistics\uff1a\u6253\u5370\u5f53\u524d\u7684\u7f13\u5b58\u7edf\u8ba1\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\nnscd -i TABLE \u6216 nscd --invalidate=TABLE\uff1a\u4f7f nscd \u4e2d\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u7f13\u5b58 TABLE \u65e0\u6548\u3002TABLE \u53ef\u80fd\u662f &quot;hosts&quot;\uff08\u4e3b\u673a\u540d\uff09\uff0c&quot;passwd&quot;\uff08\u7528\u6237\uff09\uff0c&quot;group&quot;\uff08\u7ec4\uff09\u7b49\u3002\nnscd -K \u6216 nscd --shutdown\uff1a\u5173\u95ed nscd \u670d\u52a1\u3002\nnscd -t NUMBER \u6216 nscd --nthreads=NUMBER\uff1a\u542f\u52a8 NUMBER \u4e2a nscd \u5de5\u4f5c\u7ebf\u7a0b\u3002\nnscd -? \u6216 nscd --help\uff1a\u663e\u793a nscd \u7684\u5e2e\u52a9\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\nnscd --usage\uff1a\u663e\u793a nscd \u7684\u7b80\u77ed\u7528\u6cd5\u3002\nnscd -V \u6216 nscd --version\uff1a\u6253\u5370 nscd \u7684\u7248\u672c\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\n\n#\u8bf7\u6ce8\u610f\uff0c\u8981\u4f7f nscd \u6b63\u5e38\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u6709\u9002\u5f53\u7684\u914d\u7f6e\u6587\u4ef6\uff08\u9ed8\u8ba4\u4e3a \/etc\/nscd.conf\uff09\u3002\u5982\u679c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u5982\u679c\u5b83\u7684\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e0d\u6b63\u786e\uff0cnscd \u53ef\u80fd\u65e0\u6cd5\u6b63\u5e38\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u4f60\u5e94\u8be5\u603b\u662f\u5148\u68c0\u67e5\u914d\u7f6e\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u518d\u8fd0\u884c nscd\u3002\n\n# \u5fc5\u987b\u5148\u5b89\u88c5nscd\nyum -y install nscd<\/code><\/pre>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\"># \u7528\u6cd5\n# 1.\u5728\u524d\u53f0\u542f\u52a8 nscd \u5e76\u6253\u5370\u8c03\u8bd5\u4fe1\u606f\uff1a\nnscd -d -F\n\n# 2.\u4ece\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u914d\u7f6e\u6587\u4ef6\u542f\u52a8 nscd\uff1a\nnscd -f \/path\/to\/my\/nscd.conf\n# \u8fd9\u5c06\u4ece \/path\/to\/my\/nscd.conf \u542f\u52a8 nscd\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u4ece\u9ed8\u8ba4\u7684\u914d\u7f6e\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\u8fd9\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4f7f\u7528\u81ea\u5b9a\u4e49\u914d\u7f6e\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u7279\u522b\u6709\u7528\u3002\n\n# 3.\u663e\u793a nscd \u7684\u7f13\u5b58\u7edf\u8ba1\uff1a\nnscd -g\n#\u8fd9\u5c06\u6253\u5370 nscd \u7684\u7f13\u5b58\u7edf\u8ba1\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u6bcf\u4e2a\u7f13\u5b58\u7684\u547d\u4e2d\u6b21\u6570\u548c\u672a\u547d\u4e2d\u6b21\u6570\u3002\n\n# 4.\u4f7f\u67d0\u4e2a\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u7f13\u5b58\u65e0\u6548\uff1a\nnscd -i hosts\n# \u5c06\u4f7f hosts\uff08\u4e3b\u673a\u540d\uff09\u7f13\u5b58\u65e0\u6548\u3002\u8fd9\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4f60\u4fee\u6539\u4e86 \/etc\/hosts \u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u5e76\u5e0c\u671b nscd \u7acb\u5373\u770b\u5230\u8fd9\u4e9b\u66f4\u6539\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u7b49\u5f85\u5176\u81ea\u7136\u8fc7\u671f\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u7279\u522b\u6709\u7528\u3002\n\n# 5.\u5173\u95ed nscd\uff1a\nnscd -K\n# \u8fd9\u5c06\u5173\u95ed nscd \u670d\u52a1\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u9700\u8981\u5173\u95ed nscd\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u8fdb\u884c\u7ef4\u62a4\u6216\u6545\u969c\u6392\u67e5\uff09\uff0c\u5219\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u6b64\u547d\u4ee4\u3002<\/code><\/pre>\n<h2>nslookup<\/h2>\n<blockquote>\n<p><code>nslookup<\/code> \u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7f51\u7edc\u7ba1\u7406\u5458\u5e38\u7528\u7684\u7528\u4e8e\u67e5\u8be2 DNS\uff08Domain Name System\uff09\u7684\u5b9e\u7528\u7a0b\u5e8f\u3002\u8be5\u547d\u4ee4\u4e3b\u8981\u7528\u4e8e\u67e5\u8be2 DNS \u67e5\u627e\u4e3b\u673a\u540d\u7684 IP \u5730\u5740\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u67e5\u627e IP \u5730\u5740\u5bf9\u5e94\u7684\u4e3b\u673a\u540d\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u67e5\u8be2\u90ae\u4ef6\u4ea4\u6362\u8bb0\u5f55\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\"># `nslookup` \u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u683c\u5f0f\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a\nnslookup [option] [hostname | IP_address] [server]\n\n# \u547d\u4ee4\u9009\u9879\uff1a\noption: \u547d\u4ee4\u9009\u9879\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982 -type\uff0c -debug \u7b49\u3002\nhostname: \u9700\u8981\u67e5\u8be2 IP \u5730\u5740\u7684\u4e3b\u673a\u540d\u3002\nIP_address: \u9700\u8981\u67e5\u8be2\u4e3b\u673a\u540d\u7684 IP \u5730\u5740\u3002\nserver: DNS \u670d\u52a1\u5668\u7684 IP \u5730\u5740\u6216\u8005\u4e3b\u673a\u540d\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u6307\u5b9a\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u9ed8\u8ba4\u4f7f\u7528 \/etc\/resolv.conf \u4e2d\u914d\u7f6e\u7684 DNS \u670d\u52a1\u5668\u3002<\/code><\/pre>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\"># 1.\u67e5\u8be2\u4e3b\u673a\u540d\u7684 IP \u5730\u5740\nnslookup www.google.com\n\n# 2.\u67e5\u8be2 IP \u5730\u5740\u7684\u4e3b\u673a\u540d\nnslookup 8.8.8.8\n\n# 3.\u67e5\u8be2\u7279\u5b9a\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u8bb0\u5f55\nnslookup -query=mx gmail.com\n\n# 4.\u6307\u5b9a DNS \u670d\u52a1\u5668\nnslookup www.google.com 8.8.8.8\n\n# \u6ce8\u610f\uff1anslookup \u5df2\u7ecf\u88ab\u6807\u8bb0\u4e3a\u5e9f\u5f03\uff0c\u5e76\u53ef\u80fd\u5728\u672a\u6765\u7684\u7248\u672c\u4e2d\u88ab\u79fb\u9664\u3002\u8bb8\u591a\u7cfb\u7edf\u548c\u7f51\u7edc\u7ba1\u7406\u5458\u73b0\u5728\u66f4\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u4f7f\u7528 dig \u6216 host \u547d\u4ee4\u8fdb\u884c DNS \u67e5\u8be2\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u66f4\u5f3a\u5927\u548c\u7075\u6d3b\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u3002\u5e76\u4e14\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5de5\u5177\u90fd\u662f\u4f9d\u8d56bind-utils\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5305<\/code><\/pre>\n<h2>openssl<\/h2>\n<blockquote>\n<p>OpenSSL \u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u5b89\u5168\u5957\u63a5\u5b57\u5c42\u5bc6\u7801\u5e93\uff0c\u56f4\u7ed5\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5e93\u6709\u5f88\u591a\u5b89\u5168\u5e94\u7528\u3002OpenSSL \u5de5\u5177\u5e93\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u4e8e\u5404\u79cd\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u521b\u5efa\u8bc1\u4e66\u8bf7\u6c42\u3001\u751f\u6210\u968f\u673a\u6570\u3001\u7f16\u7801\u548c\u89e3\u7801\u6570\u636e\u3001\u521b\u5efa RSA \u548c EC \u79c1\u94a5\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u67e5\u770b\u8bc1\u4e66\u8be6\u7ec6\u4fe1\u606f\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p><strong>OpenSSL \u7684\u57fa\u672c\u547d\u4ee4\u548c\u53c2\u6570<\/strong><\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">openssl command [ command_opts ] [ command_args ]<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u5176\u4e2d &quot;command&quot; \u662f\u4f60\u5e0c\u671b\u6267\u884c\u7684 OpenSSL \u547d\u4ee4\uff0c&quot;command_opts&quot; \u662f\u4f20\u9012\u7ed9\u8be5\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u9009\u9879\uff0c&quot;command_args&quot; \u662f\u4f20\u9012\u7ed9\u8be5\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u53c2\u6570\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u4ee5\u4e0b\u547d\u4ee4\u751f\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684 RSA \u79c1\u94a5\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">openssl genpkey -algorithm RSA -out private_key.pem -pkeyopt rsa_keygen_bits:2048<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u4e2d\uff0c&quot;genpkey&quot; \u662f\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c&quot;-algorithm&quot; \u548c &quot;-out&quot; \u662f\u9009\u9879\uff0c&quot;RSA&quot;\u3001&quot;private_key.pem&quot; \u548c &quot;rsa_keygen_bits:2048&quot; \u662f\u53c2\u6570\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u4f7f\u7528 OpenSSL \u521b\u5efa\u8bc1\u4e66<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u9700\u8981\u751f\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u79c1\u94a5\u3002\u79c1\u94a5\u7528\u4e8e\u7b7e\u7f72\u8bc1\u4e66\u8bf7\u6c42\u548c\u89e3\u5bc6\u63a5\u6536\u5230\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\u4e0b\u9762\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u5c06\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a 2048 \u4f4d\u7684 RSA \u79c1\u94a5\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">openssl genpkey -algorithm RSA -out private_key.pem -pkeyopt rsa_keygen_bits:2048<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u751f\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a2048\u4f4d\u7684RSA\u79c1\u94a5\u3002\u5176\u4e2d<code>-algorithm<\/code>\u53c2\u6570\u7528\u4e8e\u6307\u5b9a\u6240\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u7b97\u6cd5\uff0c<code>-out<\/code>\u53c2\u6570\u7528\u4e8e\u6307\u5b9a\u79c1\u94a5\u7684\u8f93\u51fa\u6587\u4ef6\u540d\uff0c<code>rsa_keygen_bits:2048<\/code>\u7528\u4e8e\u8bbe\u7f6eRSA\u5bc6\u94a5\u7684\u4f4d\u6570\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u521b\u5efa\u8bc1\u4e66\u8bf7\u6c42\uff08Certificate Signing Request\uff0cCSR\uff09<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u4e00\u65e6\u6211\u4eec\u6709\u4e86\u79c1\u94a5\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bc1\u4e66\u8bf7\u6c42\u3002\u8bc1\u4e66\u8bf7\u6c42\u5305\u542b\u516c\u94a5\u548c\u4e00\u4e9b\u989d\u5916\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u7ec4\u7ec7\u540d\u79f0\u548c\u8054\u7cfb\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\u4e0b\u9762\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u5c06\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u8bc1\u4e66\u8bf7\u6c42\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">openssl req -new -key private_key.pem -out request.csr<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u7528\u5df2\u6709\u7684\u79c1\u94a5\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bc1\u4e66\u7b7e\u540d\u8bf7\u6c42\u3002\u5176\u4e2d<code>-new<\/code>\u53c2\u6570\u8868\u793a\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u8bf7\u6c42\uff0c<code>-key<\/code>\u53c2\u6570\u7528\u4e8e\u6307\u5b9a\u7528\u4e8e\u7b7e\u540d\u8bf7\u6c42\u7684\u79c1\u94a5\uff0c<code>-out<\/code>\u53c2\u6570\u7528\u4e8e\u6307\u5b9a\u8bf7\u6c42\u7684\u8f93\u51fa\u6587\u4ef6\u540d\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u521b\u5efa\u81ea\u7b7e\u540d\u8bc1\u4e66<\/strong><br \/>\n\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u662f\u81ea\u5df1\u7684 CA\uff08\u8bc1\u4e66\u9881\u53d1\u673a\u6784\uff09\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u4f60\u7684\u79c1\u94a5\u548c\u8bc1\u4e66\u8bf7\u6c42\u6765\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u81ea\u7b7e\u540d\u8bc1\u4e66\u3002\u81ea\u7b7e\u540d\u8bc1\u4e66\u662f\u81ea\u5df1\u7b7e\u7f72\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u8bc1\u4e66\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u7528\u4e8e\u5185\u90e8\u7f51\u7edc\u6216\u5f00\u53d1\u73af\u5883\u3002\u4ee5\u4e0b\u547d\u4ee4\u5c06\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u6709\u6548\u671f\u4e3a\u4e00\u5e74\u7684\u81ea\u7b7e\u540d\u8bc1\u4e66\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">openssl req -x509 -key private_key.pem -in request.csr -out certificate.pem -days 365<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><strong>\u4f7f\u7528 OpenSSL \u68c0\u67e5\u8bc1\u4e66<\/strong><br \/>\n\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 OpenSSL \u6765\u67e5\u770b\u8bc1\u4e66\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u548c\u8be6\u7ec6\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\u4e0b\u9762\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u5c06\u6253\u5370\u51fa\u8bc1\u4e66\u7684\u6240\u6709\u4fe1\u606f<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">openssl x509 -text -noout -in certificate.pem<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u7528\u6cd5\u6848\u4f8b\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>1.\u751f\u6210\u81ea\u7b7e\u540d\u8bc1\u4e66\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">openssl req -x509 -newkey rsa:4096 -keyout key.pem -out cert.pem -days 365<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u76844096\u4f4dRSA\u5bc6\u94a5\u5e76\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u6709\u6548\u671f\u4e3a\u4e00\u5e74\u7684\u81ea\u7b7e\u540d\u8bc1\u4e66\u3002\u5176\u4e2d<code>-x509<\/code>\u53c2\u6570\u8868\u793a\u8981\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u81ea\u7b7e\u540d\u8bc1\u4e66\uff0c<code>-newkey<\/code>\u53c2\u6570\u7528\u4e8e\u6307\u5b9a\u65b0\u521b\u5efa\u7684\u79c1\u94a5\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u548c\u4f4d\u6570\uff0c<code>-keyout<\/code>\u53c2\u6570\u7528\u4e8e\u6307\u5b9a\u65b0\u79c1\u94a5\u7684\u8f93\u51fa\u6587\u4ef6\u540d\uff0c<code>-out<\/code>\u53c2\u6570\u7528\u4e8e\u6307\u5b9a\u8bc1\u4e66\u7684\u8f93\u51fa\u6587\u4ef6\u540d\uff0c<code>-days<\/code>\u53c2\u6570\u7528\u4e8e\u8bbe\u7f6e\u8bc1\u4e66\u7684\u6709\u6548\u671f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>2.\u67e5\u770b\u8bc1\u4e66\u8be6\u7ec6\u4fe1\u606f:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">openssl x509 -text -noout -in cert.pem<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u6253\u5370\u51fa\u8bc1\u4e66\u7684\u8be6\u7ec6\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\u5176\u4e2d<code>-text<\/code>\u53c2\u6570\u8868\u793a\u8981\u6253\u5370\u51fa\u8bc1\u4e66\u7684\u8be6\u7ec6\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c<code>-noout<\/code>\u53c2\u6570\u8868\u793a\u4e0d\u8981\u8f93\u51fa\u7f16\u7801\u8fc7\u7684\u8bc1\u4e66\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c<code>-in<\/code>\u53c2\u6570\u7528\u4e8e\u6307\u5b9a\u8981\u68c0\u67e5\u7684\u8bc1\u4e66\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u540d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>3.\u8ba1\u7b97\u6587\u4ef6\u7684SHA256\u6563\u5217\u503c:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">openssl dgst -sha256 file.txt<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u5c06\u8ba1\u7b97<code>file.txt<\/code>\u6587\u4ef6\u7684SHA256\u6563\u5217\u3002<\/p>\n<p>4.\u52a0\u5bc6\u6587\u4ef6:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">openssl enc -aes-256-cbc -salt -in file.txt -out file.txt.enc<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u5c06\u4f7f\u7528AES-256-CBC\u52a0\u5bc6\u7b97\u6cd5\u548c\u4e00\u4e2a\u52a0\u76d0\u503c\u6765\u52a0\u5bc6<code>file.txt<\/code>\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u5c06\u52a0\u5bc6\u540e\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u5199\u5165<code>file.txt.enc<\/code>\u6587\u4ef6\u3002<\/p>\n<p>5.\u89e3\u5bc6\u6587\u4ef6:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">openssl enc -d -aes-256-cbc -in file.txt.enc -out file.txt.dec<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u5c06\u4f7f\u7528AES-256-CBC\u89e3\u5bc6\u7b97\u6cd5\u6765\u89e3\u5bc6<code>file.txt.enc<\/code>\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u5c06\u89e3\u5bc6\u540e\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u5199\u5165<code>file.txt.dec<\/code>\u6587\u4ef6\u3002<\/p>\n<p>6.\u9a8c\u8bc1\u8bc1\u4e66\u94fe:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">openssl verify -CAfile ca-cert.pem server-cert.pem<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u68c0\u67e5\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u8bc1\u4e66\u662f\u5426\u7531CA\u8bc1\u4e66\u6240\u7b7e\u540d\u3002\u5176\u4e2d<code>-CAfile<\/code>\u53c2\u6570\u7528\u4e8e\u6307\u5b9aCA\u8bc1\u4e66\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u540d\u3002 <\/p>\n<ol start=\"7\">\n<li>\u6570\u636e\u7684\u52a0\u5bc6\u548c\u89e3\u5bc6<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">openssl enc -aes-256-cbc -salt -in file.txt -out file.txt.enc\nopenssl enc -d -aes-256-cbc -in file.txt.enc -out file.txt.dec<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u5206\u522b\u7528\u4e8e\u52a0\u5bc6\u548c\u89e3\u5bc6\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\u5176\u4e2d<code>-aes-256-cbc<\/code>\u53c2\u6570\u8868\u793a\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u52a0\u5bc6\u7b97\u6cd5\uff0c<code>-salt<\/code>\u53c2\u6570\u8868\u793a\u5728\u52a0\u5bc6\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u4f7f\u7528\u76d0\uff0c<code>-in<\/code>\u53c2\u6570\u7528\u4e8e\u6307\u5b9a\u8f93\u5165\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u540d\uff0c<code>-out<\/code>\u53c2\u6570\u7528\u4e8e\u6307\u5b9a\u8f93\u51fa\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u540d\uff0c<code>-d<\/code>\u53c2\u6570\u8868\u793a\u8981\u8fdb\u884c\u89e3\u5bc6\u64cd\u4f5c\u3002<\/p>\n<p>8.\u8ba1\u7b97\u548c\u9a8c\u8bc1\u6587\u4ef6\u54c8\u5e0c\u503c<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">openssl dgst -sha256 file.txt\nopenssl dgst -sha256 -verify pubkey.pem -signature sigfile.bin file.txt<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u5206\u522b\u7528\u4e8e\u8ba1\u7b97\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u54c8\u5e0c\u503c\u548c\u9a8c\u8bc1\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u7b7e\u540d\u3002\u5176\u4e2d<code>-sha256<\/code>\u53c2\u6570\u8868\u793a\u8981\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u54c8\u5e0c\u7b97\u6cd5\uff0c<code>-verify<\/code>\u53c2\u6570\u8868\u793a\u8981\u9a8c\u8bc1\u7b7e\u540d\uff0c<code>-signature<\/code>\u53c2\u6570\u7528\u4e8e\u6307\u5b9a\u7b7e\u540d\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u540d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>9.\u751f\u6210\u516c\u94a5\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">openssl rsa -pubout -in private_key.pem -out public_key.pem<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u4f1a\u4ece\u79c1\u94a5\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u63d0\u53d6\u51fa\u516c\u94a5\u3002<\/p>\n<p>10.<strong>\u4f7f\u7528CA\u8bc1\u4e66\u7b7e\u7f72CSR\uff1a<\/strong><\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">openssl x509 -req -days 365 -in request.csr -CA ca.crt -CAkey ca.key -CAcreateserial -out signed_certificate.crt<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u4f1a\u4f7f\u7528CA\u8bc1\u4e66\u7b7e\u7f72CSR\uff0c\u751f\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u6709\u6548\u671f\u4e3a1\u5e74\u7684\u8bc1\u4e66\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>openssl passwd<\/h3>\n<blockquote>\n<p><code>openssl passwd<\/code>\u547d\u4ee4\u662f\u7528\u4e8e\u751f\u6210\u548c\u9a8c\u8bc1\u5bc6\u7801\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u53ef\u4ee5\u751f\u6210\u5404\u79cd\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u52a0\u5bc6\u5bc6\u7801\uff0c\u5305\u62ecUnix\u7684crypt\u683c\u5f0f\uff0c\u4ee5\u53caMD5\uff0cSHA256\u548cSHA512\u683c\u5f0f\u3002\u4e0b\u9762\u662f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u5e38\u7528\u9009\u9879<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<ul>\n<li><code>-help<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u5e2e\u52a9\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-in infile<\/code>\uff1a\u4ece\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u8bfb\u53d6\u5bc6\u7801\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u4ece\u547d\u4ee4\u884c\u8f93\u5165\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-noverify<\/code>\uff1a\u5728\u4ece\u7ec8\u7aef\u8bfb\u53d6\u5bc6\u7801\u65f6\uff0c\u4e0d\u8fdb\u884c\u9a8c\u8bc1\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-quiet<\/code>\uff1a\u4e0d\u663e\u793a\u8b66\u544a\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-table<\/code>\uff1a\u4ee5\u8868\u683c\u683c\u5f0f\u8f93\u51fa\u7ed3\u679c\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-reverse<\/code>\uff1a\u4ea4\u6362\u8868\u683c\u7684\u5217\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-salt val<\/code>\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u76d0\u503c\u8fdb\u884c\u5bc6\u7801\u52a0\u5bc6\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-stdin<\/code>\uff1a\u4ece\u6807\u51c6\u8f93\u5165\u8bfb\u53d6\u5bc6\u7801\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u4ece\u547d\u4ee4\u884c\u8f93\u5165\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-6<\/code>\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528\u57fa\u4e8eSHA512\u7684\u5bc6\u7801\u7b97\u6cd5\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-5<\/code>\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528\u57fa\u4e8eSHA256\u7684\u5bc6\u7801\u7b97\u6cd5\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-apr1<\/code>\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528\u57fa\u4e8eMD5\u7684\u5bc6\u7801\u7b97\u6cd5\uff0c\u8fd9\u662fApache\u7684\u53d8\u79cd\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-1<\/code>\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528\u57fa\u4e8eMD5\u7684\u5bc6\u7801\u7b97\u6cd5\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-aixmd5<\/code>\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528AIX\u7684MD5\u5bc6\u7801\u7b97\u6cd5\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-crypt<\/code>\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528\u6807\u51c6\u7684Unix\u5bc6\u7801\u7b97\u6cd5\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u9ed8\u8ba4\u9009\u9879\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-rand val<\/code>\uff1a\u5c06\u6587\u4ef6\u52a0\u8f7d\u5230\u968f\u673a\u6570\u751f\u6210\u5668\u4e2d\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-writerand outfile<\/code>\uff1a\u5c06\u968f\u673a\u6570\u636e\u5199\u5165\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>1.<strong>\u751f\u6210\u52a0\u5bc6\u5bc6\u7801\uff1a<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u683c\u5f0f\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">openssl passwd -crypt yourpassword<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u4f1a\u751f\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f7f\u7528Unix crypt\u65b9\u5f0f\u52a0\u5bc6\u7684\u5bc6\u7801\u3002\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06<code>yourpassword<\/code>\u66ff\u6362\u4e3a\u4f60\u60f3\u8981\u52a0\u5bc6\u7684\u5bc6\u7801\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u60f3\u4f7f\u7528\u5176\u4ed6\u52a0\u5bc6\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528<code>-1<\/code>\uff08MD5\uff09\uff0c<code>-5<\/code>\uff08SHA256\uff09\u6216<code>-6<\/code>\uff08SHA512\uff09\u9009\u9879\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4e0b\u9762\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u4f1a\u751f\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f7f\u7528SHA512\u65b9\u5f0f\u52a0\u5bc6\u7684\u5bc6\u7801\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">openssl passwd -6 yourpassword<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>2.<strong>\u4f7f\u7528\u76d0\u503c\uff1a<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u751f\u6210\u52a0\u5bc6\u5bc6\u7801\u65f6\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u6307\u5b9a\u4e00\u4e2a\u76d0\u503c\u3002\u76d0\u503c\u53ef\u4ee5\u589e\u52a0\u5bc6\u7801\u7684\u590d\u6742\u6027\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u901a\u8fc7\u66b4\u529b\u7834\u89e3\u66f4\u52a0\u56f0\u96be\u3002\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528<code>-salt<\/code>\u9009\u9879\u6307\u5b9a\u76d0\u503c\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u4f1a\u4f7f\u7528<code>xyz<\/code>\u4f5c\u4e3a\u76d0\u503c\uff0c\u751f\u6210\u4e00\u4e2aSHA512\u52a0\u5bc6\u7684\u5bc6\u7801\u3002<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">openssl passwd -6 -salt xyz yourpassword<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u4f1a\u4f7f\u7528<code>xyz<\/code>\u4f5c\u4e3a\u76d0\u503c\uff0c\u751f\u6210\u4e00\u4e2aSHA512\u52a0\u5bc6\u7684\u5bc6\u7801\u3002<\/p>\n<p>3.<strong>\u4ece\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u8bfb\u53d6\u5bc6\u7801\uff1a<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u7684\u5bc6\u7801\u5b58\u50a8\u5728\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528<code>-in<\/code>\u9009\u9879\u4ece\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u8bfb\u53d6\u5bc6\u7801\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">openssl passwd -6 -salt xyz -in password.txt<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u4f1a\u4ece<code>password.txt<\/code>\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u8bfb\u53d6\u5bc6\u7801\uff0c\u5e76\u751f\u6210\u4e00\u4e2aSHA512\u52a0\u5bc6\u7684\u5bc6\u7801\u3002<\/p>\n<p>4.<strong>\u4ece\u6807\u51c6\u8f93\u5165\u8bfb\u53d6\u5bc6\u7801\uff1a<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u4e0d\u60f3\u5728\u547d\u4ee4\u884c\u4e2d\u76f4\u63a5\u8f93\u5165\u5bc6\u7801\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528<code>-stdin<\/code>\u9009\u9879\u4ece\u6807\u51c6\u8f93\u5165\u8bfb\u53d6\u5bc6\u7801\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">echo yourpassword | openssl passwd -6 -salt xyz -stdin<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u4f1a\u4ece\u6807\u51c6\u8f93\u5165\uff08\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u4e2d\u662f<code>echo<\/code>\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u8f93\u51fa\uff09\u8bfb\u53d6\u5bc6\u7801\uff0c\u5e76\u751f\u6210\u4e00\u4e2aSHA512\u52a0\u5bc6\u7684\u5bc6\u7801\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6848\u4f8b\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>1.<strong>\u751f\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u57fa\u4e8eSHA256\u7684\u5bc6\u7801\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u4e0b\u9762\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\uff1a<\/strong><\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">openssl passwd -6 -salt xyz yourpassword<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u4f1a\u8f93\u51fa\u4e00\u4e2aSHA256\u52a0\u5bc6\u7684\u5bc6\u7801\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5bc6\u7801\u7528\u4e8e\u914d\u7f6e\u6587\u4ef6\u6216\u8005\u5176\u4ed6\u9700\u8981\u5bc6\u7801\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u3002<\/p>\n<p>2.<strong>\u751f\u6210\u5bc6\u7801\u5e76\u4fdd\u5b58\u5230\u6587\u4ef6\uff1a<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u60f3\u751f\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u5bc6\u7801\u5e76\u5c06\u5176\u4fdd\u5b58\u5230\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528<code>-out<\/code>\u9009\u9879\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">openssl passwd -6 -salt xyz yourpassword -out password.txt<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>3.<strong>\u4ece\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u8bfb\u53d6\u5bc6\u7801\uff1a<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u4e0d\u60f3\u5728\u547d\u4ee4\u884c\u4e2d\u76f4\u63a5\u8f93\u5165\u5bc6\u7801\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528<code>-stdin<\/code>\u9009\u9879\u4ece\u6807\u51c6\u8f93\u5165\u8bfb\u53d6\u5bc6\u7801\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">echo yourpassword | openssl passwd -6 -salt xyz -stdin<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u4f1a\u4ece\u6807\u51c6\u8f93\u5165\uff08\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u4e2d\u662f<code>echo<\/code>\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u8f93\u51fa\uff09\u8bfb\u53d6\u5bc6\u7801\uff0c\u5e76\u751f\u6210\u4e00\u4e2aSHA256\u52a0\u5bc6\u7684\u5bc6\u7801<\/p>\n<p>4.<strong>\u9a8c\u8bc1\u5bc6\u7801\uff1a<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><code>openssl passwd<\/code>\u547d\u4ee4\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u4e8e\u9a8c\u8bc1\u5bc6\u7801\u3002\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528<code>-table<\/code>\u9009\u9879\u4ee5\u8868\u683c\u683c\u5f0f\u8f93\u51fa\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u624b\u52a8\u6bd4\u8f83\u8f93\u5165\u7684\u5bc6\u7801\u548c\u5b58\u50a8\u7684\u5bc6\u7801\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">openssl passwd -6 -salt xyz -table yourpassword<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u4f1a\u8f93\u51fa\u4e00\u4e2a\u8868\u683c\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5305\u542b\u8f93\u5165\u7684\u5bc6\u7801\u548c\u52a0\u5bc6\u7684\u5bc6\u7801\u3002\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u6bd4\u8f83\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u5bc6\u7801\uff0c\u4ee5\u9a8c\u8bc1\u8f93\u5165\u7684\u5bc6\u7801\u662f\u5426\u6b63\u786e<\/p>\n<h3>openssl enc<\/h3>\n<p><code>openssl enc<\/code>\u547d\u4ee4\u7528\u4e8e\u5bf9\u6570\u636e\u8fdb\u884c\u52a0\u5bc6\u548c\u89e3\u5bc6\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u652f\u6301\u591a\u79cd\u52a0\u5bc6\u7b97\u6cd5\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528<code>-list<\/code>\u9009\u9879\u67e5\u770b\u6240\u6709\u652f\u6301\u7684\u7b97\u6cd5\u3002\u4e0b\u9762\u662f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u5e38\u7528\u9009\u9879\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>-help<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u5e2e\u52a9\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-list<\/code> \u6216 <code>-ciphers<\/code>\uff1a\u5217\u51fa\u6240\u6709\u652f\u6301\u7684\u52a0\u5bc6\u7b97\u6cd5\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-in infile<\/code>\uff1a\u6307\u5b9a\u8f93\u5165\u6587\u4ef6\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-out outfile<\/code>\uff1a\u6307\u5b9a\u8f93\u51fa\u6587\u4ef6\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-pass val<\/code>\uff1a\u6307\u5b9a\u5bc6\u7801\u6e90\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9009\u9879\u7684\u503c\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f<code>pass:password<\/code>\uff0c<code>env:var<\/code>\uff0c<code>file:pathname<\/code>\u6216<code>fd:number<\/code>\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-e<\/code>\uff1a\u52a0\u5bc6\u6570\u636e\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-d<\/code>\uff1a\u89e3\u5bc6\u6570\u636e\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-p<\/code>\uff1a\u6253\u5370IV\uff08\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u5411\u91cf\uff09\u548c\u5bc6\u94a5\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-P<\/code>\uff1a\u6253\u5370IV\u548c\u5bc6\u94a5\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u9000\u51fa\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-v<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u8be6\u7ec6\u8f93\u51fa\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-nopad<\/code>\uff1a\u7981\u7528\u6807\u51c6\u7684\u5757\u586b\u5145\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-salt<\/code>\uff1a\u5728\u5bc6\u94a5\u6d3e\u751f\u51fd\u6570\u4e2d\u4f7f\u7528\u76d0\u503c\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u9ed8\u8ba4\u9009\u9879\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-nosalt<\/code>\uff1a\u5728\u5bc6\u94a5\u6d3e\u751f\u51fd\u6570\u4e2d\u4e0d\u4f7f\u7528\u76d0\u503c\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-debug<\/code>\uff1a\u6253\u5370\u8c03\u8bd5\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-a<\/code> \u6216 <code>-base64<\/code>\uff1a\u6839\u636e\u52a0\u5bc6\u6807\u5fd7\u8fdb\u884cBase64\u7f16\u7801\u6216\u89e3\u7801\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-A<\/code>\uff1a\u4e0e<code>-[base64|a]<\/code>\u9009\u9879\u4e00\u8d77\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u6307\u5b9aBase64\u7f13\u51b2\u533a\u4e3a\u5355\u884c\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-bufsize val<\/code>\uff1a\u6307\u5b9a\u7f13\u51b2\u533a\u5927\u5c0f\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-k val<\/code>\uff1a\u6307\u5b9a\u5bc6\u7801\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-kfile infile<\/code>\uff1a\u4ece\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u8bfb\u53d6\u5bc6\u7801\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-K val<\/code>\uff1a\u6307\u5b9a\u539f\u59cb\u5bc6\u94a5\uff0c\u4ee5\u5341\u516d\u8fdb\u5236\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-S val<\/code>\uff1a\u6307\u5b9a\u76d0\u503c\uff0c\u4ee5\u5341\u516d\u8fdb\u5236\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-iv val<\/code>\uff1a\u6307\u5b9aIV\uff0c\u4ee5\u5341\u516d\u8fdb\u5236\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-md val<\/code>\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u6458\u8981\u7b97\u6cd5\u4ece\u5bc6\u7801\u521b\u5efa\u5bc6\u94a5\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-iter +int<\/code>\uff1a\u6307\u5b9a\u8fed\u4ee3\u6b21\u6570\uff0c\u5e76\u5f3a\u5236\u4f7f\u7528PBKDF2\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-pbkdf2<\/code>\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528\u57fa\u4e8e\u5bc6\u7801\u7684\u5bc6\u94a5\u6d3e\u751f\u51fd\u65702\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-none<\/code>\uff1a\u4e0d\u8fdb\u884c\u52a0\u5bc6\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-rand val<\/code>\uff1a\u5c06\u6587\u4ef6\u52a0\u8f7d\u5230\u968f\u673a\u6570\u751f\u6210\u5668\u4e2d\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-writerand outfile<\/code>\uff1a\u5c06\u968f\u673a\u6570\u636e\u5199\u5165\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-z<\/code>\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528zlib\u4f5c\u4e3a\u201c\u52a0\u5bc6\u201d\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-engine val<\/code>\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528\u5f15\u64ce\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u786c\u4ef6\u8bbe\u5907\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">#\u652f\u6301\u7684\u52a0\u5bc6\u7b97\u6cd5\n[root@centos8 ~]#openssl enc --list\nSupported ciphers:\n-aes-128-cbc               -aes-128-cfb               -aes-128-cfb1\n-aes-128-cfb8              -aes-128-ctr               -aes-128-ecb\n-aes-128-ofb               -aes-192-cbc               -aes-192-cfb\n-aes-192-cfb1              -aes-192-cfb8              -aes-192-ctr\n-aes-192-ecb               -aes-192-ofb               -aes-256-cbc\n-aes-256-cfb               -aes-256-cfb1              -aes-256-cfb8\n-aes-256-ctr               -aes-256-ecb               -aes-256-ofb\n-aes128                    -aes128-wrap               -aes192\n-aes192-wrap               -aes256                    -aes256-wrap\n-aria-128-cbc              -aria-128-cfb              -aria-128-cfb1\n-aria-128-cfb8             -aria-128-ctr              -aria-128-ecb\n-aria-128-ofb              -aria-192-cbc              -aria-192-cfb\n-aria-192-cfb1             -aria-192-cfb8             -aria-192-ctr\n-aria-192-ecb              -aria-192-ofb              -aria-256-cbc\n-aria-256-cfb              -aria-256-cfb1             -aria-256-cfb8\n-aria-256-ctr              -aria-256-ecb              -aria-256-ofb\n-aria128                   -aria192                   -aria256\n-bf                        -bf-cbc                    -bf-cfb\n-bf-ecb                    -bf-ofb                    -blowfish\n-camellia-128-cbc          -camellia-128-cfb          -camellia-128-cfb1\n-camellia-128-cfb8         -camellia-128-ctr          -camellia-128-ecb\n-camellia-128-ofb          -camellia-192-cbc          -camellia-192-cfb\n-camellia-192-cfb1         -camellia-192-cfb8         -camellia-192-ctr\n-camellia-192-ecb          -camellia-192-ofb          -camellia-256-cbc\n-camellia-256-cfb          -camellia-256-cfb1         -camellia-256-cfb8\n-camellia-256-ctr          -camellia-256-ecb          -camellia-256-ofb\n-camellia128               -camellia192               -camellia256\n-cast                      -cast-cbc                  -cast5-cbc\n-cast5-cfb                 -cast5-ecb                 -cast5-ofb\n-chacha20                  -des                       -des-cbc\n-des-cfb                   -des-cfb1                  -des-cfb8\n-des-ecb                   -des-ede                   -des-ede-cbc\n-des-ede-cfb               -des-ede-ecb               -des-ede-ofb\n-des-ede3                  -des-ede3-cbc              -des-ede3-cfb\n-des-ede3-cfb1             -des-ede3-cfb8             -des-ede3-ecb\n-des-ede3-ofb              -des-ofb                   -des3\n-des3-wrap                 -desx                      -desx-cbc\n-id-aes128-wrap            -id-aes128-wrap-pad        -id-aes192-wrap\n-id-aes192-wrap-pad        -id-aes256-wrap            -id-aes256-wrap-pad\n-id-smime-alg-CMS3DESwrap  -idea                      -idea-cbc\n-idea-cfb                  -idea-ecb                  -idea-ofb\n-rc2                       -rc2-128                   -rc2-40\n-rc2-40-cbc                -rc2-64                    -rc2-64-cbc\n-rc2-cbc                   -rc2-cfb                   -rc2-ecb\n-rc2-ofb                   -rc4                       -rc4-40\n-rc5-cbc                   -rc5-cfb                   -rc5-ecb\n-rc5-ofb                   -seed                      -seed-cbc\n-seed-cfb                  -seed-ecb                  -seed-ofb\n\n[root@centos8 ~]#<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>1.\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u60f3\u4f7f\u7528AES-256-CBC\u7b97\u6cd5\u52a0\u5bc6\u4e00\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u4e0b\u9762\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">openssl enc -aes-256-cbc -salt -in plaintext.txt -out ciphertext.txt -pass pass:yourpassword<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u4f1a\u4f7f\u7528\u4f60\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u5bc6\u7801\u548c\u4e00\u4e2a\u968f\u673a\u751f\u6210\u7684\u76d0\u503c\uff0c\u5bf9<code>plaintext.txt<\/code>\u6587\u4ef6\u8fdb\u884c\u52a0\u5bc6\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u5c06\u52a0\u5bc6\u540e\u7684\u6570\u636e\u4fdd\u5b58\u5230<code>ciphertext.txt<\/code>\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>2.\u52a0\u5bc6\u6587\u4ef6\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">openssl enc -ciphername -in filename -out outfilename -pass pass:your_password<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u5176\u4e2d\uff0c<code>ciphername<\/code> \u662f\u4f60\u60f3\u8981\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u52a0\u5bc6\u7b97\u6cd5\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982 <code>-aes-256-cbc<\/code>\uff1b\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528openssl enc --list\u67e5\u770b\u6709\u54ea\u4e9b\u52a0\u5bc6\u7b97\u6cd5\u3002<code>filename<\/code> \u662f\u4f60\u60f3\u8981\u52a0\u5bc6\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u540d\uff1b<code>outfilename<\/code> \u662f\u8f93\u51fa\u7684\u52a0\u5bc6\u6587\u4ef6\u540d\uff1b<code>your_password<\/code> \u662f\u4f60\u8bbe\u7f6e\u7684\u5bc6\u7801\u3002<\/p>\n<p>3.\u89e3\u5bc6\u6587\u4ef6\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">openssl enc -ciphername -d -in filename -out outfilename -pass pass:your_password<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u51e0\u4e4e\u4e0e\u52a0\u5bc6\u547d\u4ee4\u76f8\u540c\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u591a\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a <code>-d<\/code> \u6807\u5fd7\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6807\u5fd7\u8868\u793a &quot;\u89e3\u5bc6&quot;\u3002\u5176\u4ed6\u53c2\u6570\u7684\u542b\u4e49\u4e0e\u4e0a\u8ff0\u76f8\u540c\u3002<\/p>\n<p>4.\u4f7f\u7528 base64 \u7f16\u7801\u6587\u4ef6\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">openssl enc -base64 -in plainfile.txt -out base64file.txt<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u4f1a\u5c06 &quot;plainfile.txt&quot; \u7f16\u7801\u4e3a base64 \u683c\u5f0f\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u7ed3\u679c\u5b58\u50a8\u5728 &quot;base64file.txt&quot;\u3002<\/p>\n<p>5.\u89e3\u7801 base64 \u7f16\u7801\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">openssl enc -base64 -d -in base64file.txt -out decodedfile.txt<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u4f1a\u5c06 &quot;base64file.txt&quot; \u89e3\u7801\u4e3a\u539f\u59cb\u683c\u5f0f\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u7ed3\u679c\u5b58\u50a8\u5728 &quot;decodedfile.txt&quot;\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>openssl dgst<\/h3>\n<blockquote>\n<p><code>openssl dgst<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u7528\u4e8e\u8ba1\u7b97\u6587\u4ef6\u6216\u8005\u8f93\u5165\u6570\u636e\u7684\u6d88\u606f\u6458\u8981\uff08\u901a\u5e38\u79f0\u4e3a\u54c8\u5e0c\u503c\uff09\u3002\u5b83\u652f\u6301\u591a\u79cd\u54c8\u5e0c\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u4f46\u4e0d\u9650\u4e8e MD5\u3001SHA1\u3001SHA256\u3001SHA512 \u7b49\u3002\u4ee5\u4e0b\u662f\u8be5\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u4e3b\u8981\u9009\u9879\u7684\u89e3\u91ca<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<ul>\n<li><code>file...<\/code>\uff1a\u8981\u8ba1\u7b97\u6458\u8981\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u540d\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6ca1\u6709\u63d0\u4f9b\u6587\u4ef6\u540d\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48 <code>dgst<\/code> \u5c06\u4ece\u6807\u51c6\u8f93\u5165\uff08stdin\uff09\u8bfb\u53d6\u6570\u636e\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-help<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u5e2e\u52a9\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-list<\/code>\uff1a\u5217\u51fa\u6240\u6709\u53ef\u7528\u7684\u6458\u8981\u7b97\u6cd5\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-c<\/code>\uff1a\u4ee5\u5192\u53f7\u5206\u9694\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u8f93\u51fa\u6458\u8981\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-r<\/code>\uff1a\u4ee5 coreutils \u683c\u5f0f\uff08\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab <code>read<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u89e3\u6790\uff09\u8f93\u51fa\u6458\u8981\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-out outfile<\/code>\uff1a\u5c06\u8f93\u51fa\u5199\u5165\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u6807\u51c6\u8f93\u51fa\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-passin val<\/code>\uff1a\u6307\u5b9a\u8f93\u5165\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u5bc6\u7801\u6765\u6e90\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-sign val<\/code>\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528\u79c1\u94a5\u5bf9\u6458\u8981\u8fdb\u884c\u7b7e\u540d\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-verify val<\/code>\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528\u516c\u94a5\u9a8c\u8bc1\u7b7e\u540d\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-prverify val<\/code>\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528\u79c1\u94a5\u9a8c\u8bc1\u7b7e\u540d\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-signature infile<\/code>\uff1a\u5305\u542b\u8981\u9a8c\u8bc1\u7684\u7b7e\u540d\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-keyform format<\/code>\uff1a\u5bc6\u94a5\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u683c\u5f0f\uff08PEM \u6216 ENGINE\uff09\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-hex<\/code>\uff1a\u4ee5\u5341\u516d\u8fdb\u5236\u5f62\u5f0f\u8f93\u51fa\u6458\u8981\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-binary<\/code>\uff1a\u4ee5\u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236\u5f62\u5f0f\u8f93\u51fa\u6458\u8981\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-d<\/code> \u548c <code>-debug<\/code>\uff1a\u6253\u5370\u8c03\u8bd5\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-fips-fingerprint<\/code>\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528\u5728 OpenSSL-FIPS \u4e2d\u7528\u4e8e\u6307\u7eb9\u7684\u5bc6\u94a5\u8ba1\u7b97 HMAC\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-hmac val<\/code>\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528\u5bc6\u94a5\u521b\u5efa\u54c8\u5e0c MAC\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-mac val<\/code>\uff1a\u521b\u5efa MAC\uff08\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u662f HMAC\uff09\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-sigopt val<\/code>\uff1a\u4ee5 n:v \u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u7b7e\u540d\u53c2\u6570\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-macopt val<\/code>\uff1a\u4ee5 n:v \u5f62\u5f0f\u7684 MAC \u7b97\u6cd5\u53c2\u6570\u6216\u5bc6\u94a5\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-rand val<\/code>\uff1a\u52a0\u8f7d\u6587\u4ef6\u5230\u968f\u673a\u6570\u751f\u6210\u5668\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-writerand outfile<\/code>\uff1a\u5c06\u968f\u673a\u6570\u636e\u5199\u5165\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-engine val<\/code>\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528\u5f15\u64ce e\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u786c\u4ef6\u8bbe\u5907\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-engine_impl<\/code>\uff1a\u4e5f\u4f7f\u7528\u7531 <code>-engine<\/code> \u7ed9\u51fa\u7684\u5f15\u64ce\u8fdb\u884c\u6458\u8981\u64cd\u4f5c\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-*<\/code>\uff1a\u4efb\u4f55\u652f\u6301\u7684\u6458\u8981\u7b97\u6cd5\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">#\u652f\u6301\u7684\u52a0\u5bc6\u7b97\u6cd5\n[root@centos8 ~]#openssl dgst --list\nSupported digests:\n-blake2b512                -blake2s256                -md4\n-md5                       -md5-sha1                  -ripemd\n-ripemd160                 -rmd160                    -sha1\n-sha224                    -sha256                    -sha3-224\n-sha3-256                  -sha3-384                  -sha3-512\n-sha384                    -sha512                    -sha512-224\n-sha512-256                -shake128                  -shake256\n-sm3                       -ssl3-md5                  -ssl3-sha1\n-whirlpool\n[root@centos8 ~]#<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u60f3\u8ba1\u7b97\u4e00\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u7684 SHA-256 \u6458\u8981\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u4ee5\u4e0b\u547d\u4ee4\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">openssl dgst -sha256 filename<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8fd9\u5c06\u8f93\u51fa\u6587\u4ef6\u7684 SHA-256 \u6458\u8981\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u60f3\u8981\u4f7f\u7528 HMAC\uff08\u5e26\u5bc6\u94a5\u7684\u54c8\u5e0c\u6d88\u606f\u8ba4\u8bc1\u7801\uff09\u8ba1\u7b97\u6458\u8981\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 <code>-hmac<\/code> \u9009\u9879\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">openssl dgst -sha256 -hmac &quot;key&quot; filename<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>1.\u5bf9\u6587\u4ef6\u8fdb\u884c\u54c8\u5e0c\u5e76\u7b7e\u540d<\/p>\n<p>\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528<code>openssl dgst<\/code>\u547d\u4ee4\u548c\u4f60\u7684\u79c1\u94a5\u6765\u5bf9\u4e00\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u6458\u8981\u8fdb\u884c\u7b7e\u540d\u3002\u5047\u8bbe\u4f60\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u540d\u4e3a&quot;private.pem&quot;\u7684\u79c1\u94a5\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u4ee5\u4e0b\u547d\u4ee4\u6765\u7b7e\u540d\u4e00\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">openssl dgst -sha256 -sign private.pem -out signature.sig inputfile<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u4f1a\u8ba1\u7b97&quot;inputfile&quot;\u7684SHA-256\u6458\u8981\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u4f7f\u7528\u4f60\u7684\u79c1\u94a5\u5bf9\u5b83\u8fdb\u884c\u7b7e\u540d\u3002\u7b7e\u540d\u5c06\u88ab\u5199\u5165&quot;signature.sig&quot;\u6587\u4ef6<\/p>\n<p>2.\u9a8c\u8bc1\u7b7e\u540d<\/p>\n<p>\u5047\u8bbe\u4f60\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u516c\u94a5\u6587\u4ef6&quot;public.pem&quot;\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u5b83\u6765\u9a8c\u8bc1\u4e0a\u9762\u751f\u6210\u7684\u7b7e\u540d\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">openssl dgst -sha256 -verify public.pem -signature signature.sig inputfile<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u5c06\u9a8c\u8bc1&quot;inputfile&quot;\u7684SHA-256\u6458\u8981\u4e0e&quot;signature.sig&quot;\u4e2d\u7684\u7b7e\u540d\u662f\u5426\u5339\u914d\u3002\u5982\u679c\u5339\u914d\uff0c\u5b83\u5c06\u8f93\u51fa&quot;Verified OK&quot;\uff1b\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u5339\u914d\uff0c\u5b83\u5c06\u8f93\u51fa&quot;Verification Failure&quot;\u3002<\/p>\n<p>3.\u521b\u5efaHMAC\uff08\u5e26\u5bc6\u94a5\u7684\u54c8\u5e0c\u6d88\u606f\u8ba4\u8bc1\u7801\uff09<\/p>\n<p>\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528<code>openssl dgst<\/code>\u547d\u4ee4\u548c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5bc6\u94a5\u6765\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2aHMAC\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e0b\u547d\u4ee4\u4f7f\u7528SHA-256\u7b97\u6cd5\u548c\u5bc6\u94a5&quot;secretkey&quot;\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2aHMAC\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">openssl dgst -sha256 -hmac &quot;secretkey&quot; -out hmac.txt inputfile<\/code><\/pre>\n<h3>openssl genrsa<\/h3>\n<p><code>openssl genrsa<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u7528\u4e8e\u751f\u6210 RSA \u79c1\u94a5\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u751f\u6210 SSL \u8bc1\u4e66\u6216 SSH \u5bc6\u94a5\u5bf9\u7684\u5e38\u89c1\u6b65\u9aa4\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u4e0b\u9762\u662f\u5bf9\u5b83\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u9009\u9879\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>-help<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u5e2e\u52a9\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-3<\/code>\uff1a\u8bbe\u7f6e\u516c\u94a5\u6307\u6570\u503c\u4e3a3\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-F4<\/code> \u6216 <code>-f4<\/code>\uff1a\u8bbe\u7f6e\u516c\u94a5\u6307\u6570\u503c\u4e3a65537\uff080x10001\uff09\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-out outfile<\/code>\uff1a\u5c06\u751f\u6210\u7684\u79c1\u94a5\u8f93\u51fa\u5230\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-rand val<\/code>\uff1a\u52a0\u8f7d\u6587\u4ef6\u5230\u968f\u673a\u6570\u751f\u6210\u5668\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-writerand outfile<\/code>\uff1a\u5c06\u968f\u673a\u6570\u636e\u5199\u5165\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-passout val<\/code>\uff1a\u8bbe\u7f6e\u8f93\u51fa\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u5bc6\u7801\u6e90\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-*<\/code>\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528\u4efb\u4f55\u652f\u6301\u7684\u5bc6\u7801\u7b97\u6cd5\u5bf9\u8f93\u51fa\u8fdb\u884c\u52a0\u5bc6\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-engine val<\/code>\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528\u5f15\u64ce\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u786c\u4ef6\u8bbe\u5907\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-primes +int<\/code>\uff1a\u6307\u5b9a\u7528\u4e8e\u751f\u6210\u5bc6\u94a5\u7684\u7d20\u6570\u6570\u91cf\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u4ee5\u4e0b\u662f <code>openssl genrsa<\/code> \u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u4f7f\u7528\u5b9e\u4f8b\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>1.\u751f\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a 2048 \u4f4d\u7684 RSA \u79c1\u94a5\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">openssl genrsa -out private_key.pem 2048\n\nRSA \u5bc6\u94a5\u7684\u957f\u5ea6\u53ef\u4ee5\u6839\u636e\u9700\u8981\u9009\u62e9\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u503c\u3002\u5e38\u7528\u7684\u5bc6\u94a5\u957f\u5ea6\u6709 2048\u30013072 \u548c 4096 \u7b49\u3002\n\n\u8f83\u77ed\u7684\u5bc6\u94a5\u957f\u5ea6\u751f\u6210\u901f\u5ea6\u8f83\u5feb\uff0c\u4f46\u5b89\u5168\u6027\u8f83\u4f4e\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u5bb9\u6613\u53d7\u5230\u653b\u51fb\u3002\u8f83\u957f\u7684\u5bc6\u94a5\u957f\u5ea6\u751f\u6210\u901f\u5ea6\u8f83\u6162\uff0c\u4f46\u63d0\u4f9b\u66f4\u9ad8\u7684\u5b89\u5168\u6027\u3002\u4e00\u822c\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c2048 \u4f4d\u7684\u5bc6\u94a5\u5df2\u88ab\u5e7f\u6cdb\u63a5\u53d7\u4e3a\u5b89\u5168\u6027\u8f83\u9ad8\u4e14\u6027\u80fd\u8f83\u597d\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u3002\n\n\u60a8\u53ef\u4ee5\u6839\u636e\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u9700\u6c42\u548c\u5b89\u5168\u8981\u6c42\u9009\u62e9\u9002\u5f53\u7684\u5bc6\u94a5\u957f\u5ea6\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u8bf7\u6ce8\u610f\uff0c\u8f83\u957f\u7684\u5bc6\u94a5\u957f\u5ea6\u4e5f\u4f1a\u589e\u52a0\u52a0\u5bc6\u548c\u89e3\u5bc6\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u8d1f\u62c5\u3002<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>2.\u751f\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a 2048 \u4f4d\u7684 RSA \u79c1\u94a5\u5e76\u7528\u5bc6\u7801\u4fdd\u62a4\uff08\u52a0\u5bc6\uff09\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">openssl genrsa -des3 -out private_key.pem 2048<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u5f53\u4f60\u8fd0\u884c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u65f6\uff0cOpenSSL \u4f1a\u8981\u6c42\u4f60\u8f93\u5165\u4e00\u4e2a\u5bc6\u7801\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5bc6\u7801\u4f1a\u7528\u4e8e\u52a0\u5bc6\u79c1\u94a5\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u5728\u4f7f\u7528\u79c1\u94a5\u65f6\uff08\u6bd4\u5982\u4e3a\u8bc1\u4e66\u7b7e\u540d\u6216\u5efa\u7acb SSL \u8fde\u63a5\uff09\uff0c\u4f60\u9700\u8981\u63d0\u4f9b\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5bc6\u7801\u3002<\/p>\n<p>3.\u751f\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u5177\u6709\u7279\u5b9a\u516c\u94a5\u6307\u6570\u7684 RSA \u79c1\u94a5\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">openssl genrsa -3 -out private_key.pem 2048<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u4f1a\u751f\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a 2048 \u4f4d\u7684 RSA \u79c1\u94a5\uff0c\u5176\u516c\u94a5\u6307\u6570\u4e3a3\uff08\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u9ed8\u8ba4\u768465537\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>4.\u751f\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a2048\u4f4d\u7684RSA\u79c1\u94a5\uff0c\u5e76\u4f7f\u7528AES-256-CBC\u8fdb\u884c\u52a0\u5bc6\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">openssl genrsa -aes256 -out private_key.pem 2048<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u5728\u8fd0\u884c\u6b64\u547d\u4ee4\u65f6\uff0c\u4f60\u5c06\u88ab\u8981\u6c42\u8f93\u5165\u4e00\u4e2a\u5bc6\u7801\uff0c\u8be5\u5bc6\u7801\u5c06\u88ab\u7528\u4e8e\u52a0\u5bc6\u79c1\u94a5\u6587\u4ef6\u3002<\/p>\n<p>5.\u4f7f\u7528\u968f\u673a\u6587\u4ef6\u751f\u62102048\u4f4d\u7684RSA\u79c1\u94a5\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">openssl genrsa -rand \/path\/to\/random\/file -out private_key.pem 2048<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u4f1a\u4f7f\u7528\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u968f\u673a\u6587\u4ef6\u6765\u63d0\u9ad8\u751f\u6210\u79c1\u94a5\u65f6\u7684\u968f\u673a\u6027\u3002\u8fd9\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5728\u968f\u673a\u6027\u53ef\u80fd\u8f83\u5dee\u7684\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\uff08\u6bd4\u5982\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u865a\u62df\u673a\u4e2d\uff09\u751f\u6210\u5bc6\u94a5\u53ef\u80fd\u5f88\u6709\u5e2e\u52a9\u30026.\u751f\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u591a\u7d20\u6570RSA\u79c1\u94a5\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">openssl genrsa -primes 3 -out private_key.pem 2048<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u6b63\u5e38\u7684RSA\u79c1\u94a5\u662f\u7531\u4e24\u4e2a\u7d20\u6570\u7684\u4e58\u79ef\u6784\u6210\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u751f\u6210\u7684\u79c1\u94a5\uff0c\u662f\u7531\u4e09\u4e2a\u7d20\u6570\u7684\u4e58\u79ef\u6784\u6210\u7684\u3002\u591a\u7d20\u6570RSA\u53ef\u4ee5\u63d0\u9ad8RSA\u64cd\u4f5c\u7684\u901f\u5ea6\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4f1a\u964d\u4f4e\u5b89\u5168\u6027\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5e94\u8c28\u614e\u4f7f\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>openssl rsa<\/h3>\n<p><code>openssl rsa<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u4e3b\u8981\u7528\u4e8e\u5904\u7406 RSA \u5bc6\u94a5\u3002\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u5b83\u6765\u67e5\u770b\u5bc6\u94a5\u8be6\u60c5\uff0c\u8f6c\u6362\u5bc6\u94a5\u683c\u5f0f\uff0c\u63d0\u53d6\u516c\u94a5\u7b49\u3002\u4e0b\u9762\u662f\u5bf9\u5b83\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u9009\u9879\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>-help<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u5e2e\u52a9\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-inform format<\/code>\uff1a\u8f93\u5165\u683c\u5f0f\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f DER \u6216 PEM\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-outform format<\/code>\uff1a\u8f93\u51fa\u683c\u5f0f\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f DER\u3001PEM \u6216 PVK\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-in val<\/code>\uff1a\u8f93\u5165\u6587\u4ef6\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-out outfile<\/code>\uff1a\u8f93\u51fa\u6587\u4ef6\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-pubin<\/code>\uff1a\u6307\u793a\u8f93\u5165\u6587\u4ef6\u662f\u516c\u94a5\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-pubout<\/code>\uff1a\u8f93\u51fa\u516c\u94a5\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-passout val<\/code>\uff1a\u8bbe\u7f6e\u8f93\u51fa\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u5bc6\u7801\u6e90\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-passin val<\/code>\uff1a\u8bbe\u7f6e\u8f93\u5165\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u5bc6\u7801\u6e90\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-RSAPublicKey_in<\/code>\uff1a\u8f93\u5165\u662f RSAPublicKey\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-RSAPublicKey_out<\/code>\uff1a\u8f93\u51fa\u662f RSAPublicKey\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-noout<\/code>\uff1a\u4e0d\u6253\u5370\u5bc6\u94a5\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-text<\/code>\uff1a\u4ee5\u6587\u672c\u65b9\u5f0f\u6253\u5370\u5bc6\u94a5\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-modulus<\/code>\uff1a\u6253\u5370 RSA \u5bc6\u94a5\u7684\u6a21\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-check<\/code>\uff1a\u9a8c\u8bc1\u5bc6\u94a5\u7684\u4e00\u81f4\u6027\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-*<\/code>\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528\u4efb\u4f55\u652f\u6301\u7684\u5bc6\u7801\u7b97\u6cd5\u5bf9\u79c1\u94a5\u8fdb\u884c\u52a0\u5bc6\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-pvk-strong<\/code>\uff1a\u542f\u7528\u201c\u5f3a\u201dPVK\u7f16\u7801\u7ea7\u522b\uff08\u9ed8\u8ba4\uff09\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-pvk-weak<\/code>\uff1a\u542f\u7528\u201c\u5f31\u201dPVK\u7f16\u7801\u7ea7\u522b\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-pvk-none<\/code>\uff1a\u4e0d\u5f3a\u5236 PVK \u7f16\u7801\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-engine val<\/code>\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528\u5f15\u64ce\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u786c\u4ef6\u8bbe\u5907\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u4ee5\u4e0b\u662f <code>openssl rsa<\/code> \u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u4f7f\u7528\u5b9e\u4f8b\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>1.\u67e5\u770b RSA \u79c1\u94a5\u7684\u8be6\u7ec6\u4fe1\u606f\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">openssl rsa -in private_key.pem -text -noout<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>2.\u4ece RSA \u79c1\u94a5\u4e2d\u63d0\u53d6\u516c\u94a5\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">openssl rsa -in private_key.pem -pubout -out public_key.pem<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>3.\u68c0\u67e5 RSA \u79c1\u94a5\u7684\u4e00\u81f4\u6027\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">openssl rsa -in private_key.pem -check<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>4.\u8f6c\u6362 RSA \u79c1\u94a5\u7684\u683c\u5f0f\uff08\u6bd4\u5982\u4ece PEM \u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a DER\uff09\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">openssl rsa -in private_key.pem -outform DER -out private_key.der<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>5.\u4ece RSA \u5bc6\u94a5\u4e2d\u63d0\u53d6\u6a21\u6570\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">openssl rsa -in private_key.pem -modulus -noout<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u4f1a\u6253\u5370\u51fa RSA \u5bc6\u94a5\u7684\u6a21\u6570\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u503c\u662f\u5728 RSA \u5bc6\u94a5\u751f\u6210\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u4e24\u4e2a\u5927\u7d20\u6570\u7684\u4e58\u79ef\uff0c\u662f\u516c\u5f00\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>6.\u5220\u9664 RSA \u79c1\u94a5\u7684\u5bc6\u7801\u4fdd\u62a4\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">openssl rsa -in encrypted_private_key.pem -out decrypted_private_key.pem<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u5728\u8fd0\u884c\u6b64\u547d\u4ee4\u65f6\uff0cOpenSSL \u4f1a\u8981\u6c42\u4f60\u8f93\u5165\u539f\u59cb\u79c1\u94a5\u7684\u5bc6\u7801\u3002\u7136\u540e\u5b83\u4f1a\u751f\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\uff0c\u672a\u52a0\u5bc6\u7684\u79c1\u94a5\u6587\u4ef6\u3002<\/p>\n<p>7.\u6dfb\u52a0\u5bc6\u7801\u4fdd\u62a4\u5230 RSA \u79c1\u94a5\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">openssl rsa -in private_key.pem -des3 -out encrypted_private_key.pem<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u4f1a\u8ba9\u4f60\u4e3a\u79c1\u94a5\u8f93\u5165\u4e00\u4e2a\u5bc6\u7801\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u5b83\u4f1a\u4f7f\u7528 DES3 \u52a0\u5bc6\u7b97\u6cd5\u751f\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u52a0\u5bc6\u79c1\u94a5\u6587\u4ef6<\/p>\n<p>8.\u5c06\u516c\u94a5\u683c\u5f0f\u4ece RSAPublicKey \u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a SubjectPublicKeyInfo\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">openssl rsa -pubin -in public_key.pem -RSAPublicKey_out -out spki_public_key.pem<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u5728 X.509 \u8bc1\u4e66\u4e2d\uff0c\u516c\u94a5\u901a\u5e38\u4ee5 SubjectPublicKeyInfo \u683c\u5f0f\u8868\u793a\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u5de5\u5177\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u751f\u6210 RSAPublicKey \u683c\u5f0f\u7684\u516c\u94a5\u3002\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u6765\u8fdb\u884c\u8f6c\u6362\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>openssl rsault<\/h3>\n<p><code>openssl rsautl<\/code> \u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7528\u4e8e RSA \u52a0\u5bc6\u548c\u89e3\u5bc6\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u3002\u5b83\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u4e8e\u7b7e\u540d\u548c\u9a8c\u8bc1\u3002\u4ee5\u4e0b\u662f\u5b83\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u9009\u9879\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>-help<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u5e2e\u52a9\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-in infile<\/code>\uff1a\u8f93\u5165\u6587\u4ef6\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-out outfile<\/code>\uff1a\u8f93\u51fa\u6587\u4ef6\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-inkey val<\/code>\uff1a\u8f93\u5165\u5bc6\u94a5\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-keyform PEM|DER|ENGINE<\/code>\uff1a\u79c1\u94a5\u683c\u5f0f\uff0c\u9ed8\u8ba4\u4e3a PEM\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-pubin<\/code>\uff1a\u6307\u793a\u8f93\u5165\u7684\u662f\u516c\u94a5\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-certin<\/code>\uff1a\u8f93\u5165\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u643a\u5e26 RSA \u516c\u94a5\u7684\u8bc1\u4e66\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-ssl<\/code>\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528 SSL v2 \u586b\u5145\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-raw<\/code>\uff1a\u4e0d\u4f7f\u7528\u586b\u5145\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-pkcs<\/code>\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528 PKCS#1 v1.5 \u586b\u5145\uff08\u9ed8\u8ba4\uff09\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-oaep<\/code>\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528 PKCS#1 OAEP\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-sign<\/code>\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528\u79c1\u94a5\u7b7e\u540d\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-verify<\/code>\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528\u516c\u94a5\u9a8c\u8bc1\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-asn1parse<\/code>\uff1a\u901a\u8fc7 asn1parse \u8fd0\u884c\u8f93\u51fa\uff1b\u548c <code>-verify<\/code> \u4e00\u8d77\u4f7f\u7528\u5f88\u6709\u7528\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-hexdump<\/code>\uff1a16\u8fdb\u5236\u8f93\u51fa\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-x931<\/code>\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528 ANSI X9.31 \u586b\u5145\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-rev<\/code>\uff1a\u53cd\u8f6c\u8f93\u5165\u7f13\u51b2\u533a\u7684\u987a\u5e8f\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-encrypt<\/code>\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528\u516c\u94a5\u52a0\u5bc6\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-decrypt<\/code>\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528\u79c1\u94a5\u89e3\u5bc6\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-passin val<\/code>\uff1a\u8f93\u5165\u6587\u4ef6\u5bc6\u7801\u6e90\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-rand val<\/code>\uff1a\u52a0\u8f7d\u6587\u4ef6\u5230\u968f\u673a\u6570\u751f\u6210\u5668\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-writerand outfile<\/code>\uff1a\u5c06\u968f\u673a\u6570\u636e\u5199\u5165\u6307\u5b9a\u6587\u4ef6\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-engine val<\/code>\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528\u5f15\u64ce\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u786c\u4ef6\u8bbe\u5907<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>1.\u4f7f\u7528\u516c\u94a5\u52a0\u5bc6\u6587\u4ef6\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">echo &#039;Hello, world!&#039; | openssl rsautl -encrypt -pubin -inkey public.pem &gt; encrypted.bin<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>2.\u4f7f\u7528\u79c1\u94a5\u89e3\u5bc6\u6587\u4ef6\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">openssl rsautl -decrypt -inkey private.pem -in encrypted.bin<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>3.\u4f7f\u7528\u79c1\u94a5\u7b7e\u540d\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u5e76\u7528\u516c\u94a5\u9a8c\u8bc1\u7b7e\u540d\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">openssl rsautl -sign -inkey private.pem -in input.txt -out signature.bin\nopenssl rsautl -verify -pubin -inkey public.pem -in signature.bin -asn1parse<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>4.\u4f7f\u7528 PKCS#1 OAEP \u586b\u5145\uff08\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u63d0\u4f9b\u989d\u5916\u5b89\u5168\u6027\u7684\u586b\u5145\u65b9\u5f0f\uff09\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">echo &#039;Hello, world!&#039; | openssl rsautl -encrypt -oaep -pubin -inkey public.pem &gt; encrypted.bin<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>5.\u4f7f\u7528 SSL v2 \u586b\u5145\uff08\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u65e7\u7684\u586b\u5145\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u73b0\u5728\u5df2\u7ecf\u5f88\u5c11\u4f7f\u7528\u4e86\uff09\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">echo &#039;Hello, world!&#039; | openssl rsautl -encrypt -ssl -pubin -inkey public.pem &gt; encrypted.bin<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>6.\u4f7f\u7528 RAW \u6a21\u5f0f\uff08\u4e0d\u8fdb\u884c\u4efb\u4f55\u586b\u5145\uff0c\u4ec5\u7528\u4e8e\u7279\u6b8a\u60c5\u51b5\uff09\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">echo &#039;Hello, world!&#039; | openssl rsautl -encrypt -raw -pubin -inkey public.pem &gt; encrypted.bin<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>7.\u4f7f\u7528\u516c\u94a5\u89e3\u5bc6\uff08\u8fd9\u662f\u975e\u6807\u51c6\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c\uff0c\u5e94\u8be5\u907f\u514d\u5728\u5b9e\u9645\u5e94\u7528\u4e2d\u4f7f\u7528\uff09\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">openssl rsautl -decrypt -pubin -inkey public.pem -in encrypted.bin<\/code><\/pre>\n<h3>openssl dsa<\/h3>\n<p><code>openssl dsa<\/code> \u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7528\u4e8e\u5904\u7406 DSA \uff08Digital Signature Algorithm \u6570\u5b57\u7b7e\u540d\u7b97\u6cd5\uff09\u5bc6\u94a5\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u3002\u4ee5\u4e0b\u662f\u5b83\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u9009\u9879\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>-help<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u5e2e\u52a9\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-inform format<\/code>\uff1a\u8f93\u5165\u683c\u5f0f\uff0c\u53ef\u9009 DER\u3001PEM\u3001PVK\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-outform format<\/code>\uff1a\u8f93\u51fa\u683c\u5f0f\uff0c\u53ef\u9009 DER\u3001PEM\u3001PVK\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-in val<\/code>\uff1a\u8f93\u5165\u7684\u5bc6\u94a5\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-out outfile<\/code>\uff1a\u8f93\u51fa\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-noout<\/code>\uff1a\u4e0d\u8f93\u51fa\u5bc6\u94a5\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-text<\/code>\uff1a\u4ee5\u6587\u672c\u5f62\u5f0f\u6253\u5370\u5bc6\u94a5\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-modulus<\/code>\uff1a\u6253\u5370 DSA \u7684\u516c\u5171\u503c\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-pubin<\/code>\uff1a\u6307\u793a\u8f93\u5165\u7684\u662f\u516c\u94a5\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-pubout<\/code>\uff1a\u8f93\u51fa\u516c\u94a5\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u79c1\u94a5\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-passin val<\/code>\uff1a\u8f93\u5165\u6587\u4ef6\u5bc6\u7801\u6e90\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-passout val<\/code>\uff1a\u8f93\u51fa\u6587\u4ef6\u5bc6\u7801\u6e90\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-*<\/code>\uff1a\u4efb\u4f55\u652f\u6301\u7684\u52a0\u5bc6\u7b97\u6cd5\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-pvk-strong<\/code>\uff1a\u542f\u7528 'Strong' PVK \u7f16\u7801\u7ea7\u522b\uff08\u9ed8\u8ba4\uff09\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-pvk-weak<\/code>\uff1a\u542f\u7528 'Weak' PVK \u7f16\u7801\u7ea7\u522b\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-pvk-none<\/code>\uff1a\u4e0d\u5f3a\u5236 PVK \u7f16\u7801\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-engine val<\/code>\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528\u5f15\u64ce\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u786c\u4ef6\u8bbe\u5907\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u4ee5\u4e0b\u662f\u4e00\u4e9b <code>openssl dsa<\/code> \u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u5b9e\u4f8b\uff1a<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u67e5\u770b DSA \u79c1\u94a5\u7684\u8be6\u7ec6\u4fe1\u606f<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">openssl dsa -in private_key.pem -text -noout<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>2.\u63d0\u53d6 DSA \u516c\u94a5\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">openssl dsa -in private_key.pem -pubout -out public_key.pem<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>3.\u5c06 DSA \u79c1\u94a5\u7684\u683c\u5f0f\u4ece DER \u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a PEM\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">openssl dsa -inform DER -in private_key.der -out private_key.pem<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>4.\u4ece DSA \u79c1\u94a5\u4e2d\u63d0\u53d6\u6a21\u6570\uff08\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u516c\u5171\u503c\uff09\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">openssl dsa -in private_key.pem -modulus -noout<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>5.\u5220\u9664 DSA \u79c1\u94a5\u7684\u5bc6\u7801\u4fdd\u62a4\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">openssl dsa -in encrypted_private_key.pem -out decrypted_private_key.pem<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>6.\u4f7f\u7528<code>-pvk-strong<\/code>\uff0c<code>-pvk-weak<\/code>\u548c<code>-pvk-none<\/code>\u9009\u9879\u6765\u63a7\u5236PVK\uff08Private Key\uff09\u7f16\u7801\u7684\u5f3a\u5ea6\u3002\u9ed8\u8ba4\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0copenssl\u4f1a\u4f7f\u7528\u5f3a\u7684PVK\u7f16\u7801\u7ea7\u522b\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u80fd\u9700\u8981\u964d\u4f4e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7ea7\u522b\u6216\u8005\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u4f7f\u7528PVK\u7f16\u7801\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">openssl dsa -in private_key.pem -out private_key.pvk -pvk-weak<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>7<code>-engine<\/code>\u9009\u9879\u53ef\u4ee5\u6307\u5b9a\u4e00\u4e2a\u52a0\u5bc6\u5f15\u64ce\u3002\u8fd9\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u5f88\u6709\u7528\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u5f53\u4f60\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u786c\u4ef6\u52a0\u5bc6\u8bbe\u5907\u65f6\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u5229\u7528\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bbe\u5907\u6765\u63d0\u9ad8\u52a0\u5bc6\u64cd\u4f5c\u7684\u901f\u5ea6\u3002<\/p>\n<p>8.\u4f7f\u7528<code>-passin<\/code>\u548c<code>-passout<\/code>\u9009\u9879\u6765\u4ece\u4e00\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u6216\u8005\u5176\u4ed6\u6765\u6e90\u83b7\u53d6\u8f93\u5165\u548c\u8f93\u51fa\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u5bc6\u7801\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ece\u4e00\u4e2a\u73af\u5883\u53d8\u91cf\u83b7\u53d6\u5bc6\u7801\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">openssl dsa -in private_key.pem -out encrypted_private_key.pem -passout env:PASSWORD<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>9.<code>-*<\/code>\u9009\u9879\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u6765\u6307\u5b9a\u4e00\u4e2a\u52a0\u5bc6\u7b97\u6cd5\u3002\u8fd9\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u6765\u52a0\u5bc6\u79c1\u94a5\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528AES-256-CBC\u7b97\u6cd5\u6765\u52a0\u5bc6\u4f60\u7684\u79c1\u94a5\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">openssl dsa -in private_key.pem -aes256 -out encrypted_private_key.pem<\/code><\/pre>\n<h3>openssl x509<\/h3>\n<p><code>openssl x509<\/code> \u662f OpenSSL \u547d\u4ee4\u884c\u5de5\u5177\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b50\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u5b83\u6765\u67e5\u770b\u3001\u7b7e\u7f72\u3001\u8f6c\u6362\u548c\u9a8c\u8bc1\u8bc1\u4e66\u3002X.509 \u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5e7f\u6cdb\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u5b89\u5168\u7684\u8bc1\u4e66\u6807\u51c6\uff0c\u88ab\u7528\u4e8e SSL \u548c TLS \u7b49\u534f\u8bae\u3002<code>openssl x509<\/code> \u53ef\u4ee5\u5904\u7406 DER\uff08\u4e00\u79cd\u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236\u683c\u5f0f\uff09\u6216 PEM\uff08\u4e00\u79cd\u57fa\u4e8e\u6587\u672c\u7684\u683c\u5f0f\uff09\u683c\u5f0f\u7684 X.509 \u8bc1\u4e66\u3002<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-markdown\">1.\u4ee5\u4e0b\u662f openssl x509 \u547d\u4ee4\u4e2d\u5217\u51fa\u7684\u5404\u4e2a\u53c2\u6570\u7684\u8be6\u7ec6\u89e3\u91ca\uff1a\n-help\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u547d\u4ee4\u5e2e\u52a9\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u53c2\u6570\u3002\n-inform format\uff1a\u6307\u5b9a\u8f93\u5165\u8bc1\u4e66\u7684\u683c\u5f0f\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u662fDER\u6216PEM\u3002\n-in infile\uff1a\u6307\u5b9a\u8f93\u5165\u7684\u8bc1\u4e66\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\n-outform format\uff1a\u6307\u5b9a\u8f93\u51fa\u8bc1\u4e66\u7684\u683c\u5f0f\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u662fDER\u6216PEM\u3002\n-out outfile\uff1a\u6307\u5b9a\u8f93\u51fa\u7684\u8bc1\u4e66\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\n-keyform PEM|DER|ENGINE\uff1a\u6307\u5b9a\u79c1\u94a5\u7684\u683c\u5f0f\u3002\n-passin val\uff1a\u6307\u5b9a\u8f93\u5165\u7684\u79c1\u94a5\u5bc6\u7801\u3002\n-serial\uff1a\u6253\u5370\u8bc1\u4e66\u7684\u5e8f\u5217\u53f7\u3002\n-subject_hash\uff1a\u6253\u5370\u8bc1\u4e66\u4e3b\u9898\u7684\u54c8\u5e0c\u503c\u3002\n-issuer_hash\uff1a\u6253\u5370\u8bc1\u4e66\u53d1\u884c\u8005\u7684\u54c8\u5e0c\u503c\u3002\n-hash\uff1a\u4e0e -subject_hash \u76f8\u540c\uff0c\u6253\u5370\u8bc1\u4e66\u4e3b\u9898\u7684\u54c8\u5e0c\u503c\u3002\n-subject\uff1a\u6253\u5370\u8bc1\u4e66\u7684\u4e3b\u9898\u3002\n-issuer\uff1a\u6253\u5370\u8bc1\u4e66\u7684\u53d1\u884c\u8005\u3002\n-email\uff1a\u6253\u5370\u8bc1\u4e66\u4e2d\u7684\u7535\u5b50\u90ae\u4ef6\u5730\u5740\u3002\n-startdate\uff1a\u6253\u5370\u8bc1\u4e66\u7684\u6709\u6548\u8d77\u59cb\u65e5\u671f\u3002\n-enddate\uff1a\u6253\u5370\u8bc1\u4e66\u7684\u6709\u6548\u7ed3\u675f\u65e5\u671f\u3002\n-purpose\uff1a\u6253\u5370\u8bc1\u4e66\u7684\u7528\u9014\u3002\n-dates\uff1a\u6253\u5370\u8bc1\u4e66\u7684\u6709\u6548\u8d77\u59cb\u548c\u7ed3\u675f\u65e5\u671f\u3002\n-modulus\uff1a\u6253\u5370\u8bc1\u4e66\u4e2d\u7684RSA\u5bc6\u94a5\u6a21\u6570\u3002\n-pubkey\uff1a\u8f93\u51fa\u8bc1\u4e66\u4e2d\u7684\u516c\u94a5\u3002\n-fingerprint\uff1a\u6253\u5370\u8bc1\u4e66\u7684\u6307\u7eb9\u3002\n-alias\uff1a\u8f93\u51fa\u8bc1\u4e66\u7684\u522b\u540d\u3002\n-noout\uff1a\u4e0d\u8f93\u51fa\u8bc1\u4e66\uff0c\u53ea\u663e\u793a\u72b6\u6001\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\n-nocert\uff1a\u4e0d\u8f93\u51fa\u8bc1\u4e66\u3002\n-ocspid\uff1a\u6253\u5370\u8bc1\u4e66\u7684OCSP\u4e3b\u9898\u540d\u548c\u516c\u94a5\u7684\u54c8\u5e0c\u503c\u3002\n-ocsp_uri\uff1a\u6253\u5370OCSP\u54cd\u5e94\u8005\u7684URL\u3002\n-trustout\uff1a\u8f93\u51fa\u4e00\u4e2a\u88ab\u4fe1\u4efb\u7684\u8bc1\u4e66\u3002\n-clrtrust\uff1a\u6e05\u9664\u6240\u6709\u7684\u4fe1\u4efb\u7528\u9014\u3002\n-clrext\uff1a\u6e05\u9664\u6240\u6709\u7684\u8bc1\u4e66\u6269\u5c55\u3002\n-addtrust val\uff1a\u6dfb\u52a0\u4e00\u4e2a\u4fe1\u4efb\u7528\u9014\u3002\n-addreject val\uff1a\u6dfb\u52a0\u4e00\u4e2a\u62d2\u7edd\u7528\u9014\u3002\n-setalias val\uff1a\u8bbe\u7f6e\u8bc1\u4e66\u522b\u540d\u3002\n-days int\uff1a\u8bbe\u7f6e\u7b7e\u540d\u8bc1\u4e66\u7684\u6709\u6548\u671f\uff0c\u5355\u4f4d\u4e3a\u5929\u3002\n-checkend intmax\uff1a\u68c0\u67e5\u8bc1\u4e66\u662f\u5426\u5728\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u79d2\u6570\u5185\u8fc7\u671f\u3002\n-signkey val\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u79c1\u94a5\u8fdb\u884c\u81ea\u7b7e\u540d\u3002\n-x509toreq\uff1a\u8f93\u51fa\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bc1\u4e66\u8bf7\u6c42\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002\n-req\uff1a\u8f93\u5165\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bc1\u4e66\u8bf7\u6c42\uff0c\u7b7e\u540d\u5e76\u8f93\u51fa\u3002\n-CA infile\uff1a\u8bbe\u7f6eCA\u8bc1\u4e66\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u662fPEM\u683c\u5f0f\u3002\n-CAkey val\uff1a\u8bbe\u7f6eCA\u7684\u79c1\u94a5\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u662fPEM\u683c\u5f0f\u3002\n-CAcreateserial\uff1a\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u5219\u521b\u5efa\u5e8f\u5217\u53f7\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\n-CAserial val\uff1a\u6307\u5b9a\u5e8f\u5217\u53f7\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\n-set_serial val\uff1a\u8bbe\u7f6e\u5e8f\u5217\u53f7\u3002\n1. -CAcreateserial \u9009\u9879\n-CAcreateserial\uff1a\u5982\u679c\u6307\u5b9a\u6b64\u9009\u9879\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u6ca1\u6709\u5e8f\u5217\u53f7\u6587\u4ef6\uff0cOpenSSL \u5c06\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u5e8f\u5217\u53f7\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u5e76\u4f7f\u7528\u8be5\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u7684\u5e8f\u5217\u53f7\u4f5c\u4e3a\u65b0\u8bc1\u4e66\u7684\u5e8f\u5217\u53f7\u3002\u8be5\u6587\u4ef6\u540d\u901a\u5e38\u4e3a ca.srl\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u4f1a\u4fdd\u5b58\u5e8f\u5217\u53f7\uff0c\u4e0b\u6b21\u7b7e\u7f72\u8bc1\u4e66\u65f6\u5c06\u9012\u589e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5e8f\u5217\u53f7\u3002\n2. -CAserial \u9009\u9879\n-CAserial file\uff1a\u6307\u5b9a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e8f\u5217\u53f7\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6307\u5b9a\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9009\u9879\uff0cOpenSSL \u5c06\u4f7f\u7528\u8be5\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u7684\u5e8f\u5217\u53f7\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6587\u4ef6\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u5b83\u5c06\u81ea\u52a8\u521b\u5efa\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6587\u4ef6\u5df2\u7ecf\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u5b83\u5c06\u4f7f\u7528\u5f53\u524d\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u7684\u5e8f\u5217\u53f7\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u4f7f\u7528\u540e\u9012\u589e\u3002\n-text\uff1a\u4ee5\u6587\u672c\u5f62\u5f0f\u6253\u5370\u8bc1\u4e66\u3002\n-ext val\uff1a\u6253\u5370X509v3\u6269\u5c55\u3002\n-C\uff1a\u4ee5C\u4ee3\u7801\u5f62\u5f0f\u8f93\u51fa\u3002\n-extfile infile\uff1a\u6dfb\u52a0X509V3\u6269\u5c55\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\n-rand val\uff1a\u52a0\u8f7d\u6587\u4ef6\u5230\u968f\u673a\u6570\u751f\u6210\u5668\u4e2d\u3002\n-writerand outfile\uff1a\u5c06\u968f\u673a\u6570\u636e\u5199\u5165\u6307\u5b9a\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\n-extensions val\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528\u914d\u7f6e\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u7684\u6307\u5b9a\u90e8\u5206\u3002\n-nameopt val\uff1a\u8bbe\u7f6e\u8bc1\u4e66\u540d\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u9009\u9879\u3002\n-certopt val\uff1a\u8bbe\u7f6e\u8bc1\u4e66\u6587\u672c\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u9009\u9879\u3002\n-checkhost val\uff1a\u68c0\u67e5\u8bc1\u4e66\u662f\u5426\u5339\u914d\u4e3b\u673a\u3002\n-checkemail val\uff1a\u68c0\u67e5\u8bc1\u4e66\u662f\u5426\u5339\u914d\u7535\u5b50\u90ae\u4ef6\u3002\n-checkip val\uff1a\u68c0\u67e5\u8bc1\u4e66\u662f\u5426\u5339\u914dIP\u5730\u5740\u3002\n-CAform PEM|DER\uff1a\u8bbe\u7f6eCA\u8bc1\u4e66\u683c\u5f0f\u3002\n-CAkeyform PEM|DER|ENGINE\uff1a\u8bbe\u7f6eCA\u79c1\u94a5\u683c\u5f0f\u3002\n-sigopt val\uff1a\u8bbe\u7f6e\u7b7e\u540d\u53c2\u6570\u3002\n-force_pubkey infile\uff1a\u5f3a\u5236\u5728\u8bc1\u4e66\u4e2d\u4f7f\u7528\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u516c\u94a5\u3002\n-next_serial\uff1a\u589e\u52a0\u5f53\u524d\u8bc1\u4e66\u7684\u5e8f\u5217\u53f7\u3002\n-clrreject\uff1a\u6e05\u9664\u6240\u6709\u62d2\u7edd\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u8bc1\u4e66\u3002\n-badsig\uff1a\u635f\u574f\u8bc1\u4e66\u7b7e\u540d\u7684\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u5b57\u8282\uff08\u7528\u4e8e\u6d4b\u8bd5\uff09\u3002\n-*\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528\u4efb\u4f55\u652f\u6301\u7684\u6458\u8981\u7b97\u6cd5\u3002\n-subject_hash_old\uff1a\u6253\u5370\u65e7\u98ce\u683c\uff08MD5\uff09\u7684\u4e3b\u9898\u54c8\u5e0c\u503c\u3002\n-issuer_hash_old\uff1a\u6253\u5370\u65e7\u98ce\u683c\uff08MD5\uff09\u7684\u53d1\u884c\u8005\u54c8\u5e0c\u503c\u3002\n-engine val\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u786c\u4ef6\u8bbe\u5907\u7684\u5f15\u64ce\u3002\n-preserve_dates\uff1a\u7b7e\u540d\u65f6\u4fdd\u7559\u73b0\u6709\u7684\u65e5\u671f<\/code><\/pre>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\"># 1.\u67e5\u770b\u8bc1\u4e66\u8be6\u7ec6\u4fe1\u606f\uff1a \u5982\u679c\u4f60\u60f3\u67e5\u770b\u8bc1\u4e66\u7684\u8be6\u7ec6\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 -text \u53c2\u6570\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a\nopenssl x509 -in cert.pem -text -noout\n\u8fd9\u4f1a\u663e\u793a\u8bc1\u4e66\u4e2d\u7684\u6240\u6709\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u7248\u672c\u3001\u5e8f\u5217\u53f7\u3001\u7b7e\u540d\u7b97\u6cd5\u3001\u53d1\u884c\u8005\u3001\u6709\u6548\u671f\u3001\u4e3b\u9898\u3001\u4e3b\u9898\u516c\u94a5\u4fe1\u606f\u3001\u7b7e\u540d\u7b49\u3002\n-in certificate.crt\uff1a\u6307\u5b9a\u8981\u67e5\u770b\u7684\u8bc1\u4e66\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\n-text\uff1a\u4ee5\u4eba\u7c7b\u53ef\u8bfb\u7684\u683c\u5f0f\u663e\u793a\u8bc1\u4e66\u5185\u5bb9\u3002\n-noout\uff1a\u4e0d\u8f93\u51fa\u7f16\u7801\u540e\u7684\u8bc1\u4e66\u3002\n\n# 2.\u5c06DER\u683c\u5f0f\u7684\u8bc1\u4e66\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3aPEM\u683c\u5f0f\uff1a \u5982\u679c\u4f60\u6709\u4e00\u4e2aDER\u683c\u5f0f\u7684\u8bc1\u4e66\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06\u5176\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3aPEM\u683c\u5f0f\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a\nopenssl x509 -inform der -in cert.der -outform pem -out cert.pem\n\u8fd9\u4f1a\u5c06 cert.der \u6587\u4ef6\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a PEM \u683c\u5f0f\u5e76\u5c06\u7ed3\u679c\u4fdd\u5b58\u5230 cert.pem \u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u3002\n\n#\u5c06\u8bc1\u4e66\u4ece PEM \u683c\u5f0f\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a DER \u683c\u5f0f\uff1a\nopenssl x509 -outform der -in mycert.pem -out mycert.der\n\n# 3.\u9a8c\u8bc1\u8bc1\u4e66\u662f\u5426\u8fc7\u671f\uff1a \u5982\u679c\u4f60\u60f3\u9a8c\u8bc1\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bc1\u4e66\u662f\u5426\u5c06\u5728\u4e0b\u4e2a\u6708\u8fc7\u671f\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 -checkend \u53c2\u6570\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a\nopenssl x509 -in cert.pem -checkend 2592000 -noout\n\u8fd9\u4f1a\u5728\u8bc1\u4e66\u5c06\u572830\u5929\u5185\u8fc7\u671f\u65f6\u8fd4\u56de1\uff0c\u5426\u5219\u8fd4\u56de0\u3002\u8fd9\u91cc\u76842592000\u662f30\u5929\u7684\u79d2\u6570\u3002\n\n# 4.\u63d0\u53d6\/\u67e5\u770b\u8bc1\u4e66\u7684\u516c\u94a5\uff1a \u5982\u679c\u4f60\u60f3\u67e5\u770b\u8bc1\u4e66\u4e2d\u7684\u516c\u94a5\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 -pubkey \u53c2\u6570\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a\nopenssl x509 -in cert.pem -pubkey -noout &gt; publickey.pem\n\u8fd9\u4f1a\u663e\u793a\u8bc1\u4e66\u4e2d\u7684\u516c\u94a5\u3002\n\n# 5.\u521b\u5efa\u81ea\u7b7e\u540d\u8bc1\u4e66\uff1a \u4e0b\u9762\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u4f1a\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u81ea\u7b7e\u540d\u8bc1\u4e66\uff1a\nopenssl req -x509 -newkey rsa:4096 -keyout key.pem -out cert.pem -days 365\n\u8fd9\u4f1a\u751f\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u76844096\u4f4dRSA\u5bc6\u94a5\uff08key.pem\uff09\uff0c\u5e76\u4f7f\u7528\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5bc6\u94a5\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u6709\u6548\u671f\u4e3a1\u5e74\u7684\u81ea\u7b7e\u540d\u8bc1\u4e66\uff08cert.pem\uff09\u3002\n\n# 6.\u8bc1\u4e66\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a\u8bc1\u4e66\u8bf7\u6c42\uff1a \u5982\u679c\u4f60\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bc1\u4e66\u5e76\u5e0c\u671b\u5c06\u5176\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a\u8bc1\u4e66\u8bf7\u6c42\uff08CSR\uff09\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u4ee5\u4e0b\u547d\u4ee4\uff1a\nopenssl x509 -x509toreq -in cert.pem -out request.csr -signkey key.pem\n\u8fd9\u4f1a\u4ececert.pem\u8bc1\u4e66\u4e2d\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684CSR\uff08request.csr\uff09\uff0c\u5e76\u4f7f\u7528\u79c1\u94a5key.pem\u5bf9\u5176\u8fdb\u884c\u7b7e\u540d\u3002\n\n# 7.\u9a8c\u8bc1\u8bc1\u4e66\u94fe\uff1a \u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528openssl\u6765\u9a8c\u8bc1\u8bc1\u4e66\u94fe\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bc1\u4e66\uff08cert.pem\uff09\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e2d\u95f4\u8bc1\u4e66\uff08intermediate.pem\uff09\u548c\u4e00\u4e2a\u6839\u8bc1\u4e66\uff08root.pem\uff09\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u4ee5\u4e0b\u547d\u4ee4\u6765\u9a8c\u8bc1\u8bc1\u4e66\u94fe\uff1a\nopenssl verify -CAfile &lt;(cat intermediate.pem root.pem) cert.pem\n\u8fd9\u4f1a\u9a8c\u8bc1cert.pem\u662f\u5426\u7531intermediate.pem\u548croot.pem\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u8bc1\u4e66\u94fe\u7b7e\u540d\u3002\u5982\u679c\u9a8c\u8bc1\u6210\u529f\uff0c\u5b83\u4f1a\u8f93\u51facert.pem: OK\u3002\n\n# 8.\u67e5\u770b\u8bc1\u4e66\u7684\u6307\u7eb9\uff1a \u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u4e0b\u9762\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u67e5\u770b\u8bc1\u4e66\u7684SHA256\u6307\u7eb9\uff1a\nopenssl x509 -in cert.pem -noout -sha256 -fingerprint\n\u8fd9\u4f1a\u663e\u793a\u8bc1\u4e66\u7684SHA256\u6307\u7eb9\u3002\n\n# 9.\u8f6c\u6362\u8bc1\u4e66\u683c\u5f0f\uff1a \u8bc1\u4e66\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ee5\u591a\u79cd\u683c\u5f0f\u5b58\u50a8\u548c\u4f20\u8f93\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236DER\u683c\u5f0f\u548c\u6587\u672c\u5316\u7684PEM\u683c\u5f0f\u3002\u4ee5\u4e0b\u547d\u4ee4\u5c06DER\u683c\u5f0f\u7684\u8bc1\u4e66\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3aPEM\u683c\u5f0f\uff1a\nopenssl x509 -inform der -in certificate.der -out certificate.pem\n\n# 10.\u4ece\u8bc1\u4e66\u4e2d\u63d0\u53d6\u516c\u94a5\uff1a \u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u4ee5\u4e0b\u547d\u4ee4\u4ecePEM\u683c\u5f0f\u7684\u8bc1\u4e66\u4e2d\u63d0\u53d6\u516c\u94a5\uff1a\nopenssl x509 -pubkey -noout -in cert.pem &gt; pubkey.pem\n\n# 11.\u9a8c\u8bc1\u8bc1\u4e66\u662f\u5426\u5728\u67d0\u4e2a\u65e5\u671f\u6709\u6548\uff1a \u60a8\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u4ee5\u4e0b\u547d\u4ee4\u68c0\u67e5\u8bc1\u4e66\u5728\u67d0\u4e2a\u7279\u5b9a\u65e5\u671f\u662f\u5426\u6709\u6548\uff1a\nopenssl x509 -noout -dates -in cert.pem\n\u8fd9\u5c06\u663e\u793a\u8bc1\u4e66\u7684&quot;notBefore&quot;\uff08\u4e0d\u65e9\u4e8e\uff09\u548c&quot;notAfter&quot;\uff08\u4e0d\u665a\u4e8e\uff09\u65e5\u671f\u3002\n\n# 12.\u67e5\u770b\u8bc1\u4e66\u7684\u4e3b\u9898\u548c\u9881\u53d1\u8005\uff1a \u60a8\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u4ee5\u4e0b\u547d\u4ee4\u67e5\u770b\u8bc1\u4e66\u7684\u4e3b\u9898\uff08\u8bc1\u4e66\u6240\u6709\u8005\uff09\u548c\u9881\u53d1\u8005\uff08\u7b7e\u7f72\u8bc1\u4e66\u7684\u5b9e\u4f53\uff09\uff1a\nopenssl x509 -noout -subject -issuer -in cert.pem\n\n\u8bf7\u8bb0\u4f4f\uff0ccert.pem\uff0ckey.pem\uff0crequest.csr\uff0cintermediate.pem\u548croot.pem\u662f\u4f60\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u540d\uff0c\u4f60\u5e94\u8be5\u7528\u4f60\u5b9e\u9645\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u540d\u66ff\u6362\u5b83\u4eec\u3002\u3002\n\n# 13. \u9a8c\u8bc1\u8bc1\u4e66\u7b7e\u540d\nopenssl x509 -in certificate.crt -noout -modulus\nopenssl rsa -in private.key -noout -modulus\n\u6bd4\u8f83\u8f93\u51fa\u7684\u6a21\u6570\u503c\uff0c\u4ee5\u786e\u8ba4\u8bc1\u4e66\u548c\u79c1\u94a5\u662f\u5426\u5339\u914d\u3002\n\n# 14.\u7528 CA \u8bc1\u4e66\u7b7e\u7f72 CSR\n\u4f7f\u7528 CA \u7684\u79c1\u94a5\u548c\u8bc1\u4e66\u7b7e\u7f72 CSR\uff0c\u751f\u6210\u7b7e\u540d\u540e\u7684\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u8bc1\u4e66\u3002\nopenssl x509 -req -in server.csr -CA ca.crt -CAkey ca.key -CAcreateserial -out server.crt -days 365 -sha256\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<h3>openssl ca<\/h3>\n<blockquote>\n<p><code>openssl ca<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u7528\u4e8e\u6839\u636eCA\uff08\u8bc1\u4e66\u9881\u53d1\u673a\u6784\uff09\u7b56\u7565\u5bf9\u8bc1\u4e66\u8bf7\u6c42\u8fdb\u884c\u7b7e\u540d\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\"># \u4e0b\u9762\u662f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u53c2\u6570\u53ca\u5176\u542b\u4e49\uff1a\n-help: \u663e\u793a\u5e2e\u52a9\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\n-verbose: \u5728\u5904\u7406\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u63d0\u4f9b\u8be6\u7ec6\u8f93\u51fa\u3002\n-config val: \u6307\u5b9a\u4e00\u4e2a\u914d\u7f6e\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\n-name val: \u6307\u5b9a\u8981\u4f7f\u7528\u7684CA\u5b9a\u4e49\u3002\n-subj val: \u4f7f\u7528\u53c2\u6570\u66ff\u4ee3\u8bf7\u6c42\u7684\u4e3b\u9898\u3002\n-utf8: \u8f93\u5165\u5b57\u7b26\u4e3aUTF8\uff08\u9ed8\u8ba4\u4e3aASCII\uff09\u3002\n-create_serial: \u5982\u679c\u8bfb\u53d6\u5e8f\u5217\u53f7\u5931\u8d25\uff0c\u5219\u521b\u5efa\u65b0\u7684\u968f\u673a\u5e8f\u5217\u53f7\u3002\n-rand_serial: \u59cb\u7ec8\u521b\u5efa\u968f\u673a\u5e8f\u5217\u53f7\uff1b\u4e0d\u5b58\u50a8\u5b83\u3002\n-multivalue-rdn: \u542f\u7528\u5bf9\u591a\u503cRDN\u7684\u652f\u6301\u3002\n-startdate val: \u8bc1\u4e66\u7684notBefore\u65e5\u671f\uff0cYYMMDDHHMMSSZ\u683c\u5f0f\u3002\n-enddate val: \u8bc1\u4e66\u7684notAfter\u65e5\u671f\uff0cYYMMDDHHMMSSZ\u683c\u5f0f\uff08\u8986\u76d6-days\uff09\u3002\n-days +int: \u4e3a\u8bc1\u4e66\u8ba4\u8bc1\u7684\u5929\u6570\u3002\n-md val: \u8981\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u6d88\u606f\u6458\u8981\u7b97\u6cd5\uff1b\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7openssl help\u770b\u5230\u53ef\u7528\u5217\u8868\u3002\n-policy val: \u8981\u652f\u6301\u7684CA\u7b56\u7565\u3002\n-keyfile val: \u79c1\u94a5\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\n-keyform format: \u79c1\u94a5\u6587\u4ef6\u683c\u5f0f\uff08PEM\u6216ENGINE\uff09\u3002\n-passin val: \u8f93\u5165\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u5bc6\u7801\u77ed\u8bed\u6765\u6e90\u3002\n-key val: \u5982\u679c\u79c1\u94a5\u662f\u52a0\u5bc6\u7684\uff0c\u5219\u7528\u4e8e\u89e3\u7801\u79c1\u94a5\u7684\u5bc6\u94a5\u3002\n-cert infile: CA\u8bc1\u4e66\u3002\n-selfsign: \u4f7f\u7528\u4e0e\u5176\u5173\u8054\u7684\u5bc6\u94a5\u7b7e\u7f72\u8bc1\u4e66\u3002\n-in infile: \u8f93\u5165\u7684PEM\u7f16\u7801\u8bc1\u4e66\u8bf7\u6c42\u3002\n-out outfile: \u8f93\u51fa\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3002\n-outdir dir: \u8f93\u51fa\u8bc1\u4e66\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3002\n-sigopt val\uff1an:v \u683c\u5f0f\u7684\u7b7e\u540d\u53c2\u6570\u3002\n-notext\uff1a\u4e0d\u6253\u5370\u751f\u6210\u7684\u8bc1\u4e66\u3002\n-batch\uff1a\u4e0d\u8981\u95ee\u95ee\u9898\u3002\n-preserveDN\uff1a\u4e0d\u8981\u91cd\u65b0\u6392\u5e8f DN\u3002\n-noemailDN\uff1a\u4e0d\u8981\u5c06 EMAIL \u5b57\u6bb5\u6dfb\u52a0\u5230 DN\u3002\n-gencrl\uff1a\u751f\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684 CRL\u3002\n-msie_hack\uff1a\u5904\u7406\u6240\u6709\u90a3\u4e9b\u901a\u7528\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u7684 msie \u4fee\u6539\u3002\n-crldays +int\uff1a\u76f4\u5230\u4e0b\u4e00\u4e2a CRL \u5230\u671f\u7684\u5929\u6570\u3002\n-crlhours +int\uff1a\u76f4\u5230\u4e0b\u4e00\u4e2a CRL \u5230\u671f\u7684\u5c0f\u65f6\u6570\u3002\n-crlsec +int\uff1a\u76f4\u5230\u4e0b\u4e00\u4e2a CRL \u5230\u671f\u7684\u79d2\u6570\u3002\n-infiles\uff1a\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u4e2a\u53c2\u6570\uff0c\u8981\u5904\u7406\u7684\u8bf7\u6c42\u3002\n-ss_cert infile\uff1a\u6587\u4ef6\u5305\u542b\u4e00\u4e2a\u8981\u7b7e\u540d\u7684\u81ea\u7b7e\u540d\u8bc1\u4e66\u3002\n-spkac infile\uff1a\u6587\u4ef6\u5305\u542b DN \u548c\u7b7e\u540d\u7684\u516c\u94a5\u53ca\u6311\u6218\u3002\n-revoke infile\uff1a\u64a4\u9500\u8bc1\u4e66\uff08\u5728\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u7ed9\u51fa\uff09\u3002\n-valid val\uff1a\u6dfb\u52a0\u5173\u4e8e\u8bc1\u4e66\uff08\u5728\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u7ed9\u51fa\uff09\u7684\u6709\u6548\uff08\u672a\u64a4\u9500\uff09DB\u6761\u76ee\u3002\n-extensions val\uff1a\u6269\u5c55\u90e8\u5206\uff08\u8986\u76d6\u914d\u7f6e\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u7684\u503c\uff09\u3002\n-extfile infile\uff1a\u8981\u6dfb\u52a0\u7684\u5e26 X509v3 \u6269\u5c55\u7684\u914d\u7f6e\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\n-status val\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u7ed9\u5b9a\u5e8f\u5217\u53f7\u7684\u8bc1\u4e66\u72b6\u6001\u3002\n-updatedb\uff1a\u66f4\u65b0\u8fc7\u671f\u8bc1\u4e66\u7684 db\u3002\n-crlexts val\uff1aCRL \u6269\u5c55\u90e8\u5206\uff08\u8986\u76d6\u914d\u7f6e\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u7684\u503c\uff09\u3002\n-crl_reason val\uff1a\u540a\u9500\u539f\u56e0\u3002\n-crl_hold val\uff1a\u4fdd\u7559\u6307\u4ee4\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a OID\u3002\u5c06\u64a4\u9500\u539f\u56e0\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e3a certificateHold\u3002\n-crl_compromise val\uff1a\u5c06\u59a5\u534f\u65f6\u95f4\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e3a val \u5e76\u5c06\u64a4\u9500\u539f\u56e0\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e3a keyCompromise\u3002\n-crl_CA_compromise val\uff1a\u5c06\u59a5\u534f\u65f6\u95f4\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e3a val \u5e76\u5c06\u64a4\u9500\u539f\u56e0\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e3a CACompromise\u3002\n-rand val\uff1a\u5c06\u6587\u4ef6\u52a0\u8f7d\u5230\u968f\u673a\u6570\u751f\u6210\u5668\u4e2d\u3002\n-writerand outfile\uff1a\u5c06\u968f\u673a\u6570\u636e\u5199\u5165\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\n-engine val\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528\u5f15\u64ce\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u786c\u4ef6\u8bbe\u5907\u3002<\/code><\/pre>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\"># 1.\u4f7f\u7528\u79c1\u6709CA\u7b7e\u53d1\u8bc1\u4e66\uff1a\nopenssl ca -config \/etc\/ssl\/openssl.cnf -in client.csr -out client.crt\n\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u4f7f\u7528 \/etc\/ssl\/openssl.cnf \u914d\u7f6e\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684CA\u914d\u7f6e\uff0c\u6765\u7b7e\u53d1\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u8bc1\u4e66\u3002\u8f93\u5165\u8bc1\u4e66\u8bf7\u6c42\u6587\u4ef6\u4e3a client.csr\uff0c\u8f93\u51fa\u8bc1\u4e66\u6587\u4ef6\u4e3a client.crt\u3002\n\n# 2.\u64a4\u9500\u8bc1\u4e66\uff1a\nopenssl ca -config \/etc\/ssl\/openssl.cnf -revoke client.crt\n\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u4f7f\u7528 \/etc\/ssl\/openssl.cnf \u914d\u7f6e\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684CA\u914d\u7f6e\uff0c\u6765\u751f\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684CRL\u3002\u8f93\u51faCRL\u6587\u4ef6\u4e3a crl.pem\u3002\n\n# 3.\u4f7f\u7528\u7279\u5b9a\u7b56\u7565\u7b7e\u53d1\u8bc1\u4e66\uff1a\nopenssl ca -config \/etc\/ssl\/openssl.cnf -policy policy_anything -in client.csr -out client.crt\n\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u4f7f\u7528 \/etc\/ssl\/openssl.cnf \u914d\u7f6e\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684CA\u914d\u7f6e\uff0c\u5e76\u4f7f\u7528\u540d\u4e3a policy_anything \u7684\u7b56\u7565\uff0c\u6765\u7b7e\u53d1\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u8bc1\u4e66\u3002\u8f93\u5165\u8bc1\u4e66\u8bf7\u6c42\u6587\u4ef6\u4e3a client.csr\uff0c\u8f93\u51fa\u8bc1\u4e66\u6587\u4ef6\u4e3a client.crt\n\n# 4.\u7b7e\u7f72\u8bc1\u4e66\u5e76\u9644\u52a0\u81ea\u5b9a\u4e49\u6269\u5c55\uff1a\nopenssl ca -config \/etc\/ssl\/openssl.cnf -extensions usr_cert -in client.csr -out client.crt\n\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u4e2d\uff0c-extensions \u53c2\u6570\u6307\u5b9a\u4e86\u5728\u7b7e\u7f72\u8bc1\u4e66\u65f6\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u6269\u5c55\u540d\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6269\u5c55\u5728\u914d\u7f6e\u6587\u4ef6\uff08\u8fd9\u91cc\u662f \/etc\/ssl\/openssl.cnf\uff09\u4e2d\u5b9a\u4e49\u3002\n\n# 5.\u4f7f\u7528\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u5e8f\u5217\u53f7\u7b7e\u7f72\u8bc1\u4e66\uff1a\nopenssl ca -config \/etc\/ssl\/openssl.cnf -subj &quot;\/C=US\/ST=NY\/L=New York\/CN=example.com&quot; -set_serial 123456789 -in client.csr -out client.crt\n\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u4f7f\u7528\u4e86 -set_serial \u53c2\u6570\u6765\u4e3a\u65b0\u7b7e\u7f72\u7684\u8bc1\u4e66\u8bbe\u7f6e\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u5e8f\u5217\u53f7\u3002\n\n# 6.\u9a8c\u8bc1\u8bc1\u4e66\u662f\u5426\u5df2\u88ab\u64a4\u9500\uff1a\nopenssl ca -config \/etc\/ssl\/openssl.cnf -status 123456789\n\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u4e2d\uff0c-status \u53c2\u6570\u7528\u6765\u67e5\u8be2\u6307\u5b9a\u5e8f\u5217\u53f7\u7684\u8bc1\u4e66\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u3002\u5982\u679c\u8bc1\u4e66\u5df2\u88ab\u64a4\u9500\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u547d\u4ee4\u4f1a\u6253\u5370\u51fa\u76f8\u5e94\u7684\u6d88\u606f\u3002\n\n\u8bf7\u6ce8\u610f\uff0c\u4e0a\u8ff0\u547d\u4ee4\u4e2d\u7684 \/etc\/ssl\/openssl.cnf \u662f OpenSSL \u7684\u9ed8\u8ba4\u914d\u7f6e\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e<\/code><\/pre>\n<h3>openssl req<\/h3>\n<blockquote>\n<p><code>openssl req<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u662f\u7528\u4e8e\u5904\u7406 PKCS\u8bc1\u4e66\u7b7e\u540d\u8bf7\u6c42(CSR)\u7684 OpenSSL \u5b9e\u7528\u7a0b\u5e8f\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u53ef\u4ee5\u521b\u5efa\u65b0\u7684\u8bc1\u4e66\u7b7e\u540d\u8bf7\u6c42\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5904\u7406\u5df2\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u8bf7\u6c42\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">#\u4ee5\u4e0b\u662f openssl req \u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u53c2\u6570\u7684\u542b\u4e49\u548c\u7528\u6cd5\uff1a\n\n-help: \u663e\u793a\u5e2e\u52a9\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\n-inform PEM|DER: \u8f93\u5165\u683c\u5f0f\uff0cPEM \u6216 DER\u3002\n    \u6307\u5b9a\u8f93\u5165\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u683c\u5f0f\u3002PEM \u662f Base64 \u7f16\u7801\u7684\u6587\u672c\u683c\u5f0f\uff0cDER \u662f\u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236\u683c\u5f0f\u3002\n-outform PEM|DER: \u8f93\u51fa\u683c\u5f0f\uff0cPEM \u6216 DER\u3002\n-in infile: \u8f93\u5165\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\n-out outfile: \u8f93\u51fa\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\n-key val: \u8981\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u79c1\u94a5\u3002\n-keyform format: \u5bc6\u94a5\u6587\u4ef6\u683c\u5f0f\u3002\u6307\u5b9a\u79c1\u94a5\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u683c\u5f0f\uff08PEM \u6216 DER\uff09\n-pubkey: \u8f93\u51fa\u516c\u94a5\u3002\u4ece\u8bc1\u4e66\u6216\u79c1\u94a5\u4e2d\u63d0\u53d6\u5e76\u8f93\u51fa\u516c\u94a5\u3002\n-new: \u751f\u6210\u65b0\u7684\u8bf7\u6c42\u3002\u751f\u6210\u65b0\u7684\u8bc1\u4e66\u7b7e\u540d\u8bf7\u6c42\uff08CSR\uff09\u3002\n-config infile: \u8bf7\u6c42\u6a21\u677f\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\u6307\u5b9a\u4e00\u4e2a\u914d\u7f6e\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u81ea\u5b9a\u4e49\u8bc1\u4e66\u8bf7\u6c42\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u3002\n-keyout outfile: \u5bc6\u94a5\u8f93\u51fa\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\u6307\u5b9a\u751f\u6210\u7684\u65b0\u79c1\u94a5\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u8f93\u51fa\u8def\u5f84\u3002\n-passin val: \u8f93\u5165\u7684\u79c1\u94a5\u5bc6\u7801\u6e90\u3002\n-passout val: \u8f93\u51fa\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u5bc6\u7801\u77ed\u8bed\u6e90\u3002\n-rand val: \u5c06\u6587\u4ef6\u52a0\u8f7d\u5230\u968f\u673a\u6570\u751f\u6210\u5668\u4e2d\u3002\n-writerand outfile: \u5c06\u968f\u673a\u6570\u636e\u5199\u5165\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\n-newkey val: \u6307\u5b9a\u4e3a\u7c7b\u578b:\u4f4d\u6570\u3002\u751f\u6210\u65b0\u7684\u5bc6\u94a5\u5bf9\uff0c\u6307\u5b9a\u5bc6\u94a5\u7c7b\u578b\u548c\u5927\u5c0f\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff1arsa:2048\u3002\n-pkeyopt val: \u516c\u94a5\u9009\u9879\uff0c\u4ee5 opt:value \u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002\u6307\u5b9a\u516c\u94a5\u7b97\u6cd5\u7684\u9009\u9879\u3002\n-sigopt val: \u7b7e\u540d\u53c2\u6570\uff0c\u4ee5 n:v \u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002\u6307\u5b9a\u7b7e\u540d\u7b97\u6cd5\u7684\u9009\u9879\u3002\n-batch: \u5728\u751f\u6210\u8bf7\u6c42\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u4e0d\u8be2\u95ee\u4efb\u4f55\u95ee\u9898\u3002\n-newhdr: \u5728\u6807\u9898\u884c\u4e2d\u8f93\u51fa &quot;NEW&quot;\u3002\u5728\u8f93\u51fa\u7684\u8bc1\u4e66\u8bf7\u6c42\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u6dfb\u52a0 &quot;NEW&quot; \u6807\u9898\u3002\n-modulus: RSA \u6a21\u6570\u3002\n-verify: \u9a8c\u8bc1 REQ \u4e0a\u7684\u7b7e\u540d\u3002\n-nodes: \u4e0d\u52a0\u5bc6\u8f93\u51fa\u5bc6\u94a5\u3002\n-noout: \u4e0d\u8f93\u51fa REQ\u3002\u4e0d\u8f93\u51fa\u8bc1\u4e66\u8bf7\u6c42\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\n-verbose: \u8be6\u7ec6\u8f93\u51fa\u3002\n-utf8: \u8f93\u5165\u5b57\u7b26\u4e3a UTF8\uff08\u9ed8\u8ba4\u4e3a ASCII\uff09\u3002\n-nameopt val: \u5404\u79cd\u8bc1\u4e66\u540d\u79f0\u9009\u9879\u3002\n-reqopt val: \u5404\u79cd\u8bf7\u6c42\u6587\u672c\u9009\u9879\u3002\n-text: \u8bf7\u6c42\u7684\u6587\u672c\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002\u4ee5\u6587\u672c\u5f62\u5f0f\u8f93\u51fa\u8bc1\u4e66\u8bf7\u6c42\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u3002\n-x509: \u8f93\u51fa x509 \u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u8bc1\u4e66\u8bf7\u6c42\uff08\u67d0\u4e9b CA \u9700\u8981\u6b64\u9009\u9879\uff09\u3002\u8868\u793a\u751f\u6210\u7684\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u81ea\u7b7e\u540d\u8bc1\u4e66\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bc1\u4e66\u7b7e\u540d\u8bf7\u6c42\uff08CSR\uff09\u3002X.509 \u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u6807\u51c6\u5316\u7684\u516c\u94a5\u8bc1\u4e66\u683c\u5f0f\u3002\n-subj val: \u8bbe\u7f6e\u6216\u4fee\u6539\u8bf7\u6c42\u4e3b\u9898\u3002\n-subject: \u8f93\u51fa\u8bf7\u6c42\u7684\u4e3b\u9898\u3002\n-multivalue-rdn: \u542f\u7528\u5bf9\u591a\u503c RDN \u7684\u652f\u6301\u3002\n-days +int: \u8bc1\u4e66\u6709\u6548\u5929\u6570\u3002\n-set_serial val: \u8981\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u5e8f\u5217\u53f7\u3002\n-addext val: \u989d\u5916\u7684\u8bc1\u4e66\u6269\u5c55 key=value \u5bf9\uff08\u53ef\u4ee5\u591a\u6b21\u7ed9\u51fa\uff09\u3002\n-extensions val: \u8bc1\u4e66\u6269\u5c55\u90e8\u5206\uff08\u8986\u76d6\u914d\u7f6e\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u7684\u503c\uff09\u3002\n-reqexts val: \u8bf7\u6c42\u6269\u5c55\u90e8\u5206\uff08\u8986\u76d6\u914d\u7f6e\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u7684\u503c\uff09\u3002\n-precert: \u6dfb\u52a0\u4e00\u4e2a poison \u6269\u5c55\uff08\u6697\u793a -new\uff09\u3002\n-engine val: \u4f7f\u7528\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u786c\u4ef6\u8bbe\u5907\u5f15\u64ce\u3002\n-keygen_engine val: \u6307\u5b9a\u7528\u4e8e\u5bc6\u94a5\u751f\u6210\u64cd\u4f5c\u7684\u5f15\u64ce\u3002<\/code><\/pre>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\"># 1.\u521b\u5efa\u65b0\u7684\u79c1\u94a5\u548c\u8bc1\u4e66\u7b7e\u540d\u8bf7\u6c42\uff08CSR\uff09\uff1a\nopenssl req -new -newkey rsa:2048 -nodes -keyout mykey.pem -out mycsr.csr\n\u8fd9\u5c06\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684 RSA \u79c1\u94a5 mykey.pem \u548c\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u8bc1\u4e66\u7b7e\u540d\u8bf7\u6c42 mycsr.csr\u3002-newkey rsa:2048 \u53c2\u6570\u6307\u5b9a\u521b\u5efa\u65b0\u7684 RSA \u5bc6\u94a5\uff0c\u957f\u5ea6\u4e3a 2048 \u4f4d\u3002-nodes \u53c2\u6570\u8868\u793a\u4e0d\u5bf9\u751f\u6210\u7684\u79c1\u94a5\u8fdb\u884c\u52a0\u5bc6\u3002\nopenssl req -new -key \/data\/app2\/priviete_key.pem -out \/data\/app2\/app2.csr\n\u8fd9\u4e2a\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u73b0\u6709\u7684\u79c1\u94a5\u6765\u521b\u5efa\u8bc1\u4e66\u7b7e\u540d\u8bf7\u6c42\n\n# 2.\u67e5\u770b\u8bc1\u4e66\u7b7e\u540d\u8bf7\u6c42\uff08CSR\uff09\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\uff1a\nopenssl req -in mycsr.csr -verify -noout -text\n\u5c06\u663e\u793a CSR \u7684\u8be6\u7ec6\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u5e76\u9a8c\u8bc1\u5176\u7b7e\u540d\u3002-in mycsr.csr \u53c2\u6570\u6307\u5b9a\u8981\u8bfb\u53d6\u7684 CSR \u6587\u4ef6\u3002-verify \u53c2\u6570\u8868\u793a\u8981\u9a8c\u8bc1 CSR \u7684\u7b7e\u540d\u3002-noout \u53c2\u6570\u8868\u793a\u4e0d\u751f\u6210 CSR\uff08\u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u53ea\u60f3\u9a8c\u8bc1\u548c\u663e\u793a\u5b83\uff0c\u4e0d\u60f3\u751f\u6210\u65b0\u7684 CSR\uff09\u3002-text \u53c2\u6570\u8868\u793a\u4ee5\u6587\u672c\u683c\u5f0f\u663e\u793a CSR \u7684\u8be6\u7ec6\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\n\n# 3.\u751f\u6210\u65b0\u7684\u79c1\u94a5\u548c\u81ea\u7b7e\u540d\u8bc1\u4e66\uff1a\nopenssl req -x509 -newkey rsa:4096 -nodes -keyout domain.key -out domain.crt -days 365\n\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u521b\u5efa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684 4096 \u4f4d RSA \u79c1\u94a5 &quot;domain.key&quot; \u548c\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u81ea\u7b7e\u540d\u8bc1\u4e66 &quot;domain.crt&quot;\u3002\u8bc1\u4e66\u7684\u6709\u6548\u671f\u9650\u662f 365 \u5929\uff0c-nodes \u9009\u9879\u8868\u793a\u79c1\u94a5\u4e0d\u5e94\u8be5\u88ab\u52a0\u5bc6\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5728\u751f\u6210\u79c1\u94a5\u65f6\u4e0d\u4f1a\u63d0\u793a\u8f93\u5165\u5bc6\u7801\u3002\nopenssl req -new -x509 -key \/etc\/pki\/CA\/private\/cakey.pem -days 3650 -out \/etc\/pki\/CA\/cacert.pem\n\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u4e0e\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u533a\u522b\u5728\u4e8e\u5b83\u4f7f\u7528\u4e00\u4e2a\u73b0\u6709\u7684\u79c1\u94a5\uff08\u4f4d\u4e8e \/etc\/pki\/CA\/private\/cakey.pem\uff09\u6765\u751f\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u81ea\u7b7e\u540d\u7684 X.509 \u8bc1\u4e66\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u751f\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u79c1\u94a5\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bc1\u4e66\u7684\u6709\u6548\u671f\u4e3a 3650 \u5929\uff0c\u5373 10 \u5e74\u3002\u751f\u6210\u7684\u8bc1\u4e66\u88ab\u4fdd\u5b58\u5728 \/etc\/pki\/CA\/cacert.pem \u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u3002\n\u603b\u7684\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u7528\u4e8e\u751f\u6210\u65b0\u7684\u79c1\u94a5\u548c\u8bc1\u4e66\uff0c\u800c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u4f7f\u7528\u73b0\u6709\u7684\u79c1\u94a5\u6765\u751f\u6210\u65b0\u7684\u8bc1\u4e66\u3002\n\n# 4.\u521b\u5efa\u8bc1\u4e66\u7b7e\u540d\u8bf7\u6c42\uff08CSR\uff09\u4f7f\u7528\u73b0\u6709\u7684\u79c1\u94a5\uff1a\nopenssl req -out CSR.csr -key privateKey.key -new\n\u5982\u679c\u5df2\u7ecf\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u79c1\u94a5\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u6765\u751f\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u8bc1\u4e66\u7b7e\u540d\u8bf7\u6c42\u3002\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<h3>openssl crl<\/h3>\n<blockquote>\n<p><code>openssl crl<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u662f\u7528\u4e8e\u5904\u7406\u8bc1\u4e66\u64a4\u9500\u5217\u8868\uff08CRL\uff09\u7684OpenSSL\u5b9e\u7528\u5de5\u5177\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\"># \u4e0b\u9762\u662f\u5404\u4e2a\u53c2\u6570\u7684\u542b\u4e49\uff1a\nhelp\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u5e2e\u52a9\u6458\u8981\u3002\n-inform PEM|DER\uff1a\u8f93\u5165\u683c\u5f0f\uff0c\u9ed8\u8ba4\u4e3a PEM\u3002\n-in infile\uff1a\u8f93\u5165\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u9ed8\u8ba4\u4e3a stdin\u3002\n-outform PEM|DER\uff1a\u8f93\u51fa\u683c\u5f0f\uff0c\u9ed8\u8ba4\u4e3a PEM\u3002\n-out outfile\uff1a\u8f93\u51fa\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u9ed8\u8ba4\u4e3a stdout\u3002\n-keyform PEM|DER\uff1a\u79c1\u94a5\u6587\u4ef6\u683c\u5f0f (PEM \u6216 ENGINE)\u3002\n-key infile\uff1a\u7528\u4e8e\u7b7e\u540d CRL \u7684\u79c1\u94a5\u3002\n-issuer\uff1a\u6253\u5370\u9881\u53d1\u8005 DN\u3002\n-lastupdate\uff1a\u8bbe\u7f6e lastUpdate \u5b57\u6bb5\u3002\n-nextupdate\uff1a\u8bbe\u7f6e nextUpdate \u5b57\u6bb5\u3002\n-noout\uff1a\u4e0d\u8f93\u51fa CRL\u3002\n-fingerprint\uff1a\u6253\u5370 CRL \u6307\u7eb9\u3002\n-crlnumber\uff1a\u6253\u5370 CRL \u5e8f\u53f7\u3002\n-badsig\uff1a\u635f\u574f\u52a0\u8f7d\u7684 CRL \u7b7e\u540d\u7684\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b57\u8282\uff08\u7528\u4e8e\u6d4b\u8bd5\uff09\u3002\n-gendelta infile\uff1a\u4e0e\u8f93\u5165\u7684 CRL \u6bd4\u8f83\/\u5bf9\u6bd4\u7684\u5176\u4ed6 CRL\u3002\n-CApath dir\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528 dir \u4e2d\u7684\u8bc1\u4e66\u9a8c\u8bc1 CRL\u3002\n-CAfile infile\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u7684\u8bc1\u4e66\u9a8c\u8bc1 CRL\u3002\n-no-CAfile\uff1a\u4e0d\u52a0\u8f7d\u9ed8\u8ba4\u7684\u8bc1\u4e66\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\n-no-CApath\uff1a\u4e0d\u4ece\u9ed8\u8ba4\u7684\u8bc1\u4e66\u76ee\u5f55\u52a0\u8f7d\u8bc1\u4e66\u3002\n-verify\uff1a\u9a8c\u8bc1 CRL \u7b7e\u540d\u3002\n-text\uff1a\u6253\u5370\u51fa\u6587\u672c\u683c\u5f0f\u7248\u672c\u3002\n-hash\uff1a\u6253\u5370\u54c8\u5e0c\u503c\u3002\n-nameopt val\uff1a\u5404\u79cd\u8bc1\u4e66\u540d\u79f0\u9009\u9879\u3002\n-*\uff1a\u4efb\u4f55\u53d7\u652f\u6301\u7684\u6458\u8981\u3002\n-hash_old\uff1a\u6253\u5370\u65e7\u5f0f\uff08MD5\uff09\u54c8\u5e0c\u503c\u3002<\/code><\/pre>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\"># 1.\u67e5\u770b CRL \u6587\u4ef6\u5185\u5bb9\uff1a\nopenssl crl -in crl.pem -noout -text\n\u6b64\u547d\u4ee4\u4f1a\u5c06 CRL \u6587\u4ef6 crl.pem \u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u6253\u5370\u5230\u63a7\u5236\u53f0\u3002\n\n# 2.\u9a8c\u8bc1 CRL\uff1a\nopenssl crl -in crl.pem -CAfile ca.pem -noout -verify\n\u6b64\u547d\u4ee4\u4f1a\u4f7f\u7528 CA \u8bc1\u4e66\u6587\u4ef6 ca.pem \u9a8c\u8bc1 CRL \u6587\u4ef6 crl.pem\u3002\u5982\u679c\u9a8c\u8bc1\u6210\u529f\uff0c\u8be5\u547d\u4ee4\u4e0d\u4f1a\u6709\u8f93\u51fa\u3002\n\n# 3.\u751f\u6210\u65b0\u7684\u7a7a\u767d CRL\uff1a\nopenssl crl -gencrl -out crl.pem -config openssl.cnf\n\u6b64\u547d\u4ee4\u5c06\u6839\u636e OpenSSL \u914d\u7f6e\u6587\u4ef6 openssl.cnf \u4e2d\u7684\u8bbe\u7f6e\u751f\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u7a7a\u767d CRL\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u5176\u4fdd\u5b58\u4e3a crl.pem \u6587\u4ef6\n\n# 4.\u624b\u52a8\u8bbe\u7f6e CRL \u7684 lastUpdate \u548c nextUpdate \u5b57\u6bb5\uff1a\nopenssl crl -in crl.pem -out new_crl.pem -lastupdate 20230101000000Z -nextupdate 20240101000000Z\n\u6b64\u547d\u4ee4\u5c06\u8bfb\u53d6 crl.pem \u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u7684 CRL\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u624b\u52a8\u8bbe\u7f6e lastUpdate \u548c nextUpdate \u5b57\u6bb5\u7684\u503c\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u7ed3\u679c\u4fdd\u5b58\u4e3a new_crl.pem \u6587\u4ef6\u3002\n\n# 5.\u751f\u6210 CRL \u7684\u6307\u7eb9\uff08\u6458\u8981\uff09\uff1a\nopenssl crl -in crl.pem -noout -fingerprint\n\u8be5\u547d\u4ee4\u5c06\u8ba1\u7b97 crl.pem \u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d CRL \u7684\u6307\u7eb9\uff08\u6458\u8981\uff09\u5e76\u8f93\u51fa\u5230\u63a7\u5236\u53f0\u3002\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<h3>openssl genpkey<\/h3>\n<blockquote>\n<p><code>openssl genpkey<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u7528\u4e8e\u751f\u6210\u65b0\u7684\u79c1\u94a5\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\"># \u4e0b\u9762\u662f\u5404\u4e2a\u53c2\u6570\u7684\u542b\u4e49\uff1a\n-help\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u5e2e\u52a9\u6458\u8981\u3002\n-out outfile\uff1a\u8f93\u51fa\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\n-outform PEM|DER\uff1a\u8f93\u51fa\u683c\u5f0f\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f DER \u6216 PEM\u3002\n-pass val\uff1a\u8f93\u51fa\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u5bc6\u7801\u6765\u6e90\u3002\n-paramfile infile\uff1a\u53c2\u6570\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\n-algorithm val\uff1a\u516c\u94a5\u7b97\u6cd5\u3002\n-pkeyopt val\uff1a\u8bbe\u7f6e\u516c\u94a5\u7b97\u6cd5\u9009\u9879\uff0c\u683c\u5f0f\u4e3a opt:value\u3002\n-genparam\uff1a\u751f\u6210\u53c2\u6570\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u79c1\u94a5\u3002\n-text\uff1a\u4ee5\u6587\u672c\u5f62\u5f0f\u6253\u5370\u7ed3\u679c\u3002\n-*\uff1a\u7528\u4e8e\u52a0\u5bc6\u79c1\u94a5\u7684\u5bc6\u7801\u7b97\u6cd5\u3002\n-engine val\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528\u5f15\u64ce\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u786c\u4ef6\u8bbe\u5907\u3002<\/code><\/pre>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\"># 1.\u751f\u6210\u65b0\u7684 RSA \u79c1\u94a5\uff1a\nopenssl genpkey -algorithm RSA -out private.key\n\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u4f1a\u751f\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684 RSA \u79c1\u94a5\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u5176\u4fdd\u5b58\u4e3a private.key \u6587\u4ef6\u3002\n\n# 2.\u751f\u6210\u65b0\u7684 ECDSA \u79c1\u94a5\nopenssl genpkey -algorithm EC -out private.key\n\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u4f1a\u751f\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684 ECDSA \u79c1\u94a5\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u5176\u4fdd\u5b58\u4e3a private.key \u6587\u4ef6\u3002\n\n# 3.\u751f\u6210\u65b0\u7684\u79c1\u94a5\u548c\u516c\u94a5\u5bf9\uff1a\nopenssl genpkey -algorithm RSA -out private.key\nopenssl pkey -in private.key -pubout -out public.key\n\u7b2c\u4e00\u884c\u547d\u4ee4\u751f\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684 RSA \u79c1\u94a5\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u5176\u4fdd\u5b58\u4e3a private.key \u6587\u4ef6\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u884c\u547d\u4ee4\u8bfb\u53d6\u79c1\u94a5\u6587\u4ef6\u5e76\u751f\u6210\u5bf9\u5e94\u7684\u516c\u94a5\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u5176\u4fdd\u5b58\u4e3a public.key \u6587\u4ef6\u3002\n\n# 4.\u751f\u6210\u65b0\u7684\u79c1\u94a5\u5e76\u4f7f\u7528\u5bc6\u7801\u8fdb\u884c\u52a0\u5bc6\uff1a\nopenssl genpkey -algorithm RSA -out private.key -aes256\n\u6b64\u547d\u4ee4\u5c06\u751f\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684 AES 256 \u4f4d\u52a0\u5bc6\u7684 RSA \u79c1\u94a5\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u5176\u4fdd\u5b58\u4e3a private.key \u6587\u4ef6\u3002\u5728\u751f\u6210\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u5c06\u8981\u6c42\u8f93\u5165\u5bc6\u7801\u4ee5\u4fdd\u62a4\u79c1\u94a5\u3002\n\n# 5.\u4f7f\u7528\u9884\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u53c2\u6570\u751f\u6210\u5bc6\u94a5\u5bf9\uff1a\nopenssl genpkey -algorithm RSA -paramfile params.txt -out private.key\n\u8be5\u547d\u4ee4\u4f7f\u7528\u53c2\u6570\u6587\u4ef6 params.txt \u4e2d\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u53c2\u6570\u751f\u6210\u65b0\u7684 RSA \u5bc6\u94a5\u5bf9\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u79c1\u94a5\u4fdd\u5b58\u4e3a private.key \u6587\u4ef6\u3002\n\n# 6.\u751f\u6210\u53c2\u6570\u800c\u4e0d\u751f\u6210\u79c1\u94a5\uff1a\nopenssl genpkey -genparam -algorithm RSA -out params.txt\n\u6b64\u547d\u4ee4\u5c06\u751f\u6210\u4e00\u7ec4 RSA \u53c2\u6570\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u5176\u4fdd\u5b58\u5728 params.txt \u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u751f\u6210\u5b9e\u9645\u7684\u79c1\u94a5\u3002\n\n# 7.\u4f7f\u7528\u5f15\u64ce\u751f\u6210\u79c1\u94a5\uff1a\nopenssl genpkey -algorithm RSA -engine pkcs11 -out private.key\n\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u4f7f\u7528 pkcs11 \u5f15\u64ce\u751f\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684 RSA \u79c1\u94a5\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u5176\u4fdd\u5b58\u4e3a private.key \u6587\u4ef6\u3002\u8fd9\u8981\u6c42 OpenSSL \u914d\u7f6e\u4e2d\u5df2\u914d\u7f6e\u4e86\u6b63\u786e\u7684 pkcs11 \u5f15\u64ce\u3002\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<h3>openssl verify<\/h3>\n<blockquote>\n<p><code>openssl verify<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u7528\u4e8e\u9a8c\u8bc1\u8bc1\u4e66\u7684\u6709\u6548\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>\u7528\u6cd5\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\"> openssl verify [options] cert.pem...<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><code>cert.pem...<\/code>\uff1a\u8981\u9a8c\u8bc1\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u6216\u591a\u4e2a\u8bc1\u4e66\u6587\u4ef6\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u5e38\u7528\u9009\u9879\uff1a<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>-CAfile infile<\/code>\uff1a\u6307\u5b9a\u5305\u542b\u53ef\u4fe1\u4efb\u6839\u8bc1\u4e66\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-CApath dir<\/code>\uff1a\u6307\u5b9a\u5305\u542b\u53ef\u4fe1\u4efb\u6839\u8bc1\u4e66\u7684\u76ee\u5f55\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-untrusted infile<\/code>\uff1a\u6307\u5b9a\u5305\u542b\u4e0d\u53ef\u4fe1\u4efb\u4e2d\u95f4\u8bc1\u4e66\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-verbose<\/code>\uff1a\u6253\u5370\u8be6\u7ec6\u7684\u9a8c\u8bc1\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-show_chain<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u5173\u4e8e\u8bc1\u4e66\u94fe\u7684\u8be6\u7ec6\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-purpose val<\/code>\uff1a\u6307\u5b9a\u8bc1\u4e66\u94fe\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-verify_depth int<\/code>\uff1a\u6307\u5b9a\u9a8c\u8bc1\u7684\u8bc1\u4e66\u94fe\u6df1\u5ea6\u9650\u5236\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\"># \u53c2\u6570\u7684\u542b\u4e49\n-help\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u5e2e\u52a9\u6458\u8981\u3002\n-verbose\uff1a\u6253\u5370\u5173\u4e8e\u6b63\u5728\u6267\u884c\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c\u7684\u989d\u5916\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\n-CApath dir\uff1a\u6307\u5b9a\u4e00\u4e2a\u76ee\u5f55\uff0c\u5305\u542b\u53ef\u4fe1\u4efb\u7684\u8bc1\u4e66\u3002\n-CAfile infile\uff1a\u6307\u5b9a\u4e00\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u5305\u542b\u53ef\u4fe1\u4efb\u7684\u8bc1\u4e66\u3002\n-no-CAfile\uff1a\u4e0d\u52a0\u8f7d\u9ed8\u8ba4\u7684\u8bc1\u4e66\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\n-no-CApath\uff1a\u4e0d\u52a0\u8f7d\u9ed8\u8ba4\u7684\u8bc1\u4e66\u76ee\u5f55\u3002\n-untrusted infile\uff1a\u6307\u5b9a\u4e00\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u5305\u542b\u4e0d\u53ef\u4fe1\u4efb\u7684\u8bc1\u4e66\u3002\n-trusted infile\uff1a\u6307\u5b9a\u4e00\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u5305\u542b\u53ef\u4fe1\u4efb\u7684\u8bc1\u4e66\u3002\n-CRLfile infile\uff1a\u6307\u5b9a\u4e00\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u5305\u542b\u4e00\u4e2a\u6216\u591a\u4e2a CRL\uff08\u4ee5 PEM \u683c\u5f0f\uff09\u3002\n-crl_download\uff1a\u5c1d\u8bd5\u4e0b\u8f7d\u4e0e\u6b64\u8bc1\u4e66\u76f8\u5173\u7684 CRL \u4fe1\u606f\u3002\n-show_chain\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u6709\u5173\u8bc1\u4e66\u94fe\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\n-nameopt val\uff1a\u5404\u79cd\u8bc1\u4e66\u540d\u79f0\u9009\u9879\u3002\n-policy val\uff1a\u5c06\u7b56\u7565\u6dfb\u52a0\u5230\u53ef\u63a5\u53d7\u7684\u7b56\u7565\u96c6\u4e2d\u3002\n-purpose val\uff1a\u8bc1\u4e66\u94fe\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u3002\n-verify_name val\uff1a\u9a8c\u8bc1\u7b56\u7565\u540d\u79f0\u3002\n-verify_depth int\uff1a\u94fe\u7684\u6df1\u5ea6\u9650\u5236\u3002\n-auth_level int\uff1a\u94fe\u7684\u8eab\u4efd\u9a8c\u8bc1\u5b89\u5168\u7ea7\u522b\u3002\n-attime intmax\uff1a\u9a8c\u8bc1\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u6233\u3002\n-verify_hostname val\uff1a\u9884\u671f\u7684\u5bf9\u7b49\u65b9\u4e3b\u673a\u540d\u3002\n-verify_email val\uff1a\u9884\u671f\u7684\u5bf9\u7b49\u65b9\u7535\u5b50\u90ae\u4ef6\u3002\n-verify_ip val\uff1a\u9884\u671f\u7684\u5bf9\u7b49\u65b9 IP \u5730\u5740\u3002\n-ignore_critical\uff1a\u5141\u8bb8\u5904\u7406\u672a\u5904\u7406\u7684\u5173\u952e\u6269\u5c55\u3002\n-issuer_checks\uff1a\uff08\u5df2\u5f03\u7528\uff09\u3002\n-crl_check\uff1a\u68c0\u67e5\u53f6\u8bc1\u4e66\u7684\u540a\u9500\u3002\n-crl_check_all\uff1a\u68c0\u67e5\u5b8c\u6574\u94fe\u7684\u540a\u9500\u3002\n-policy_check\uff1a\u6267\u884c RFC 5280 \u7b56\u7565\u68c0\u67e5\u3002\n-explicit_policy\uff1a\u8bbe\u7f6e\u7b56\u7565\u53d8\u91cf require-explicit-policy\u3002\n-inhibit_any\uff1a\u8bbe\u7f6e\u7b56\u7565\u53d8\u91cf inhibit-any-policy\u3002\n-inhibit_map\uff1a\u8bbe\u7f6e\u7b56\u7565\u53d8\u91cf inhibit-policy-mapping\u3002\n-x509_strict\uff1a\u7981\u7528\u8bc1\u4e66\u7684\u517c\u5bb9\u6027\u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6848\u3002\n-extended_crl\uff1a\u542f\u7528\u6269\u5c55\u7684 CRL \u529f\u80fd\u3002\n-use_deltas\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528\u589e\u91cf CRL\u3002\n-policy_print\uff1a\u6253\u5370\u7b56\u7565\u5904\u7406\u8bca\u65ad\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\n-check_ss_sig\uff1a\u68c0\u67e5\u6839 CA \u81ea\u7b7e\u540d\u3002\n-trusted_first\uff1a\u9996\u5148\u641c\u7d22\u4fe1\u4efb\u5b58\u50a8\u533a\uff08\u9ed8\u8ba4\uff09\u3002\n-suiteB_128_only\uff1a\u4ec5\u4f7f\u7528 Suite B 128 \u4f4d\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002\n-suiteB_128\uff1a\u5141\u8bb8\u4f7f\u7528 192 \u4f4d\u7b97\u6cd5\u7684 Suite B 128 \u4f4d\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002\n-suiteB_192\uff1a\u4ec5\u4f7f\u7528 Suite B 192 \u4f4d\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002\n-partial_chain\uff1a\u63a5\u53d7\u7531\u4e2d\u95f4\u4fe1\u4efb\u5b58\u50a8\u533a CA \u951a\u5b9a\u7684\u94fe\u3002\n-no_alt_chains\uff1a\uff08\u5df2\u5f03\u7528\uff09\u3002\n-no_check_time\uff1a\u5ffd\u7565\u8bc1\u4e66\u6709\u6548\u65f6\u95f4\u3002\n-allow_proxy_certs\uff1a\u5141\u8bb8\u4f7f\u7528\u4ee3\u7406\u8bc1\u4e66\u3002\n-engine val\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528\u5f15\u64ce\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u786c\u4ef6\u8bbe\u5907\u3002<\/code><\/pre>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\"># 1.\u9a8c\u8bc1\u5355\u4e2a\u8bc1\u4e66\uff1a\nopenssl verify cert.pem\n\u8fd9\u5c06\u9a8c\u8bc1\u540d\u4e3a cert.pem \u7684\u8bc1\u4e66\u7684\u6709\u6548\u6027\u3002\n\n# 2.\u9a8c\u8bc1\u8bc1\u4e66\u94fe\uff1a\nopenssl verify -CAfile ca.crt -untrusted intermediate.crt cert.crt\n\u8fd9\u5c06\u9a8c\u8bc1\u540d\u4e3a cert.crt \u7684\u8bc1\u4e66\uff0c\u5e76\u4f7f\u7528 ca.crt \u4f5c\u4e3a\u6839\u8bc1\u4e66\uff0cintermediate.crt \u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e2d\u95f4\u8bc1\u4e66\n\n# 3.\u9a8c\u8bc1\u8bc1\u4e66\u5e76\u663e\u793a\u8be6\u7ec6\u4fe1\u606f\uff1a\nopenssl verify -verbose cert.pem\n\u8fd9\u5c06\u9a8c\u8bc1\u540d\u4e3a cert.pem \u7684\u8bc1\u4e66\uff0c\u5e76\u6253\u5370\u8be6\u7ec6\u7684\u9a8c\u8bc1\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\n\n# 4.\u9a8c\u8bc1\u8bc1\u4e66\u94fe\u7684\u6709\u6548\u6027\u5e76\u663e\u793a\u8bc1\u4e66\u94fe\u4fe1\u606f\uff1a\nopenssl verify -show_chain -CAfile ca.crt -untrusted intermediate.crt cert.crt\n\u8fd9\u5c06\u9a8c\u8bc1\u540d\u4e3a cert.crt \u7684\u8bc1\u4e66\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528 ca.crt \u4f5c\u4e3a\u6839\u8bc1\u4e66\uff0cintermediate.crt \u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e2d\u95f4\u8bc1\u4e66\uff0c\u5e76\u663e\u793a\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\u8bc1\u4e66\u94fe\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/code><\/pre>\n<h3>openssl list<\/h3>\n<blockquote>\n<p><code>openssl list<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u7528\u4e8e\u5217\u51fa OpenSSL \u652f\u6301\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u3001\u7b97\u6cd5\u3001\u65b9\u6cd5\u7b49\u5185\u5bb9\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\"># \u9009\u9879\uff1a\n-1\uff1a\u4ee5\u5355\u5217\u5f62\u5f0f\u663e\u793a\u5217\u8868\u3002\n-commands\uff1a\u5217\u51fa\u6807\u51c6\u547d\u4ee4\u5217\u8868\u3002\n-digest-commands\uff1a\u5217\u51fa\u6d88\u606f\u6458\u8981\u547d\u4ee4\u5217\u8868\u3002\n-digest-algorithms\uff1a\u5217\u51fa\u6d88\u606f\u6458\u8981\u7b97\u6cd5\u5217\u8868\u3002\n-cipher-commands\uff1a\u5217\u51fa\u52a0\u5bc6\u547d\u4ee4\u5217\u8868\u3002\n-cipher-algorithms\uff1a\u5217\u51fa\u52a0\u5bc6\u7b97\u6cd5\u5217\u8868\u3002\n-public-key-algorithms\uff1a\u5217\u51fa\u516c\u94a5\u7b97\u6cd5\u5217\u8868\u3002\n-public-key-methods\uff1a\u5217\u51fa\u516c\u94a5\u65b9\u6cd5\u5217\u8868\u3002\n-disabled\uff1a\u5217\u51fa\u5df2\u7981\u7528\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u5217\u8868\u3002\n-missing-help\uff1a\u5217\u51fa\u7f3a\u5c11\u8be6\u7ec6\u5e2e\u52a9\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u7684\u9879\u3002\n-options val\uff1a\u5217\u51fa\u6307\u5b9a\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u9009\u9879\u3002<\/code><\/pre>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\"># 1.\u5217\u51fa\u6240\u6709\u6807\u51c6\u547d\u4ee4\uff1acentos8\u9002\u7528\uff0ccentos7\u4e0d\u9002\u7528\nopenssl list -commands\n\n# 2.\u5217\u51fa\u6240\u6709\u6d88\u606f\u6458\u8981\u7b97\u6cd5\uff1a\nopenssl list -digest-algorithms\n\n# 3.\u5217\u51fa\u6240\u6709\u52a0\u5bc6\u7b97\u6cd5\uff1a\nopenssl list -cipher-algorithms\n\u00b7\n# 4.\u5217\u51fa\u7279\u5b9a\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u9009\u9879\uff1a\nopenssl list -options enc<\/code><\/pre>\n<h3>openssl dhparam<\/h3>\n<blockquote>\n<p><code>openssl dhparam<\/code> \u662f OpenSSL \u5de5\u5177\u5305\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u5904\u7406Diffie-Hellman\u53c2\u6570\u3002Diffie-Hellman\u7b97\u6cd5\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5141\u8bb8\u4e24\u4e2a\u901a\u4fe1\u53cc\u65b9\u5728\u4e0d\u76f4\u63a5\u4f20\u8f93\u4efb\u4f55\u79d8\u5bc6\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u5171\u540c\u751f\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u5171\u4eab\u7684\u79d8\u5bc6\u503c\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u7ecf\u5e38\u7528\u4e8eTLS\/SSL\u534f\u8bae\u4e2d\u7684\u79d8\u94a5\u4ea4\u6362<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\"># \u9009\u9879\ndhparam [options] [numbits]: \u57fa\u672c\u683c\u5f0f\u3002\u8fd9\u91cc\u7684numbits\u662f\u6307\u8981\u751f\u6210\u7684Diffie-Hellman\u53c2\u6570\u7684\u4f4d\u6570\uff0c\u9ed8\u8ba4\u662f2048\u4f4d\u3002\n-inform arg: \u5b9a\u4e49\u8f93\u5165\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u683c\u5f0f\u3002\u5b83\u53ef\u4ee5\u662fDER\uff08\u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236\u683c\u5f0f\uff09\u6216PEM\uff08ASCII\u683c\u5f0f\uff09\u3002\n-outform arg: \u5b9a\u4e49\u8f93\u51fa\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u683c\u5f0f\u3002\u540c\u6837\uff0c\u5b83\u53ef\u4ee5\u662fDER\u6216PEM\u3002\n-in arg: \u6307\u5b9a\u8f93\u5165\u6587\u4ef6\u540d\u3002\n-out arg: \u6307\u5b9a\u8f93\u51fa\u6587\u4ef6\u540d\u3002\n-dsaparam: \u8bfb\u53d6\u6216\u751f\u6210DSA\u53c2\u6570\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3aDH\u53c2\u6570\u3002\u8fd9\u53ef\u4ee5\u66f4\u5feb\u5730\u751f\u6210\u53c2\u6570\uff0c\u4f46\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0d\u5982\u771f\u6b63\u7684Diffie-Hellman\u53c2\u6570\u90a3\u4e48\u5b89\u5168\u3002\n-check: \u68c0\u67e5DH\u53c2\u6570\u662f\u5426\u6b63\u786e\u3002\n-text: \u4ee5\u6587\u672c\u683c\u5f0f\u6253\u5370Diffie-Hellman\u53c2\u6570\u3002\n-C: \u8f93\u51fa\u4e3aC\u4ee3\u7801\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u5f00\u53d1\u4eba\u5458\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u5176\u5e94\u7528\u7a0b\u5e8f\u4e2d\u76f4\u63a5\u4f7f\u7528\u5b83\u3002\n-2 \u548c -5: \u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u9009\u9879\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e86\u5728\u751f\u6210DH\u53c2\u6570\u65f6\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u751f\u6210\u5668\u503c\u3002\u5728Diffie-Hellman\u4e2d\uff0c2\u548c5\u662f\u5e38\u7528\u7684\u751f\u6210\u5668\u3002\nnumbits: \u5b9a\u4e49\u8981\u751f\u6210\u7684Diffie-Hellman\u53c2\u6570\u7684\u4f4d\u6570\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u6307\u5b9a2048\u6765\u751f\u62102048\u4f4d\u7684\u53c2\u6570\u3002\n-engine e: \u4f7f\u7528\u540d\u4e3ae\u7684\u5f15\u64ce\uff0c\u8fd9\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u786c\u4ef6\u8bbe\u5907\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u52a0\u901f\u53c2\u6570\u7684\u751f\u6210\u6216\u5176\u4ed6\u529f\u80fd\u3002\n-rand file:file:...: \u52a0\u8f7d\u4e00\u4e2a\u6216\u591a\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u6216\u76ee\u5f55\u4e2d\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u5230\u968f\u673a\u6570\u751f\u6210\u5668\u3002\u8fd9\u7528\u4e8e\u589e\u5f3a\u751f\u6210\u7684\u968f\u673a\u6027\u3002\n-noout: \u4e0d\u8f93\u51fa\u7ed3\u679c\u3002\u8fd9\u5728\u914d\u5408-check\u9009\u9879\u4f7f\u7528\u65f6\u5f88\u6709\u7528\uff0c\u5f53\u4f60\u53ea\u60f3\u68c0\u67e5\u53c2\u6570\u4f46\u4e0d\u8f93\u51fa\u5b83\u4eec\u65f6\u3002\n\n#\u6848\u4f8b\uff1a\n\u4e3a\u4e86\u5728\u5b9e\u9645\u5e94\u7528\u4e2d\u751f\u6210Diffie-Hellman\u53c2\u6570\uff0c\u60a8\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u8fd0\u884c\u4ee5\u4e0b\u547d\u4ee4\uff1a\nopenssl dhparam -out dhparams.pem 2048\n\u8fd9\u5c06\u751f\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a2048\u4f4d\u7684DH\u53c2\u6570\u5e76\u5c06\u5176\u4fdd\u5b58\u5728dhparams.pem\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u3002\u5728\u8bbe\u7f6eTLS\/SSL\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u65f6\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u53c2\u6570\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u88ab\u8981\u6c42\u3002<\/code><\/pre>\n<h3>.\/easyrsa<\/h3>\n<blockquote>\n<p>EasyRSA\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u8f7b\u91cf\u7ea7\u7684SSL\u8bc1\u4e66\u7ba1\u7406\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u57fa\u4e8eOpenSSL\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u7b80\u5316\u521b\u5efa\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u8bc1\u4e66\u9881\u53d1\u673a\u6784\uff08CA\uff09\u548c\u7ba1\u7406\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u8bc1\u4e66\u3002\u5b83\u7ecf\u5e38\u7528\u4e8e\u4e3aVPN\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u5b89\u5168\u5e94\u7528\u7a0b\u5e8f\u8bbe\u7f6eSSL\/TLS\u8bc1\u4e66\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\"># 1.\u5b89\u88c5EasyRSA\u5de5\u5177\nyum -y install easy-rsa\n\n# \u5982\u679c\u662f\u901a\u8fc7github\u6765\u5b89\u88c5\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u9700\u8981\u5148\u4e0b\u8f7d\u5bf9\u5e94\u7684rpm\u5305\nhttps:\/\/github.com\/OpenVPN\/easy-rsa\n\n# 2.\u521d\u59cb\u5316 Public Key Infrastructure (PKI)\n# \u5728\u89e3\u538b\u540e\u7684EasyRSA\u76ee\u5f55\u4e2d\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u662f\u901a\u8fc7yum\u6765\u5b89\u88c5\u7684\u8bdd\u90a3\u4e48\u5c31\u5728\u4e0b\u9762\u8fd9\u4e2a\u76ee\u5f55\u5f53\u4e2d\ncd \/usr\/share\/easy-rsa\/3\n.\/easyrsa init-pki\n\n# 3. \u521b\u5efa\u65b0\u7684\u8bc1\u4e66\u9881\u53d1\u673a\u6784\uff08CA\uff09\n.\/easyrsa build-ca\n# \u5f53\u63d0\u793a\u65f6\uff0c\u8f93\u5165CA\u7684\u5bc6\u7801\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u76f8\u5173\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\n\n# 4.\u751f\u6210\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u8bc1\u4e66\u548c\u79c1\u94a5\n.\/easyrsa build-server-full servername nopass\n# \u5176\u4e2dservername\u662f\u4f60\u4e3a\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u8bc1\u4e66\u9009\u62e9\u7684\u540d\u79f0\u3002\u4f7f\u7528nopass\u610f\u5473\u7740\u751f\u6210\u7684\u79c1\u94a5\u4e0d\u4f1a\u52a0\u5bc6\u3002\n\n# 5.\u751f\u6210\u5ba2\u6237\u7aef\u8bc1\u4e66\u548c\u79c1\u94a5\n.\/easyrsa build-client-full clientname nopass\n# \u5176\u4e2dclientname\u662f\u4f60\u4e3a\u5ba2\u6237\u7aef\u8bc1\u4e66\u9009\u62e9\u7684\u540d\u79f0\u3002\n\n# 6.\u64a4\u9500\u8bc1\u4e66\n# \u5982\u679c\u4f60\u9700\u8981\u64a4\u9500\u67d0\u4e2a\u8bc1\u4e66\uff1a\n.\/easyrsa revoke clientname\n.\/easyrsa gen-crl\n# \u64a4\u9500\u7684\u8bc1\u4e66\u4f1a\u88ab\u6dfb\u52a0\u5230CRL\uff08\u8bc1\u4e66\u64a4\u9500\u5217\u8868\uff09\u4e2d\u3002\n\n# 7.\u67e5\u770b\u8bc1\u4e66\u8be6\u60c5\nopenssl x509 -in pki\/issued\/clientname.crt -text -noout\n\n# 8.\u81ea\u5b9a\u4e49\u53d8\u91cf\n# \u5728\u4f60\u7684EasyRSA\u76ee\u5f55\u4e2d\uff0c\u6709\u4e00\u4e2avars.example\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u590d\u5236\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u5230vars\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u7f16\u8f91\u5b83\u6765\u81ea\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e00\u4e9b\u9ed8\u8ba4\u7684\u8bc1\u4e66\u53c2\u6570\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u8bc1\u4e66\u7684\u6709\u6548\u671f\u3001\u9ed8\u8ba4\u56fd\u5bb6\/\u7701\u4efd\u7b49\u3002\ncp \/usr\/share\/doc\/easy-rsa\/vars.example \/etc\/openvpn\/easy-rsa-server\/3\/vars\n\n# 9.\u751f\u6210Diffie-Hellman\u53c2\u6570:\n# \u5982\u679c\u4f60\u5728\u4f7f\u7528OpenVPN\u6216\u5176\u4ed6\u9700\u8981Diffie-Hellman\u53c2\u6570\u7684\u670d\u52a1\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u4ee5\u4e0b\u547d\u4ee4\u751f\u6210\u5b83\uff1a\n.\/easyrsa gen-dh\n\n# 10.\u751f\u6210TLS-Auth\u5bc6\u94a5:\n# \u4e3a\u4e86\u589e\u5f3aOpenVPN\u7684\u5b89\u5168\u6027\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528TLS-Auth\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e0b\u547d\u4ee4\u751f\u6210\u6240\u9700\u7684\u5bc6\u94a5\uff1a\nopenvpn --genkey --secret ta.key\n\n# 11.\u751f\u6210EC\uff08\u692d\u5706\u66f2\u7ebf\uff09\u8bc1\u4e66:\n# \u5982\u679c\u4f60\u60f3\u4f7f\u7528EC\uff08\u6bd4RSA\u66f4\u5b89\u5168\u4e14\u66f4\u9ad8\u6548\uff09\uff1a\n.\/easyrsa set-ecparams secp384r1\n.\/easyrsa build-ca\n.\/easyrsa build-server-full servername nopass\n.\/easyrsa build-client-full clientname nopass\n\n# 12.\u5bfc\u5165\u548c\u5bfc\u51faPKI\u9879:\n# EasyRSA\u8fd8\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u5bfc\u5165\u548c\u5bfc\u51fa\u8bc1\u4e66\u548c\u79c1\u94a5\u7684\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u8fd9\u5728\u4f60\u9700\u8981\u8fc1\u79fb\u6216\u5907\u4efd\u4f60\u7684PKI\u73af\u5883\u65f6\u975e\u5e38\u6709\u7528\u3002\n# \u5bfc\u5165\u8bf7\u6c42:\n.\/easyrsa import-req \/path\/to\/external\/request.req short_basename\n# \u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u7528\u4e8e\u5bfc\u5165\u5916\u90e8\u751f\u6210\u7684\u8bc1\u4e66\u7b7e\u540d\u8bf7\u6c42\u3002request.req\u662f\u5916\u90e8\u7684\u8bf7\u6c42\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u800cshort_basename\u662f\u4f60\u5e0c\u671b\u5728EasyRSA\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bf7\u6c42\u547d\u540d\u7684\u540d\u5b57\u3002\n# \u5bfc\u51fa\u547d\u4ee4:\n# \u4f8b\u5982\uff0cexport-p7, export-p8, \u548c export-p12 \u662f\u7528\u4e8e\u5bfc\u51fa\u8bc1\u4e66\u548c\u79c1\u94a5\u4e3a\u7279\u5b9a\u683c\u5f0f\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u6700\u5e38\u7528\u7684\u662fexport-p12, \u5b83\u53ef\u4ee5\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u5305\u542b\u8bc1\u4e66\u3001\u79c1\u94a5\u548cCA\u8bc1\u4e66\u7684.p12\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u7528\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e9b\u5e94\u7528\u6216\u8bbe\u5907\u9700\u8981\u8bc1\u4e66\u548c\u79c1\u94a5\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u7684\u573a\u666f\u3002\n.\/easyrsa export-p12 &lt;filename_base&gt;\n\n# 13.\u6e05\u7406\u65e7\u7684\u8bf7\u6c42\u6587\u4ef6:\n# \u751f\u6210\u8bc1\u4e66\u6216\u79c1\u94a5\u540e\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u5728pki\/reqs\u76ee\u5f55\u4e2d\u7559\u4e0b\u4e00\u4e9b\u65e7\u7684\u8bf7\u6c42\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b89\u5168\u5730\u5220\u9664\u5b83\u4eec\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u5b9a\u671f\u6e05\u7406\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\nrm \/path\/to\/easyrsa\/pki\/reqs\/your_request_file.req\n\n# 14.\u7b7e\u540d\u5916\u90e8\u8bc1\u4e66\u8bf7\u6c42:\n# \u5982\u679c\u6709\u4eba\u53d1\u9001\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bc1\u4e66\u7b7e\u540d\u8bf7\u6c42\uff08CSR\uff09\u7ed9\u4f60\uff0c\u5e76\u5e0c\u671b\u7531\u4f60\u7684CA\u7b7e\u540d\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528sign-req\u547d\u4ee4\u6765\u5904\u7406\u5b83\u3002\n# \u9996\u5148\uff0c\u4f60\u9700\u8981\u5bfc\u5165\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bf7\u6c42\uff1a\n.\/easyrsa import-req \/path\/to\/external\/request.req short_basename\n# \u7136\u540e\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528sign-req\u6765\u4e3a\u5b83\u7b7e\u540d\uff1a\n.\/easyrsa sign-req type short_basename\n# \u5176\u4e2dtype\u53ef\u4ee5\u662fclient\u6216server\uff0c\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u8bc1\u4e66\u7684\u7528\u9014\u3002\n\n# 15.Inline Credentials for OpenVPN:\n# \u5bf9\u4e8eOpenVPN\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u5e0c\u671b\u4f7f\u7528\u5355\u4e00\u7684.ovpn\u914d\u7f6e\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5305\u542b\u6240\u6709\u7684\u8bc1\u4e66\u548c\u5bc6\u94a5\u4fe1\u606f\u3002EasyRSA\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u76f4\u63a5\u63d0\u4f9b\u6b64\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u4f46\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u624b\u52a8\u5c06CA\u8bc1\u4e66\u3001\u5ba2\u6237\u7aef\u8bc1\u4e66\u3001\u5ba2\u6237\u7aef\u79c1\u94a5\u4ee5\u53ca\uff08\u5982\u679c\u4f7f\u7528\uff09TLS-Auth\u5bc6\u94a5\u5d4c\u5165\u5230OpenVPN\u7684\u914d\u7f6e\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u3002\n# \u5728.ovpn\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u76f8\u5e94\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u63d2\u5165\u4ee5\u4e0b\u5185\u5bb9\uff1a\n&lt;ca&gt;\n(\u4f60\u7684CA\u8bc1\u4e66\u5185\u5bb9)\n&lt;\/ca&gt;\n\n&lt;cert&gt;\n(\u4f60\u7684\u5ba2\u6237\u7aef\u8bc1\u4e66\u5185\u5bb9)\n&lt;\/cert&gt;\n\n&lt;key&gt;\n(\u4f60\u7684\u5ba2\u6237\u7aef\u79c1\u94a5\u5185\u5bb9)\n&lt;\/key&gt;\n\n&lt;tls-auth&gt;\n(\u4f60\u7684TLS-Auth\u5bc6\u94a5\u5185\u5bb9)\n&lt;\/tls-auth&gt;\n\n# 16.\u66f4\u65b0CRL (\u8bc1\u4e66\u540a\u9500\u5217\u8868):\n# \u64a4\u9500\u8bc1\u4e66\u540e\uff0c\u4f60\u9700\u8981\u786e\u4fdd\u5e94\u7528\u7a0b\u5e8f\u6216\u670d\u52a1\uff08\u5982OpenVPN\uff09\u6709\u66f4\u65b0\u7684CRL\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u62d2\u7edd\u5df2\u64a4\u9500\u7684\u8bc1\u4e66\u7684\u8fde\u63a5\u8bf7\u6c42\u3002\n#\u8bc1\u4e66\u540a\u9500\u5217\u8868 (CRL) \u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5217\u51fa\u5df2\u88ab\u64a4\u9500\u7684\u8bc1\u4e66\u7684\u5217\u8868\u3002\u5f53\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bc1\u4e66\u88ab\u64a4\u9500\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u5c31\u4f1a\u88ab\u52a0\u5165\u5230CRL\u4e2d\u3002\n# \u8981\u751f\u6210\u6216\u66f4\u65b0CRL\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u4ee5\u4e0b\u547d\u4ee4\uff1a\n.\/easyrsa gen-crl\n# \u751f\u6210\u7684CRL\u6587\u4ef6\u9ed8\u8ba4\u5b58\u50a8\u5728pki\/crl.pem\u3002\u4f60\u9700\u8981\u786e\u4fdd\u6b64CRL\u6587\u4ef6\u53ef\u4f9b\u4f60\u7684\u670d\u52a1\uff08\u5982OpenVPN\uff09\u8bbf\u95ee\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u5176\u914d\u7f6e\u4e2d\u5f15\u7528\u3002\n\n# 17.\u5bc6\u7801\u7ba1\u7406:\n# \u5f53\u4f60\u4f7f\u7528EasyRSA\u751f\u6210\u8bc1\u4e66\u548c\u79c1\u94a5\u65f6\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u9009\u62e9\u662f\u5426\u4e3a\u79c1\u94a5\u8bbe\u7f6e\u5bc6\u7801\u3002\n# * \u4f7f\u7528\u5bc6\u7801\u52a0\u5bc6\u79c1\u94a5\u589e\u52a0\u4e86\u5b89\u5168\u6027\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5373\u4f7f\u79c1\u94a5\u6587\u4ef6\u88ab\u4e0d\u5f53\u8bbf\u95ee\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u5bc6\u7801\u4e5f\u65e0\u6cd5\u4f7f\u7528\u5b83\u3002\n# * \u4f46\u8fd9\u4e5f\u610f\u5473\u7740\u6bcf\u6b21\u4f7f\u7528\u79c1\u94a5\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u542f\u52a8OpenVPN\u670d\u52a1\u5668\uff09\u65f6\u90fd\u9700\u8981\u8f93\u5165\u5bc6\u7801\u3002\n# \u5982\u679c\u5728\u521b\u5efa\u65f6\u6ca1\u6709\u4e3a\u79c1\u94a5\u8bbe\u7f6e\u5bc6\u7801\uff0c\u4f46\u540e\u6765\u60f3\u8981\u52a0\u4e0a\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528set-rsa-pass\u548cset-ec-pass\u547d\u4ee4\u3002\n\n# 18.\u8bbe\u7f6ePKI\u76ee\u5f55\u548c\u8f93\u51fa\u76ee\u5f55:\n# \u9ed8\u8ba4\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0cEasyRSA\u4f7f\u7528\u5f53\u524d\u76ee\u5f55\u4e0b\u7684pki\u76ee\u5f55\u6765\u5b58\u50a8PKI\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\u4f46\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u547d\u4ee4\u884c\u53c2\u6570\u6765\u66f4\u6539\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3002\n.\/easyrsa --pki-dir=\/path\/to\/custom_pki_directory command\n# \u540c\u6837\uff0c--out-dir\u9009\u9879\u5141\u8bb8\u4f60\u6307\u5b9a\u8bc1\u4e66\u548c\u5bc6\u94a5\u7684\u8f93\u51fa\u76ee\u5f55\u3002\n\n# 19.\u5c55\u793a\u8bc1\u4e66\u4fe1\u606f:\n# \u4f7f\u7528\u4ee5\u4e0b\u547d\u4ee4\u6765\u5c55\u793a\u8bc1\u4e66\u8bf7\u6c42\u6216\u8bc1\u4e66\u7684\u8be6\u7ec6\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\n# \u67e5\u770b\u8bc1\u4e66\u8bf7\u6c42:\n.\/easyrsa show-req &lt;filename_base&gt;\n# \u67e5\u770b\u8bc1\u4e66:\n.\/easyrsa show-cert &lt;filename_base&gt;\n\n# 20.\u7eed\u8ba2\u8bc1\u4e66:\n# \u5f53\u8bc1\u4e66\u63a5\u8fd1\u5230\u671f\u65f6\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u91c7\u53d6\u4ee5\u4e0b\u6b65\u9aa4\u8fdb\u884c\u7eed\u8ba2\uff1a\n# \u751f\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u8bc1\u4e66\u8bf7\u6c42\u3002\u8fd9\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u4e0e\u9996\u6b21\u751f\u6210\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u5b8c\u6210\u3002\n# \u4f7f\u7528\u4f60\u7684CA\u7b7e\u540d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u8bf7\u6c42\u3002\n# \u4f7f\u7528\u65b0\u7684\u8bc1\u4e66\u66ff\u6362\u65e7\u7684\u8bc1\u4e66\u3002\u786e\u4fdd\u4e5f\u66f4\u65b0\u4efb\u4f55\u4f7f\u7528\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bc1\u4e66\u7684\u670d\u52a1\u6216\u5e94\u7528\u7684\u914d\u7f6e\u3002<\/code><\/pre>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\"># \u547d\u4ee4\n.\/easyrsa init-pki #\u521d\u59cb\u5316PKI\u76ee\u5f55\u548c\u6570\u636e\u5e93\uff0c\u521b\u5efa\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u548c\u76ee\u5f55\u7ed3\u6784\u3002\n.\/easyrsa build-ca #\u521b\u5efa\u65b0\u7684\u8bc1\u4e66\u9881\u53d1\u673a\u6784(CA)\u3002\u521b\u5efa\u4e3bCA\u8bc1\u4e66\u3002\u5f53\u63d0\u793a\u8f93\u5165\u65f6\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e3aCA\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e00\u4e2a\u540d\u79f0\uff0c\u5e76\u4e3a\u79c1\u94a5\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e00\u4e2a\u5bc6\u7801\u3002\n.\/easyrsa gen-dh # \u751f\u6210Diffie-Hellman\u53c2\u6570\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u7528\u4e8eOpenVPN\u7b49\u5e94\u7528\u3002\n.\/easyrsa gen-req myserver nopass #\u751f\u6210\u65b0\u7684\u8bc1\u4e66\u7b7e\u540d\u8bf7\u6c42(CSR)\u3002\u8fd9\u7528\u4e8e\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u8bc1\u4e66\u8bf7\u6c42\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u53d1\u9001\u7ed9CA\u8fdb\u884c\u7b7e\u540d\u3002nopass\u662f\u4e0d\u8f93\u5165\u5bc6\u7801\u3002\n&lt;filename_base&gt;: \u4e3a\u751f\u6210\u7684\u8bf7\u6c42\u6587\u4ef6\u548c\u5bc6\u94a5\u8bbe\u5b9a\u4e00\u4e2a\u57fa\u7840\u540d\u79f0\u3002\nnopass: \u5982\u679c\u6dfb\u52a0\u6b64\u9009\u9879\uff0c\u79c1\u94a5\u4e0d\u4f1a\u88ab\u52a0\u5bc6\u3002\n\n.\/easyrsa sign-req client myserver\n.\/easyrsa sign-req server myserver #\u4f7f\u7528CA\u7b7e\u7f72\u8bc1\u4e66\u8bf7\u6c42\u3002\u4f7f\u7528CA\u7b7e\u7f72\u8bc1\u4e66\u8bf7\u6c42\u3002\u8fd9\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u662f\u5c06\u8bc1\u4e66\u7b7e\u540d\u8bf7\u6c42 (CSR) \u8f6c\u5316\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\u8bc1\u4e66\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0cCA\u7684\u79c1\u94a5\u7528\u4e8e\u7b7e\u7f72CSR\uff0c\u5e76\u751f\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u516c\u5f00\u8bc1\u4e66\u3002\n&lt;type&gt;: \u53ef\u4ee5\u662f client \u6216 server\uff0c\u6307\u660e\u662f\u7b7e\u7f72\u5ba2\u6237\u7aef\u8fd8\u662f\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u8bc1\u4e66\u3002\n&lt;filename_base&gt;: \u4e4b\u524d\u7528gen-req\u547d\u4ee4\u521b\u5efa\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u540d\u57fa\u7840\u3002\n\n# \u5feb\u901f\u751f\u6210\u5e76\u7b7e\u7f72\u5ba2\u6237\u7aef\u6216\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u7684\u8bc1\u4e66\u548c\u5bc6\u94a5\u3002\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u7b80\u5316\u6d41\u7a0b\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u7ed3\u5408\u4e86\u751f\u6210CSR\u3001\u79c1\u94a5\u4ee5\u53ca\u4f7f\u7528CA\u8fdb\u884c\u7b7e\u540d\u7684\u6b65\u9aa4\u3002\n.\/easyrsa build-client-full client1 nopass\n.\/easyrsa build-server-full server1 nopass\n\n.\/easyrsa revoke client1 #\u64a4\u9500\u8bc1\u4e66\u3002\u64a4\u9500\u4e4b\u524d\u9881\u53d1\u7684\u8bc1\u4e66\u3002\u64a4\u9500\u8bc1\u4e66\u540e\uff0c\u76f8\u5173\u8bc1\u4e66\u5c06\u4e0d\u518d\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u6709\u6548\u7684\u3002\n.\/easyrsa renew client1 #\u66f4\u65b0\u5373\u5c06\u5230\u671f\u7684\u8bc1\u4e66\u3002\n.\/easyrsa build-serverClient-full both1 nopass #\u751f\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u53ef\u4ee5\u540c\u65f6\u4f5c\u4e3a\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u548c\u5ba2\u6237\u7aef\u7684\u8bc1\u4e66\u3002\n.\/easyrsa gen-crl #\u751f\u6210\u8bc1\u4e66\u64a4\u9500\u5217\u8868\u3002\u751f\u6210\u8bc1\u4e66\u64a4\u9500\u5217\u8868 (CRL)\u3002CRL\u5217\u51fa\u4e86\u6240\u6709\u88ab\u64a4\u9500\u7684\u8bc1\u4e66\u3002\u8bb8\u591a\u670d\u52a1\uff08\u5982OpenVPN\uff09\u4f1a\u4f7f\u7528CRL\u6765\u62d2\u7edd\u64a4\u9500\u8bc1\u4e66\u7684\u8fde\u63a5\u8bf7\u6c42\u3002\n.\/easyrsa update-db #\u66f4\u65b0\u5185\u90e8\u6570\u636e\u5e93\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u64a4\u9500\u8bc1\u4e66\u540e\u3002\n\n# \u663e\u793a\u8bf7\u6c42\u3001\u8bc1\u4e66\u6216CA\u7684\u8be6\u7ec6\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\n.\/easyrsa show-req myserver\n.\/easyrsa show-cert client1\n.\/easyrsa show-ca\n\n.\/easyrsa import-req \/path\/to\/external.csr client2 #\u5bfc\u5165\u4ece\u5916\u90e8\u751f\u6210\u7684\u8bc1\u4e66\u7b7e\u540d\u8bf7\u6c42\u3002\u8fd9\u4f7f\u5f97\u5916\u90e8\u7528\u6237\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf7\u6c42\u8bc1\u4e66\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u7531CA\u7b7e\u540d\u3002\n\n#export-p7, export-p8 \u548c export-p12\n.\/easyrsa export-p12 client1 #\u4ee5PKCS#7\u3001PKCS#8\u548cPKCS#12\u683c\u5f0f\u5bfc\u51fa\u8bc1\u4e66\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u683c\u5f0f\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u5de5\u5177\u6216\u7cfb\u7edf\u517c\u5bb9\u3002\n\n#set-rsa-pass \u548c set-ec-pass\n#\u4e3aRSA\u6216EC\u5bc6\u94a5\u8bbe\u7f6e\u6216\u66f4\u6539\u5bc6\u7801\u3002\n.\/easyrsa set-rsa-pass myserver \n\n.\/easyrsa upgrade type #\u5347\u7ea7\u8bc1\u4e66\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u4eceRSA\u5230EC\u3002<\/code><\/pre>\n<h2>ping<\/h2>\n<blockquote>\n<p>\u5728 Linux \u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\uff0cping \u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7528\u4e8e\u6d4b\u8bd5\u7f51\u7edc\u8fde\u63a5\u6027\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u884c\u5de5\u5177\u3002\u5b83\u53ef\u4ee5\u5411\u6307\u5b9a\u7684 IP \u5730\u5740\u6216\u57df\u540d\u53d1\u9001\u4e00\u4e2a ICMP Echo \u8bf7\u6c42\uff0c\u5e76\u7b49\u5f85\u5bf9\u65b9\u7684\u54cd\u5e94\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u5206\u6790\u54cd\u5e94\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u548c\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5224\u65ad\u7f51\u7edc\u7684\u8fde\u901a\u6027\u548c\u54cd\u5e94\u901f\u5ea6\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>\u4e0b\u9762\u662f\u4e00\u4e9b\u5e38\u7528\u7684 ping \u547d\u4ee4\u9009\u9879\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>ping IP\u5730\u5740\u6216\u57df\u540d<\/code> \uff1a\u5411\u6307\u5b9a\u7684 IP \u5730\u5740\u6216\u57df\u540d\u53d1\u9001 ICMP Echo \u8bf7\u6c42\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-c \u6b21\u6570<\/code> \uff1a\u6307\u5b9a\u53d1\u9001 ICMP Echo \u8bf7\u6c42\u7684\u6b21\u6570\uff0c\u9ed8\u8ba4\u4e3a\u65e0\u9650\u6b21\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-s \u5927\u5c0f<\/code> \uff1a\u6307\u5b9a ICMP Echo \u8bf7\u6c42\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5305\u5927\u5c0f\uff0c\u9ed8\u8ba4\u4e3a 56 \u5b57\u8282\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-i \u79d2\u6570<\/code> \uff1a\u6307\u5b9a\u53d1\u9001 ICMP Echo \u8bf7\u6c42\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u95f4\u9694\uff0c\u9ed8\u8ba4\u4e3a 1 \u79d2\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-w \u79d2\u6570<\/code> \uff1a\u6307\u5b9a\u7b49\u5f85\u54cd\u5e94\u7684\u8d85\u65f6\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u9ed8\u8ba4\u4e3a 2 \u79d2\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-q<\/code> \uff1a\u4ee5\u5b89\u9759\u6a21\u5f0f\u8fd0\u884c\uff0c\u53ea\u663e\u793a\u6700\u7ec8\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u4e0d\u663e\u793a\u8be6\u7ec6\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-v<\/code> \uff1a\u4ee5\u8be6\u7ec6\u6a21\u5f0f\u8fd0\u884c\uff0c\u663e\u793a\u6bcf\u4e2a ICMP Echo \u8bf7\u6c42\u7684\u8be6\u7ec6\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u7528 ping \u547d\u4ee4\u53ef\u4ee5\u5feb\u901f\u68c0\u6d4b\u7f51\u7edc\u7684\u8fde\u63a5\u6027\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u7f51\u7edc\u7684\u5ef6\u8fdf\u548c\u54cd\u5e94\u901f\u5ea6\u3002\u5982\u679c ping \u547d\u4ee4\u8fd4\u56de\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u662f\u201c\u76ee\u6807\u4e3b\u673a\u4e0d\u53ef\u8fbe\u201d\u6216\u201c\u8fde\u63a5\u8d85\u65f6\u201d\u7b49\u9519\u8bef\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u5219\u8bf4\u660e\u7f51\u7edc\u8fde\u63a5\u5b58\u5728\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u6392\u67e5\u3002\u5982\u679c ping \u547d\u4ee4\u8fd4\u56de\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u6b63\u5e38\uff0c\u5219\u8bf4\u660e\u7f51\u7edc\u8fde\u63a5\u6b63\u5e38\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fdb\u884c\u5176\u4ed6\u7f51\u7edc\u64cd\u4f5c\u3002<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><code>-c<\/code>\uff1a\u6307\u5b9a\u53d1\u9001\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5305\u6570\u91cf\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c<code>ping -c 4 example.com<\/code>\u5c06\u5411<code>example.com<\/code>\u53d1\u90014\u4e2a\u6570\u636e\u5305\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-i<\/code>\uff1a\u6307\u5b9a\u6570\u636e\u5305\u53d1\u9001\u95f4\u9694\uff08\u4ee5\u79d2\u4e3a\u5355\u4f4d\uff09\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c<code>ping -i 2 example.com<\/code>\u5c06\u6bcf\u96942\u79d2\u53d1\u9001\u4e00\u4e2a\u6570\u636e\u5305\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-t<\/code>\uff08\u4ec5\u9002\u7528\u4e8eWindows\uff09\uff1a\u6307\u5b9aTTL\uff08Time to Live\uff09\u503c\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c<code>ping -t 128 example.com<\/code>\u5c06\u4f7f\u7528TTL\u503c128\u53d1\u9001\u6570\u636e\u5305\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-a<\/code>\uff08\u4ec5\u9002\u7528\u4e8eWindows\uff09\uff1a\u6307\u5b9a\u5728\u63a5\u6536\u5230\u56de\u590d\u65f6\u53d1\u51fa\u58f0\u97f3\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c<code>ping -a example.com<\/code>\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-w<\/code>\uff08\u4ec5\u9002\u7528\u4e8eWindows\uff09\uff1a\u6307\u5b9a\u7b49\u5f85\u6bcf\u4e2a\u56de\u590d\u7684\u8d85\u65f6\u65f6\u95f4\uff08\u4ee5\u6beb\u79d2\u4e3a\u5355\u4f4d\uff09\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c<code>ping -w 500 example.com<\/code>\u5c06\u7b49\u5f85500\u6beb\u79d2\u7684\u8d85\u65f6\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-W<\/code>\uff08\u4ec5\u9002\u7528\u4e8eLinux\uff09\uff1a\u6307\u5b9a\u7b49\u5f85\u6bcf\u4e2a\u56de\u590d\u7684\u8d85\u65f6\u65f6\u95f4\uff08\u4ee5\u79d2\u4e3a\u5355\u4f4d\uff09\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c<code>ping -W 1 example.com<\/code>\u5c06\u7b49\u5f851\u79d2\u7684\u8d85\u65f6\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-s<\/code>\uff08\u4ec5\u9002\u7528\u4e8eLinux\uff09\uff1a\u6307\u5b9a\u53d1\u9001\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5305\u5927\u5c0f\uff08\u4ee5\u5b57\u8282\u4e3a\u5355\u4f4d\uff09\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c<code>ping -s 56 example.com<\/code>\u5c06\u53d1\u9001\u5927\u5c0f\u4e3a56\u5b57\u8282\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5305\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-l<\/code>\uff08\u4ec5\u9002\u7528\u4e8eWindows\uff09\uff1a\u6307\u5b9a\u53d1\u9001\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5305\u5927\u5c0f\uff08\u4ee5\u5b57\u8282\u4e3a\u5355\u4f4d\uff09\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c<code>ping -l 56 example.com<\/code>\u5c06\u53d1\u9001\u5927\u5c0f\u4e3a56\u5b57\u8282\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5305\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-f<\/code>\uff08\u4ec5\u9002\u7528\u4e8eLinux\uff09\uff1a\u6307\u5b9a\u53d1\u9001\u201c\u6d2a\u6c34\u201d\u6a21\u5f0f\u6570\u636e\u5305\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u6a21\u5f0f\u4e0b\uff0c\u6570\u636e\u5305\u5c06\u5c3d\u53ef\u80fd\u5feb\u5730\u53d1\u9001\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u7b49\u5f85\u63a5\u6536\u5230\u56de\u590d\u3002\u901a\u5e38\u9700\u8981\u7ba1\u7406\u5458\u6743\u9650\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c<code>ping -f example.com<\/code>\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-q<\/code>\uff08\u4ec5\u9002\u7528\u4e8eLinux\uff09\uff1a\u6307\u5b9a\u4ee5\u201c\u5b89\u9759\u201d\u6a21\u5f0f\u8fd0\u884c\uff0c\u4ec5\u663e\u793a\u603b\u7ed3\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c<code>ping -q example.com<\/code>\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2>ps<\/h2>\n<blockquote>\n<p>\u5728Linux\u64cd\u4f5c\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\uff0c<code>ps<\/code>\u547d\u4ee4\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5e38\u7528\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u884c\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u67e5\u770b\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u8fd0\u884c\u7684\u8fdb\u7a0b\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\u4ee5\u4e0b\u662f\u5173\u4e8e<code>ps<\/code>\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u8be6\u7ec6\u8bb2\u89e3\uff1a<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>\u8bed\u6cd5\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">ps [\u9009\u9879]<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><strong>BSD \u98ce\u683c\u9009\u9879\uff1a<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>a<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u7ec8\u7aef\u4e0a\u7684\u6240\u6709\u8fdb\u7a0b\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5176\u4ed6\u7528\u6237\u7684\u8fdb\u7a0b\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>u<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u66f4\u8be6\u7ec6\u7684\u8fdb\u7a0b\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u5982\u7528\u6237\u3001CPU\u4f7f\u7528\u7387\u3001\u542f\u52a8\u65f6\u95f4\u7b49\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>x<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u6ca1\u6709\u63a7\u5236\u7ec8\u7aef\u7684\u8fdb\u7a0b\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>e<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u73af\u5883\u53d8\u91cf\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>UNIX \u98ce\u683c\u9009\u9879\uff1a<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>-f<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\u683c\u5f0f\u5316\u8f93\u51fa\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u7236\u8fdb\u7a0bID\u3001\u542f\u52a8\u65f6\u95f4\u7b49\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-l<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u957f\u5217\u8868\u683c\u5f0f\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u66f4\u591a\u5173\u4e8e\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7684\u8be6\u7ec6\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-o<\/code>\uff1a\u81ea\u5b9a\u4e49\u8f93\u51fa\u683c\u5f0f\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u9009\u62e9\u8981\u663e\u793a\u7684\u5b57\u6bb5\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-p<\/code>\uff1a\u6307\u5b9a\u8981\u663e\u793a\u7684\u8fdb\u7a0bID\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-t<\/code>\uff1a\u6307\u5b9a\u8981\u663e\u793a\u7684TTY\u6216\u7ec8\u7aef\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-C<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u6307\u5b9a\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7684\u4fe1\u606f<\/li>\n<li><code>-e<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u6240\u6709\u8fdb\u7a0b\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-u<\/code>\uff1a\u6307\u5b9a\u8981\u663e\u793a\u7684\u7528\u6237<\/li>\n<li><code>-A<\/code>\uff1a\u4e0e <code>-e<\/code> \u76f8\u540c\uff0c\u663e\u793a\u6240\u6709\u8fdb\u7a0b\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-G<\/code>\uff1a\u6307\u5b9a\u8981\u663e\u793a\u7684\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7ec4\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-T<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7684\u7ebf\u7a0b\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-a<\/code>\uff1a\u5f53\u524d\u7ec8\u7aef\u4e2d\u7684\u8fdb\u7a0b\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u5e38\u7528\u8f93\u51fa\u5b57\u6bb5\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>USER<\/code>\uff1a\u8fdb\u7a0b\u6240\u5c5e\u7684\u7528\u6237\u540d\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>PID<\/code>\uff1a\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7684ID\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>%CPU<\/code>\uff1a\u8fdb\u7a0b\u4f7f\u7528\u7684CPU\u5360\u7528\u7387\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>%MEM<\/code>\uff1a\u8fdb\u7a0b\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u5185\u5b58\u5360\u7528\u7387\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>VSZ<\/code>\uff1a\u8fdb\u7a0b\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u865a\u62df\u5185\u5b58\u5927\u5c0f\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>RSS<\/code>\uff1a\u8fdb\u7a0b\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u5b9e\u9645\u5185\u5b58\u5927\u5c0f\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>TTY<\/code>\uff1a\u8fdb\u7a0b\u6240\u5c5e\u7684\u7ec8\u7aef\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>STAT<\/code>\uff1a\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>START<\/code>\uff1a\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7684\u542f\u52a8\u65f6\u95f4\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>TIME<\/code>\uff1a\u8fdb\u7a0b\u4f7f\u7528CPU\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><code>top<\/code> \u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b9e\u65f6\u663e\u793a\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u8fdb\u7a0b\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u5de5\u5177\u3002\u5728 Linux \u4e2d\uff0c\u8fdb\u7a0b\u6709\u591a\u79cd\u72b6\u6001\uff0c<code>top<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u4e2d\u7684 <code>STAT<\/code> \u5217\u5c55\u793a\u4e86\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7684\u5f53\u524d\u72b6\u6001\u3002\u4ee5\u4e0b\u662f Linux \u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u7684\u8fdb\u7a0b\u72b6\u6001\uff1a<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><code>R<\/code>\uff08Running\uff09\uff1a\u8fdb\u7a0b\u5904\u4e8e\u8fd0\u884c\u6216\u8005\u53ef\u8fd0\u884c\uff08\u5373\u5728\u8fd0\u884c\u961f\u5217\u4e2d\uff09\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>S<\/code>\uff08Sleeping\uff09\uff1a\u8fdb\u7a0b\u5904\u4e8e\u53ef\u4e2d\u65ad\u7761\u7720\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u7b49\u5f85\u67d0\u4e2a\u6761\u4ef6\u5f97\u5230\u6ee1\u8db3\uff0c\u5982\u7b49\u5f85 I\/O \u5b8c\u6210\u6216\u7b49\u5f85\u67d0\u4e2a\u4fe1\u53f7\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>D<\/code>\uff08Uninterruptible sleep\uff09\uff1a\u8fdb\u7a0b\u5904\u4e8e\u4e0d\u53ef\u4e2d\u65ad\u7761\u7720\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u5728\u6267\u884c\u5173\u952e\u5185\u6838\u4ee3\u7801\uff0c\u5982\u78c1\u76d8 I\/O\u3002\u5728\u6b64\u72b6\u6001\u4e0b\uff0c\u8fdb\u7a0b\u4e0d\u4f1a\u54cd\u5e94\u4efb\u4f55\u4fe1\u53f7\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>T<\/code>\uff08Stopped\uff09\uff1a\u8fdb\u7a0b\u88ab\u505c\u6b62\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u6536\u5230\u4e86 SIGSTOP\u3001SIGTSTP\u3001SIGTTIN \u6216 SIGTTOU \u4fe1\u53f7\u3002\u8fdb\u7a0b\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7 SIGCONT \u4fe1\u53f7\u91cd\u65b0\u542f\u52a8\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>t<\/code>\uff08Tracing stop\uff09\uff1a\u8fdb\u7a0b\u88ab\u8ddf\u8e2a\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7 ptrace\uff09\uff0c\u8fdb\u7a0b\u6682\u505c\u6267\u884c\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>Z<\/code>\uff08Zombie\uff09\uff1a\u50f5\u5c38\u8fdb\u7a0b\u3002\u8fdb\u7a0b\u5df2\u7ecf\u7ed3\u675f\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5176\u7236\u8fdb\u7a0b\u5c1a\u672a\u56de\u6536\uff08\u5373\u6ca1\u6709\u8c03\u7528 wait() \u6216 waitpid()\uff09\u3002\u50f5\u5c38\u8fdb\u7a0b\u4e0d\u5360\u7528\u7cfb\u7edf\u8d44\u6e90\uff0c\u4f46\u4f1a\u5728\u8fdb\u7a0b\u8868\u4e2d\u7559\u4e0b\u4e00\u4e2a\u5360\u4f4d\u7b26\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u7236\u8fdb\u7a0b\u56de\u6536\u5b83\u4e3a\u6b62\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>X<\/code>\uff08Dead\uff09\uff1a\u5df2\u6b7b\u7684\u8fdb\u7a0b\uff0c\u6b64\u72b6\u6001\u5f88\u5c11\u51fa\u73b0\uff0c\u5b83\u8868\u793a\u8fdb\u7a0b\u5df2\u7ecf\u88ab\u56de\u6536\uff0c\u4f46\u4ecd\u7136\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u8fdb\u7a0b\u8868\u4e2d\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><code>top<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u4e2d\u7684 <code>STAT<\/code> \u5217\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u5728\u8fdb\u7a0b\u72b6\u6001\u5b57\u6bcd\u540e\u9644\u52a0\u4e00\u4e9b\u6807\u5fd7\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6807\u5fd7\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u5173\u4e8e\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7684\u989d\u5916\u4fe1\u606f\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>&lt;<\/code>\uff1a\u9ad8\u4f18\u5148\u7ea7\uff08nice \u503c\u4e3a\u8d1f\u6570\uff09\u8fdb\u7a0b\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>N<\/code>\uff1a\u4f4e\u4f18\u5148\u7ea7\uff08nice \u503c\u4e3a\u6b63\u6570\uff09\u8fdb\u7a0b\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>L<\/code>\uff1a\u8fdb\u7a0b\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u9875\u9762\u88ab\u9501\u5b9a\u5728\u5185\u5b58\u4e2d\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>s<\/code>\uff1a\u8fdb\u7a0b\u662f\u4f1a\u8bdd\uff08session\uff09\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u8005\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>l<\/code>\uff1a\u8fdb\u7a0b\u662f\u591a\u7ebf\u7a0b\u7684\uff08\u4f7f\u7528\u4e86 CLONE_THREAD\uff09\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>+<\/code>\uff1a\u8fdb\u7a0b\u4f4d\u4e8e\u524d\u53f0\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7ec4<\/li>\n<li><code>Ss<\/code>\uff1a\u7ec4\u5408\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u8868\u793a\u8fdb\u7a0b\u5904\u4e8e\u7761\u7720\u72b6\u6001\u5e76\u4e14\u662f\u4f1a\u8bdd\u9886\u5bfc\u8005\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>Ss+<\/code>\uff1a\u7ec4\u5408\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u8868\u793a\u8fdb\u7a0b\u5904\u4e8e\u7761\u7720\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u662f\u4f1a\u8bdd\u9886\u5bfc\u8005\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5728\u524d\u53f0\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7ec4\u4e2d\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>R+<\/code>\uff1a\u7ec4\u5408\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u8868\u793a\u8fdb\u7a0b\u5904\u4e8e\u8fd0\u884c\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5728\u524d\u53f0\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7ec4\u4e2d\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>Ssl<\/code>\uff1a\u7ec4\u5408\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u8868\u793a\u8fdb\u7a0b\u5904\u4e8e\u7761\u7720\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u662f\u4f1a\u8bdd\u9886\u5bfc\u8005\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u662f\u591a\u7ebf\u7a0b\u7684<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>ps\u8f93\u51fa\u5c5e\u6027\uff1a<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><code>pid<\/code>\uff1a\u8fdb\u7a0b ID\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>ppid<\/code>\uff1a\u7236\u8fdb\u7a0b ID\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>ruser<\/code>\uff1a\u771f\u5b9e\u7528\u6237\u540d\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>user<\/code>\uff1a\u6709\u6548\u7528\u6237\u540d\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>group<\/code>\uff1a\u6709\u6548\u7ec4\u540d\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>rgroup<\/code>\uff1a\u771f\u5b9e\u7ec4\u540d\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>comm<\/code>\uff1a\u547d\u4ee4\u540d\uff08\u53ef\u6267\u884c\u6587\u4ef6\u540d\uff09\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>args<\/code>\uff1a\u547d\u4ee4\u884c\u53c2\u6570\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>cmd<\/code>\uff1a\u4e0e <code>args<\/code> \u76f8\u540c\uff0c\u663e\u793a\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u884c\u53c2\u6570\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>etime<\/code>\uff1a\u8fdb\u7a0b\u8fd0\u884c\u65f6\u95f4\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>cputime<\/code>\uff1a\u8fdb\u7a0b\u5360\u7528\u7684 CPU \u65f6\u95f4\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>nice<\/code>\uff1a\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7684 nice \u503c\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>pcpu<\/code>\uff1a\u8fdb\u7a0b\u5360\u7528\u7684 CPU \u4f7f\u7528\u767e\u5206\u6bd4\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>pmem<\/code>\uff1a\u8fdb\u7a0b\u5360\u7528\u7684\u5185\u5b58\u4f7f\u7528\u767e\u5206\u6bd4\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>rss<\/code>\uff1a\u8fdb\u7a0b\u5360\u7528\u7684\u9a7b\u7559\u96c6\u5927\u5c0f\uff08\u5355\u4f4d\uff1a\u5343\u5b57\u8282\uff09\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>size<\/code>\uff1a\u8fdb\u7a0b\u5360\u7528\u7684\u865a\u62df\u5185\u5b58\u5927\u5c0f\uff08\u5355\u4f4d\uff1a\u5343\u5b57\u8282\uff09\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>stat<\/code>\uff1a\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7684\u72b6\u6001\uff08\u5982 R \u8868\u793a\u8fd0\u884c\uff0cS \u8868\u793a\u7761\u7720\u7b49\uff09\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>start<\/code>\uff1a\u8fdb\u7a0b\u542f\u52a8\u65f6\u95f4\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>lstart<\/code>\uff1a\u8fdb\u7a0b\u542f\u52a8\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u4ee5\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\u65e5\u671f\u683c\u5f0f\u663e\u793a\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>tty<\/code>\uff1a\u8fdb\u7a0b\u5173\u8054\u7684\u7ec8\u7aef\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>time<\/code>\uff1a\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7d2f\u79ef\u5360\u7528\u7684 CPU \u65f6\u95f4\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>vsz<\/code>\uff1a\u8fdb\u7a0b\u5360\u7528\u7684\u865a\u62df\u5185\u5b58\u5927\u5c0f\uff08\u5355\u4f4d\uff1a\u5343\u5b57\u8282\uff09\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>wchan<\/code>\uff1a\u8fdb\u7a0b\u8fdb\u5165\u5185\u6838\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u540d\u79f0\uff08\u5982\u679c\u8fdb\u7a0b\u5904\u4e8e\u7761\u7720\u72b6\u6001\uff09\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>psr<\/code>\uff1a\u8fdb\u7a0b\u5f53\u524d\u8fd0\u884c\u5728\u54ea\u4e2a CPU\uff08\u5904\u7406\u5668\u4eb2\u548c\u6027\uff09<\/li>\n<li><code>ni<\/code>\uff1anice \u503c\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u8868\u793a\u8fdb\u7a0b\u4f18\u5148\u7ea7\u7684\u6574\u6570\uff0c\u8303\u56f4\u4ece -20\uff08\u6700\u9ad8\u4f18\u5148\u7ea7\uff09\u5230 19\uff08\u6700\u4f4e\u4f18\u5148\u7ea7\uff09\u3002\u666e\u901a\u7528\u6237\u542f\u52a8\u7684\u8fdb\u7a0b\u5177\u6709 0 \u7684 nice \u503c\uff0c\u800c\u7cfb\u7edf\u4efb\u52a1\u548c\u6838\u5fc3\u670d\u52a1\u901a\u5e38\u5177\u6709\u66f4\u9ad8\u7684\u4f18\u5148\u7ea7\uff08\u8d1f nice \u503c\uff09\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>pri<\/code>\uff1apriority \u4f18\u5148\u7ea7\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u8868\u793a\u5185\u6838\u8c03\u5ea6\u4f18\u5148\u7ea7\u7684\u6574\u6570\u3002\u4f18\u5148\u7ea7\u8d8a\u4f4e\uff0c\u8fdb\u7a0b\u4f18\u5148\u7ea7\u8d8a\u9ad8\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u503c\u662f\u6839\u636e\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7684 nice \u503c\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u56e0\u7d20\uff08\u5982\u5b9e\u65f6\u8c03\u5ea6\u7b56\u7565\uff09\u8ba1\u7b97\u5f97\u51fa\u7684\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>rtprio<\/code>\uff1a\u5b9e\u65f6\u4f18\u5148\u7ea7\uff0c\u8868\u793a\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7684\u5b9e\u65f6\u8c03\u5ea6\u4f18\u5148\u7ea7\u3002\u5b9e\u65f6\u8fdb\u7a0b\u6309\u7167\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u8c03\u5ea6\u7b56\u7565\uff08\u5982 SCHED_FIFO \u6216 SCHED_RR\uff09\u8fd0\u884c\uff0c\u5177\u6709\u9ad8\u4e8e\u666e\u901a\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7684\u4f18\u5148\u7ea7\u3002\u5b9e\u65f6\u4f18\u5148\u7ea7\u7684\u8303\u56f4\u901a\u5e38\u662f 1 \u5230 99\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d 1 \u662f\u6700\u9ad8\u4f18\u5148\u7ea7\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>psr<\/code>\uff1aprocessor CPU \u7f16\u53f7\uff0c\u8868\u793a\u8fdb\u7a0b\u5f53\u524d\u8fd0\u884c\u5728\u54ea\u4e2a CPU \u4e0a\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5177\u6709\u591a\u4e2a\u5904\u7406\u5668\u6216\u6838\u5fc3\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u4e86\u89e3\u8fdb\u7a0b\u5728\u54ea\u4e2a CPU \u4e0a\u8fd0\u884c\u53ef\u80fd\u5bf9\u6027\u80fd\u5206\u6790\u548c\u8c03\u8bd5\u5f88\u6709\u5e2e\u52a9\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u663e\u793a\u5f53\u524d\u7528\u6237\u7684\u8fdb\u7a0b\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">ps<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u4f7f\u7528 BSD \u98ce\u683c\u9009\u9879\u663e\u793a\u6240\u6709\u7528\u6237\u7684\u8fdb\u7a0b\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">ps aux<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u4f7f\u7528 Unix \u98ce\u683c\u9009\u9879\u663e\u793a\u6240\u6709\u7528\u6237\u7684\u8fdb\u7a0b\u4fe1\u606f\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">ps -e\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u663e\u793a\u5f53\u524d\u7528\u6237\u8fdb\u7a0b\u4fe1\u606f\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">ps -u username<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u4ee5\u5b8c\u6574\u683c\u5f0f\u663e\u793a\u6240\u6709\u8fdb\u7a0b\u4fe1\u606f\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">ps -ef<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u4ee5\u957f\u683c\u5f0f\u663e\u793a\u6240\u6709\u8fdb\u7a0b\u4fe1\u606f\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">ps -l<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u663e\u793a\u6307\u5b9a\u8fdb\u7a0b ID \u7684\u8be6\u7ec6\u4fe1\u606f\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">ps -p PID<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u81ea\u5b9a\u4e49\u8f93\u51fa\u683c\u5f0f\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">ps -eo pid,user,comm\nps -eo pid,ni,pri,rtprio,psr,comm<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u663e\u793a\u5f53\u524d\u7ec8\u7aef\u4e0a\u6240\u6709\u8fdb\u7a0b\u4fe1\u606f\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">ps -a<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u663e\u793a\u65e0\u7ec8\u7aef\u8fdb\u7a0b\u4fe1\u606f\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">ps -x<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u663e\u793a\u6307\u5b9a\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">ps -C processname<\/code><\/pre>\n<h2>pwd<\/h2>\n<blockquote>\n<p><code>pwd<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u662f Linux \u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e38\u7528\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u663e\u793a\u5f53\u524d\u5de5\u4f5c\u76ee\u5f55\u7684\u5b8c\u6574\u8def\u5f84\u3002\u5728 Linux \u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u548c\u76ee\u5f55\u90fd\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u76f8\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6839\u76ee\u5f55\u7684\u8def\u5f84\uff0c\u800c <code>pwd<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u53ef\u4ee5\u5e2e\u52a9\u7528\u6237\u786e\u5b9a\u5f53\u524d\u5de5\u4f5c\u76ee\u5f55\u5728\u6574\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>\u663e\u793a\u5f53\u524d\u5de5\u4f5c\u76ee\u5f55\u7684\u5b8c\u6574\u8def\u5f84\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">pwd<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u663e\u793a\u5f53\u524d\u5de5\u4f5c\u76ee\u5f55\u7684\u7b26\u53f7\u94fe\u63a5\u8def\u5f84\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">pwd -P<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u9700\u8981\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5f53\u524d\u5de5\u4f5c\u76ee\u5f55\u88ab\u66f4\u6539\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48 <code>pwd<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u5c06\u663e\u793a\u66f4\u6539\u540e\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u76ee\u5f55\u7684\u5b8c\u6574\u8def\u5f84\u3002\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5f53\u524d\u76ee\u5f55\u662f\u7b26\u53f7\u94fe\u63a5\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u9ed8\u8ba4\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b <code>pwd<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u5c06\u663e\u793a\u7b26\u53f7\u94fe\u63a5\u8def\u5f84\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u7b26\u53f7\u94fe\u63a5\u6307\u5411\u7684\u8def\u5f84\u3002\u5982\u679c\u9700\u8981\u663e\u793a\u7b26\u53f7\u94fe\u63a5\u6307\u5411\u7684\u8def\u5f84\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 <code>pwd -P<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u9009\u9879\u3002<\/p>\n<h2>pstree<\/h2>\n<p><code>pstree<\/code>\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5728Linux\u4e2d\u7528\u6765\u5c55\u793a\u7cfb\u7edf\u8fdb\u7a0b\u6811\u7684\u5b9e\u7528\u7a0b\u5e8f\u3002\u5b83\u4ee5\u6811\u72b6\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u663e\u793a\u6b63\u5728\u8fd0\u884c\u7684\u8fdb\u7a0b\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u66f4\u5bb9\u6613\u5730\u67e5\u770b\u8fdb\u7a0b\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5c42\u6b21\u5173\u7cfb\u548c\u4f9d\u8d56\u5173\u7cfb\u3002<code>pstree<\/code>\u5c06\u8fdb\u7a0b\u6309\u7167\u7236\u5b50\u5173\u7cfb\u8fdb\u884c\u5206\u7ec4\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5e2e\u52a9\u7528\u6237\u8bc6\u522b\u5404\u4e2a\u8fdb\u7a0b\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u4ece\u5c5e\u5173\u7cfb\u3002<\/p>\n<p><code>pstree<\/code>\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u8bed\u6cd5\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">pstree [options] [pid or username]<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8fd9\u91cc\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u5e38\u7528\u7684<code>pstree<\/code>\u9009\u9879\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>-p<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7684PID\uff08\u8fdb\u7a0bID\uff09\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-n<\/code>\uff1a\u6839\u636ePID\u6392\u5e8f\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-u<\/code>\uff1a\u5728\u8fdb\u7a0b\u540d\u540e\u9762\u663e\u793a\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7684\u6240\u5c5e\u7528\u6237\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-a<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u884c\u53c2\u6570\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-G<\/code>\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528VT100\u7ebf\u8def\u7ed8\u5236\u6811\u72b6\u7ed3\u6784\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-l<\/code>\uff1a\u4e0d\u622a\u65ad\u957f\u884c\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-h<\/code> \u6216 <code>--highlight-all<\/code>\uff1a\u9ad8\u4eae\u663e\u793a\u5f53\u524d\u8fdb\u7a0b\u53ca\u5176\u6240\u6709\u5b50\u8fdb\u7a0b\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-H<\/code>\uff1a\u9ad8\u4eae\u663e\u793a\u6307\u5b9aPID\u7684\u8fdb\u7a0b\u53ca\u5176\u6240\u6709\u5b50\u8fdb\u7a0b\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-g<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7ec4\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u8981\u663e\u793a\u5305\u542b\u8fdb\u7a0bID\u7684\u8fdb\u7a0b\u6811\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u4ee5\u4e0b\u547d\u4ee4<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">pstree -p<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8981\u67e5\u770b\u7279\u5b9a\u7528\u6237\u7684\u8fdb\u7a0b\u6811\uff0c\u53ea\u9700\u5728\u547d\u4ee4\u884c\u4e2d\u8f93\u5165\u7528\u6237\u540d\u5373\u53ef\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">pstree username<\/code><\/pre>\n<h2>paste<\/h2>\n<blockquote>\n<p><code>paste<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u662f Linux \u4e2d\u5e38\u7528\u7684\u6587\u672c\u5408\u5e76\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u5c06\u591a\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u6216\u6587\u672c\u6d41\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u5408\u5e76\u6210\u4e00\u5217\u6216\u4e00\u884c\u3002<code>paste<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u4f1a\u5c06\u591a\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u6216\u6587\u672c\u6d41\u4e2d\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u6309\u7167\u5217\u6216\u884c\u5408\u5e76\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\uff0c\u5e76\u4ee5 TAB \u6216\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u5206\u9694\u7b26\u5206\u9694\u5404\u5217\u6216\u5404\u884c\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>\u4e0b\u9762\u662f <code>paste<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u7528\u6cd5\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">paste [options] file1 file2 ...<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><code>paste<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u5e38\u7528\u7684\u9009\u9879\u6709\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>-d<\/code>\uff1a\u6307\u5b9a\u5217\u6216\u884c\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5206\u9694\u7b26\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-s<\/code>\uff1a\u5c06\u591a\u884c\u5408\u5e76\u6210\u4e00\u884c\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-z<\/code>\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528 NULL \u4f5c\u4e3a\u5206\u9694\u7b26\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u4e0b\u9762\u662f\u4e00\u4e9b\u793a\u4f8b\uff1a<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u5c06\u4e24\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u5408\u5e76\u6210\u4e00\u5217\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">$ paste file1 file2<\/code><\/pre>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li>\u5c06\u4e24\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u5408\u5e76\u6210\u4e00\u884c\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">$ paste -s file1 file2<\/code><\/pre>\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li>\u6307\u5b9a\u5217\u6216\u884c\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5206\u9694\u7b26\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">$ paste -d &quot;,&quot; file1 file2<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8be5\u547d\u4ee4\u4f1a\u4f7f\u7528\u9017\u53f7\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5217\u6216\u884c\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5206\u9694\u7b26\u3002<\/p>\n<ol start=\"4\">\n<li>\u4f7f\u7528 NULL \u4f5c\u4e3a\u5206\u9694\u7b26\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">$ paste -z file1 file2<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8be5\u547d\u4ee4\u4f1a\u4f7f\u7528 NULL \u4f5c\u4e3a\u5217\u6216\u884c\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5206\u9694\u7b26\u3002<\/p>\n<ol start=\"5\">\n<li>\u4ece\u6807\u51c6\u8f93\u5165\u4e2d\u8bfb\u53d6\u6570\u636e<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><code>paste<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ece\u6807\u51c6\u8f93\u5165\u4e2d\u8bfb\u53d6\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u5176\u5408\u5e76\u6210\u4e00\u5217\u6216\u4e00\u884c\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5c06\u4e24\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u8f93\u51fa\u5408\u5e76\u6210\u4e00\u884c\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">$ ls | paste -s -d &quot;,&quot;<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8be5\u547d\u4ee4\u4f1a\u5c06 <code>ls<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u8f93\u51fa\u548c\u9017\u53f7\u5408\u5e76\u6210\u4e00\u884c\u8f93\u51fa\u3002<\/p>\n<ol start=\"6\">\n<li>\u5904\u7406\u591a\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u7684\u6570\u636e<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><code>paste<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u540c\u65f6\u5904\u7406\u591a\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u7684\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u5176\u5408\u5e76\u6210\u4e00\u5217\u6216\u4e00\u884c\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5c06\u591a\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u7684\u6570\u636e\u6309\u884c\u5408\u5e76\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">$ paste -d &quot;\\n&quot; file1 file2 file3 ...<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8be5\u547d\u4ee4\u4f1a\u5c06 <code>file1<\/code>\u3001<code>file2<\/code>\u3001<code>file3<\/code> \u7b49\u591a\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u7684\u6570\u636e\u6309\u884c\u5408\u5e76<\/p>\n<ol start=\"7\">\n<li>\u6307\u5b9a\u8f93\u51fa\u7684\u884c\u6570<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><code>paste<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 <code>-s<\/code> \u9009\u9879\u6307\u5b9a\u8f93\u51fa\u7684\u884c\u6570\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5c06\u591a\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u524d\u4e09\u884c\u5408\u5e76\u6210\u4e00\u884c\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">$ head -n 3 file1 file2 file3 | paste -s -d &quot; &quot;<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8be5\u547d\u4ee4\u4f1a\u5c06 <code>file1<\/code>\u3001<code>file2<\/code> \u548c <code>file3<\/code> \u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u524d\u4e09\u884c\u5408\u5e76\u6210\u4e00\u884c\uff0c\u5e76\u4f7f\u7528\u7a7a\u683c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5206\u9694\u7b26\u8f93\u51fa\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\uff0c<code>head -n 3 file1 file2 file3<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u4f1a\u8f93\u51fa\u4e09\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u524d\u4e09\u884c\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c<code>paste -s -d &quot; &quot;<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u4f1a\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5185\u5bb9\u6309\u5217\u5408\u5e76\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u5e76\u4f7f\u7528\u7a7a\u683c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5206\u9694\u7b26\u8f93\u51fa\u3002<\/p>\n<ol start=\"8\">\n<li>\u5c06\u591a\u5217\u6587\u4ef6\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a\u4e00\u5217<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u5982\u679c\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u591a\u5217\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u60f3\u5c06\u5b83\u4eec\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a\u4e00\u5217\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 <code>paste<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u7ed3\u5408 <code>awk<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u5b9e\u73b0\uff0c\u793a\u4f8b\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">$ paste file1 file2 file3 | awk &#039;{ for (i=1; i&lt;=NF; i++) print $i }&#039; &gt; output.txt<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8be5\u547d\u4ee4\u5c06 <code>file1<\/code>\u3001<code>file2<\/code> \u548c <code>file3<\/code> \u6309\u5217\u5408\u5e76\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u4f7f\u7528 <code>awk<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u5c06\u5404\u5217\u5185\u5bb9\u9010\u884c\u8f93\u51fa\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u7ed3\u679c\u4fdd\u5b58\u5230 <code>output.txt<\/code> \u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u3002<\/p>\n<ol start=\"9\">\n<li>\u591a\u884c\u5408\u5e76\u6210\u4e00\u884c<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u5982\u679c\u6709\u591a\u884c\u6587\u672c\u9700\u8981\u5408\u5e76\u6210\u4e00\u884c\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 <code>paste<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u7684 <code>-s<\/code> \u9009\u9879\uff0c\u793a\u4f8b\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">$ cat input.txt | paste -s -d &quot; &quot;<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8be5\u547d\u4ee4\u5c06 <code>input.txt<\/code> \u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u591a\u884c\u5185\u5bb9\u5408\u5e76\u6210\u4e00\u884c\uff0c\u5e76\u4f7f\u7528\u7a7a\u683c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5206\u9694\u7b26\u8f93\u51fa\u3002<\/p>\n<h2>parted<\/h2>\n<blockquote>\n<p><code>Parted<\/code>\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7528\u4e8e\u5bf9\u786c\u76d8\u8fdb\u884c\u5206\u533a\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u884c\u5de5\u5177\u3002\u5b83\u53ef\u4ee5\u521b\u5efa\u3001\u5220\u9664\u3001\u8c03\u6574\u548c\u79fb\u52a8\u786c\u76d8\u5206\u533a\uff0c\u5e76\u652f\u6301\u591a\u79cd\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5206\u533a\u683c\u5f0f\u3002\u4e0b\u9762\u662f\u4e00\u4e9bParted\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u793a\u4f8b\uff1a<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<ol>\n<li>\u67e5\u770b\u786c\u76d8\u5206\u533a\u60c5\u51b5<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u4f7f\u7528 parted -l \u547d\u4ee4\u53ef\u4ee5\u67e5\u770b\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u6240\u6709\u786c\u76d8\u7684\u5206\u533a\u60c5\u51b5\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-ruby\">$ sudo parted -l<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8be5\u547d\u4ee4\u5c06\u5217\u51fa\u6240\u6709\u786c\u76d8\u7684\u5206\u533a\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u786c\u76d8\u7684\u5927\u5c0f\u3001\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u7c7b\u578b\u7b49\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/p>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li>\u521b\u5efa\u5206\u533a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u8981\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u5206\u533a\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528mkpart\u547d\u4ee4\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u8981\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u5927\u5c0f\u4e3a10 GB\u7684\u65b0\u5206\u533a\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8f93\u5165\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-shell\">$ sudo parted \/dev\/sda mkpart primary 0GB 10GB<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8fd9\u5c06\u5728\/dev\/sda\u4e0a\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u4e3b\u5206\u533a\uff0c\u5176\u8d77\u59cb\u4f4d\u7f6e\u4e3a0GB\uff0c\u7ed3\u675f\u4f4d\u7f6e\u4e3a10GB\u3002<\/p>\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li>\u5220\u9664\u5206\u533a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u8981\u5220\u9664\u5206\u533a\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528rm\u547d\u4ee4\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u8981\u5220\u9664\/dev\/sda\u4e0a\u7684\u7b2c3\u4e2a\u5206\u533a\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8f93\u5165\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-shell\">$ sudo parted \/dev\/sda rm 3<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8fd9\u5c06\u5220\u9664\/dev\/sda\u4e0a\u7684\u7b2c3\u4e2a\u5206\u533a\u3002<\/p>\n<ol start=\"4\">\n<li>\u8c03\u6574\u5206\u533a\u5927\u5c0f<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u8981\u8c03\u6574\u5206\u533a\u7684\u5927\u5c0f\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528resizepart\u547d\u4ee4\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u8981\u5c06\/dev\/sda\u4e0a\u7684\u7b2c1\u4e2a\u5206\u533a\u8c03\u6574\u4e3a20 GB\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8f93\u5165\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-shell\">$ sudo parted \/dev\/sda resizepart 1 20GB<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8fd9\u5c06\u5c06\/dev\/sda\u4e0a\u7684\u7b2c1\u4e2a\u5206\u533a\u5927\u5c0f\u8c03\u6574\u4e3a20 GB\u3002<\/p>\n<ol start=\"5\">\n<li>\u79fb\u52a8\u5206\u533a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u8981\u79fb\u52a8\u5206\u533a\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528move\u547d\u4ee4\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u8981\u5c06\/dev\/sda\u4e0a\u7684\u7b2c2\u4e2a\u5206\u533a\u79fb\u52a8\u5230\u4f4d\u7f6e50GB\u5904\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8f93\u5165\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">$ sudo parted \/dev\/sda move 2 50GB<\/code><\/pre>\n<ol start=\"6\">\n<li>\u5207\u6362\u5206\u533a\u5355\u4f4d<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u9ed8\u8ba4\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0cParted\u547d\u4ee4\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u662fMiB\uff08\u5146\u5b57\u8282\uff09\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5206\u533a\u5927\u5c0f\u7684\u5355\u4f4d\u3002\u8981\u5207\u6362\u5230\u5176\u4ed6\u5355\u4f4d\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528unit\u547d\u4ee4\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u8981\u5207\u6362\u5230GB\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5355\u4f4d\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8f93\u5165\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-shell\">$ sudo parted \/dev\/sda unit GB<\/code><\/pre>\n<ol start=\"7\">\n<li>\u67e5\u770b\u5206\u533a\u4fe1\u606f<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u8981\u67e5\u770b\u6709\u5173\u67d0\u4e2a\u7279\u5b9a\u5206\u533a\u7684\u8be6\u7ec6\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528print\u547d\u4ee4\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u8981\u67e5\u770b\/dev\/sda\u4e0a\u7684\u7b2c1\u4e2a\u5206\u533a\u7684\u8be6\u7ec6\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8f93\u5165\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-shell\">$ sudo parted \/dev\/sda print 1<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8be5\u547d\u4ee4\u5c06\u663e\u793a\u6709\u5173\u8be5\u5206\u533a\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u5206\u533a\u7684\u5927\u5c0f\u3001\u8d77\u59cb\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3001\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u7c7b\u578b\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n<ol start=\"8\">\n<li>\u683c\u5f0f\u5316\u5206\u533a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u8981\u683c\u5f0f\u5316\u5206\u533a\u4ee5\u4fbf\u5728\u5176\u4e0a\u521b\u5efa\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528mkfs\u547d\u4ee4\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u8981\u5728\/dev\/sda\u4e0a\u7684\u7b2c1\u4e2a\u5206\u533a\u4e0a\u521b\u5efaext4\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8f93\u5165\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-shell\">$ sudo mkfs.ext4 \/dev\/sda1<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8fd9\u5c06\u683c\u5f0f\u5316\/dev\/sda\u4e0a\u7684\u7b2c1\u4e2a\u5206\u533a\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u5176\u4e0a\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2aext4\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002<\/p>\n<ol start=\"9\">\n<li>\u521b\u5efa\u78c1\u76d8\u5206\u533a\u8868<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u5728\u521b\u5efa\u5206\u533a\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u5148\u521b\u5efa\u78c1\u76d8\u5206\u533a\u8868\u3002\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u78c1\u76d8\u5206\u533a\u8868\u6709\u4e24\u79cd\u7c7b\u578b\uff1aMS-DOS\u548cGPT\u3002\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u4ee5\u4e0b\u547d\u4ee4\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2aGPT\u5206\u533a\u8868<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">parted \/dev\/sda mklabel gpt<\/code><\/pre>\n<h2>partprobe<\/h2>\n<blockquote>\n<p>\u5728Linux\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u4f7f\u7528\u78c1\u76d8\u65f6\uff0c\u6709\u65f6\u9700\u8981\u624b\u52a8\u5206\u533a\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u53ef\u80fd\u5df2\u7ecf\u6dfb\u52a0\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u78c1\u76d8\u5e76\u5e0c\u671b\u64cd\u4f5c\u7cfb\u7edf\u77e5\u9053\u5b83\u5df2\u7ecf\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u8fd9\u65f6\uff0c\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528<code>partprobe<\/code>\u547d\u4ee4\u901a\u77e5\u5185\u6838\u5206\u533a\u8868\u5df2\u7ecf\u88ab\u4fee\u6539\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p><code>partprobe<\/code>\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u662f\u544a\u8bc9\u5185\u6838\u91cd\u65b0\u8bfb\u53d6\u5206\u533a\u8868\u5e76\u66f4\u65b0\u5185\u5b58\u4e2d\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u4e00\u4e0b\u4e24\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u4e4b\u4e00\u6765\u5b8c\u6210\uff1a<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u4f7f\u7528\u5757\u8bbe\u5907\u8def\u5f84\u4f5c\u4e3a\u53c2\u6570\uff0c\u91cd\u65b0\u8bfb\u53d6\u8bbe\u5907\u7684\u5206\u533a\u8868\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code>partprobe \/dev\/sda<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8fd9\u5c06\u544a\u8bc9\u5185\u6838\u91cd\u65b0\u8bfb\u53d6<code>\/dev\/sda<\/code>\u4e0a\u7684\u5206\u533a\u8868\u3002<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u6307\u5b9a\u53c2\u6570\uff0c\u5219<code>partprobe<\/code>\u5c06\u626b\u63cf\u6240\u6709\u5df2\u77e5\u7684\u5757\u8bbe\u5907(\u91cd\u65b0\u8bfb\u53d6\u6240\u6709\u78c1\u76d8\u7684\u5206\u533a\u8868)\u5e76\u66f4\u65b0\u5185\u5b58\u4e2d\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code>partprobe<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u6ce8\u610f\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528<code>partprobe<\/code>\u547d\u4ee4\u4fee\u6539\u5206\u533a\u8868\u4e0d\u4f1a\u7acb\u5373\u751f\u6548\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u9700\u8981\u91cd\u542f\u7cfb\u7edf\u6216\u91cd\u65b0\u52a0\u8f7d\u76f8\u5173\u8bbe\u5907\u9a71\u52a8\u7a0b\u5e8f\u4ee5\u4f7f\u5176\u751f\u6548\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528<code>partprobe<\/code>\u547d\u4ee4\u53ef\u4ee5\u5e2e\u52a9\u907f\u514d\u624b\u52a8\u64cd\u4f5c\u5206\u533a\u8868\u6240\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u98ce\u9669\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u9664\u4e86\u4e0a\u9762\u5e38\u89c4\u7528\u9014\uff0c<code>partprobe<\/code>\u547d\u4ee4\u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e0b\u60c5\u51b5\uff1a<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u66f4\u65b0RAID\u9635\u5217\u914d\u7f6e\uff1a\u5982\u679c\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u6709\u8f6f\u4ef6RAID\u9635\u5217\uff0c\u5219\u5728\u4fee\u6539\u5206\u533a\u8868\u540e\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528<code>partprobe<\/code>\u547d\u4ee4\u901a\u77e5RAID\u9635\u5217\u7ba1\u7406\u5668\u66f4\u65b0\u914d\u7f6e\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u66f4\u65b0LVM\u903b\u8f91\u5377\uff1a\u5982\u679c\u4f7f\u7528LVM(\u903b\u8f91\u5377\u7ba1\u7406\u5668)\u6765\u7ba1\u7406\u786c\u76d8\u5206\u533a\uff0c\u5219\u4fee\u6539\u5206\u533a\u8868\u540e\u9700\u8981\u4f7f\u7528<code>partprobe<\/code>\u547d\u4ee4\u901a\u77e5LVM\u66f4\u65b0\u5206\u533a\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u66f4\u65b0iSCSI\u76ee\u6807\u8bbe\u5907\uff1a\u5982\u679c\u4f7f\u7528iSCSI\u6280\u672f\u5c06\u8fdc\u7a0b\u5b58\u50a8\u8bbe\u5907\u6620\u5c04\u5230\u672c\u5730\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0a\uff0c\u5219\u5728\u6dfb\u52a0\u6216\u5220\u9664\u76ee\u6807\u8bbe\u5907\u540e\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528<code>partprobe<\/code>\u547d\u4ee4\u6765\u901a\u77e5\u7cfb\u7edf\u66f4\u65b0\u65b0\u8bbe\u5907\u5217\u8868\u3002 <\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u6ce8\u610f\uff1a\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u6240\u6709\u7684Linux\u53d1\u884c\u7248\u90fd\u9ed8\u8ba4\u5b89\u88c5\u4e86<code>partprobe<\/code>\u547d\u4ee4\u3002\u5982\u679c\u5728\u4f60\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u627e\u4e0d\u5230\u8be5\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c1d\u8bd5\u4f7f\u7528<code>partx<\/code>\u547d\u4ee4\u6765\u8fbe\u5230\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u6548\u679c\u3002<code>partx<\/code>\u547d\u4ee4\u662f<code>partprobe<\/code>\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u66ff\u4ee3\u65b9\u6848\uff0c\u5b83\u4e0e<code>partprobe<\/code>\u7684\u7528\u6cd5\u7c7b\u4f3c\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u9ed8\u8ba4\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u4f1a\u626b\u63cf\u6240\u6709\u5df2\u77e5\u7684\u8bbe\u5907\u3002<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u624b\u52a8\u6307\u5b9a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5206\u533a\u7684\u4fe1\u606f<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code>sudo partprobe \/dev\/sda --set-partition=1 --type=0x83 --start=2048 --end=1048575<\/code><\/pre>\n<ol>\n<li>\u663e\u793a\u5206\u533a\u4fe1\u606f<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code>sudo partprobe -s<\/code><\/pre>\n<ol>\n<li>\u5f3a\u5236\u91cd\u65b0\u52a0\u8f7d<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code>sudo partprobe -d \/dev\/sda<\/code><\/pre>\n<ol>\n<li>\u68c0\u67e5\u7279\u5b9a\u8bbe\u5907\u7684\u5206\u533a\u4fe1\u606f\u5e76\u6253\u5370\u5230stdout<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code>sudo partprobe -s \/dev\/sda<\/code><\/pre>\n<ol>\n<li>\u5728\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u8bbe\u5907\u4e0a\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u5206\u533a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code>sudo partprobe \/dev\/sda &amp;&amp; sudo fdisk \/dev\/sda<\/code><\/pre>\n<ol>\n<li>\u663e\u793a<code>partprobe<\/code>\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u7248\u672c\u4fe1\u606f<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code>sudo partprobe --version<\/code><\/pre>\n<ol>\n<li>\u6307\u5b9a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5206\u533a\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u5e76\u521b\u5efa\u5b83<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code>sudo partprobe \/dev\/sda --set-partition=1 --typr=0x83 --start=2048 --end=1048575 --create<\/code><\/pre>\n<h2>passwd<\/h2>\n<p>\u5728Linux\u4e2d\uff0c<code>passwd<\/code>\u548c<code>chpasswd<\/code>\u547d\u4ee4\u90fd\u7528\u4e8e\u66f4\u6539\u7528\u6237\u7684\u5bc6\u7801\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u5728\u5b9e\u73b0\u65b9\u5f0f\u548c\u4f7f\u7528\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e0a\u7565\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u4e0b\u9762\u662f\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u8be6\u7ec6\u89e3\u91ca\uff1a<\/p>\n<p><code>passwd<\/code>\u547d\u4ee4\u662fLinux\u4e2d\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u547d\u4ee4\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u5b83\u7528\u4e8e\u66f4\u6539\u7528\u6237\u5bc6\u7801\u3002<code>passwd<\/code>\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u975e\u5e38\u7b80\u5355\uff0c\u53ea\u9700\u8981\u5728\u7ec8\u7aef\u4e2d\u8f93\u5165<code>passwd<\/code>\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u6309\u7167\u63d0\u793a\u8f93\u5165\u5f53\u524d\u7528\u6237\u7684\u5bc6\u7801\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u8f93\u5165\u65b0\u5bc6\u7801\u5e76\u518d\u6b21\u786e\u8ba4\u5373\u53ef\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-yaml\">$ passwd\nChanging password for user1.\n(current) UNIX password:\nNew password:\nRetype new password:\npasswd: password updated successfully<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><code>passwd<\/code>\u547d\u4ee4\u4f1a\u5c06\u65b0\u5bc6\u7801\u4fdd\u5b58\u5728\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5bc6\u7801\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u3002\u5bc6\u7801\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u548c\u683c\u5f0f\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u60a8\u7684Linux\u53d1\u884c\u7248\u548c\u914d\u7f6e\u3002\u901a\u5e38\uff0c\u5bc6\u7801\u6587\u4ef6\u4f4d\u4e8e<code>\/etc\/passwd<\/code>\uff0c\u800c\u52a0\u5bc6\u7684\u5bc6\u7801\u5219\u4f4d\u4e8e<code>\/etc\/shadow<\/code>\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u9700\u8981\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c<code>passwd<\/code>\u547d\u4ee4\u53ea\u80fd\u7528\u4e8e\u66f4\u6539\u5f53\u524d\u7528\u6237\u7684\u5bc6\u7801\u3002\u5982\u679c\u60a8\u60f3\u66f4\u6539\u5176\u4ed6\u7528\u6237\u7684\u5bc6\u7801\uff0c\u5219\u9700\u8981\u4f7f\u7528<code>su<\/code>\u547d\u4ee4\u5207\u6362\u5230\u76ee\u6807\u7528\u6237\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u8be5\u7528\u6237\u7684\u73af\u5883\u4e0b\u8fd0\u884c<code>passwd<\/code>\u547d\u4ee4\u3002<\/p>\n<h2>read<\/h2>\n<p><code>read<\/code>\u547d\u4ee4\u662fShell\u811a\u672c\u4e2d\u7528\u4e8e\u8bfb\u53d6\u7528\u6237\u8f93\u5165\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5185\u7f6e\u547d\u4ee4\u3002\u5b83\u4ece\u6807\u51c6\u8f93\u5165\uff08\u9ed8\u8ba4\u4e3a\u952e\u76d8\uff09\u63a5\u6536\u8f93\u5165\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u8f93\u5165\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5b58\u50a8\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u6216\u591a\u4e2a\u53d8\u91cf\u4e2d\u3002<code>read<\/code>\u547d\u4ee4\u5177\u6709\u591a\u79cd\u9009\u9879\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u4e8e\u5b9a\u5236\u8f93\u5165\u7684\u5904\u7406\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e0b\u9762\u662f<code>read<\/code>\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u5e38\u7528\u9009\u9879\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>-a array<\/code>\uff1a\u5c06\u8f93\u5165\u7684\u6570\u636e\u89e3\u6790\u4e3a\u6570\u7ec4\u3002\u6bcf\u4e2a\u7a7a\u683c\u5206\u9694\u7684\u5355\u8bcd\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6570\u7ec4\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-p prompt<\/code>\uff1a\u5728\u8bfb\u53d6\u8f93\u5165\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u663e\u793a\u4e00\u4e2a\u63d0\u793a\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-t timeout<\/code>\uff1a\u8bbe\u7f6e\u7b49\u5f85\u7528\u6237\u8f93\u5165\u7684\u8d85\u65f6\u65f6\u95f4\uff08\u4ee5\u79d2\u4e3a\u5355\u4f4d\uff09\u3002\u5982\u679c\u5728\u8d85\u65f6\u65f6\u95f4\u5185\u6ca1\u6709\u6536\u5230\u8f93\u5165\uff0c<code>read<\/code>\u547d\u4ee4\u5c06\u5931\u8d25\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-n nchars<\/code>\uff1a\u4ece\u8f93\u5165\u4e2d\u8bfb\u53d6\u6307\u5b9a\u6570\u91cf\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u6574\u884c\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-d delimiter<\/code>\uff1a\u6307\u5b9a\u8f93\u5165\u7684\u5206\u9694\u7b26\u3002\u9ed8\u8ba4\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u6362\u884c\u7b26\uff08<code>\\n<\/code>\uff09\u4f5c\u4e3a\u8f93\u5165\u7684\u7ed3\u675f\u6807\u5fd7\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-s<\/code>\uff1a\u9759\u9ed8\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002\u5728\u6b64\u6a21\u5f0f\u4e0b\uff0c\u7528\u6237\u8f93\u5165\u7684\u6570\u636e\u4e0d\u4f1a\u663e\u793a\u5728\u5c4f\u5e55\u4e0a\u3002\u8fd9\u5728\u5904\u7406\u654f\u611f\u6570\u636e\uff08\u5982\u5bc6\u7801\uff09\u65f6\u975e\u5e38\u6709\u7528\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u8fd9\u91cc\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u793a\u4f8b\u6765\u6f14\u793a<code>read<\/code>\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u7528\u6cd5\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">#!\/bin\/bash\n\n# \u4f7f\u7528-p\u9009\u9879\u663e\u793a\u63d0\u793a\u4fe1\u606f\nread -p &quot;\u8bf7\u8f93\u5165\u60a8\u7684\u540d\u5b57\uff1a &quot; name\n\n# \u6ca1\u6709\u9009\u9879\u7684\u7b80\u5355read\u547d\u4ee4\necho &quot;\u8bf7\u8f93\u5165\u60a8\u7684\u5e74\u9f84\uff1a&quot;\nread age\n\necho &quot;\u60a8\u7684\u540d\u5b57\u662f\uff1a$name&quot;\necho &quot;\u60a8\u7684\u5e74\u9f84\u662f\uff1a$age&quot;<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u793a\u4f8b\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4f7f\u7528<code>-p<\/code>\u9009\u9879\u5411\u7528\u6237\u663e\u793a\u8f93\u5165\u63d0\u793a\u3002\u7136\u540e\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8bfb\u53d6\u4e24\u4e2a\u53d8\u91cf\uff1a<code>name<\/code>\u548c<code>age<\/code>\u3002\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u6253\u5370\u51fa\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u503c\u3002<\/p>\n<h2>rm<\/h2>\n<blockquote>\n<p><code>rm<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u662f Linux \u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e38\u7528\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u5220\u9664\u6587\u4ef6\u6216\u76ee\u5f55\u3002\u5728 Linux \u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\uff0c\u7528\u6237\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 <code>rm<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u5220\u9664\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u548c\u76ee\u5f55\uff0c\u4ee5\u91ca\u653e\u78c1\u76d8\u7a7a\u95f4\u548c\u7ba1\u7406\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>\u5220\u9664\u4e00\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">rm myfile.txt<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u9012\u5f52\u5220\u9664\u4e00\u4e2a\u76ee\u5f55\u53ca\u5176\u5b50\u76ee\u5f55\u548c\u6587\u4ef6\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">rm -r mydir<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u5f3a\u5236\u5220\u9664\u6587\u4ef6\u6216\u76ee\u5f55\uff0c\u4e0d\u63d0\u793a\u786e\u8ba4\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">rm -f myfile.txt\nrm -rf mydir<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u9700\u8981\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c <code>rm<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u5220\u9664\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u548c\u76ee\u5f55\u90fd\u4e0d\u4f1a\u8fdb\u5165\u5783\u573e\u56de\u6536\u7ad9\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u76f4\u63a5\u4ece\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u5220\u9664\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5728\u4f7f\u7528 <code>rm<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u65f6\u9700\u8981\u683c\u5916\u5c0f\u5fc3\uff0c\u4ee5\u514d\u8bef\u5220\u91cd\u8981\u6587\u4ef6\u6216\u76ee\u5f55\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u8981\u5220\u9664\u76ee\u5f55\u53ca\u5176\u6240\u6709\u5b50\u76ee\u5f55\u548c\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u4f7f\u7528 <code>-r<\/code> \u9009\u9879\u8fdb\u884c\u9012\u5f52\u5220\u9664\u3002\u5982\u679c\u8981\u5f3a\u5236\u5220\u9664\u6587\u4ef6\u6216\u76ee\u5f55\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 <code>-f<\/code> \u9009\u9879\u3002\u5f3a\u70c8\u5efa\u8bae\u5728\u4f7f\u7528 <code>rm -rf<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u4e4b\u524d\u8fdb\u884c\u53cc\u91cd\u68c0\u67e5\uff0c\u4ee5\u907f\u514d\u8bef\u5220\u91cd\u8981\u6570\u636e\u3002<\/p>\n<h2>rev<\/h2>\n<blockquote>\n<p>\u5728Linux\u4e2d\uff0crev\u547d\u4ee4\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u6587\u672c\u5904\u7406\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u5c06\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u6bcf\u4e00\u884c\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u987a\u5e8f\u98a0\u5012\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u7ed3\u679c\u8f93\u51fa\u5230\u6807\u51c6\u8f93\u51fa\u6d41\u4e2d\u3002rev\u547d\u4ee4\u53ef\u4ee5\u63a5\u53d7\u4e00\u4e2a\u6216\u591a\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u4f5c\u4e3a\u8f93\u5165\uff0c\u5e76\u9010\u884c\u53cd\u8f6c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u3002\u4ee5\u4e0b\u662f\u4e00\u4e9b\u5173\u4e8erev\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u8be6\u7ec6\u4fe1\u606f\uff1a<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>rev\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u8bed\u6cd5\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">rev [\u9009\u9879] \u6587\u4ef6\u540d<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u5176\u4e2d\uff0c\u9009\u9879\u5305\u62ec\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>-V<\/code> \u6216 <code>--version<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u7248\u672c\u4fe1\u606f<\/li>\n<li><code>-h<\/code> \u6216 <code>--help<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u5e2e\u52a9\u4fe1\u606f<\/li>\n<li><code>-c<\/code> \u6216 <code>--characters<\/code>\uff1a\u5c06\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5b57\u7b26\u5f53\u505a\u5355\u72ec\u7684\u6587\u672c\u884c\u8fdb\u884c\u53cd\u8f6c<\/li>\n<li><code>-t<\/code> \u6216 <code>--tac<\/code>\uff1a\u53cd\u8f6c\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u6bcf\u884c\u7684\u987a\u5e8f\uff0c\u7c7b\u4f3c\u4e8e tac \u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u529f\u80fd<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol>\n<li>\u53cd\u8f6c\u6587\u672c\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u7684\u6bcf\u4e00\u884c<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u4f7f\u7528rev\u547d\u4ee4\u53cd\u8f6c\u6587\u672c\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u7684\u6bcf\u4e00\u884c\u7684\u8bed\u6cd5\u683c\u5f0f\u4e3a\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">rev \u6587\u4ef6\u540d<\/code><\/pre>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li>\u53cd\u8f6c\u591a\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u7684\u6bcf\u4e00\u884c<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u4f7f\u7528rev\u547d\u4ee4\u53cd\u8f6c\u591a\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u7684\u6bcf\u4e00\u884c\u7684\u8bed\u6cd5\u683c\u5f0f\u4e3a:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">rev \u6587\u4ef61 \u6587\u4ef62 ...<\/code><\/pre>\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li>\u5c06\u53cd\u8f6c\u7ed3\u679c\u8f93\u51fa\u5230\u6587\u4ef6<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u4f7f\u7528rev\u547d\u4ee4\u5c06\u53cd\u8f6c\u7ed3\u679c\u8f93\u51fa\u5230\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u8bed\u6cd5\u683c\u5f0f\u4e3a:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">rev \u6587\u4ef6\u540d &gt; \u8f93\u51fa\u6587\u4ef6\u540d<\/code><\/pre>\n<ol start=\"4\">\n<li>\u53cd\u8f6c\u5b9a\u754c\u7b26\u5206\u9694\u7684\u5b57\u6bb5<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u4f7f\u7528rev\u547d\u4ee4\u53cd\u8f6c\u5b9a\u754c\u7b26\u5206\u9694\u7684\u5b57\u6bb5\u7684\u8bed\u6cd5\u683c\u5f0f\u4e3a\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">rev -d &#039;\u5b9a\u754c\u7b26&#039; \u6587\u4ef6\u540d<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u53cd\u8f6c\u540d\u4e3atest.txt\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u6bcf\u4e00\u884c\u4ee5&quot;|&quot;\u5206\u9694\u7684\u5b57\u6bb5\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u987a\u5e8f\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u6267\u884c\u4ee5\u4e0b\u547d\u4ee4\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">rev -d &#039;|&#039; test.txt<\/code><\/pre>\n<h2>rndc<\/h2>\n<blockquote>\n<p><code>rndc<\/code> \uff08\u8fdc\u7a0b\u540d\u5b57\u5b88\u62a4\u7a0b\u5e8f\u63a7\u5236\u5668\uff09\u547d\u4ee4\u662f <code>BIND<\/code> DNS \u670d\u52a1\u5668\u4e2d\u7528\u4e8e\u7ba1\u7406\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u884c\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u7528\u6765\u63a7\u5236\u8fd0\u884c\u7684\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u3002<code>rndc<\/code> \u901a\u8fc7\u53d1\u9001\u52a0\u5bc6\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u5230\u540d\u5b57\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u4e0a\uff0c\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b89\u5168\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u6765\u7ba1\u7406\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u3002\u8be5\u547d\u4ee4\u4e3b\u8981\u7528\u4e8e\u7ba1\u7406\u5458\u5728\u4e0d\u91cd\u542f BIND \u670d\u52a1\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u5bf9 BIND \u670d\u52a1\u8fdb\u884c\u7ba1\u7406\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\"># rndc\u57fa\u672c\u683c\u5f0f\uff1a\nrndc [options] command [command-options]\n\noptions\uff1a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u9009\u9879\u662f\u5bf9 rndc \u5de5\u5177\u7684\u8bbe\u7f6e\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u9488\u5bf9\u5355\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u3002\ncommand\uff1a\u4f60\u60f3\u8981 rndc \u6267\u884c\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u3002\ncommand-options\uff1a\u9488\u5bf9\u7279\u5b9a\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u989d\u5916\u9009\u9879\u3002\n\n# options:\n-b address\uff1a\u8bbe\u7f6e\u6e90 IP \u5730\u5740\u3002\n-c config\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u914d\u7f6e\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u9ed8\u8ba4\u4e3a \/etc\/rndc.conf\u3002\n-s server\uff1a\u6307\u5b9a\u8981\u8fde\u63a5\u7684\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u540d\u6216 IP \u5730\u5740\u3002\n-p port\uff1a\u6307\u5b9a\u8fdc\u7a0b\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u7aef\u53e3\u53f7\uff0c\u9ed8\u8ba4\u4e3a 953\u3002\n-k key-file\uff1a\u6307\u5b9a\u5bc6\u94a5\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u5176\u8986\u76d6 rndc.conf \u4e2d\u7684\u5bc6\u94a5\u8bbe\u7f6e\u3002\n-y key\uff1a\u6307\u5b9a TSIG \u5bc6\u94a5\u540d\u79f0\u3002\n-r\uff1a\u6253\u5f00\u9012\u5f52\u5904\u7406\u3002\n-V\uff1a\u6253\u5f00\u8be6\u7ec6\u8f93\u51fa\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002\n\n# command\uff1a\n1.addzone zone [class [view]] { zone-options }\uff1a\u6b64\u547d\u4ee4\u5141\u8bb8\u4f60\u5728\u8fd0\u884c\u7684 BIND \u670d\u52a1\u5668\u4e2d\u6dfb\u52a0\u65b0\u7684 DNS \u533a\u57df\u3002\n2.delzone [-clean] zone [class [view]]\uff1a\u6b64\u547d\u4ee4\u5141\u8bb8\u4f60\u4ece\u8fd0\u884c\u7684 BIND \u670d\u52a1\u5668\u4e2d\u5220\u9664\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b58\u5728\u7684 DNS \u533a\u57df\u3002\n3.dnstap -reopen\uff1a\u6b64\u547d\u4ee4\u5173\u95ed\u3001\u622a\u65ad\u5e76\u91cd\u65b0\u6253\u5f00 DNSTAP \u8f93\u51fa\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\n4.dnstap -roll count\uff1a\u6b64\u547d\u4ee4\u5173\u95ed\u3001\u91cd\u547d\u540d\u5e76\u91cd\u65b0\u6253\u5f00 DNSTAP \u8f93\u51fa\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\n5.dumpdb [-all|-cache|-zones|-adb|-bad|-fail] [view ...]\uff1a\u6b64\u547d\u4ee4\u5c06\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u7684\u7f13\u5b58\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u6240\u6709\u7684\u3001\u533a\u57df\u7684\u3001\u5730\u5740\u7684\u3001\u574f\u7684\u6216\u5931\u8d25\u7684\u7f13\u5b58\uff09\u8f6c\u50a8\u5230\u8f6c\u50a8\u6587\u4ef6\uff08named_dump.db\uff09\u4e2d\u3002\n6.flush\uff1a\u6b64\u547d\u4ee4\u6e05\u7a7a\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u7684\u6240\u6709\u7f13\u5b58\u3002\n7.flush [view]\uff1a\u6b64\u547d\u4ee4\u6e05\u7a7a\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u4e2d\u7279\u5b9a\u89c6\u56fe\u7684\u7f13\u5b58\u3002\n8.flushname name [view]\uff1a\u6b64\u547d\u4ee4\u4ece\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u7684\u7f13\u5b58\u4e2d\u6e05\u7a7a\u7ed9\u5b9a\u7684\u540d\u79f0\u3002\n9.flushtree name [view]\uff1a\u6b64\u547d\u4ee4\u4ece\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u7684\u7f13\u5b58\u4e2d\u6e05\u7a7a\u7ed9\u5b9a\u540d\u79f0\u4e0b\u7684\u6240\u6709\u540d\u79f0\u3002\n10.freeze\uff1a\u6b64\u547d\u4ee4\u6682\u505c\u5bf9\u6240\u6709\u52a8\u6001\u533a\u57df\u7684\u66f4\u65b0\u3002\n11.freeze zone [class [view]]\uff1a\u6b64\u547d\u4ee4\u6682\u505c\u5bf9\u7279\u5b9a\u52a8\u6001\u533a\u57df\u7684\u66f4\u65b0\u3002\n12.halt\uff1a\u6b64\u547d\u4ee4\u5728\u4e0d\u4fdd\u5b58\u5f85\u5904\u7406\u7684\u66f4\u65b0\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u505c\u6b62\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u3002\n13.halt -p\uff1a\u6b64\u547d\u4ee4\u5728\u4e0d\u4fdd\u5b58\u5f85\u5904\u7406\u7684\u66f4\u65b0\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u505c\u6b62\u670d\u52a1\u5668\uff0c\u5e76\u62a5\u544a\u8fdb\u7a0b ID\u3002\n14.loadkeys zone [class [view]]\uff1a\u6b64\u547d\u4ee4\u66f4\u65b0\u533a\u57df\u7684\u5bc6\u94a5\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u7acb\u5373\u7b7e\u540d\u3002\n15.managed-keys refresh [class [view]]\uff1a\u6b64\u547d\u4ee4\u68c0\u67e5 RFC 5011 \u952e\u7684\u66f4\u6539\u3002\n16.managed-keys status [class [view]]\uff1a\u6b64\u547d\u4ee4\u663e\u793a RFC 5011 \u7ba1\u7406\u7684\u952e\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\n17.managed-keys sync [class [view]]\uff1a\u6b64\u547d\u4ee4\u5c06 RFC 5011 \u7ba1\u7406\u7684\u952e\u5199\u5165\u78c1\u76d8\u3002\n18.modzone zone [class [view]] { zone-options }\uff1a\u6b64\u547d\u4ee4\u4fee\u6539\u533a\u57df\u7684\u914d\u7f6e\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u5f00\u542f allow-new-zones \u9009\u9879\u3002\n19.notify zone [class [view]]\uff1a\u6b64\u547d\u4ee4\u4e3a\u7279\u5b9a\u533a\u57df\u91cd\u65b0\u53d1\u9001 NOTIFY \u6d88\u606f\u3002\n20.notrace\uff1a\u6b64\u547d\u4ee4\u5c06\u8c03\u8bd5\u7ea7\u522b\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e3a 0\u3002\n21.nta -dump\uff1a\u5217\u51fa\u6240\u6709\u8bbe\u7f6e\u7684\u5426\u5b9a\u4fe1\u4efb\u951a\u70b9\u3002\n22.nta [-lifetime duration] [-force] domain [view]\uff1a\u4e3a\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u57df\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e00\u4e2a\u5426\u5b9a\u4fe1\u4efb\u951a\u70b9\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c06\u7981\u7528DNSSEC\u9a8c\u8bc1\u3002 -lifetime \u53c2\u6570\u7528\u4e8e\u6307\u5b9a\u5426\u5b9a\u4fe1\u4efb\u951a\u70b9\u7684\u6301\u7eed\u65f6\u95f4\uff08\u6700\u957f\u4e00\u5468\uff09\uff0c\u800c -force \u53c2\u6570\u5219\u4f1a\u963b\u6b62\u5426\u5b9a\u4fe1\u4efb\u951a\u70b9\u5728\u5176\u5168\u5468\u671f\u5185\u8fc7\u65e9\u5230\u671f\u3002\n23.nta -remove domain [view]\uff1a\u5220\u9664\u4e00\u4e2a\u5426\u5b9a\u4fe1\u4efb\u951a\u70b9\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c06\u91cd\u65b0\u542f\u7528\u5bf9\u6307\u5b9a\u57df\u7684DNSSEC\u9a8c\u8bc1\u3002\n24.querylog [ on | off ]\uff1a\u542f\u7528\u6216\u7981\u7528\u67e5\u8be2\u65e5\u5fd7\u8bb0\u5f55\u3002\n25.reconfig\uff1a\u91cd\u65b0\u52a0\u8f7d\u914d\u7f6e\u6587\u4ef6\u548c\u65b0\u7684\u533a\u57df\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u4f1a\u91cd\u65b0\u52a0\u8f7d\u5df2\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u533a\u57df\u3002\n26.recursing\uff1a\u8f6c\u50a8\u5f53\u524d\u6b63\u5728\u9012\u5f52\u67e5\u8be2\u7684\u67e5\u8be2\uff08\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4fe1\u606f\u88ab\u5199\u5165named.recursing\u6587\u4ef6\uff09\u3002\n27.refresh zone [class [view]]\uff1a\u7acb\u5373\u8c03\u5ea6\u5bf9\u6307\u5b9a\u533a\u57df\u8fdb\u884c\u7ef4\u62a4\u3002\n28.reload\uff1a\u91cd\u65b0\u52a0\u8f7d\u914d\u7f6e\u6587\u4ef6\u548c\u6240\u6709\u533a\u57df\u3002\n29.reload zone [class [view]]\uff1a\u91cd\u65b0\u52a0\u8f7d\u4e00\u4e2a\u7279\u5b9a\u533a\u57df\u3002\n30.sfer zone [class [view]]\uff1a\u91cd\u65b0\u4f20\u8f93\u4e00\u4e2a\u533a\u57df\uff0c\u800c\u65e0\u9700\u68c0\u67e5\u5e8f\u5217\u53f7\u3002\n31.scan\uff1a\u626b\u63cf\u53ef\u7528\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u63a5\u53e3\u4ee5\u67e5\u627e\u53d8\u5316\u3002\n32.secroots [view ...]\uff1a\u5c06\u5b89\u5168\u6839\u5199\u5165\u5230secroots\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\n33.serve-stale ( yes | no | reset ) [class [view]]\uff1a\u63a7\u5236\u662f\u5426\u8fd4\u56de\u8fc7\u671f\u7684\u56de\u7b54\u3002\n34.showzone zone [class [view]]\uff1a\u6253\u5370\u4e00\u4e2a\u533a\u57df\u7684\u914d\u7f6e\u3002\n35.sign zone [class [view]]\uff1a\u66f4\u65b0\u533a\u57df\u5bc6\u94a5\uff0c\u5e76\u6839\u636e\u9700\u8981\u7b7e\u540d\u3002\n36.signing -clear all zone [class [view]]\uff1a\u5220\u9664\u6240\u6709\u5df2\u5b8c\u6210\u6307\u5b9a\u533a\u57df\u7b7e\u540d\u7684\u5bc6\u94a5\u7684\u79c1\u6709\u8bb0\u5f55\n37.signing -clear &lt;keyid&gt;\/&lt;algorithm&gt; zone [class [view]]\uff1a\u5220\u9664\u8868\u793a\u6307\u5b9a\u5bc6\u94a5\u5df2\u5b8c\u6210\u5bf9\u6307\u5b9a\u533a\u57df\u7b7e\u540d\u7684\u79c1\u6709\u8bb0\u5f55\u3002\n38.signing -list zone [class [view]]\uff1a\u5217\u51fa\u663e\u793a\u7ed9\u5b9a\u533a\u57df\u7684DNSSEC\u7b7e\u540d\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u79c1\u6709\u8bb0\u5f55\u3002\n39.signing -nsec3param hash flags iterations salt zone [class [view]]\uff1a\u5982\u679c\u533a\u57df\u5df2\u7ecf\u7b7e\u540d\uff0c\u5219\u6dfb\u52a0NSEC3\u94fe\u3002\u5982\u679c\u533a\u57df\u5c1a\u672a\u7b7e\u540d\uff0c\u5219\u4f7f\u7528NSEC3\u94fe\u5bf9\u533a\u57df\u8fdb\u884c\u586b\u5145\u3002\n40.signing -nsec3param none zone [class [view]]\uff1a\u4ece\u533a\u57df\u4e2d\u5220\u9664NSEC3\u94fe\u3002\n41.signing -serial &lt;value&gt; zone [class [view]]\uff1a\u8bbe\u7f6e\u533a\u57df\u7684\u5e8f\u5217\u53f7\u4e3a\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u503c\u3002\n42.stats\uff1a\u5c06\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u7edf\u8ba1\u4fe1\u606f\u5199\u5165\u7edf\u8ba1\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\n43.status\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u3002\n44.stop\uff1a\u5c06\u6302\u8d77\u7684\u66f4\u65b0\u4fdd\u5b58\u5230\u4e3b\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u5e76\u505c\u6b62\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u3002\n45.stop -p\uff1a\u5c06\u6302\u8d77\u7684\u66f4\u65b0\u4fdd\u5b58\u5230\u4e3b\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u5e76\u505c\u6b62\u670d\u52a1\u5668\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u62a5\u544a\u8fdb\u7a0bID\u3002\n46.sync [-clean]\uff1a\u5c06\u6240\u6709\u52a8\u6001\u533a\u57df\u7684\u66f4\u6539\u8f6c\u50a8\u5230\u78c1\u76d8\uff0c\u5e76\u53ef\u4ee5\u9009\u62e9\u5220\u9664\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u65e5\u5fd7\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\n47.sync [-clean] zone [class [view]]\uff1a\u5c06\u4e00\u4e2a\u533a\u57df\u7684\u66f4\u6539\u8f6c\u50a8\u5230\u78c1\u76d8\uff0c\u5e76\u53ef\u4ee5\u9009\u62e9\u5220\u9664\u5176\u65e5\u5fd7\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\n48.thaw\uff1a\u542f\u7528\u6240\u6709\u52a8\u6001\u533a\u57df\u7684\u66f4\u65b0\u5e76\u91cd\u65b0\u52a0\u8f7d\u5b83\u4eec\u3002\n49.thaw zone [class [view]]\uff1a\u542f\u7528\u4e00\u4e2a\u51bb\u7ed3\u7684\u52a8\u6001\u533a\u57df\u7684\u66f4\u65b0\u5e76\u91cd\u65b0\u52a0\u8f7d\u5b83\u3002\n50.trace\uff1a\u5c06\u8c03\u8bd5\u7ea7\u522b\u589e\u52a0\u4e00\u4e2a\u5355\u4f4d\u3002\n51.trace level\uff1a\u66f4\u6539\u8c03\u8bd5\u7ea7\u522b\u3002\n52.tsig-delete keyname [view]\uff1a\u5220\u9664\u901a\u8fc7TKEY\u534f\u5546\u7684TSIG\u5bc6\u94a5\u3002\n53.tsig-list\uff1a\u5217\u51fa\u6240\u6709\u5f53\u524d\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684TSIG\u5bc6\u94a5\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u9759\u6001\u914d\u7f6e\u7684\u5bc6\u94a5\u548c\u901a\u8fc7TKEY\u534f\u5546\u7684\u5bc6\u94a5\u3002\n54.validation [ yes | no | status ] [view]\uff1a\u542f\u7528\u6216\u7981\u7528DNSSEC\u9a8c\u8bc1\u3002\n55.zonestatus zone [class [view]]\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u4e00\u4e2a\u533a\u57df\u7684\u5f53\u524d\u72b6\u6001\u3002<\/code><\/pre>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\"># \u8981\u4f7f\u7528 rndc\uff0c\u9996\u5148\u9700\u8981\u5728 DNS \u670d\u52a1\u5668\u4e0a\u914d\u7f6e\u597d rndc\uff0c\u5e76\u5728 \/etc\/rndc.conf \u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u8bbe\u7f6e\u597d\u4e0e\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u4ea4\u4e92\u6240\u9700\u7684\u5bc6\u94a5\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u9009\u9879\u3002\n# \u5728\u5df2\u7ecf\u914d\u7f6e\u597d rndc \u7684\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u4e0a\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u76f4\u63a5\u8fd0\u884c rndc \u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u5982\u4e0b\u6240\u793a\uff1a\nrndc reload\n#\u4e0a\u8ff0\u547d\u4ee4\u5c06\u4f7f BIND \u670d\u52a1\u5668\u91cd\u65b0\u52a0\u8f7d\u6240\u6709\u533a\u57df\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\n\n# \u67e5\u770bdns\u670d\u52a1\u5668(bind)\u7684\u7f13\u51b2\n# \u5982\u679c\u4f60\u60f3\u67e5\u770b rndc \u7f13\u5b58\u4e86\u54ea\u4e9b DNS \u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u4f60\u5e94\u8be5\u4f7f\u7528 rndc dumpdb \u547d\u4ee4\u3002\u8fd9\u5c06\u8f6c\u50a8\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u7684\u7f13\u5b58\uff08\u5305\u62ec DNS \u7f13\u5b58\uff09\u5230 named \u7684\u8f6c\u50a8\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u3002\u5177\u4f53\u547d\u4ee4\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a\nrndc dumpdb\n# \u7136\u540e\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u67e5\u770b\u540d\u4e3a named_dump.db \u7684\u8f6c\u50a8\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u901a\u5e38\u4f4d\u4e8e \/var\/cache\/bind\/ \u6216\u8005 \/var\/named\/ \u76ee\u5f55\u4e0b\uff0c\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u4f60\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u914d\u7f6e\u3002\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 cat \u6216 less \u7b49\u547d\u4ee4\u6765\u67e5\u770b\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a\ncat \/etc\/named.conf\n\ndump-file   &quot;\/var\/named\/data\/cache_dump.db&quot;;\n\n# \u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u5230\u7f13\u51b2\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\n\n# \u8bf7\u6ce8\u610f\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u8fd0\u884c\u7684 BIND \u670d\u52a1\u5668\u914d\u7f6e\u4e3a\u4e0d\u5141\u8bb8\u7f13\u5b58\u8f6c\u50a8\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u53ef\u80fd\u65e0\u6cd5\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u4f60\u9700\u8981\u4fee\u6539\u4f60\u7684 BIND \u914d\u7f6e\u4ee5\u5141\u8bb8\u7f13\u5b58\u8f6c\u50a8\u3002\n\ncat \/var\/named\/data\/cache_dump.db<\/code><\/pre>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">rndc reload\uff1a\u91cd\u65b0\u52a0\u8f7d\u6240\u6709\u533a\u57df\u548c\u914d\u7f6e\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u66f4\u6539\u4e86 BIND \u7684\u914d\u7f6e\u6216\u8005\u67d0\u4e2a\u533a\u57df\u7684\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u8ba9\u6539\u53d8\u7acb\u5373\u751f\u6548\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u7528\u91cd\u542f\u6574\u4e2a\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u3002\n\nrndc refresh [zone]\uff1a\u5f3a\u5236\u5237\u65b0\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u533a\u57df\u3002\u8fd9\u5c06\u5bfc\u81f4 BIND \u5c1d\u8bd5\u4ece\u5b83\u7684\u4e3b\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u83b7\u53d6\u533a\u57df\u7684\u6700\u65b0\u62f7\u8d1d\u3002\n\nrndc flush\uff1a\u6e05\u7a7a\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u7684\u7f13\u5b58\u3002\u8fd9\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u89e3\u51b3\u7531\u4e8e\u7f13\u5b58\u8fc7\u671f\u6216\u8005\u635f\u574f\u6570\u636e\u5f15\u8d77\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u6216\u8005systemctl restart named,\u91cd\u542f\u670d\u52a1\u4e5f\u4f1a\u6e05\u6389\u7f13\u5b58\n\nrndc status\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u3002\u8fd9\u5c06\u7ed9\u51fa\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u57fa\u672c\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u5982\u8fd0\u884c\u65f6\u95f4\u3001\u52a0\u8f7d\u7684\u533a\u57df\u6570\u91cf\u7b49\u3002\n\nrndc stop\uff1a\u505c\u6b62\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u3002\u8fd9\u5c06\u5b89\u5168\u5730\u505c\u6b62 BIND\uff0c\u4fdd\u5b58\u6240\u6709\u672a\u51b3\u7684\u66f4\u6539\u5e76\u6e05\u7406\u6240\u6709\u8d44\u6e90\u3002\n\n# \u7528\u6cd5\n# 1.\u91cd\u65b0\u52a0\u8f7d\u6240\u6709\u533a\u57df\u548c\u914d\u7f6e\uff1a\nrndc reload\n\n# 2.\u5f3a\u5236\u5237\u65b0\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u533a\u57df\uff1a\nrndc refresh example.com\n\n# 3.\u6e05\u7a7a\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u7684\u7f13\u5b58\uff1a\nrndc flush\n\n# 4.\u663e\u793a\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u7684\u72b6\u6001\uff1a\nrndc status\n\n# 5.\u505c\u6b62\u670d\u52a1\u5668\uff1a\nrndc stop\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<h2>rsync<\/h2>\n<p><code>rsync<\/code> \u662f Linux \u4e2d\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u540c\u6b65\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u5728\u672c\u5730\u6216\u8fdc\u7a0b\u4e3b\u673a\u4e4b\u95f4\u540c\u6b65\u6587\u4ef6\u548c\u76ee\u5f55\u3002\u5b83\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u7f51\u7edc\u4f20\u8f93\u6587\u4ef6\u5e76\u4fdd\u6301\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u5b8c\u6574\u6027\u548c\u6743\u9650\u7b49\u5c5e\u6027\u3002\u4ee5\u4e0b\u662f <code>rsync<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u8be6\u7ec6\u7528\u6cd5\u3001\u9009\u9879\u548c\u683c\u5f0f\uff1a<\/p>\n<p><code>rsync<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u7528\u6cd5\u683c\u5f0f\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">rsync [options] source destination<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u5176\u4e2d\uff0c<code>source<\/code> \u8868\u793a\u6e90\u6587\u4ef6\u6216\u76ee\u5f55\uff0c<code>destination<\/code> \u8868\u793a\u76ee\u6807\u6587\u4ef6\u6216\u76ee\u5f55\u3002\u5f53 <code>source<\/code> \u548c <code>destination<\/code> \u4e2d\u4e00\u4e2a\u662f\u672c\u5730\u8def\u5f84\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u662f\u8fdc\u7a0b\u8def\u5f84\u65f6\uff0c<code>rsync<\/code> \u4f1a\u5728\u5b83\u4eec\u4e4b\u95f4\u5efa\u7acb\u4e00\u4e2a\u8fdc\u7a0b\u8fde\u63a5\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u7f51\u7edc\u4f20\u8f93\u6587\u4ef6\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u8981\u5c06\u672c\u5730\u76ee\u5f55 <code>\/home\/user\/documents<\/code> \u540c\u6b65\u5230\u8fdc\u7a0b\u4e3b\u673a\u7684 <code>\/data\/backups<\/code> \u76ee\u5f55\u4e2d\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u4ee5\u4e0b\u547d\u4ee4\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">rsync -avz \/home\/user\/documents user@example.com:\/data\/backups<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8fd9\u5c06\u4f7f\u7528 <code>rsync<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u5c06\u672c\u5730\u76ee\u5f55 <code>\/home\/user\/documents<\/code> \u590d\u5236\u5230\u8fdc\u7a0b\u4e3b\u673a <code>example.com<\/code> \u7684 <code>\/data\/backups<\/code> \u76ee\u5f55\u4e2d<\/p>\n<p><code>rsync<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u5e38\u7528\u9009\u9879\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>-a<\/code>\uff1a\u8868\u793a\u5f52\u6863\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u5373\u4fdd\u6301\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u5b8c\u6574\u6027\u3001\u6743\u9650\u548c\u65f6\u95f4\u7b49\u5c5e\u6027\u3002\u8fd9\u662f <code>rsync<\/code> \u5e38\u7528\u7684\u9009\u9879\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-v<\/code>\uff1a\u8868\u793a\u8be6\u7ec6\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u5373\u5728\u8f93\u51fa\u4e2d\u663e\u793a\u6b63\u5728\u590d\u5236\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u540d\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-z<\/code>\uff1a\u8868\u793a\u538b\u7f29\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u5373\u5728\u4f20\u8f93\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u5bf9\u6570\u636e\u8fdb\u884c\u538b\u7f29\u4ee5\u8282\u7701\u5e26\u5bbd\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-r<\/code>\uff1a\u8868\u793a\u9012\u5f52\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u5373\u5bf9\u76ee\u5f55\u53ca\u5176\u5b50\u76ee\u5f55\u8fdb\u884c\u9012\u5f52\u590d\u5236\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-u<\/code>\uff1a\u8868\u793a\u66f4\u65b0\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u5373\u4ec5\u590d\u5236\u6e90\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u6bd4\u76ee\u6807\u6587\u4ef6\u65b0\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-h<\/code>\uff1a\u8868\u793a\u4eba\u6027\u5316\u8f93\u51fa\uff0c\u5373\u5c06\u6587\u4ef6\u5927\u5c0f\u4ee5\u6613\u8bfb\u7684\u683c\u5f0f\uff08\u5982 KB\u3001MB\uff09\u663e\u793a\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-P<\/code>\uff1a\u8868\u793a\u542f\u7528\u5c40\u90e8\u590d\u5236\u548c\u7eed\u4f20\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u5373\u5141\u8bb8\u5728\u590d\u5236\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u6062\u590d\u4e2d\u65ad\u7684\u590d\u5236\u4efb\u52a1\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>--delete<\/code>\uff1a\u8868\u793a\u5220\u9664\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u5373\u5728\u76ee\u6807\u76ee\u5f55\u4e2d\u5220\u9664\u6e90\u76ee\u5f55\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>--exclude<\/code>\uff1a\u8868\u793a\u6392\u9664\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u5373\u6392\u9664\u6307\u5b9a\u6587\u4ef6\u6216\u76ee\u5f55\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>--bwlimit<\/code>\uff1a\u8868\u793a\u9650\u5236\u5e26\u5bbd\uff0c\u5373\u9650\u5236\u4f20\u8f93\u901f\u7387\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>--dry-run<\/code>\uff1a\u8868\u793a\u6f14\u4e60\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u5373\u663e\u793a\u8981\u6267\u884c\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u8981\u5c06\u672c\u5730\u76ee\u5f55 <code>\/home\/user\/documents<\/code> \u540c\u6b65\u5230\u8fdc\u7a0b\u4e3b\u673a <code>example.com<\/code> \u7684 <code>\/data\/backups<\/code> \u76ee\u5f55\u4e2d\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u4f20\u8f93\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u4f7f\u7528\u538b\u7f29\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u4ee5\u4e0b\u547d\u4ee4\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">rsync -avz \/home\/user\/documents user@example.com:\/data\/backups<\/code><\/pre>\n<h2>ssh-keygen<\/h2>\n<blockquote>\n<p><code>ssh-keygen<\/code>\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7528\u4e8e\u521b\u5efa\u3001\u7ba1\u7406\u548c\u8f6c\u6362\u8ba4\u8bc1\u5bc6\u94a5\u7684\u5de5\u5177\u3002\u5b83\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u7528\u9014\u662f\u521b\u5efa\u8eab\u4efd\u9a8c\u8bc1\u5bc6\u94a5\u5bf9\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u4e8eSSH\u534f\u8bae\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\"># 1.\u57fa\u672c\u7528\u6cd5\u662f\uff1assh-keygen -t key_type\uff0c\u5176\u4e2dkey_type\u53ef\u4ee5\u662frsa\uff0cdsa\uff0cecdsa\uff0ced25519\u7b49\u3002\n\n# 2.\u4ee5\u4e0b\u662fssh-keygen\u547d\u4ee4\u4e2d\u5404\u53c2\u6570\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\uff1a\n-q: \u5b89\u9759\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002\u5728\u751f\u6210\u65b0\u5bc6\u94a5\u65f6\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u4ee5\u6291\u5236\u901a\u5e38\u7684\u8f93\u51fa\u3002\n-b bits: \u6307\u5b9a\u5bc6\u94a5\u957f\u5ea6\u3002\n-t dsa | ecdsa | ed25519 | rsa: \u6307\u5b9a\u8981\u751f\u6210\u7684\u5bc6\u94a5\u7c7b\u578b\u3002dsa\uff0cecdsa\uff0ced25519\u6216rsa\u3002\n-m format: \u7528\u4e8e\u6307\u5b9a\u5bc6\u94a5\u7684\u683c\u5f0f\u3002PEM\uff08\u65e7\u7684\uff09\u548c\u65b0\u7684OpenSSH\u7684\u79c1\u94a5\u683c\u5f0f\u662f\u4e24\u79cd\u9009\u62e9\u3002\n-N new_passphrase: \u63d0\u4f9b\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u5bc6\u8bed\uff08\u6216\u7a7a\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6ca1\u6709\u5bc6\u8bed\uff09\u3002\n-C comment: \u63d0\u4f9b\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u6ce8\u91ca\u3002\n-f output_keyfile: \u6307\u5b9a\u5bc6\u94a5\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u540d\u3002\n-p: \u4fee\u6539\u79c1\u94a5\u7684\u5bc6\u8bed\u3002\n-P old_passphrase: \u63d0\u4f9b\u65e7\u7684\u5bc6\u8bed\u3002\n-i: \u5bfc\u5165\u4e00\u4e2a\u5916\u90e8\u7684SSH2\u5bc6\u94a5\u3002\n-e: \u5bfc\u51fa\u4e00\u4e2aSSH2\u7684\u5bc6\u94a5\u3002\n-y: \u4ece\u79c1\u94a5\u4e2d\u63d0\u53d6\u516c\u94a5\u3002\n-c: \u66f4\u6539\u79c1\u94a5\u7684\u6ce8\u91ca\u3002\n-l: \u663e\u793a\u516c\u94a5\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u6307\u7eb9\u3002\n-B: \u663e\u793a\u516c\u94a5\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u6ce1\u6ce1\u68d2\u56fe\u5f62\u3002\n-D pkcs11: \u4e0b\u8f7dpkcs11\u7684\u5bc6\u94a5\u3002\n-F hostname: \u641c\u7d22\u6307\u5b9a\u7684hostname\u5728\u5df2\u77e5\u7684\u4e3b\u673a\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u3002\n-H: Hash\u5df2\u77e5\u7684\u4e3b\u673a\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\n-R hostname: \u4ece\u5df2\u77e5\u7684\u4e3b\u673a\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u5220\u9664\u6240\u6709\u952e\u3002\n-r hostname: \u5728DNS\u4e2d\u6253\u5370\u51faSSHFP\u6307\u7eb9\u8d44\u6e90\u8bb0\u5f55\u3002\n-G output_file: \u751f\u6210\u5019\u9009\u6a21\u6570\u7d20\u6570\u4ee5\u4f9b\u5927\u6570\u7684SSH2 RSA\u548cDSA\u5bc6\u94a5\u751f\u6210\u3002\n-T output_file: \u6d4b\u8bd5\u5019\u9009\u6a21\u6570\u7d20\u6570\u7684\u751f\u6210\u3002\n-s ca_key: \u7b7e\u53d1\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bc1\u4e66\u3002\n-I certificate_identity: \u6307\u5b9a\u8bc1\u4e66\u7684\u6807\u8bc6\u3002\n-n principals: \u6307\u5b9a\u5141\u8bb8\u7684\u4e3b\u4f53\u7528\u6237\/\u4e3b\u673a\u3002\n-O option: \u6307\u5b9a\u8bc1\u4e66\u9009\u9879\u3002\n-V validity_interval: \u6307\u5b9a\u8bc1\u4e66\u7684\u6709\u6548\u671f\u95f4\u3002\n-z serial_number: \u6307\u5b9a\u8bc1\u4e66\u5e8f\u5217\u53f7\u3002\n-L: \u663e\u793a\u8bc1\u4e66\u7684\u8be6\u7ec6\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\n-A: \u5728\u6240\u6709\u7684\u9ed8\u8ba4\u4f4d\u7f6e\u751f\u6210\u6240\u6709\u7684\u5bbf\u4e3b\u5bc6\u94a5\u3002\n-k: \u751f\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684KRL\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\n-Q: \u6d4b\u8bd5KRL\u6587\u4ef6\u3002<\/code><\/pre>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\"># 1.\u751f\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684RSA\u5bc6\u94a5\u5bf9\nssh-keygen -t rsa\n\u6267\u884c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u540e\uff0c\u7cfb\u7edf\u4f1a\u5728\u5f53\u524d\u7528\u6237\u7684~\/.ssh\/\u76ee\u5f55\u4e2d\u751f\u6210\u4e24\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\uff0cid_rsa\uff08\u79c1\u94a5\uff09\u548cid_rsa.pub\uff08\u516c\u94a5\uff09\u3002\u5728\u9ed8\u8ba4\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u79c1\u94a5\u662f\u53d7\u4fdd\u62a4\u7684\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u7528\u6237\u81ea\u5df1\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u5230\uff0c\u800c\u516c\u94a5\u53ef\u4ee5\u5206\u4eab\u7ed9\u4efb\u4f55\u4eba\u3002\n\nssh-keygen -t rsa -b 2048 -f \/path\/to\/key\n\u5176\u4e2d\uff0c-t rsa\u8868\u793a\u751f\u6210\u7684\u5bc6\u94a5\u7c7b\u578b\u4e3aRSA(\u4e0d\u6307\u5b9a\u9ed8\u8ba4\u662fRSA\u7b97\u6cd5)\uff0c-b 2048\u8868\u793a\u751f\u6210\u7684\u5bc6\u94a5\u957f\u5ea6\u4e3a2048\u4f4d\uff0c-f \/path\/to\/key\u8868\u793a\u751f\u6210\u7684\u5bc6\u94a5\u6587\u4ef6\u5b58\u653e\u5728\/path\/to\/key\u8def\u5f84\u4e0b\uff0c\u9ed8\u8ba4\u5728\/root\/.ssh\u4e0b(\u4f1a\u521b\u5efa.ssh\u6587\u4ef6\u5939)\u3002\n\n# 2.\u4f7f\u7528-C\u9009\u9879\u6765\u6dfb\u52a0\u4e00\u4e2a\u6709\u7528\u7684\u6ce8\u91ca\u5230\u5bc6\u94a5\u4e2d\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u5305\u542b\u7528\u6237\u540d\u548c\u4e3b\u673a\u540d\uff1a\nssh-keygen -t rsa -C &quot;your.email@example.com&quot;\n\n# 3.\u751f\u6210\u4e0d\u540c\u540d\u79f0\u6216\u8005\u4e0d\u540c\u4f4d\u7f6e\u7684\u5bc6\u94a5\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528-f\u9009\u9879\u6307\u5b9a\u6587\u4ef6\u8def\u5f84\uff1a\nssh-keygen -t rsa -f ~\/.ssh\/my_ssh_key\n\u5728\u751f\u6210\u5bc6\u94a5\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u9009\u62e9\u6dfb\u52a0\u4e00\u4e2a\u5bc6\u7801\u77ed\u8bed\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u989d\u5916\u7684\u5b89\u5168\u63aa\u65bd\u3002\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\u65e0\u6cd5\u5728\u6ca1\u6709\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5bc6\u7801\u77ed\u8bed\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u4f7f\u7528\u79c1\u94a5\u3002<\/code><\/pre>\n<h2>ssh-copy-id<\/h2>\n<blockquote>\n<p><code>ssh-copy-id<\/code>\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7528\u4e8e\u5b89\u88c5\u4f60\u7684\u516c\u94a5\u5230SSH\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u7684\u516c\u94a5\u5217\u8868\u4e2d\u7684\u811a\u672c\u5de5\u5177\u3002\u5728\u4f60\u751f\u6210\u4e86SSH\u5bc6\u94a5\u5bf9\u540e\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u5c06\u516c\u94a5\u590d\u5236\u5230\u8fdc\u7a0b\u670d\u52a1\u5668\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbfSSH\u65e0\u5bc6\u7801\u767b\u5f55\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">#\u4ee5\u4e0b\u662fssh-copy-id\u547d\u4ee4\u4e2d\u5404\u53c2\u6570\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\uff1a\n\n-i [identity_file]: \u6307\u5b9a\u516c\u94a5\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u8def\u5f84\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6ca1\u6709\u63d0\u4f9b\u6b64\u9009\u9879\uff0cssh-copy-id\u5c06\u67e5\u627e\u9ed8\u8ba4\u7684\u516c\u94a5\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u5982~\/.ssh\/id_rsa.pub\uff0c~\/.ssh\/id_dsa.pub\uff0c~\/.ssh\/id_ecdsa.pub\uff0c~\/.ssh\/id_ed25519.pub\u7b49\u3002\n-p [port]: \u6307\u5b9a\u8fdc\u7a0b\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u7684SSH\u7aef\u53e3\u3002\n-f: \u5f3a\u5236\u590d\u5236\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u8fdc\u7a0b\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u4e0a\u5df2\u5b58\u5728\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u516c\u94a5\u3002\n-n: \u4e0d\u505a\u4efb\u4f55\u4e8b\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u663e\u793a\u5c06\u8981\u6dfb\u52a0\u5230\u8fdc\u7a0b\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u7684\u516c\u94a5\u3002\n-o ssh_option: \u4f20\u9012\u9009\u9879\u7ed9ssh\u3002\/etc\/ssh\/ssh_config\u91cc\u9762\u90fd\u662f\u9009\u9879\n-s: \u5728\u6dfb\u52a0\u516c\u94a5\u65f6\u4f7f\u7528sudo\uff08\u9700\u8981\u8fdc\u7a0b\u4e3b\u673a\u4e0a\u7684sudo\u8bbf\u95ee\uff09\u3002<\/code><\/pre>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\"># 1.\u57fa\u672c\u7528\u6cd5\u662f\uff1assh-copy-id user@hostname\uff0c\u5176\u4e2duser\u662f\u4f60\u7684\u7528\u6237\u540d\uff0chostname\u662f\u4f60\u8981\u590d\u5236\u5230\u7684\u8fdc\u7a0b\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u7684\u4e3b\u673a\u540d\u3002\n\n#2.\u5c06\u4f60\u7684\u516c\u94a5\u590d\u5236\u5230\u8fdc\u7a0b\u670d\u52a1\u5668\uff1a\nssh-copy-id user@hostname\n\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u4e2d\uff0cssh-copy-id\u4f1a\u5c06\u516c\u94a5\u590d\u5236\u5230\u8fdc\u7a0b\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u7684~\/.ssh\/authorized_keys\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\uff0cssh-copy-id\u4f1a\u521b\u5efa\u3002\n\nssh-copy-id\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u63a5\u53d7\u4e00\u4e2a\u9009\u9879-i\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u6307\u5b9a\u8981\u590d\u5236\u7684\u516c\u94a5\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\nssh-copy-id -i ~\/.ssh\/my_ssh_key.pub user@hostname\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<h2>sshpass<\/h2>\n<blockquote>\n<p><code>sshpass<\/code>\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u975e\u4ea4\u4e92\u5f0fssh\u5bc6\u7801\u63d0\u4f9b\u8005\u3002\u5b83\u5141\u8bb8\u4f60\u76f4\u63a5\u901a\u8fc7\u547d\u4ee4\u884c\u6216\u811a\u672c\u63d0\u4f9bssh\u7684\u5bc6\u7801\uff0c\u800c\u65e0\u9700\u4eba\u5de5\u4ea4\u4e92\u3002\u8fd9\u5bf9\u81ea\u52a8\u5316\u811a\u672c\u975e\u5e38\u6709\u7528\uff0c\u4f46\u9700\u8981\u6ce8\u610f\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528sshpass\u53ef\u80fd\u5b58\u5728\u5b89\u5168\u98ce\u9669\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5bc6\u7801\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u547d\u4ee4\u884c\u5386\u53f2\u6216\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u8fdb\u7a0b\u5217\u8868\u4e2d\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u88ab\u5176\u4ed6\u7528\u6237\u770b\u5230\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">#\u4ee5\u4e0b\u662fsshpass\u547d\u4ee4\u4e2d\u5404\u53c2\u6570\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\uff1a\n-f filename\uff1a\u4ece\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u83b7\u53d6\u5bc6\u7801\u3002\n-d number\uff1a\u4ece\u6587\u4ef6\u63cf\u8ff0\u7b26\u83b7\u53d6\u5bc6\u7801\u3002\u6570\u5b57\u8868\u793a\u6587\u4ef6\u63cf\u8ff0\u7b26\u7684\u7f16\u53f7\u3002\n-p password\uff1a\u76f4\u63a5\u63d0\u4f9b\u5bc6\u7801\u4f5c\u4e3a\u53c2\u6570\uff08\u5b89\u5168\u6027\u4e0d\u592a\u7406\u60f3\uff09\u3002\u547d\u4ee4\u884c\u4e2d\u76f4\u63a5\u663e\u793a\u5bc6\u7801\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u88ab\u522b\u4eba\u770b\u5230\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u4fdd\u5b58\u5728\u547d\u4ee4\u5386\u53f2\u4e2d\u3002\n-e\uff1a\u4ece\u73af\u5883\u53d8\u91cf&quot;SSHPASS&quot;\u4e2d\u83b7\u53d6\u5bc6\u7801\u3002\n-P prompt\uff1a\u6307\u5b9asshpass\u5e94\u8be5\u641c\u7d22\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u6765\u68c0\u6d4b\u5bc6\u7801\u63d0\u793a\u3002\u9ed8\u8ba4\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0csshpass\u4f1a\u67e5\u627e&quot;password&quot;\u63d0\u793a\u3002\n-v\uff1a\u8be6\u7ec6\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002\u4f1a\u8be6\u7ec6\u663e\u793asshpass\u6b63\u5728\u505a\u4ec0\u4e48\u3002\n-h\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u5e2e\u52a9\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\n-V\uff1a\u6253\u5370\u7248\u672c\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\n\n\u5728\u4e0a\u8ff0\u7684\u53c2\u6570\u4e2d\uff0c-f\uff0c-d\uff0c-p\u548c-e\u53ea\u80fd\u9009\u62e9\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u8fd9\u56db\u4e2a\u53c2\u6570\u90fd\u662f\u7528\u6765\u6307\u5b9a\u5bc6\u7801\u6765\u6e90\u7684\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u4f7f\u7528\u8fd9\u56db\u4e2a\u53c2\u6570\u4e2d\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u4e2a\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5bc6\u7801\u5c06\u4ece\u6807\u51c6\u8f93\u5165\uff08stdin\uff09\u4e2d\u83b7\u53d6\u3002<\/code><\/pre>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\"># 1.\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u60f3\u8981\u4f7f\u7528\u5728\u73af\u5883\u53d8\u91cfSSHPASS\u4e2d\u5b58\u50a8\u7684\u5bc6\u7801\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fd9\u6837\u4f7f\u7528sshpass\uff1a\nexport SSHPASS=your_password\nsshpass -e ssh user@hostname\n\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u4e2d\uff0cexport\u547d\u4ee4\u662f\u7528\u6765\u8bbe\u7f6e\u73af\u5883\u53d8\u91cfSSHPASS\u7684\uff0csshpass -e\u544a\u8bc9sshpass\u4ece\u73af\u5883\u53d8\u91cfSSHPASS\u4e2d\u83b7\u53d6\u5bc6\u7801\u3002\u7136\u540e\uff0cssh user@hostname\u662f\u4f60\u901a\u5e38\u4f7f\u7528\u7684SSH\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u5176\u4e2duser\u662f\u4f60\u7684\u7528\u6237\u540d\uff0chostname\u662f\u4f60\u8981\u8fde\u63a5\u7684\u4e3b\u673a\u540d\u3002\n\n# 2.\u4f7f\u7528\u5982\u4e0b\u547d\u4ee4\u4f7f\u7528sshpass\u6267\u884c\u4e00\u4e2a\u8fdc\u7a0b\u547d\u4ee4\uff1a\nsshpass -p &#039;your_password&#039; ssh user@hostname &#039;remote_command&#039;\n\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u4e2d\uff0cyour_password\u662f\u4f60\u7684\u5bc6\u7801\uff0cuser\u662f\u4f60\u7684\u7528\u6237\u540d\uff0chostname\u662f\u4f60\u8981\u8fde\u63a5\u7684\u8fdc\u7a0b\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u7684\u4e3b\u673a\u540d\uff0cremote_command\u662f\u4f60\u8981\u5728\u8fdc\u7a0b\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u4e0a\u6267\u884c\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u3002\n\n# 3.\u5c06\u5bc6\u7801\u5b58\u50a8\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u4f7f\u7528-f\u9009\u9879\uff1a\nsshpass -f \/path\/to\/password_file ssh user@hostname &#039;remote_command&#039;\n\n# 4.\u4f7f\u7528 sshpass \u5de5\u5177\u81ea\u52a8\u8f93\u5165 SSH \u5bc6\u7801\u4ee5\u5c06 SSH \u516c\u94a5\u590d\u5236\u5230\u8fdc\u7a0b\u4e3b\u673a\u3002\nsshpass -p root ssh-copy-id -i .ssh\/id_rsa.pub -o StrictHostKeyChecking=no 10.0.0.109\nsshpass -p root\uff1asshpass \u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7528\u4e8e\u975e\u4ea4\u4e92\u5f0f\u5bc6\u7801\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u5b9e\u7528\u7a0b\u5e8f\u3002-p \u9009\u9879\u544a\u8bc9 sshpass \u5bc6\u7801\u4f1a\u5728\u540e\u9762\u76f4\u63a5\u7ed9\u51fa\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0c\u5bc6\u7801\u662f &quot;root&quot;\u3002\nssh-copy-id\uff1a\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c06\u672c\u5730\u516c\u94a5\u590d\u5236\u5230\u8fdc\u7a0b\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u7684 authorized_keys \u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u3002\n-i .ssh\/id_rsa.pub\uff1a -i \u9009\u9879\u6307\u5b9a\u8981\u590d\u5236\u7684\u516c\u94a5\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c.ssh\/id_rsa.pub \u662f\u9ed8\u8ba4\u7684 SSH \u516c\u94a5\u6587\u4ef6\u8def\u5f84\u3002\n-o StrictHostKeyChecking=no\uff1a\u8fd9\u662f\u4f20\u9012\u7ed9 ssh \u7684\u9009\u9879\uff0c\u7981\u6b62\u5bf9\u8fdc\u7a0b\u4e3b\u673a\u7684\u516c\u94a5\u8fdb\u884c\u4e25\u683c\u7684\u4e3b\u673a\u5bc6\u94a5\u68c0\u67e5\u3002\u8fd9\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4f60\u9996\u6b21\u8fde\u63a5\u5230\u670d\u52a1\u5668\uff0c\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u7684\u516c\u94a5\u8fd8\u4e0d\u5728\u4f60\u7684 known_hosts \u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u4f60\u662f\u5728\u81ea\u52a8\u5316\u811a\u672c\u4e2d\u4f7f\u7528\u6b64\u547d\u4ee4\u65f6\u5f88\u6709\u7528\n\u4f7f\u7528\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u9700\u8981\u786e\u4fdd\u8fdc\u7a0b\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u7684 \/etc\/ssh\/sshd_config \u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u542f\u7528\u4e86\u57fa\u4e8e\u516c\u94a5\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc1\uff08PubkeyAuthentication yes\uff09\u3002<\/code><\/pre>\n<h2>sed<\/h2>\n<blockquote>\n<p>Sed\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u6587\u672c\u5904\u7406\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u5176\u540d\u79f0\u6765\u81ea\u201c\u6d41\u7f16\u8f91\u5668\u201d\uff08Stream Editor\uff09\u7684\u7f29\u5199\u3002\u5b83\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u547d\u4ee4\u884c\u4e2d\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f5c\u4e3a\u811a\u672c\u8fd0\u884c\u3002Sed\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bfb\u53d6\u3001\u7f16\u8f91\u3001\u8fc7\u6ee4\u548c\u8f6c\u6362\u6587\u672c\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5bf9\u6587\u4ef6\u5185\u5bb9\u8fdb\u884c\u641c\u7d22\u548c\u66ff\u6362\u7b49\u591a\u79cd\u64cd\u4f5c\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>\u4ee5\u4e0b\u662f\u5173\u4e8eLinux\u4e2dsed\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u8be6\u7ec6\u8bb2\u89e3\uff1a<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u57fa\u672c\u7528\u6cd5<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>sed\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u8bed\u6cd5\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">sed [options] &#039;command&#039; input_file<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u5176\u4e2d\uff0c<code>options<\/code>\u662f\u4e00\u4e9b\u9009\u9879\u53c2\u6570\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u4e8e\u63a7\u5236sed\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\uff1b<code>command<\/code>\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6216\u591a\u4e2ased\u7f16\u8f91\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u5bf9\u8f93\u5165\u6587\u4ef6\u8fdb\u884c\u7f16\u8f91\u548c\u8f6c\u6362\uff1b<code>input_file<\/code>\u662f\u8981\u5904\u7406\u7684\u8f93\u5165\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u540d\u79f0\u3002<\/p>\n<p>options:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p><code>-n<\/code> \u4e0d\u8f93\u51fa\u6a21\u5f0f\u7a7a\u95f4\u5185\u5bb9\u5230\u5c4f\u5e55\uff0c\u5373\u4e0d\u81ea\u52a8\u6253\u5370;\u7981\u6b62sed\u7684\u9ed8\u8ba4\u8f93\u51fa\uff0c\u53ea\u8f93\u51fa\u88ab\u547d\u4ee4\u5904\u7406\u8fc7\u7684\u6587\u672c\u3002<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><code>-e<\/code> \u591a\u70b9\u7f16\u8f91,\u5141\u8bb8\u5728\u547d\u4ee4\u884c\u4e2d\u6307\u5b9a\u591a\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u7528\u5206\u53f7\u5206\u9694\u3002<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><code>-f<\/code> FILE \u4ece\u6307\u5b9a\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u8bfb\u53d6\u7f16\u8f91\u811a\u672c<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><code>-r, -E<\/code> \u4f7f\u7528\u6269\u5c55\u6b63\u5219\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><code>-i<\/code>\u76f4\u63a5\u4fee\u6539\u6587\u4ef6\u5185\u5bb9\u3002<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><code>-i.bak<\/code> \u5907\u4efd\u6587\u4ef6\u5e76\u539f\u5904\u7f16\u8f91<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><code>-s<\/code>\u5c06\u591a\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u89c6\u4e3a\u72ec\u7acb\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5355\u4e2a\u8fde\u7eed\u7684\u957f\u6587\u4ef6\u6d41<\/p>\n<h1>\u8bf4\u660e:<\/h1>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><code>-ir<\/code> \u4e0d\u652f\u6301<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><code>-i -r<\/code> \u652f\u6301<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><code>-ri<\/code> \u652f\u6301<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><code>-ni<\/code> \u4f1a\u6e05\u7a7a\u6587\u4ef6<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>command:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">1. \u4e0d\u7ed9\u5730\u5740\uff1a\u5bf9\u5168\u6587\u8fdb\u884c\u5904\u7406\n2. \u5355\u5730\u5740\uff1a\n#\uff1a\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u884c\uff0c$\uff1a\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u884c\n\/pattern\/\uff1a\u88ab\u6b64\u5904\u6a21\u5f0f\u6240\u80fd\u591f\u5339\u914d\u5230\u7684\u6bcf\u4e00\u884c\n3. \u5730\u5740\u8303\u56f4\uff1a\n#,# #\u4ece#\u884c\u5230\u7b2c#\u884c\uff0c3\uff0c6 \u4ece\u7b2c3\u884c\u5230\u7b2c6\u884c\n#,+# #\u4ece#\u884c\u5230+#\u884c\uff0c3,+4 \u8868\u793a\u4ece3\u884c\u5230\u7b2c7\u884c\n\/pat1\/,\/pat2\/\n#,\/pat\/\n\/pat\/,#\n4. \u6b65\u8fdb\uff1a~\n1~2 \u5947\u6570\u884c\n2~2 \u5076\u6570\u884c<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u547d\u4ee4:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">p \u6253\u5370\u5f53\u524d\u6a21\u5f0f\u7a7a\u95f4\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u8ffd\u52a0\u5230\u9ed8\u8ba4\u8f93\u51fa\u4e4b\u540e\nIp \u5ffd\u7565\u5927\u5c0f\u5199\u8f93\u51fa\nd \u5220\u9664\u6a21\u5f0f\u7a7a\u95f4\u5339\u914d\u7684\u884c\uff0c\u5e76\u7acb\u5373\u542f\u7528\u4e0b\u4e00\u8f6e\u5faa\u73af\na [\\]text \u5728\u6307\u5b9a\u884c\u540e\u9762\u8ffd\u52a0\u6587\u672c\uff0c\u652f\u6301\u4f7f\u7528\\n\u5b9e\u73b0\u591a\u884c\u8ffd\u52a0\uff0c\u5728\u5f53\u524d\u884c\u7684\u4e0b\u4e00\u884c\u8ffd\u52a0\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u5728\u5f53\u524d\u884c\u7684\u540e\u9762\u8ffd\u52a0\ni [\\]text \u5728\u884c\u524d\u9762\u63d2\u5165\u6587\u672c\nc [\\]text \u66ff\u6362\u884c\u4e3a\u5355\u884c\u6216\u591a\u884c\u6587\u672c\nw file \u4fdd\u5b58\u6a21\u5f0f\u5339\u914d\u7684\u884c\u81f3\u6307\u5b9a\u6587\u4ef6\nr file \u8bfb\u53d6\u6307\u5b9a\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u6587\u672c\u81f3\u6a21\u5f0f\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e2d\u5339\u914d\u5230\u7684\u884c\u540e\n= \u4e3a\u6a21\u5f0f\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e2d\u7684\u884c\u6253\u5370\u884c\u53f7\n! \u6a21\u5f0f\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e2d\u5339\u914d\u884c\u53d6\u53cd\u5904\u7406\nq \u7ed3\u675f\u6216\u9000\u51fased<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u67e5\u627e\u66ff\u6362\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">s\/pattern\/string\/\u4fee\u9970\u7b26 \u67e5\u627e\u66ff\u6362,\u652f\u6301\u4f7f\u7528\u5176\u5b83\u5206\u9694\u7b26\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u5176\u5b83\u5f62\u5f0f\uff1as@@@\uff0cs###\n\u66ff\u6362\u4fee\u9970\u7b26\uff1a\ng \u884c\u5185\u5168\u5c40\u66ff\u6362\np \u663e\u793a\u66ff\u6362\u6210\u529f\u7684\u884c\nw \/PATH\/FILE \u5c06\u66ff\u6362\u6210\u529f\u7684\u884c\u4fdd\u5b58\u81f3\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\nI,i \u5ffd\u7565\u5927\u5c0f\u5199<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4e0b\u9762\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u5c06\u6253\u5370\u51fa<code>input_file<\/code>\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u7684\u6bcf\u4e00\u884c\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">sed &#039;p&#039; input_file<\/code><\/pre>\n<ol>\n<li>\u7f16\u8f91\u547d\u4ee4<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>sed\u4e2d\u7684\u7f16\u8f91\u547d\u4ee4\u901a\u5e38\u7531\u4e00\u4e2a\u64cd\u4f5c\u7b26\u548c\u4e00\u4e2a\u6a21\u5f0f\u7ec4\u6210\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u4e00\u8d77\u7528\u4e8e\u6307\u5b9a\u8981\u7f16\u8f91\u548c\u8f6c\u6362\u7684\u6587\u672c\u8303\u56f4\u548c\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u4e0b\u9762\u662f\u4e00\u4e9b\u5e38\u7528\u7684sed\u7f16\u8f91\u547d\u4ee4\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u66ff\u6362\u547d\u4ee4\uff08s\uff09\uff1a\u7528\u4e8e\u66ff\u6362\u6307\u5b9a\u6a21\u5f0f\u7684\u6587\u672c\u3002\u8bed\u6cd5\u4e3a\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">sed &#039;s\/\u6a21\u5f0f\/\u66ff\u6362\u6587\u672c\/\u6807\u5fd7&#039; input_file<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u5176\u4e2d\uff0c<code>\u6a21\u5f0f<\/code>\u662f\u8981\u66ff\u6362\u7684\u6587\u672c\u6a21\u5f0f\uff1b<code>\u66ff\u6362\u6587\u672c<\/code>\u662f\u8981\u66ff\u6362\u6210\u7684\u6587\u672c\uff1b<code>\u6807\u5fd7<\/code>\u662f\u4e00\u4e9b\u53ef\u9009\u7684\u6807\u5fd7\u53c2\u6570\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u63a7\u5236\u66ff\u6362\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u548c\u8303\u56f4\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4e0b\u9762\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u5c06\u628a<code>input_file<\/code>\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u7684\u6240\u6709<code>apple<\/code>\u66ff\u6362\u4e3a<code>orange<\/code>\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">sed &#039;s\/apple\/orange\/g&#039; input_file<\/code><\/pre>\n<ul>\n<li>\u5220\u9664\u547d\u4ee4\uff08d\uff09\uff1a\u7528\u4e8e\u5220\u9664\u6307\u5b9a\u6a21\u5f0f\u7684\u6587\u672c\u3002\u8bed\u6cd5\u4e3a\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">sed &#039;\/\u6a21\u5f0f\/d&#039; input_file<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u5176\u4e2d\uff0c<code>\u6a21\u5f0f<\/code>\u662f\u8981\u5220\u9664\u7684\u6587\u672c\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4e0b\u9762\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u5c06\u5220\u9664<code>input_file<\/code>\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u6240\u6709\u4ee5<code>#<\/code>\u5f00\u5934\u7684\u884c\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">sed &#039;\/^#\/d&#039; input_file<\/code><\/pre>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">sed &#039;2d&#039; file.txt<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u4f1a\u5220\u9664\u6587\u4ef6file.txt\u4e2d\u7684\u7b2c\u4e8c\u884c\u3002\u5982\u679c\u8981\u5220\u9664\u591a\u884c\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u9017\u53f7\u5206\u9694\u884c\u6570\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">sed &#039;2,5d&#039; file.txt<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u4f1a\u5220\u9664\u6587\u4ef6file.txt\u4e2d\u7684\u7b2c\u4e8c\u884c\u5230\u7b2c\u4e94\u884c\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u63d2\u5165\u547d\u4ee4\uff08i\uff09\uff1a\u7528\u4e8e\u5728\u6307\u5b9a\u6a21\u5f0f\u4e4b\u524d\u63d2\u5165\u65b0\u7684\u6587\u672c\u3002\u8bed\u6cd5\u4e3a\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">sed &#039;\/\u6a21\u5f0f\/i \u65b0\u6587\u672c&#039; input_file<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u5176\u4e2d\uff0c<code>\u6a21\u5f0f<\/code>\u662f\u8981\u5728\u5176\u524d\u9762\u63d2\u5165\u65b0\u6587\u672c\u7684\u6587\u672c\u6a21\u5f0f\uff1b<code>\u65b0\u6587\u672c<\/code>\u662f\u8981\u63d2\u5165\u7684\u6587\u672c\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4e0b\u9762\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u5c06\u5728<code>input_file<\/code>\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u6240\u6709\u4ee5<code>apple<\/code>\u5f00\u5934\u7684\u884c\u4e4b\u524d\u63d2\u5165\u4e00\u884c<code>fruit:<\/code>\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">sed &#039;\/^apple\/i fruit:&#039; input_file<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8ffd\u52a0\u547d\u4ee4\uff08a\uff09\uff1a\u7528\u4e8e\u5728\u6307\u5b9a\u6a21\u5f0f\u4e4b\u540e\u8ffd\u52a0\u65b0\u7684\u6587\u672c\u3002\u8bed\u6cd5\u4e3a\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">sed &#039;\/\u6a21\u5f0f\/a \u65b0\u6587\u672c&#039; input_file<\/code><\/pre>\n<h2>su<\/h2>\n<p><code>su<\/code> \u662f &quot;switch user&quot; \u7684\u7f29\u5199\u3002\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ba9\u666e\u901a\u7528\u6237\u4e34\u65f6\u63d0\u5347\u4e3a\u7ba1\u7406\u5458\u6216\u5176\u4ed6\u7528\u6237\u3002su \u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u5e38\u7528\u683c\u5f0f\u4e3a:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">su [\u9009\u9879] [\u7528\u6237\u540d]<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u4f7f\u7528 su \u547d\u4ee4\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06\u5f53\u524d\u7528\u6237\u5207\u6362\u5230\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u7528\u6237\u8eab\u4efd\u4e0b\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6ca1\u6709\u6307\u5b9a\u7528\u6237\u540d\uff0c\u5219\u9ed8\u8ba4\u5207\u6362\u5230 root \u7528\u6237\u8eab\u4efd\u4e0b\u3002<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\"># \u9009\u9879\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a\n-m, -p, --preserve-environment: \u4fdd\u7559\u5f53\u524d\u73af\u5883\u53d8\u91cf\uff0c\u4e0d\u91cd\u7f6e\u5b83\u4eec\u3002\u901a\u5e38\uff0c\u5f53\u5207\u6362\u5230\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u7528\u6237\u65f6\uff0c\u73af\u5883\u53d8\u91cf\u4f1a\u88ab\u91cd\u7f6e\u4e3a\u8be5\u7528\u6237\u7684\u9ed8\u8ba4\u73af\u5883\u3002\n-g, --group &lt;group&gt;: \u6307\u5b9a\u8981\u5207\u6362\u5230\u7684\u4e3b\u7ec4\u3002\u8fd9\u5c06\u6539\u53d8\u6267\u884c\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u4e3b\u7ec4ID\u3002\n-G, --supp-group &lt;group&gt;: \u6307\u5b9a\u8981\u5207\u6362\u5230\u7684\u8f85\u52a9\u7ec4\u3002\u8fd9\u5c06\u6539\u53d8\u6267\u884c\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u8f85\u52a9\u7ec4ID\u3002\n-, -l, --login: \u4f7f shell \u6210\u4e3a\u767b\u5f55 shell\u3002\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\u73af\u5883\u53d8\u91cf\u548c\u5de5\u4f5c\u76ee\u5f55\u5c06\u4e0e\u76ee\u6807\u7528\u6237\u7684\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e00\u81f4\u3002\u5f53\u4f60\u4f7f\u7528 su \u5207\u6362\u5230\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u7528\u6237\u65f6\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u4f1a\u4f7f\u7528\u6b64\u9009\u9879\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u6a21\u62df\u8be5\u7528\u6237\u6b63\u5e38\u767b\u5f55\u7684\u73af\u5883\u3002\n-c, --command &lt;command&gt;: \u4f7f\u7528 -c \u9009\u9879\u5c06\u5355\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u4f20\u9012\u7ed9 shell\u3002\u8fd9\u5141\u8bb8\u4f60\u4ee5\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u7528\u6237\u7684\u8eab\u4efd\u6267\u884c\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5207\u6362\u5230\u4ea4\u4e92\u5f0f shell\u3002\n--session-command &lt;command&gt;: \u5c06\u5355\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u4f20\u9012\u7ed9 shell \u5e76\u4f7f\u7528 -c \u9009\u9879\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u521b\u5efa\u65b0\u7684\u4f1a\u8bdd\u3002\n-f, --fast: \u5c06 -f \u9009\u9879\u4f20\u9012\u7ed9 shell\u3002\u8fd9\u4e3b\u8981\u7528\u4e8e csh \u6216 tcsh shell\uff0c\u5b83\u53ef\u4ee5\u963b\u6b62\u8bfb\u53d6\u542f\u52a8\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\n-s, --shell &lt;shell&gt;: \u5982\u679c \/etc\/shells \u5141\u8bb8\uff0c\u8fd0\u884c\u6307\u5b9a\u7684 shell\u3002\u8fd9\u5141\u8bb8\u4f60\u9009\u62e9\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0d\u540c\u7684 shell\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u7528\u6237\u7684\u9ed8\u8ba4 shell\u3002\n-P, --pty: \u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u4f2a\u7ec8\u7aef\u3002\u8fd9\u901a\u5e38\u7528\u4e8e\u9ad8\u7ea7\u7528\u9014\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u5728\u811a\u672c\u4e2d\u6a21\u62df\u4ea4\u4e92\u5f0f shell \u4f1a\u8bdd\u3002\n-h, --help: \u663e\u793a\u5e2e\u52a9\u4fe1\u606f\u5e76\u9000\u51fa\u3002\n-V, --version: \u663e\u793a\u7248\u672c\u4fe1\u606f\u5e76\u9000\u51fa\u3002<\/code><\/pre>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\"># 1.\u5207\u6362\u5230 root \u7528\u6237\u5e76\u4f7f shell \u6210\u4e3a\u767b\u5f55 shell\uff1a\nsu - root\n\n# 2.\u4ee5\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u7528\u6237\u7684\u8eab\u4efd\u6267\u884c\u7279\u5b9a\u547d\u4ee4\uff1a\nsu -c &#039;ls \/root&#039; root\n\n# 3.\u4ee5\u666e\u901a\u7528\u6237\u8eab\u4efd\u6267\u884c\u67d0\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\uff1a\nsu -c &quot;command&quot;<\/code><\/pre>\n<h2>sudo<\/h2>\n<p><code>sudo<\/code> \u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u884c\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e Unix \u548c Linux \u7cfb\u7edf\u3002\u5b83\u7684\u540d\u79f0\u662f &quot;superuser do&quot;\uff08\u8d85\u7ea7\u7528\u6237\u6267\u884c\uff09\u7684\u7f29\u5199\uff0c\u5141\u8bb8\u666e\u901a\u7528\u6237\u4ee5\u5176\u4ed6\u7528\u6237\uff08\u901a\u5e38\u662f root \u6216\u8d85\u7ea7\u7528\u6237\uff09\u7684\u8eab\u4efd\u6267\u884c\u547d\u4ee4\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u63a7\u5236\u7528\u6237\u8bbf\u95ee\u6743\u9650\u548c\u6267\u884c\u654f\u611f\u4efb\u52a1\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u6c38\u4e45\u5207\u6362\u5230\u5177\u6709\u66f4\u9ad8\u6743\u9650\u7684\u7528\u6237\u8d26\u6237\u3002<\/p>\n<p><code>sudo<\/code> \u7684\u57fa\u672c\u8bed\u6cd5\u662f\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">sudo [OPTIONS] COMMAND [ARGUMENTS...]<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u4f7f\u7528 sudo \u547d\u4ee4\u9700\u8981\u8f93\u5165\u5f53\u524d\u7528\u6237\u7684\u5bc6\u7801\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5bc6\u7801\u6b63\u786e\uff0c\u5219\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ee5\u8d85\u7ea7\u7528\u6237\u7684\u6743\u9650\u6267\u884c\u547d\u4ee4\u3002sudo \u547d\u4ee4\u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u7f16\u8f91 \/etc\/sudoers \u6587\u4ef6\u6765\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u8f93\u5165\u5bc6\u7801\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u6267\u884c\u67d0\u4e9b\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u3002\u5f53\u4f60\u4f7f\u7528 <code>sudo<\/code> \u6267\u884c\u547d\u4ee4\u65f6\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u9700\u8981\u8f93\u5165\u4f60\u7684\u5bc6\u7801\uff0c\u4ee5\u9a8c\u8bc1\u4f60\u6709\u6743\u6267\u884c\u8be5\u64cd\u4f5c\u3002<code>sudo<\/code> \u8fd8\u8bb0\u4f4f\u4f60\u7684\u51ed\u636e\u4e00\u6bb5\u65f6\u95f4\uff08\u901a\u5e38\u662f5\u5206\u949f\uff09\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u4f60\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u4e0d\u91cd\u590d\u8f93\u5165\u5bc6\u7801\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u518d\u6b21\u4f7f\u7528 <code>sudo<\/code>\u3002<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\"># \u9009\u9879\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a\n-A, --askpass: \u4f7f\u7528\u8f85\u52a9\u7a0b\u5e8f\u6765\u63d0\u793a\u5bc6\u7801\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5728\u7ec8\u7aef\u4e2d\u76f4\u63a5\u63d0\u793a\u3002\n-b, --background: \u5728\u540e\u53f0\u8fd0\u884c\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u3002\n-B, --bell: \u5728\u63d0\u793a\u5bc6\u7801\u65f6\u54cd\u94c3\u3002\n-C, --close-from=num: \u5173\u95ed\u6240\u6709\u5927\u4e8e\u6216\u7b49\u4e8e\u6307\u5b9a\u6570\u5b57\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u63cf\u8ff0\u7b26\u3002\n-E, --preserve-env: \u5728\u8fd0\u884c\u547d\u4ee4\u65f6\u4fdd\u7559\u7528\u6237\u73af\u5883\u53d8\u91cf\u3002\n--preserve-env=list: \u4fdd\u7559\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u73af\u5883\u53d8\u91cf\u5217\u8868\u3002\n-e, --edit: \u7f16\u8f91\u6587\u4ef6\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u6267\u884c\u547d\u4ee4\u3002\n-g, --group=group: \u4ee5\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u7ec4\u540d\u6216ID\u8fd0\u884c\u547d\u4ee4\u3002\n-H, --set-home: \u5c06HOME\u73af\u5883\u53d8\u91cf\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e3a\u76ee\u6807\u7528\u6237\u7684\u5bb6\u76ee\u5f55\u3002\n-h, --help: \u663e\u793a\u5e2e\u52a9\u4fe1\u606f\u5e76\u9000\u51fa\u3002\n--host=host: \u5728\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u4e3b\u673a\u4e0a\u8fd0\u884c\u547d\u4ee4\uff08\u5982\u679c\u63d2\u4ef6\u652f\u6301\uff09\u3002\n-i, --login: \u4ee5\u76ee\u6807\u7528\u6237\u8fd0\u884c\u767b\u5f55shell\uff1b\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u6307\u5b9a\u8981\u8fd0\u884c\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u3002\n-K, --remove-timestamp: \u5b8c\u5168\u5220\u9664\u65f6\u95f4\u6233\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\n-k, --reset-timestamp: \u4f7f\u65f6\u95f4\u6233\u6587\u4ef6\u65e0\u6548\u3002\n-l, --list: \u5217\u51fa\u7528\u6237\u7684\u6743\u9650\u6216\u68c0\u67e5\u7279\u5b9a\u547d\u4ee4\uff1b\u4f7f\u7528\u4e24\u6b21\u4ee5\u66f4\u957f\u7684\u683c\u5f0f\u663e\u793a\u3002\n-n, --non-interactive: \u975e\u4ea4\u4e92\u5f0f\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u4e0d\u4f7f\u7528\u63d0\u793a\u3002\n-P, --preserve-groups: \u4fdd\u7559\u7ec4\u5411\u91cf\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e3a\u76ee\u6807\u7684\u7ec4\u3002\n-p, --prompt=prompt: \u4f7f\u7528\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u5bc6\u7801\u63d0\u793a\u3002\n-r, --role=role: \u4f7f\u7528\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u521b\u5efaSELinux\u5b89\u5168\u4e0a\u4e0b\u6587\u3002\n-S, --stdin: \u4ece\u6807\u51c6\u8f93\u5165\u8bfb\u53d6\u5bc6\u7801\u3002\n-s, --shell: \u4ee5\u76ee\u6807\u7528\u6237\u8fd0\u884cshell\uff1b\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u6307\u5b9a\u8981\u8fd0\u884c\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u3002\n-t, --type=type: \u4f7f\u7528\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u521b\u5efaSELinux\u5b89\u5168\u4e0a\u4e0b\u6587\u3002\n-T, --command-timeout=timeout: \u5728\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u9650\u5236\u540e\u7ec8\u6b62\u547d\u4ee4\u3002\n-U, --other-user=user: \u5728\u5217\u8868\u6a21\u5f0f\u4e0b\uff0c\u663e\u793a\u5176\u4ed6\u7528\u6237\u7684\u6743\u9650\u3002\n-u, --user=user: \u4ee5\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u7528\u6237\u540d\u6216ID\u8fd0\u884c\u547d\u4ee4\uff08\u6216\u7f16\u8f91\u6587\u4ef6\uff09\u3002\n-V, --version: \u663e\u793a\u7248\u672c\u4fe1\u606f\u5e76\u9000\u51fa\u3002\n-v, --validate: \u66f4\u65b0\u7528\u6237\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u6233\u800c\u4e0d\u8fd0\u884c\u547d\u4ee4\u3002\n--: \u505c\u6b62\u5904\u7406\u547d\u4ee4\u884c\u53c2\u6570\u3002<\/code><\/pre>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\"># 1.\u6267\u884c\u547d\u4ee4\uff1a\u6700\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u7528\u6cd5\u662f\u6267\u884c\u9700\u8981\u8d85\u7ea7\u7528\u6237\u6743\u9650\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5b89\u88c5\u8f6f\u4ef6\u901a\u5e38\u9700\u8981\u7ba1\u7406\u5458\u6743\u9650\uff1a\nsudo apt-get install nginx\n\n# 2.\u4ee5\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u7528\u6237\u8eab\u4efd\u6267\u884c\u547d\u4ee4\uff1a\u867d\u7136 sudo \u901a\u5e38\u7528\u4e8e\u4ee5 root \u7528\u6237\u8eab\u4efd\u6267\u884c\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u4f46\u4f60\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u5b83\u6765\u4ee5\u5176\u4ed6\u7528\u6237\u7684\u8eab\u4efd\u6267\u884c\u547d\u4ee4\u3002\u4f7f\u7528 -u \u9009\u9879 followed by the username\uff1a\nsudo -u username command\n\u4fee\u6539\/etc\/passwd \u5c06xing\u7528\u6237\u7684uid\u4fee\u6539\u4e3a0\uff1bsudo -u xing vim \/etc\/passwd\n\n# 3.\u542f\u52a8 shell\uff1a\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 sudo \u542f\u52a8\u4e00\u4e2a\u4ee5 root \u7528\u6237\u8eab\u4efd\u8fd0\u884c\u7684 shell\u3002\u8fd9\u5141\u8bb8\u4f60\u6267\u884c\u591a\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u800c\u65e0\u9700\u4e3a\u6bcf\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u8f93\u5165 sudo:\nsudo -i\n\u6216\nsudo -s\n\u4f7f\u7528 -i \u9009\u9879\u4f1a\u6a21\u62df\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\u767b\u5f55 shell\uff0c\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\u73af\u5883\u53d8\u91cf\u548c\u5de5\u4f5c\u76ee\u5f55\u5c06\u4e0e\u76ee\u6807\u7528\u6237\u7684\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e00\u81f4\u3002\u800c -s \u9009\u9879\u5219\u4f7f\u7528\u4f60\u5f53\u524d\u7684\u73af\u5883\u53d8\u91cf\u3002\n\n# 4.\u7f16\u8f91\u6587\u4ef6\uff1asudo \u53ef\u4ee5\u4e0e\u6587\u672c\u7f16\u8f91\u5668\u4e00\u8d77\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u4ee5 root \u6743\u9650\u7f16\u8f91\u7cfb\u7edf\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a\nsudo nano \/etc\/hosts\n\n# 5.\u7ba1\u9053\u548c\u91cd\u5b9a\u5411\uff1a\u7531\u4e8e sudo \u53ea\u5bf9\u5b83\u76f4\u63a5\u6267\u884c\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u6709\u6548\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u9700\u8981\u4f7f\u7528\u7ba1\u9053\u6216\u91cd\u5b9a\u5411\uff0c\u4f60\u9700\u8981\u7a0d\u5fae\u6539\u53d8\u7b56\u7565\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528 tee \u6765\u4ee5\u8d85\u7ea7\u7528\u6237\u6743\u9650\u5199\u5165\u6587\u4ef6\uff1a\necho &quot;content&quot; | sudo tee \/path\/to\/privileged\/file\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<h2>ss<\/h2>\n<p><code>ss<\/code> \u548c <code>netstat<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff1a<code>ss<\/code> \u548c <code>netstat<\/code> \u90fd\u662f\u7528\u4e8e\u663e\u793a\u7f51\u7edc\u8fde\u63a5\u548c\u5957\u63a5\u5b57\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u5b9e\u7528\u7a0b\u5e8f\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c<code>ss<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u5728\u83b7\u53d6\u4fe1\u606f\u65b9\u9762\u66f4\u5feb\uff0c\u66f4\u6709\u6548\u7387\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u76f4\u63a5\u4ece\u5185\u6838\u83b7\u53d6\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\u867d\u7136 <code>netstat<\/code> \u4ecd\u7136\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u4e8e\u663e\u793a\u7f51\u7edc\u7edf\u8ba1\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u4f46 <code>ss<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u5728\u8bb8\u591a\u65b9\u9762\u5df2\u7ecf\u53d6\u4ee3\u4e86\u5b83\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5efa\u8bae\u60a8\u4f7f\u7528 <code>ss<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u6765\u67e5\u770b\u7f51\u7edc\u8fde\u63a5\u548c\u5957\u63a5\u5b57\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>ss\u662f\u4e00\u79cdLinux\u7cfb\u7edf\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u663e\u793a\u5f53\u524d\u7f51\u7edc\u8fde\u63a5\u7684\u8be6\u7ec6\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u5305\u62ecTCP\u548cUDP\u534f\u8bae\u7684\u8fde\u63a5\u72b6\u6001\u3001\u5957\u63a5\u5b57\u3001\u8fdb\u7a0bID\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n<p>ss\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u8bed\u6cd5\u683c\u5f0f\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">ss [options] [ FILTER ]<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u5176\u4e2d\uff0coptions\u662fss\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u53ef\u9009\u53c2\u6570\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u8bbe\u7f6e\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u548c\u8f93\u51fa\u683c\u5f0f\uff1bFILTER\u662fss\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u53ef\u9009\u8fc7\u6ee4\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u8fc7\u6ee4\u663e\u793a\u7684\u8fde\u63a5\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e0b\u9762\u662f\u4e00\u4e9b\u5e38\u7528\u7684ss\u547d\u4ee4\u9009\u9879\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>-t<\/code>\uff1a\u53ea\u663e\u793aTCP\u534f\u8bae\u7684\u8fde\u63a5\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-u<\/code>\uff1a\u53ea\u663e\u793aUDP\u534f\u8bae\u7684\u8fde\u63a5\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-a<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u6240\u6709\u8fde\u63a5\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u76d1\u542c\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u5957\u63a5\u5b57\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-n<\/code>\uff1a\u4e0d\u8fdb\u884c\u4e3b\u673a\u540d\u89e3\u6790\uff0c\u76f4\u63a5\u663e\u793aIP\u5730\u5740\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-p<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u4e0e\u8fde\u63a5\u5173\u8054\u7684\u8fdb\u7a0bID\u548c\u8fdb\u7a0b\u540d\u79f0\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-o<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u8ba1\u65f6\u5668\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u8fde\u63a5\u6301\u7eed\u65f6\u95f4\u548c\u6d41\u91cf\u7edf\u8ba1\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-l<\/code>\uff1a\u53ea\u663e\u793a\u76d1\u542c\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u5957\u63a5\u5b57\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-s<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793aTCP\u534f\u8bae\u7684\u7edf\u8ba1\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u8fde\u63a5\u72b6\u6001\u8ba1\u6570\u548c\u9519\u8bef\u8ba1\u6570\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-e<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u6269\u5c55\u5957\u63a5\u5b57\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u7528\u6237 ID\u3001inode \u7b49<\/li>\n<li><code>-4<\/code>\uff1a\u4ec5\u663e\u793a IPv4 \u5957\u63a5\u5b57<\/li>\n<li><code>-6<\/code>\uff1a\u4ec5\u663e\u793a IPv6 \u5957\u63a5\u5b57<\/li>\n<li><code>-A<\/code>\uff1a\u6307\u5b9a\u8981\u663e\u793a\u7684\u5957\u63a5\u5b57\u8868\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u5982 <code>inet<\/code>\u3001<code>unix<\/code> \u7b49<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u9664\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e9b\u9009\u9879\uff0css\u547d\u4ee4\u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7FILTER\u8fc7\u6ee4\u6761\u4ef6\u8fdb\u884c\u7b5b\u9009\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>ss state established<\/code>\uff1a\u53ea\u663e\u793a\u72b6\u6001\u4e3a\u201c\u5df2\u5efa\u7acb\u201d\u7684\u8fde\u63a5\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>ss dst 192.168.1.1<\/code>\uff1a\u53ea\u663e\u793a\u76ee\u6807\u5730\u5740\u4e3a192.168.1.1\u7684\u8fde\u63a5\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u7528\u4f8b\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>ss -t<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u6240\u6709 TCP \u8fde\u63a5<\/li>\n<li><code>ss -u<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u6240\u6709 UDP \u8fde\u63a5<\/li>\n<li><code>ss -l<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u6240\u6709\u76d1\u542c\u5957\u63a5\u5b57<\/li>\n<li><code>ss -t -n<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u6240\u6709 TCP \u8fde\u63a5\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u89e3\u6790\u670d\u52a1\u540d\u79f0<\/li>\n<li><code>ss -t -p<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u6240\u6709 TCP \u8fde\u63a5\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u76f8\u5173\u8fdb\u7a0b\u4fe1\u606f<\/li>\n<li><code>ss -t -l -n -p<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u6240\u6709\u76d1\u542c\u7684 TCP \u5957\u63a5\u5b57\uff0c\u4ee5\u6570\u5b57\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u8fdb\u7a0b\u4fe1\u606f<\/li>\n<li><code>ss -4 -t<\/code>\uff1a\u4ec5\u663e\u793a IPv4 \u7684 TCP \u8fde\u63a5<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>sysctl<\/h2>\n<p><code>sysctl<\/code>\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7528\u4e8e\u5728\u8fd0\u884c\u65f6\u67e5\u8be2\u548c\u4fee\u6539Linux\u5185\u6838\u53c2\u6570\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u884c\u5de5\u5177\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5185\u6838\u53c2\u6570\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u4e8e\u8c03\u6574\u548c\u4f18\u5316\u7cfb\u7edf\u6027\u80fd\u3001\u884c\u4e3a\u4ee5\u53ca\u5185\u6838\u5b50\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002<code>sysctl<\/code>\u5141\u8bb8\u60a8\u5728\u4e0d\u91cd\u65b0\u7f16\u8bd1\u5185\u6838\u6216\u91cd\u542f\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u52a8\u6001\u4fee\u6539\u8fd9\u4e9b\u53c2\u6570\u3002<\/p>\n<p><code>sysctl<\/code>\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u683c\u5f0f\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">sysctl [options] [variable[=value]]...<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u5176\u4e2d<code>variable<\/code>\u8868\u793a\u5185\u6838\u53c2\u6570\u540d\u79f0\uff0c<code>value<\/code>\u8868\u793a\u8981\u8bbe\u7f6e\u7684\u65b0\u503c\u3002<code>options<\/code>\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u4ee5\u4e0b\u9009\u9879\u4e4b\u4e00\uff1a<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><code>-n<\/code> \u6216 <code>--values<\/code>\uff1a\u4ec5\u663e\u793a\u53c2\u6570\u503c\uff0c\u4e0d\u663e\u793a\u53c2\u6570\u540d\u79f0\u3002\u8fd9\u5728\u811a\u672c\u4e2d\u5904\u7406\u8f93\u51fa\u65f6\u975e\u5e38\u6709\u7528\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-e<\/code> \u6216 <code>--ignore<\/code>\uff1a\u5ffd\u7565\u65e0\u6cd5\u8bbe\u7f6e\u7684\u53c2\u6570\u9519\u8bef\u3002\u9ed8\u8ba4\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u5982\u679c<code>sysctl<\/code>\u9047\u5230\u65e0\u6cd5\u8bbe\u7f6e\u7684\u53c2\u6570\uff0c\u5b83\u4f1a\u8fd4\u56de\u4e00\u4e2a\u9519\u8bef\u3002\u4f7f\u7528\u6b64\u9009\u9879\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f<code>sysctl<\/code>\u5728\u9047\u5230\u9519\u8bef\u65f6\u7ee7\u7eed\u6267\u884c\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-w<\/code> \u6216 <code>--write<\/code>\uff1a\u5c06\u5185\u6838\u53c2\u6570\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e3a\u6307\u5b9a\u503c\u3002\u8bf7\u6ce8\u610f\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u6b64\u9009\u9879\u4fee\u6539\u7684\u53c2\u6570\u503c\u4ec5\u5728\u5f53\u524d\u7cfb\u7edf\u8fd0\u884c\u671f\u95f4\u6709\u6548\u3002\u7cfb\u7edf\u91cd\u542f\u540e\uff0c\u53c2\u6570\u503c\u5c06\u6062\u590d\u4e3a\u9ed8\u8ba4\u503c\u6216<code>\/etc\/sysctl.conf<\/code>\u4e2d\u7684\u8bbe\u7f6e\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-p<\/code> \u6216 <code>--load<\/code>\uff1a\u52a0\u8f7d<code>\/etc\/sysctl.conf<\/code>\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u7684\u8bbe\u7f6e\u3002\u60a8\u53ef\u4ee5\u6307\u5b9a\u4e00\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u4f5c\u4e3a\u53c2\u6570\uff0c\u5982<code>sysctl -p \/path\/to\/custom\/sysctl.conf<\/code>\uff0c\u4ee5\u52a0\u8f7d\u81ea\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u914d\u7f6e\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\u5982\u679c\u672a\u6307\u5b9a\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c<code>sysctl<\/code>\u5c06\u4f7f\u7528\u9ed8\u8ba4\u7684<code>\/etc\/sysctl.conf<\/code>\u6587\u4ef6\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-a<\/code> \u6216 <code>--all<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u6240\u6709\u53ef\u7528\u5185\u6838\u53c2\u6570\u53ca\u5176\u5f53\u524d\u8bbe\u7f6e\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-A<\/code> \u6216 <code>--all-to-readable<\/code>\uff1a\u4ee5\u6613\u4e8e\u9605\u8bfb\u7684\u683c\u5f0f\u663e\u793a\u6240\u6709\u53ef\u7528\u5185\u6838\u53c2\u6570\u53ca\u5176\u5f53\u524d\u8bbe\u7f6e\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-b<\/code> \u6216 <code>--binary<\/code>\uff1a\u4ee5\u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236\u683c\u5f0f\u663e\u793a\u53c2\u6570\u503c\u3002\u8fd9\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5904\u7406\u975e\u6587\u672c\u503c\uff08\u5982\u63a7\u5236\u53f0\u952e\u76d8\u6a21\u5f0f\uff09\u975e\u5e38\u6709\u7528\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-q<\/code> \u6216 <code>--quiet<\/code>\uff1a\u5728\u6267\u884c\u64cd\u4f5c\u65f6\u4e0d\u663e\u793a\u4efb\u4f55\u8f93\u51fa\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-f<\/code> \u6216 <code>--file<\/code>\uff1a\u6307\u5b9a\u4e00\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u6765\u8bfb\u53d6\u53c2\u6570\u8bbe\u7f6e\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u4ece<code>\/proc\/sys<\/code>\u8bfb\u53d6\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-d<\/code> \u6216 <code>--description<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u53c2\u6570\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u53ef\u7528\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u4ee5\u4e0b\u662f\u4e00\u4e9b\u4f7f\u7528\u4e0d\u540c\u9009\u9879\u7684<code>sysctl<\/code>\u547d\u4ee4\u793a\u4f8b\uff1a<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u4ec5\u663e\u793a<code>net.ipv4.tcp_max_syn_backlog<\/code>\u53c2\u6570\u7684\u503c\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">sysctl -n net.ipv4.tcp_max_syn_backlog\n#\u8fd9\u4e2a\u663e\u793a\u5b8c\u6574\u4fe1\u606f\nsysctl net.ipv4.tcp_max_syn_backlo<\/code><\/pre>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li>\u5ffd\u7565\u65e0\u6cd5\u8bbe\u7f6e\u7684\u53c2\u6570\u9519\u8bef\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">sysctl -e -w net.ipv4.tcp_max_syn_backlog=1024<\/code><\/pre>\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li>\u52a0\u8f7d\u81ea\u5b9a\u4e49\u914d\u7f6e\u6587\u4ef6\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">sysctl -p \/path\/to\/custom\/sysctl.conf<\/code><\/pre>\n<ol start=\"4\">\n<li>\u4ee5\u6613\u4e8e\u9605\u8bfb\u7684\u683c\u5f0f\u663e\u793a\u6240\u6709\u53c2\u6570\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">sysctl -A<\/code><\/pre>\n<ol start=\"5\">\n<li>\u663e\u793a<code>net.ipv4.tcp_max_syn_backlog<\/code>\u53c2\u6570\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">sysctl -d net.ipv4.tcp_max_syn_backlog<\/code><\/pre>\n<ol start=\"6\">\n<li>\u8981\u5c06<code>net.ipv4.tcp_max_syn_backlog<\/code>\u7684\u503c\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e3a1024:<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">sysctl -w net.ipv4.tcp_max_syn_backlog=1024<\/code><\/pre>\n<ol start=\"7\">\n<li>\u4f7f<code>\/etc\/sysctl.conf<\/code>\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u7684\u66f4\u6539\u751f\u6548\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">sysctl -p<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u5982\u679c\u5728<code>\/etc\/sysctl.conf<\/code>\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u66f4\u6539\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u6b64\u547d\u4ee4\u4f7f\u8fd9\u4e9b\u66f4\u6539\u7acb\u5373\u751f\u6548\uff0c\u800c\u65e0\u9700\u91cd\u542f\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002<\/p>\n<ol start=\"8\">\n<li>\u67e5\u8be2\u6240\u6709\u53ef\u7528\u5185\u6838\u53c2\u6570\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">sysctl -a<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u4f7f\u7528\u6b64\u9009\u9879\u53ef\u4ee5\u663e\u793a\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u6240\u6709\u53ef\u7528\u7684\u5185\u6838\u53c2\u6570\u53ca\u5176\u5f53\u524d\u8bbe\u7f6e\u3002<\/p>\n<ol start=\"9\">\n<li>\u5c06\u5f53\u524d\u5185\u6838\u53c2\u6570\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4fdd\u5b58\u5230\u6587\u4ef6\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">sysctl -A &gt; \/path\/to\/output_file<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8fd9\u5c06\u628a\u5f53\u524d\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u6240\u6709\u53ef\u7528\u7684\u5185\u6838\u53c2\u6570\u53ca\u5176\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4fdd\u5b58\u5230\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u3002<\/p>\n<h2>systemd<\/h2>\n<ol>\n<li><code>systemd-ask-password<\/code>\uff1a\u8bf7\u6c42\u7cfb\u7edf\u7ea7\u5bc6\u7801\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>systemd-cat<\/code>\uff1a\u8fde\u63a5\u4e00\u4e2a\u6216\u591a\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u8f93\u51fa\u548c\u6807\u51c6\u9519\u8bef\u5230systemd\u7684\u65e5\u5fd7\u670d\u52a1\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>systemd-cgls<\/code>\uff1a\u9012\u5f52\u663e\u793a\u63a7\u5236\u7ec4\u5c42\u6b21\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>systemd-cgtop<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u6309\u5176\u63a7\u5236\u7ec4\u5206\u7c7b\u7684\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7684top\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>systemd-delta<\/code>\uff1a\u6bd4\u8f83\u7cfb\u7edfd\u7684\u914d\u7f6e\u6587\u4ef6\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>systemd-detect-virt<\/code>\uff1a\u68c0\u6d4b\u8fd0\u884c\u7684\u865a\u62df\u5316\u6280\u672f\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>systemd-escape<\/code>\uff1a\u751f\u6210systemd\u7528\u4e8e\u5355\u5143\u540d\u79f0\u7684\u8f6c\u4e49\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>systemd-firstboot<\/code>\uff1a\u5728\u7cfb\u7edf\u9996\u6b21\u542f\u52a8\u65f6\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u57fa\u672c\u7cfb\u7edf\u8bbe\u7f6e\uff0c\u5982\u8bbe\u7f6e\u5bc6\u7801\u3001\u8bbe\u7f6e\u65f6\u533a\u7b49\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>systemd-hwdb<\/code>\uff1a\u786c\u4ef6\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u7ba1\u7406\u5de5\u5177\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>systemd-inhibit<\/code>\uff1a\u6267\u884c\u4e00\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u963b\u6b62\u7cfb\u7edf\u4f11\u7720\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>systemd-machine-id-setup<\/code>\uff1a\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u6216\u66f4\u6539\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u673a\u5668ID\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>systemd-notify<\/code>\uff1a\u53d1\u9001\u901a\u77e5\u5230systemd\u7ba1\u7406\u5668\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>systemd-nspawn<\/code>\uff1a\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u5bb9\u5668\u7ba1\u7406\u5668\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u8fd0\u884c\u8fdb\u7a0b\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>systemd-path<\/code>\uff1a\u83b7\u53d6\u5404\u79cd\u7cfb\u7edf\u8def\u5f84\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>systemd-run<\/code>\uff1a\u5728\u65b0\u7684service\u6216scope\u5355\u5143\u4e2d\u8fd0\u884c\u547d\u4ee4\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>systemd-socket-activate<\/code>\uff1a\u542f\u52a8socket\u6fc0\u6d3b\u7684\u5b88\u62a4\u8fdb\u7a0b\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>systemd-stdio-bridge<\/code>\uff1a\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e0esystemd\u8fdb\u884c\u901a\u4fe1\u7684\u63a5\u53e3<\/li>\n<li><code>systemd-analyze<\/code>\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7528\u4e8e\u5206\u6790\u548c\u8c03\u8bd5\u7cfb\u7edf\u542f\u52a8\u6027\u80fd\u7684\u5de5\u5177\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">#1.systemd-analyze\nsystemd-analyze plot: \u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b50\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u5b83\u751f\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2aSVG\u56fe\u50cf\uff0c\u663e\u793a\u4e86\u7cfb\u7edf\u542f\u52a8\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u5404\u4e2a\u670d\u52a1\u548c\u5355\u5143\u7684\u542f\u52a8\u65f6\u95f4\u548c\u987a\u5e8f\u3002\nsystemd-analyze time\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u5185\u6838\u542f\u52a8\u65f6\u95f4\u3001\u7528\u6237\u7a7a\u95f4\u542f\u52a8\u65f6\u95f4\u548c\u603b\u542f\u52a8\u65f6\u95f4\u3002\nsystemd-analyze blame\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u6309\u542f\u52a8\u65f6\u95f4\u6392\u5e8f\u7684\u670d\u52a1\u5217\u8868\uff0c\u8fd9\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u627e\u51fa\u542f\u52a8\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u54ea\u4e9b\u670d\u52a1\u82b1\u8d39\u4e86\u6700\u591a\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u3002\nsystemd-analyze critical-chain\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u4e0e\u542f\u52a8\u65f6\u95f4\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u670d\u52a1\u94fe\uff0c\u5e2e\u52a9\u627e\u51fa\u53ef\u80fd\u51cf\u7f13\u542f\u52a8\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u670d\u52a1\u4f9d\u8d56\u3002\nsystemd-analyze dump\uff1a\u6253\u5370\u7cfb\u7edf\u7ba1\u7406\u5668\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u5feb\u7167\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5df2\u52a0\u8f7d\u548c\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u5355\u5143\u3002\nsystemd-analyze dot\uff1a\u751f\u6210\u8868\u793a\u542f\u52a8\u5355\u5143\u95f4\u4f9d\u8d56\u5173\u7cfb\u7684GraphViz\u517c\u5bb9\u70b9\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528GraphViz\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u4e2d\u7684dot\u5b9e\u7528\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5c06\u5176\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a\u5176\u4ed6\u683c\u5f0f\uff0c\u5982PNG\u6216SVG\u3002\nsystemd-analyze security\uff1a\u5206\u6790\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0a\u53ef\u7528\u7684\u670d\u52a1\u7684\u5b89\u5168\u6027\uff0c\u57fa\u4e8e\u6c99\u7bb1\u7279\u6027\u63d0\u4f9b\u5b89\u5168\u6027\u8bc4\u5206\u3002\nsystemd-analyze verify [unit-file]\uff1a\u9a8c\u8bc1\u5355\u5143\u6587\u4ef6\u662f\u5426\u5305\u542b\u8bed\u6cd5\u9519\u8bef\u6216\u5176\u4ed6\u95ee\u9898\u3002\nsystemd-analyze log-level [level]\uff1a\u83b7\u53d6\u6216\u8bbe\u7f6esystemd\u7684\u65e5\u5fd7\u7ea7\u522b\u3002\nsystemd-analyze log-target [target]\uff1a\u83b7\u53d6\u6216\u8bbe\u7f6esystemd\u7684\u65e5\u5fd7\u76ee\u6807\u3002<\/code><\/pre>\n<ol>\n<li>\n<p><code>systemd-ask-password<\/code>: \u6b64\u547d\u4ee4\u53ef\u7528\u4e8e\u67e5\u8be2\u7cfb\u7edf\u7ea7\u5bc6\u7801\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u7528\u4e8e\u786c\u76d8\u89e3\u5bc6\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5b50\u547d\u4ee4\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>--no-tty<\/code>: \u5982\u679c\u6ca1\u6709TTY\u53ef\u7528\uff0c\u4e0d\u8981\u5931\u8d25\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u76f4\u63a5\u8bfb\u53d6\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>--watch<\/code>: \u76d1\u63a7\u5bc6\u7801\u8bf7\u6c42\u7684\u51fa\u73b0\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u6bcf\u6b21\u51fa\u73b0\u65f6\u6267\u884c\u67e5\u8be2\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><code>systemd-cat<\/code>: \u8be5\u547d\u4ee4\u5c06\u4e00\u4e2a\u6216\u591a\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u8f93\u51fa\u548c\u6807\u51c6\u9519\u8bef\u8fde\u63a5\u5230 systemd \u7684\u65e5\u5fd7\u670d\u52a1\u3002\u4f7f\u7528\u5b83\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u8f7b\u677e\u5730\u5c06\u4efb\u4f55\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7684\u8f93\u51fa\u8f6c\u50a8\u5230\u7cfb\u7edf\u65e5\u5fd7\u4e2d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5b50\u547d\u4ee4\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>--priority=<\/code>: \u8bbe\u7f6e\u8bb0\u5f55\u7684\u65e5\u5fd7\u4f18\u5148\u7ea7\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>--level-prefix=<\/code>: \u63a7\u5236\u662f\u5426\u5728\u6bcf\u6761\u65e5\u5fd7\u884c\u524d\u52a0\u4e0a\u65e5\u5fd7\u4f18\u5148\u7ea7\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>--identifier=<\/code>: \u4e3a\u751f\u6210\u7684\u65e5\u5fd7\u6d88\u606f\u8bbe\u7f6e\u65e5\u5fd7\u6807\u8bc6\u7b26\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><code>systemd-cgls<\/code>: \u6b64\u547d\u4ee4\u9012\u5f52\u5730\u663e\u793a cgroup \u5c42\u6b21\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u8fd9\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u4f60\u67e5\u770b\u548c\u7406\u89e3\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u8d44\u6e90\u7ba1\u7406\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5b50\u547d\u4ee4\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>-k<\/code> \u6216 <code>--kernel<\/code>: \u4ec5\u663e\u793a\u5185\u6838\u63a7\u5236\u7ec4\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-u<\/code> \u6216 <code>--user<\/code>: \u4ec5\u663e\u793a\u7528\u6237\u63a7\u5236\u7ec4\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-m<\/code> \u6216 <code>--machine<\/code>: \u4ec5\u663e\u793a\u5bb9\u5668\u548c\u865a\u62df\u673a\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>--no-pager<\/code>: \u4e0d\u8981\u5c06\u8f93\u51fa\u901a\u8fc7\u5206\u9875\u5668\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><code>systemd-delta<\/code>: \u8be5\u547d\u4ee4\u4f1a\u627e\u51fa\u6240\u6709\u5df2\u4fee\u6539\u7684 systemd \u914d\u7f6e\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u5176\u4e0e\u9ed8\u8ba4\u914d\u7f6e\u6587\u4ef6\u8fdb\u884c\u6bd4\u8f83\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u6ca1\u6709\u5b50\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u4f46\u6709\u9009\u9879\uff0c\u5982 <code>--type=<\/code> \u6765\u8fc7\u6ee4\u7279\u5b9a\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\u3002<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><code>systemd-detect-virt<\/code>: \u8be5\u547d\u4ee4\u7528\u4e8e\u68c0\u6d4b\u5bbf\u4e3b\u673a\u6216\u5bb9\u5668\u7684\u865a\u62df\u5316\u6280\u672f\u3002\u5b83\u7684\u5b50\u547d\u4ee4\u5305\u62ec\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>-c<\/code> \u6216 <code>--container<\/code>: \u53ea\u68c0\u6d4b\u5bb9\u5668\u865a\u62df\u5316\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-v<\/code> \u6216 <code>--vm<\/code>: \u53ea\u68c0\u6d4b\u786c\u4ef6\u865a\u62df\u5316\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><code>systemd-escape<\/code>: \u7528\u4e8e\u8f6c\u4e49\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\uff0c\u4f7f\u5176\u6210\u4e3a systemd \u5355\u5143\u540d\u7684\u6709\u6548\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u5b83\u7684\u5b50\u547d\u4ee4\u5305\u62ec\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>-p<\/code> \u6216 <code>--path<\/code>: \u5c06\u7ed9\u5b9a\u7684\u8def\u5f84\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a systemd \u5355\u5143\u540d\u79f0\u4e2d\u53ef\u63a5\u53d7\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-u<\/code> \u6216 <code>--unescape<\/code>: \u6267\u884c\u53cd\u8f6c\u4e49\u64cd\u4f5c\uff0c\u5c06 systemd \u5355\u5143\u540d\u79f0\u4e2d\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u8f6c\u6362\u56de\u539f\u59cb\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-m<\/code> \u6216 <code>--mangle<\/code>: \u5c06\u7ed9\u5b9a\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a systemd \u5355\u5143\u540d\u79f0\u4e2d\u53ef\u63a5\u53d7\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u50cf <code>--path<\/code> \u9009\u9879\u90a3\u6837\u63d2\u5165\u659c\u7ebf\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><code>systemd-firstboot<\/code>: \u7528\u4e8e\u5728\u7cfb\u7edf\u9996\u6b21\u542f\u52a8\u65f6\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u57fa\u672c\u7cfb\u7edf\u8bbe\u7f6e\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u8bbe\u7f6e root \u5bc6\u7801\u3001\u8bbe\u7f6e\u65f6\u533a\u7b49\u3002\u5b83\u7684\u5b50\u547d\u4ee4\u5305\u62ec\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>--root=<\/code>: \u4e3a\u9996\u6b21\u542f\u52a8\u8bbe\u7f6e\u64cd\u4f5c\u6307\u5b9a\u4e00\u4e2a\u76ee\u5f55\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u4f7f\u7528\u9ed8\u8ba4\u7684 <code>\/<\/code>\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>--locale=<\/code>, <code>--keymap=<\/code>, <code>--timezone=<\/code>, <code>--hostname=<\/code>: \u7528\u4e8e\u8bbe\u7f6e\u8bed\u8a00\u73af\u5883\u3001\u952e\u76d8\u6620\u5c04\u3001\u65f6\u533a\u548c\u4e3b\u673a\u540d\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>--prompt<\/code>: \u8be2\u95ee\u6240\u6709\u9009\u9879\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u5b83\u4eec\u5df2\u7ecf\u5728\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0a\u8bbe\u7f6e\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><code>systemd-hwdb<\/code>: \u8be5\u547d\u4ee4\u7528\u4e8e\u7ba1\u7406\u786c\u4ef6\u6570\u636e\u5e93\uff08hwdb\uff09\u3002\u5b83\u7684\u5b50\u547d\u4ee4\u5305\u62ec\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>update<\/code>: \u66f4\u65b0\u786c\u4ef6\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>query<\/code>: \u67e5\u8be2\u786c\u4ef6\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u4e2d\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><code>systemd-inhibit<\/code>: \u6b64\u547d\u4ee4\u7528\u4e8e\u6267\u884c\u4e00\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u963b\u6b62\u7cfb\u7edf\u8fdb\u5165\u4f11\u7720\u72b6\u6001\u3002\u5b83\u7684\u5b50\u547d\u4ee4\u5305\u62ec\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>--what<\/code>: \u6307\u5b9a\u4f60\u60f3\u8981\u963b\u6b62\u7684\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff1asleep\u3001shutdown\u3001idle\u7b49\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>--who<\/code>: \u63cf\u8ff0\u963b\u6b62\u4f11\u7720\u7684\u7a0b\u5e8f\u6216\u7528\u6237\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>--why<\/code>: \u63cf\u8ff0\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u8981\u963b\u6b62\u4f11\u7720\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><code>systemd-machine-id-setup<\/code>: \u8be5\u547d\u4ee4\u7528\u4e8e\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u6216\u66f4\u6539\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u673a\u5668ID\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u6ca1\u6709\u5b50\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u4f46\u6709\u9009\u9879\uff0c\u5982 <code>--commit<\/code> \u548c <code>--print<\/code>\u3002<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><code>systemd-notify<\/code>: \u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u53ef\u4ee5\u5411 systemd \u53d1\u9001\u72b6\u6001\u901a\u77e5\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\u5b83\u7684\u5b50\u547d\u4ee4\u5305\u62ec\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>--ready<\/code>: \u6307\u793a\u670d\u52a1\u5df2\u7ecf\u5b8c\u6210\u542f\u52a8\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>--pid=<\/code>: \u6307\u5b9a\u53d1\u9001\u901a\u77e5\u7684\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7684 PID\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>--status=<\/code>: \u8bbe\u7f6e\u670d\u52a1\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u884c\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><code>systemd-nspawn<\/code>: \u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u5bb9\u5668\u7ba1\u7406\u5668\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u8fd0\u884c\u8fdb\u7a0b\u3002\u5b83\u7684\u5b50\u547d\u4ee4\u5305\u62ec\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>-D<\/code> \u6216 <code>--directory=<\/code>: \u6307\u5b9a\u5bb9\u5668\u7684\u6839\u76ee\u5f55\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-b<\/code> \u6216 <code>--boot<\/code>: \u5f15\u5bfc\u5bb9\u5668\uff08\u5373\uff0c\u542f\u52a8 init \u7cfb\u7edf\uff09\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-n<\/code> \u6216 <code>--network-veth<\/code>: \u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u865a\u62df\u4ee5\u592a\u7f51\u8bbe\u5907\u5e76\u6dfb\u52a0\u5230\u5bb9\u5668\u4e2d\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><code>systemd-path<\/code>: \u8be5\u547d\u4ee4\u7528\u4e8e\u67e5\u8be2\u5404\u79cd\u7cfb\u7edf\u670d\u52a1\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u8def\u5f84\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u67e5\u8be2 systemd \u7528\u6237\u76ee\u5f55\u3001\u7cfb\u7edf\u8fd0\u884c\u65f6\u76ee\u5f55\u7b49\u3002\u6b64\u547d\u4ee4\u6ca1\u6709\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u5b50\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u63a5\u53d7\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u9884\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u8def\u5f84\u540d\u79f0\uff08\u5982 &quot;user-home&quot; \u6216 &quot;temporary&quot;\uff09\u4f5c\u4e3a\u53c2\u6570\u3002<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><code>systemd-run<\/code>: \u8be5\u547d\u4ee4\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684 service \u6216 scope \u5355\u5143\u4e2d\u8fd0\u884c\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u3002\u5b83\u7684\u5b50\u547d\u4ee4\u5305\u62ec\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>--unit=<\/code>: \u6307\u5b9a\u65b0\u521b\u5efa\u7684\u5355\u5143\u7684\u540d\u79f0\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>--scope<\/code>: \u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684 scope \u5355\u5143\u800c\u4e0d\u662f service \u5355\u5143\u4e2d\u8fd0\u884c\u547d\u4ee4\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>--user<\/code>: \u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u7528\u6237\u5355\u5143\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u7cfb\u7edf\u5355\u5143\u8fd0\u884c\u547d\u4ee4\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>--on-active=<\/code>, <code>--on-boot=<\/code>, <code>--on-startup=<\/code>, <code>--on-unit-active=<\/code>, <code>--on-unit-inactive=<\/code>: \u5b9a\u65f6\u542f\u52a8\u547d\u4ee4\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><code>systemd-socket-activate<\/code>: \u8be5\u547d\u4ee4\u7528\u4e8e\u542f\u52a8 socket \u6fc0\u6d3b\u7684\u5b88\u62a4\u8fdb\u7a0b\u3002\u5b83\u7684\u5b50\u547d\u4ee4\u5305\u62ec\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>--inetd<\/code>: \u4f7f\u7528 inetd \u98ce\u683c\u7684 socket \u6fc0\u6d3b\uff0c\u8fd9\u5141\u8bb8 systemd \u4ee3\u66ff\u4f20\u7edf\u7684 inetd \u5b88\u62a4\u8fdb\u7a0b\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>--accept<\/code>: \u5728\u6bcf\u4e2a\u8fde\u63a5\u4e0a\u5355\u72ec\u542f\u52a8\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u8fdb\u7a0b\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><code>systemd-stdio-bridge<\/code>: \u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u8f85\u52a9\u7a0b\u5e8f\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u5c06 stdin\u3001stdout \u548c stderr \u8fde\u63a5\u5230 D-Bus \u670d\u52a1\uff0c\u5b83\u901a\u5e38\u4e0d\u4f1a\u7531\u7528\u6237\u76f4\u63a5\u8c03\u7528\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u5b50\u547d\u4ee4\u3002<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><code>systemd-analyze<\/code>: \u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7528\u4e8e\u5206\u6790\u548c\u8c03\u8bd5\u7cfb\u7edf\u542f\u52a8\u6027\u80fd\u7684\u5de5\u5177\u3002\u5b83\u7684\u5b50\u547d\u4ee4\u5305\u62ec\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>time<\/code>: \u663e\u793a\u542f\u52a8\u6240\u82b1\u8d39\u7684\u603b\u65f6\u95f4\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>blame<\/code>: \u663e\u793a\u6bcf\u4e2a\u670d\u52a1\u542f\u52a8\u6240\u82b1\u8d39\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>critical-chain<\/code>: \u663e\u793a\u542f\u52a8\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u6700\u6162\u7684\u670d\u52a1\u548c\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u4f9d\u8d56\u5173\u7cfb\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>plot<\/code>: \u751f\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a SVG \u56fe\u5f62\uff0c\u663e\u793a\u7cfb\u7edf\u542f\u52a8\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><code>systemd-cgtop<\/code>: \u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u5c06\u663e\u793a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b9e\u65f6\u66f4\u65b0\u7684\u5217\u8868\uff0c\u5c55\u793a\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u5404\u4e2acgroup\u7684\u8d44\u6e90\u4f7f\u7528\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u7c7b\u4f3c\u4e8e\u7ecf\u5178\u7684 <code>top<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u4f46\u6309cgroup\u5206\u7c7b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5b50\u547d\u4ee4\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>-n<\/code> \u6216 <code>--iterations=<\/code>: \u8bbe\u7f6e\u5237\u65b0\u7684\u6b21\u6570\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u9000\u51fa\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-1<\/code> \u6216 <code>--one-shot<\/code>: \u663e\u793a\u4e00\u6b21\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u9000\u51fa\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-d<\/code> \u6216 <code>--delay=<\/code>: \u8bbe\u7f6e\u5c4f\u5e55\u5237\u65b0\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5ef6\u8fdf\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-b<\/code> \u6216 <code>--batch<\/code>: \u6267\u884c\u6279\u5904\u7406\u6a21\u5f0f\u64cd\u4f5c\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>--depth=<\/code>: \u63a7\u5236\u6811\u7684\u6700\u5927\u6df1\u5ea6\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2>systemctl<\/h2>\n<p><code>systemctl<\/code> \u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7528\u4e8e\u7ba1\u7406 <code>systemd<\/code> \u7cfb\u7edf\u548c\u670d\u52a1\u7ba1\u7406\u5668\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u884c\u5de5\u5177\u3002\u5b83\u5141\u8bb8\u4f60\u542f\u52a8\u3001\u91cd\u542f\u3001\u505c\u6b62\u3001\u7981\u7528\u6216\u542f\u7528\u7cfb\u7edf\u670d\u52a1\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u67e5\u8be2\u670d\u52a1\u7684\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u7cfb\u7edf\u542f\u52a8\u65f6\u542f\u7528\u6216\u7981\u7528\u670d\u52a1\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u7528\u6cd5\uff1a<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><code>systemctl [OPTIONS...] {COMMAND} ...<\/code>\uff1a<code>systemctl<\/code>\u547d\u4ee4\u63a5\u53d7\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u7684\u9009\u9879\uff08OPTIONS\uff09\u548c\u547d\u4ee4\uff08COMMAND\uff09\u3002\u9009\u9879\u7528\u4e8e\u66f4\u6539\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u800c\u547d\u4ee4\u5219\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e86\u8981\u6267\u884c\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u53c2\u6570\uff1a<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>-h --help<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u5e2e\u52a9\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>--version<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7248\u672c\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>--system<\/code>\uff1a\u8fde\u63a5\u5230\u7cfb\u7edf\u7ba1\u7406\u5668\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-H --host=[USER@]HOST<\/code>\uff1a\u5728\u8fdc\u7a0b\u4e3b\u673a\u4e0a\u64cd\u4f5c\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-M --machine=CONTAINER<\/code>\uff1a\u5728\u672c\u5730\u5bb9\u5668\u4e0a\u64cd\u4f5c\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-t --type=TYPE<\/code>\uff1a\u5217\u51fa\u7279\u5b9a\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u5355\u5143\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>--state=STATE<\/code>\uff1a\u5217\u51fa\u5177\u6709\u7279\u5b9a\u52a0\u8f7d\u3001\u5b50\u8fdb\u7a0b\u6216\u6d3b\u52a8\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u5355\u5143\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-p --property=NAME<\/code>\uff1a\u53ea\u663e\u793a\u6b64\u540d\u79f0\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-a --all<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u6240\u6709\u5df2\u52a0\u8f7d\u7684\u5355\u5143\/\u5c5e\u6027\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u6b7b\u6389\u7684\/\u7a7a\u7684\u3002\u8981\u5217\u51fa\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0a\u5b89\u88c5\u7684\u6240\u6709\u5355\u5143\uff0c\u8bf7\u4f7f\u7528'list-unit-files'\u547d\u4ee4\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-l --full<\/code>\uff1a\u5728\u8f93\u51fa\u4e2d\u4e0d\u7701\u7565\u5355\u5143\u540d\u79f0\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-r --recursive<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u4e3b\u673a\u548c\u672c\u5730\u5bb9\u5668\u7684\u5355\u5143\u5217\u8868\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>--reverse<\/code>\uff1a\u7528'list-dependencies'\u663e\u793a\u53cd\u5411\u4f9d\u8d56\u5173\u7cfb\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>--job-mode=MODE<\/code>\uff1a\u6307\u5b9a\u5728\u6392\u961f\u65b0\u4f5c\u4e1a\u65f6\u5982\u4f55\u5904\u7406\u5df2\u7ecf\u6392\u961f\u7684\u4f5c\u4e1a\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>--show-types<\/code>\uff1a\u5728\u663e\u793a\u5957\u63a5\u5b57\u65f6\uff0c\u663e\u5f0f\u663e\u793a\u5176\u7c7b\u578b\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-i --ignore-inhibitors<\/code>\uff1a\u5728\u5173\u95ed\u6216\u7761\u7720\u65f6\uff0c\u5ffd\u7565\u963b\u585e\u5668\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>--kill-who=WHO<\/code>\uff1a\u5411\u8c01\u53d1\u9001\u4fe1\u53f7\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-s --signal=SIGNAL<\/code>\uff1a\u53d1\u9001\u4ec0\u4e48\u4fe1\u53f7\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>--now<\/code>\uff1a\u5728\u542f\u7528\u6216\u7981\u7528\u5355\u5143\u7684\u540c\u65f6\u542f\u52a8\u6216\u505c\u6b62\u5355\u5143\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-q --quiet<\/code>\uff1a\u6291\u5236\u8f93\u51fa\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>--no-block<\/code>\uff1a\u4e0d\u7b49\u5f85\u64cd\u4f5c\u5b8c\u6210\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>--no-wall<\/code>\uff1a\u5728halt\/power-off\/reboot\u4e4b\u524d\u4e0d\u53d1\u9001wall\u6d88\u606f\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>--no-reload<\/code>\uff1a\u5728\u542f\u7528\/\u7981\u7528\u5355\u5143\u6587\u4ef6\u540e\u4e0d\u91cd\u65b0\u52a0\u8f7d\u5b88\u62a4\u8fdb\u7a0b\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>--no-legend<\/code>\uff1a\u4e0d\u6253\u5370\u56fe\u4f8b\uff08\u5217\u5934\u548c\u63d0\u793a\uff09\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>--no-pager<\/code>\uff1a\u4e0d\u5c06\u8f93\u51fa\u7ba1\u9053\u8f93\u5165\u5230\u5206\u9875\u5668\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>--no-ask-password<\/code>\uff1a\u4e0d\u8be2\u95ee\u7cfb\u7edf\u5bc6\u7801\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>--global<\/code>\uff1a\u5168\u5c40\u542f\u7528\/\u7981\u7528\u5355\u5143\u6587\u4ef6\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>--runtime<\/code>\uff1a\u53ea\u5728\u4e0b\u6b21\u91cd\u542f\u4e4b\u524d\u4e34\u65f6\u542f\u7528\u5355\u5143\u6587\u4ef6\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-f --force<\/code>\uff1a\u5728\u542f\u7528\u5355\u5143\u6587\u4ef6\u65f6\uff0c\u8986\u76d6\u73b0\u6709\u7684\u7b26\u53f7\u94fe\u63a5\u3002\u5728\u5173\u95ed\u65f6\uff0c\u7acb\u5373\u6267\u884c\u64cd\u4f5c\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>--preset-mode=<\/code>\uff1a\u5e94\u7528\u53ea\u542f\u7528\u3001\u53ea\u7981\u7528\u6216\u6240\u6709\u9884\u8bbe\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>--root=PATH<\/code>\uff1a\u5728\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u6839\u76ee\u5f55\u4e2d\u542f\u7528\u5355\u5143\u6587\u4ef6\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-n --lines=INTEGER<\/code>\uff1a\u8981\u663e\u793a\u7684\u65e5\u5fd7\u6761\u76ee\u6570\u91cf\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-o --output=STRING<\/code>\uff1a\u66f4\u6539\u65e5\u5fd7\u8f93\u51fa\u6a21\u5f0f\uff08\u77ed\uff0c\u77ed-iso\uff0c\u77ed-\u7cbe\u786e\uff0c\u77ed-\u5355\u8c03\uff0c\u8be6\u7ec6\uff0c\u5bfc\u51fa\uff0cjson\uff0cjson-pretty\uff0cjson-sse\uff0ccat\uff09\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>--plain<\/code>\uff1a\u4ee5\u5217\u8868\u5f62\u5f0f\u6253\u5370\u5355\u5143\u4f9d\u8d56\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u6811\u5f62\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u4ee5\u4e0b\u662f\u4e00\u4e9b\u4e3b\u8981\u7684Unit\u547d\u4ee4\uff08\u5bf9systemd\u7ba1\u7406\u7684\u670d\u52a1\u3001\u6302\u8f7d\u70b9\u3001\u8bbe\u5907\u7b49\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c\uff09\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>list-units [PATTERN...]<\/code>\uff1a\u5217\u51fa\u5df2\u52a0\u8f7d\u7684\u5355\u5143\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>list-sockets [PATTERN...]<\/code>\uff1a\u6309\u5730\u5740\u987a\u5e8f\u5217\u51fa\u5df2\u52a0\u8f7d\u7684\u5957\u63a5\u5b57\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>list-timers [PATTERN...]<\/code>\uff1a\u6309\u4e0b\u4e00\u6b21\u6267\u884c\u65f6\u95f4\u987a\u5e8f\u5217\u51fa\u5df2\u52a0\u8f7d\u7684\u8ba1\u65f6\u5668\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>start NAME...<\/code>\uff1a\u542f\u52a8\uff08\u6fc0\u6d3b\uff09\u4e00\u4e2a\u6216\u591a\u4e2a\u5355\u5143\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>stop NAME...<\/code>\uff1a\u505c\u6b62\uff08\u505c\u7528\uff09\u4e00\u4e2a\u6216\u591a\u4e2a\u5355\u5143\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>reload NAME...<\/code>\uff1a\u91cd\u65b0\u52a0\u8f7d\u4e00\u4e2a\u6216\u591a\u4e2a\u5355\u5143\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>restart NAME...<\/code>\uff1a\u542f\u52a8\u6216\u91cd\u65b0\u542f\u52a8\u4e00\u4e2a\u6216\u591a\u4e2a\u5355\u5143\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>try-restart NAME...<\/code>\uff1a\u5982\u679c\u5355\u5143\u5904\u4e8e\u6d3b\u52a8\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u5219\u91cd\u65b0\u542f\u52a8\u4e00\u4e2a\u6216\u591a\u4e2a\u5355\u5143\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>reload-or-restart NAME...<\/code>\uff1a\u5982\u679c\u53ef\u80fd\uff0c\u91cd\u65b0\u52a0\u8f7d\u4e00\u4e2a\u6216\u591a\u4e2a\u5355\u5143\uff0c\u5426\u5219\u542f\u52a8\u6216\u91cd\u65b0\u542f\u52a8\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>reload-or-try-restart NAME...<\/code>\uff1a\u5982\u679c\u53ef\u80fd\uff0c\u91cd\u65b0\u52a0\u8f7d\u4e00\u4e2a\u6216\u591a\u4e2a\u5355\u5143\uff0c\u5426\u5219\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5355\u5143\u5904\u4e8e\u6d3b\u52a8\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u5219\u91cd\u65b0\u542f\u52a8\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>isolate NAME<\/code>\uff1a\u542f\u52a8\u4e00\u4e2a\u5355\u5143\u5e76\u505c\u6b62\u6240\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u5355\u5143\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>kill NAME...<\/code>\uff1a\u5411\u5355\u5143\u7684\u8fdb\u7a0b\u53d1\u9001\u4fe1\u53f7\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>is-active PATTERN...<\/code>\uff1a\u68c0\u67e5\u5355\u5143\u662f\u5426\u5904\u4e8e\u6d3b\u52a8\u72b6\u6001\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>is-failed PATTERN...<\/code>\uff1a\u68c0\u67e5\u5355\u5143\u662f\u5426\u5931\u8d25\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>status [PATTERN...|PID...]<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u4e00\u4e2a\u6216\u591a\u4e2a\u5355\u5143\u7684\u8fd0\u884c\u65f6\u72b6\u6001\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>show [PATTERN...|JOB...]<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u4e00\u4e2a\u6216\u591a\u4e2a\u5355\u5143\/\u4f5c\u4e1a\u6216\u7ba1\u7406\u5668\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>cat PATTERN...<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u4e00\u4e2a\u6216\u591a\u4e2a\u5355\u5143\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u548cdrop-ins\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>set-property NAME ASSIGNMENT...<\/code>\uff1a\u8bbe\u7f6e\u5355\u5143\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u6216\u591a\u4e2a\u5c5e\u6027\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>help PATTERN...|PID...<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u4e00\u4e2a\u6216\u591a\u4e2a\u5355\u5143\u7684\u624b\u518c\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>reset-failed [PATTERN...]<\/code>\uff1a\u91cd\u7f6e\u6240\u6709\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u6216\u591a\u4e2a\u5355\u5143\u7684\u5931\u8d25\u72b6\u6001\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>list-dependencies [NAME]<\/code>\uff1a\u9012\u5f52\u663e\u793a\u6b64\u5355\u5143\u6240\u9700\u6216\u6240\u9700\u7684\u5355\u5143\uff0c\u6216\u6b64\u5355\u5143\u6240\u9700\u6216\u6240\u9700\u7684\u5355\u5143\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u4ee5\u4e0b\u662fUnit File\u547d\u4ee4\uff08\u5bf9systemd\u5355\u5143\u914d\u7f6e\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c\uff09\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>list-unit-files [PATTERN...]<\/code>\uff1a\u5217\u51fa\u5df2\u5b89\u88c5\u7684\u5355\u5143\u6587\u4ef6\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>enable NAME...<\/code>\uff1a\u542f\u7528\u4e00\u4e2a\u6216\u591a\u4e2a\u5355\u5143\u6587\u4ef6\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>disable NAME...<\/code>\uff1a\u7981\u7528\u4e00\u4e2a\u6216\u591a\u4e2a\u5355\u5143\u6587\u4ef6\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>reenable NAME...<\/code>\uff1a\u91cd\u65b0\u542f\u7528\u4e00\u4e2a\u6216\u591a\u4e2a\u5355\u5143\u6587\u4ef6\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>preset NAME...<\/code>\uff1a\u6839\u636e\u9884\u8bbe\u914d\u7f6e\u542f\u7528\/\u7981\u7528\u4e00\u4e2a\u6216\u591a\u4e2a\u5355\u5143\u6587\u4ef6\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>preset-all<\/code>\uff1a\u6839\u636e\u9884\u8bbe\u914d\u7f6e\u542f\u7528\/\u7981\u7528<\/li>\n<li><code>preset-all<\/code>\uff1a\u6839\u636e\u9884\u8bbe\u914d\u7f6e\u542f\u7528\/\u7981\u7528\u6240\u6709\u5355\u5143\u6587\u4ef6\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>is-enabled NAME...<\/code>\uff1a\u68c0\u67e5\u5355\u5143\u6587\u4ef6\u662f\u5426\u5df2\u542f\u7528\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>mask NAME...<\/code>\uff1a\u5c4f\u853d\u4e00\u4e2a\u6216\u591a\u4e2a\u5355\u5143\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>unmask NAME...<\/code>\uff1a\u53d6\u6d88\u5c4f\u853d\u4e00\u4e2a\u6216\u591a\u4e2a\u5355\u5143\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>link PATH...<\/code>\uff1a\u5c06\u4e00\u4e2a\u6216\u591a\u4e2a\u5355\u5143\u6587\u4ef6\u94fe\u63a5\u5230\u641c\u7d22\u8def\u5f84\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>add-wants TARGET NAME...<\/code>\uff1a\u4e3a\u76ee\u6807\u6dfb\u52a0\u4e00\u4e2a\u6216\u591a\u4e2a\u5355\u5143\u7684'Wants'\u4f9d\u8d56\u5173\u7cfb\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>add-requires TARGET NAME...<\/code>\uff1a\u4e3a\u76ee\u6807\u6dfb\u52a0\u4e00\u4e2a\u6216\u591a\u4e2a\u5355\u5143\u7684'Requires'\u4f9d\u8d56\u5173\u7cfb\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>edit NAME...<\/code>\uff1a\u7f16\u8f91\u4e00\u4e2a\u6216\u591a\u4e2a\u5355\u5143\u6587\u4ef6\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>get-default<\/code>\uff1a\u83b7\u53d6\u9ed8\u8ba4\u76ee\u6807\u7684\u540d\u79f0\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>set-default NAME<\/code>\uff1a\u8bbe\u7f6e\u9ed8\u8ba4\u76ee\u6807\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u63a5\u4e0b\u6765\u662fMachine\u547d\u4ee4\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>list-machines [PATTERN...]<\/code>\uff1a\u5217\u51fa\u672c\u5730\u5bb9\u5668\u548c\u4e3b\u673a\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u518d\u770bJob\u547d\u4ee4\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>list-jobs [PATTERN...]<\/code>\uff1a\u5217\u51fa\u4f5c\u4e1a\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>cancel [JOB...]<\/code>\uff1a\u53d6\u6d88\u5168\u90e8\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u6216\u591a\u4e2a\u4f5c\u4e1a\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u7136\u540e\u662fSnapshot\u547d\u4ee4\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>snapshot [NAME]<\/code>\uff1a\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u5feb\u7167\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>delete NAME...<\/code>\uff1a\u5220\u9664\u4e00\u4e2a\u6216\u591a\u4e2a\u5feb\u7167\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u518d\u6765\u662fEnvironment\u547d\u4ee4\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>show-environment<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u73af\u5883\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>set-environment NAME=VALUE...<\/code>\uff1a\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e00\u4e2a\u6216\u591a\u4e2a\u73af\u5883\u53d8\u91cf\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>unset-environment NAME...<\/code>\uff1a\u53d6\u6d88\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e00\u4e2a\u6216\u591a\u4e2a\u73af\u5883\u53d8\u91cf\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>import-environment [NAME...]<\/code>\uff1a\u5bfc\u5165\u5168\u90e8\u6216\u90e8\u5206\u73af\u5883\u53d8\u91cf\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Manager Lifecycle\u547d\u4ee4\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>daemon-reload<\/code>\uff1a\u91cd\u65b0\u52a0\u8f7dsystemd\u7ba1\u7406\u5668\u914d\u7f6e\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>daemon-reexec<\/code>\uff1a\u91cd\u65b0\u6267\u884csystemd\u7ba1\u7406\u5668\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u6700\u540e\u662fSystem\u547d\u4ee4\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>is-system-running<\/code>\uff1a\u68c0\u67e5\u7cfb\u7edf\u662f\u5426\u5b8c\u5168\u8fd0\u884c\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>default<\/code>\uff1a\u8fdb\u5165\u7cfb\u7edf\u9ed8\u8ba4\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>rescue<\/code>\uff1a\u8fdb\u5165\u7cfb\u7edf\u6551\u63f4\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>emergency<\/code>\uff1a\u8fdb\u5165\u7cfb\u7edf\u7d27\u6025\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>halt<\/code>\uff1a\u5173\u95ed\u5e76\u505c\u6b62\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>poweroff<\/code>\uff1a\u5173\u95ed\u5e76\u5173\u95ed\u7cfb\u7edf\u7535\u6e90\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>reboot [ARG]<\/code>\uff1a\u5173\u95ed\u5e76\u91cd\u542f\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>kexec<\/code>\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528kexec\u5173\u95ed\u5e76\u91cd\u542f\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>exit<\/code>\uff1a\u8bf7\u6c42\u7528\u6237\u5b9e\u4f8b\u9000\u51fa\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>switch-root ROOT [INIT]<\/code>\uff1a\u66f4\u6539\u5230\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u6839\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>suspend<\/code>\uff1a\u6682\u505c\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>hibernate<\/code>\uff1a\u4f7f\u7cfb\u7edf\u4f11\u7720\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>hybrid-sleep<\/code>\uff1a\u4f7f\u7cfb\u7edf\u8fdb\u5165\u6df7\u5408\u4f11\u7720\u72b6\u6001\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u8fd9\u662fsystemctl\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e0b\u662f\u5bf9\u6700\u540e\u51e0\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u9009\u9879\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>suspend<\/code>\uff1a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u8ba9\u7cfb\u7edf\u8fdb\u5165\u6302\u8d77\u72b6\u6001\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u72b6\u6001\u4e0b\uff0c\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u6240\u6709\u64cd\u4f5c\u90fd\u5c06\u505c\u6b62\uff0c\u4f46\u7535\u6e90\u4e0d\u4f1a\u88ab\u5173\u95ed\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u8282\u80fd\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u5f53\u4f60\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u4f7f\u7528\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\uff0c\u4f46\u53c8\u4e0d\u60f3\u5b8c\u5168\u5173\u95ed\u5b83\u65f6\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>hibernate<\/code>\uff1a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u8ba9\u7cfb\u7edf\u8fdb\u5165\u4f11\u7720\u72b6\u6001\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u72b6\u6001\u4e0b\uff0c\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u6240\u6709\u64cd\u4f5c\u90fd\u5c06\u505c\u6b62\uff0c\u4e14\u7535\u6e90\u4e5f\u4f1a\u88ab\u5173\u95ed\u3002\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5f53\u524d\u72b6\u6001\u5c06\u88ab\u4fdd\u5b58\u5728\u786c\u76d8\u4e0a\uff0c\u4e0b\u6b21\u542f\u52a8\u65f6\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u6062\u590d\u5230\u4f11\u7720\u524d\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>hybrid-sleep<\/code>\uff1a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u8ba9\u7cfb\u7edf\u540c\u65f6\u8fdb\u5165\u4f11\u7720\u548c\u6302\u8d77\u72b6\u6001\u3002\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5f53\u524d\u72b6\u6001\u5c06\u88ab\u4fdd\u5b58\u5728\u786c\u76d8\u4e0a\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e5f\u8fdb\u5165\u4f4e\u7535\u8017\u7684\u6302\u8d77\u72b6\u6001\u3002\u5982\u679c\u7535\u6e90\u88ab\u4e2d\u65ad\uff0c\u7cfb\u7edf\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ece\u786c\u76d8\u4e0a\u6062\u590d\uff1b\u5982\u679c\u7535\u6e90\u6ca1\u6709\u4e2d\u65ad\uff0c\u7cfb\u7edf\u53ef\u4ee5\u5feb\u901f\u5730\u4ece\u6302\u8d77\u72b6\u6001\u6062\u590d\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e9b\u5e38\u7528\u7684<code>systemctl<\/code>\u547d\u4ee4\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>systemctl start [service]<\/code>\uff1a\u5f00\u59cb\u8fd0\u884c\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u670d\u52a1\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>systemctl stop [service]<\/code>\uff1a\u505c\u6b62\u8fd0\u884c\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u670d\u52a1\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>systemctl restart [service]<\/code>\uff1a\u91cd\u542f\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u670d\u52a1\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>systemctl reload [service]<\/code>\uff1a\u5728\u4e0d\u4e2d\u65ad\u670d\u52a1\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u91cd\u65b0\u52a0\u8f7d\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u670d\u52a1\u7684\u914d\u7f6e\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>systemctl force-reload [service]<\/code>: \u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u7528\u4e8e\u5f3a\u5236\u91cd\u65b0\u52a0\u8f7d\u670d\u52a1\u7684\u914d\u7f6e\u3002\u5b83\u4f1a\u505c\u6b62\u5e76\u91cd\u65b0\u542f\u52a8\u670d\u52a1\u4ee5\u5e94\u7528\u65b0\u7684\u914d\u7f6e\u3002\u5982\u679c\u670d\u52a1\u4e0d\u652f\u6301\u91cd\u65b0\u52a0\u8f7d\u914d\u7f6e\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u5c31\u4f1a\u5b8c\u5168\u91cd\u542f\u670d\u52a1\u3002\u8bf7\u6ce8\u610f\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u6240\u6709\u670d\u52a1\u90fd\u652f\u6301 <code>force-reload<\/code>\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>systemctl daemon-reload [service]<\/code>:systemd \u5c31\u4f1a\u91cd\u65b0\u52a0\u8f7d\u914d\u7f6e\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u4f60\u4fee\u6539\u7684\u90a3\u4e9b\u670d\u52a1\u5355\u5143\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u4f60\u7684\u6539\u52a8\u624d\u4f1a\u751f\u6548\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u6267\u884c\u6b64\u64cd\u4f5c\uff0csystemd \u5c06\u7ee7\u7eed\u4f7f\u7528\u5176\u65e7\u7684\u914d\u7f6e\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>systemctl status [service]<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u6307\u5b9a\u670d\u52a1\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>systemctl enable [service]<\/code>\uff1a\u4f7f\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u670d\u52a1\u5728\u542f\u52a8\u65f6\u81ea\u52a8\u8fd0\u884c\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>systemctl is-enabled [service]<\/code>: \u67e5\u770b\u670d\u52a1\u662f\u5426\u5f00\u673a\u81ea\u542f\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>systemctl enable --now [service]<\/code>: \u8bbe\u7f6e\u5f00\u673a\u81ea\u542f\u52a8\uff0c\u5e76\u7acb\u5373\u542f\u52a8\u670d\u52a1\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>systemctl disable [service]<\/code>\uff1a\u7981\u6b62\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u670d\u52a1\u5728\u542f\u52a8\u65f6\u81ea\u52a8\u8fd0\u884c\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>systemctl is-active [service-name]<\/code>: \u68c0\u67e5\u4e00\u4e2a\u670d\u52a1\u662f\u5426\u6b63\u5728\u8fd0\u884c\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>systemctl list-units<\/code>\uff1a\u5217\u51fa\u5f53\u524d\u52a0\u8f7d\u7684\u6240\u6709\u5355\u5143\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>systemctl isolate [poweroff.target\u3001multi-user.target\u3001rescue.target\u3001graphical.target\u3001reboot.target]<\/code>:\u4fee\u6539\u542f\u52a8\u65f6\u7684\u8fd0\u884c\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002\u4f7f\u7528ll \/lib\/systemd\/system\/*.target \u53ef\u4ee5\u67e5\u770b\u6709\u54ea\u4e9btarget<\/li>\n<li><code>systemctl get-default<\/code>:\u67e5\u770b\u5f53\u524d\u7cfb\u7edf\u9ed8\u8ba4\u4ee5\u4ec0\u4e48\u6a21\u5f0f\u8fd0\u884c<\/li>\n<li><code>systemctl mask [service]<\/code>:\u8be5\u547d\u4ee4\u4f1a\u963b\u6b62\u4e00\u4e2a\u670d\u52a1\u88ab\u542f\u52a8\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u624b\u52a8\u8fd8\u662f\u81ea\u52a8\u3002\u5f53\u4f60\u6267\u884c <code>systemctl mask<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u65f6\uff0c\u7cfb\u7edf\u4f1a\u5728 <code>\/etc\/systemd\/system<\/code> \u76ee\u5f55\u4e0b\u4e3a\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u670d\u52a1\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u7b26\u53f7\u94fe\u63a5\uff0c\u6307\u5411 <code>\/dev\/null<\/code>\u3002\u8fd9\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u963b\u6b62\u4e86 systemd \u542f\u52a8\u8be5\u670d\u52a1\u3002\u8fd9\u901a\u5e38\u7528\u4e8e\u7981\u7528\u90a3\u4e9b\u4f60\u4e0d\u5e0c\u671b\u5728\u7cfb\u7edf\u8fd0\u884c\u65f6\u542f\u52a8\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u53ef\u80fd\u5bf9\u7cfb\u7edf\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027\u6784\u6210\u5a01\u80c1\u7684\u670d\u52a1\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>systemctl umask [service]<\/code>:\u53d6\u6d88\u4e0a\u9762\u7684mask<\/li>\n<li><code>systemctl reboot<\/code>\uff1a\u91cd\u65b0\u542f\u52a8\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>systemctl poweroff<\/code>: \u5173\u95ed\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>systemctl suspend<\/code>: \u6302\u8d77\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u793a\u4f8b<\/strong>\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">1.\u542f\u52a8\u4e00\u4e2a\u670d\u52a1\nsystemctl start httpd.service\n\n2.\u505c\u6b62\u4e00\u4e2a\u670d\u52a1\uff1a\nsystemctl stop httpd.service\n\n3.\u91cd\u65b0\u542f\u52a8\u4e00\u4e2a\u670d\u52a1\uff1a\nsystemctl restart httpd.service\n\n4.\u663e\u793a\u4e00\u4e2a\u670d\u52a1\u7684\u72b6\u6001\uff1a\nsystemctl status httpd.service\n\n5.\u542f\u52a8\u4e00\u4e2a\u670d\u52a1\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u7cfb\u7edf\u542f\u52a8\u65f6\u81ea\u52a8\u542f\u52a8\uff1a\nsystemctl enable --now httpd.service\n\n6.\u5217\u51fa\u6240\u6709\u5904\u4e8efailed\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u670d\u52a1\uff1a\nsystemctl --failed\n\n7.\u663e\u793a\u6240\u6709\u5df2\u542f\u52a8\u7684\u670d\u52a1\uff1a\nsystemctl list-units --type=service --state=running\n\u8be6\u7ec6\u8bb2\u89e3\uff1asystemctl list-units \u547d\u4ee4\u7528\u4e8e\u5217\u51fa\u6240\u6709\u5f53\u524d\u52a0\u8f7d\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u5355\u5143\uff0c\u800c --type=service \u548c --state=running \u53c2\u6570\u5219\u5141\u8bb8\u4f60\u8fc7\u6ee4\u51fa\u7279\u5b9a\u7c7b\u578b\u548c\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u5355\u5143\u3002\n\u4ee5\u4e0b\u662f --type \u53c2\u6570\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u53ef\u80fd\u503c\uff1a\nservice\uff1asystemd \u670d\u52a1\u5355\u5143\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5355\u5143\u5bf9\u5e94\u4e8e\u540e\u53f0\u8fd0\u884c\u7684\u670d\u52a1\u3002\nsocket\uff1a\u7cfb\u7edf\u63d2\u5ea7\u5355\u5143\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5355\u5143\u5bf9\u5e94\u4e8e\u7b49\u5f85\u8fde\u63a5\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u63d2\u5ea7\u6216\u5176\u4ed6\u8fdb\u7a0b\u95f4\u901a\u4fe1\u7aef\u53e3\u3002\ndevice\uff1a\u8bbe\u5907\u5355\u5143\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5355\u5143\u5bf9\u5e94\u4e8e\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u7684\u786c\u4ef6\u8bbe\u5907\u3002\nmount\uff1a\u6302\u8f7d\u70b9\u5355\u5143\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5355\u5143\u5bf9\u5e94\u4e8e\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u6302\u8f7d\u70b9\u3002\nautomount\uff1a\u81ea\u52a8\u6302\u8f7d\u5355\u5143\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5355\u5143\u5bf9\u5e94\u4e8e\u5728\u8bbf\u95ee\u65f6\u81ea\u52a8\u6302\u8f7d\u7684\u6302\u8f7d\u70b9\u3002\nswap\uff1a\u4ea4\u6362\u7a7a\u95f4\u5355\u5143\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5355\u5143\u5bf9\u5e94\u4e8e\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u7684\u4ea4\u6362\u7a7a\u95f4\u3002\ntarget\uff1a\u76ee\u6807\u5355\u5143\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5355\u5143\u5bf9\u5e94\u4e8e\u4e00\u7ec4\u5176\u4ed6\u5355\u5143\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u4e8e\u7cfb\u7edf\u542f\u52a8\u548c\u5173\u95ed\u3002\n\n\u4ee5\u4e0b\u662f --state \u53c2\u6570\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u53ef\u80fd\u503c\uff1a\nactive\uff1a\u5355\u5143\u5f53\u524d\u6b63\u5728\u8fd0\u884c\u3002\ninactive\uff1a\u5355\u5143\u5f53\u524d\u6ca1\u6709\u8fd0\u884c\u3002\nfailed\uff1a\u5355\u5143\u8bd5\u56fe\u542f\u52a8\uff0c\u4f46\u5931\u8d25\u4e86\u3002\nactivating\uff1a\u5355\u5143\u6b63\u5728\u542f\u52a8\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u3002\ndeactivating\uff1a\u5355\u5143\u6b63\u5728\u505c\u6b62\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u3002\n\n\u8fd9\u4e9b\u53c2\u6570\u53ef\u4ee5\u7ec4\u5408\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b9a\u5236\u4f60\u770b\u5230\u7684\u5355\u5143\u5217\u8868\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u8981\u67e5\u770b\u6240\u6709\u6b63\u5728\u8fd0\u884c\u7684\u670d\u52a1\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\uff1a\nsystemctl list-units --type=service --state=active\n\u8981\u67e5\u770b\u6240\u6709\u5931\u8d25\u7684\u8bbe\u5907\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\uff1a\nsystemctl list-units --type=device --state=failed\n\n8.\u533a\u522b\uff1a\nsystemctl list-unit-files \u548c systemctl list-units \u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u533a\u522b\u5728\u4e8e\u5b83\u4eec\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u548c\u7528\u9014\uff1a\nsystemctl list-unit-files \u663e\u793a\u7684\u662f\u6240\u6709\u5df2\u5b89\u88c5\u7684 unit \u6587\u4ef6\u53ca\u5176\u542f\u7528\u72b6\u6001\uff08enabled, disabled, masked \u7b49\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b unit \u6587\u4ef6\u662f\u5728\u78c1\u76d8\u4e0a\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u670d\u52a1\uff08.service\uff09\u3001\u6302\u8f7d\u70b9\uff08.mount\uff09\u3001\u8bbe\u5907\uff08.device\uff09\u3001\u5957\u63a5\u5b57\uff08.socket\uff09\u7b49\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u4e3b\u8981\u7528\u4e8e\u68c0\u67e5 unit \u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u6027\u548c\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u542f\u7528\u72b6\u6001\u3002\nsystemctl list-units \u663e\u793a\u7684\u662f\u5f53\u524d\u5df2\u52a0\u8f7d\uff08\u5373\u7cfb\u7edf\u6b63\u5728\u7ba1\u7406\u7684\uff09\u7684 unit\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b unit \u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u6b63\u5728\u8fd0\u884c\u7684\u670d\u52a1\uff0c\u5df2\u6302\u8f7d\u7684\u6302\u8f7d\u70b9\uff0c\u5df2\u6fc0\u6d3b\u7684\u8bbe\u5907\u7b49\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u4e3b\u8981\u7528\u4e8e\u67e5\u770b\u7cfb\u7edf\u5f53\u524d\u7684\u8fd0\u884c\u72b6\u6001\u3002\n\u4f7f\u7528 --type=service \u53c2\u6570\u65f6\uff0csystemctl list-unit-files --type=service \u4f1a\u5217\u51fa\u6240\u6709\u7684\u670d\u52a1 unit \u6587\u4ef6\u53ca\u5176\u542f\u7528\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u800c systemctl list-units --type=service \u5219\u4f1a\u5217\u51fa\u6240\u6709\u5f53\u524d\u5df2\u52a0\u8f7d\u7684\u670d\u52a1 unit \u53ca\u5176\u8fd0\u884c\u72b6\u6001\u3002\n\u5728\u5b9e\u9645\u4f7f\u7528\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u80fd\u9700\u8981\u6839\u636e\u5177\u4f53\u9700\u6c42\u9009\u62e9\u4f7f\u7528\u54ea\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u9700\u8981\u68c0\u67e5\u4e00\u4e2a\u670d\u52a1\u662f\u5426\u5df2\u7ecf\u542f\u7528\uff0c\u4f60\u5e94\u8be5\u4f7f\u7528 systemctl list-unit-files\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u9700\u8981\u67e5\u770b\u4e00\u4e2a\u670d\u52a1\u5f53\u524d\u662f\u5426\u6b63\u5728\u8fd0\u884c\uff0c\u4f60\u5e94\u8be5\u4f7f\u7528 systemctl list-units<\/code><\/pre>\n<h2>ssh<\/h2>\n<p>\u5728 Linux \u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\uff0c<code>ssh<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u4e8e\u5728\u672c\u5730\u673a\u5668\u548c\u8fdc\u7a0b\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u4e4b\u95f4\u5efa\u7acb\u5b89\u5168\u7684 SSH \u8fde\u63a5\u3002SSH\uff08Secure Shell\uff09\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u52a0\u5bc6\u534f\u8bae\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u63d0\u4f9b\u5b89\u5168\u7684\u8fdc\u7a0b\u767b\u5f55\u548c\u6570\u636e\u4f20\u8f93\u529f\u80fd\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7528\u6cd5\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>\u5728Linux\u7ec8\u7aef\u4e2d\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528ssh\u547d\u4ee4\u6765\u5efa\u7acb\u5230\u8fdc\u7a0b\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7684SSH\u8fde\u63a5\u3002ssh\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u4e00\u822c\u8bed\u6cd5\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">ssh [options] [user@]hostname<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u5176\u4e2d\uff0coptions\u662fssh\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u53ef\u9009\u53c2\u6570\uff0cuser\u662f\u8981\u767b\u5f55\u5230\u8fdc\u7a0b\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7684\u7528\u6237\u540d\uff0chostname\u662f\u8fdc\u7a0b\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7684\u4e3b\u673a\u540d\u6216IP\u5730\u5740\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u9009\u9879\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>SSH\u547d\u4ee4\u6709\u8bb8\u591a\u53ef\u9009\u7684\u9009\u9879\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u9009\u9879\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u6765\u63a7\u5236SSH\u8fde\u63a5\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u4ee5\u4e0b\u662fSSH\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u5e38\u7528\u9009\u9879\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>-p port<\/code>\uff1a\u6307\u5b9aSSH\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u7684\u7aef\u53e3\u53f7\uff0c\u9ed8\u8ba4\u4e3a22\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-i identity_file<\/code>\uff1a\u6307\u5b9a\u7528\u4e8e\u8eab\u4efd\u9a8c\u8bc1\u7684\u79c1\u94a5\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u8def\u5f84\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-l login_name<\/code>\uff1a\u6307\u5b9a\u767b\u5f55\u5230\u8fdc\u7a0b\u4e3b\u673a\u7684\u7528\u6237\u540d\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-X<\/code>\uff1a\u542f\u7528X11\u8f6c\u53d1\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u672c\u5730\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u4e0a\u8fd0\u884c\u8fdc\u7a0b\u4e3b\u673a\u7684\u56fe\u5f62\u5316\u5e94\u7528\u7a0b\u5e8f\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-v<\/code>\uff1a\u8f93\u51faSSH\u8fde\u63a5\u7684\u8be6\u7ec6\u8c03\u8bd5\u4fe1\u606f<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u683c\u5f0f\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>SSH\u547d\u4ee4\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u5e38\u7528\u7684\u683c\u5f0f\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u683c\u5f0f\u53ef\u4ee5\u6ee1\u8db3\u4e0d\u540c\u7684SSH\u8fde\u63a5\u9700\u6c42\u3002\u4ee5\u4e0b\u662fSSH\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u5e38\u7528\u683c\u5f0f\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>ssh user@host<\/code>\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528\u7528\u6237\u540d\u548c\u4e3b\u673a\u540d\u8fde\u63a5\u5230SSH\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>ssh -p port user@host<\/code>\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528\u6307\u5b9a\u7aef\u53e3\u53f7\u3001\u7528\u6237\u540d\u548c\u4e3b\u673a\u540d\u8fde\u63a5\u5230SSH\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>ssh -i identity_file user@host<\/code>\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528\u6307\u5b9a\u79c1\u94a5\u6587\u4ef6\u3001\u7528\u6237\u540d\u548c\u4e3b\u673a\u540d\u8fde\u63a5\u5230SSH\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>ssh -X user@host<\/code>\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528\u7528\u6237\u540d\u548c\u4e3b\u673a\u540d\u8fde\u63a5\u5230SSH\u670d\u52a1\u5668\uff0c\u5e76\u542f\u7528X11\u8f6c\u53d1\u529f\u80fd\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u4e0b\u9762\u662f\u4e00\u4e9b <code>ssh<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u793a\u4f8b\uff1a<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u767b\u5f55\u8fdc\u7a0b\u670d\u52a1\u5668<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">ssh username@remote_host<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u6b64\u547d\u4ee4\u4f1a\u4f7f\u7528 SSH \u534f\u8bae\u8fde\u63a5\u8fdc\u7a0b\u670d\u52a1\u5668\uff0c\u5e76\u63d0\u793a\u8f93\u5165\u76ee\u6807\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u7684\u5bc6\u7801\u3002<code>username<\/code> \u662f\u76ee\u6807\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u4e0a\u7684\u7528\u6237\u540d\uff0c<code>remote_host<\/code> \u662f\u76ee\u6807\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u7684 IP \u5730\u5740\u6216\u57df\u540d\u3002<\/p>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li>\u767b\u5f55\u8fdc\u7a0b\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u5e76\u6307\u5b9a\u7aef\u53e3\u53f7<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">ssh -p port username@remote_host<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u6b64\u547d\u4ee4\u4f1a\u5728 SSH \u8fde\u63a5\u4e2d\u6307\u5b9a\u7aef\u53e3\u53f7\uff0c\u4ee5\u8fde\u63a5\u8fdc\u7a0b\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u3002<code>port<\/code> \u662f\u8fdc\u7a0b\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u7684 SSH \u670d\u52a1\u76d1\u542c\u7aef\u53e3\u53f7\u3002<\/p>\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li>\u4f7f\u7528 SSH \u5bc6\u94a5\u767b\u5f55\u8fdc\u7a0b\u670d\u52a1\u5668<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">ssh -i path_to_private_key username@remote_host<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u6b64\u547d\u4ee4\u4f1a\u4f7f\u7528\u6307\u5b9a\u7684 SSH \u5bc6\u94a5\u6587\u4ef6\u767b\u5f55\u8fdc\u7a0b\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u3002<code>path_to_private_key<\/code> \u662f SSH \u5bc6\u94a5\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u8def\u5f84\uff0c<code>username<\/code> \u662f\u76ee\u6807\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u4e0a\u7684\u7528\u6237\u540d\uff0c<code>remote_host<\/code> \u662f\u76ee\u6807\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u7684 IP \u5730\u5740\u6216\u57df\u540d\u3002<\/p>\n<ol start=\"4\">\n<li>\u5728 SSH \u8fde\u63a5\u4e2d\u4f20\u9012\u547d\u4ee4<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">ssh username@remote_host &quot;command&quot;<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u6b64\u547d\u4ee4\u4f1a\u5728 SSH \u8fde\u63a5\u4e2d\u6267\u884c\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u5e76\u8fd4\u56de\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u8f93\u51fa\u3002<code>command<\/code> \u662f\u8981\u5728\u8fdc\u7a0b\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u4e0a\u6267\u884c\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u3002<\/p>\n<ol start=\"5\">\n<li>\u4f7f\u7528\u8fdc\u7a0b\u7aef\u53e3\u8f6c\u53d1<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">ssh -L local_port:remote_host:remote_port username@remote_host<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u6b64\u547d\u4ee4\u4f1a\u5728\u672c\u5730\u673a\u5668\u548c\u8fdc\u7a0b\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u4e4b\u95f4\u5efa\u7acb\u4e00\u4e2a SSH \u8fde\u63a5\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u8fdc\u7a0b\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u4e0a\u7684\u6307\u5b9a\u7aef\u53e3\u6620\u5c04\u5230\u672c\u5730\u673a\u5668\u4e0a\u7684\u6307\u5b9a\u7aef\u53e3\u3002<code>local_port<\/code> \u662f\u672c\u5730\u673a\u5668\u4e0a\u7684\u7aef\u53e3\u53f7\uff0c<code>remote_host<\/code> \u662f\u8fdc\u7a0b\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u7684 IP \u5730\u5740\u6216\u57df\u540d\uff0c<code>remote_port<\/code> \u662f\u8fdc\u7a0b\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u4e0a\u7684\u7aef\u53e3\u53f7\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u8981\u4f7f\u7528\u79c1\u94a5\u6587\u4ef6<code>\/path\/to\/private_key<\/code>\u8fde\u63a5\u5230\u4e3b\u673aexample.com\u7684SSH\u670d\u52a1\u5668\uff0c\u5e76\u6307\u5b9a\u7aef\u53e3\u53f7\u4e3a2222\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8f93\u5165\u4ee5\u4e0b\u547d\u4ee4\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">ssh -p 2222 -i \/path\/to\/private_key user@example.com<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u8981\u4f7f\u7528\u7aef\u53e3\u53f72222\u8fde\u63a5\u5230\u4e3b\u673aexample.com\u7684SSH\u670d\u52a1\u5668\uff0c\u5e76\u6307\u5b9a\u7528\u6237\u540d\u4e3auser\u548c\u79c1\u94a5\u6587\u4ef6\u4e3a<code>\/path\/to\/private_key<\/code>\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8f93\u5165\u4ee5\u4e0b\u547d\u4ee4\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">ssh -p 2222 -i \/path\/to\/private_key user@example.com<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u9700\u8981\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u79c1\u94a5\u6587\u4ef6\u5fc5\u987b\u5177\u6709\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u6743\u9650\u3002\u901a\u5e38\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u79c1\u94a5\u6587\u4ef6\u5e94\u8be5\u53ea\u80fd\u7531\u6587\u4ef6\u6240\u6709\u8005\u8bfb\u53d6\u548c\u5199\u5165\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u4ee5\u4e0b\u547d\u4ee4\u6765\u8bbe\u7f6e\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u6743\u9650\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">chmod 600 \/path\/to\/private_key<\/code><\/pre>\n<h2>ssh-keygen<\/h2>\n<blockquote>\n<p>\u5728 Linux \u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\uff0c<code>ssh-keygen<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u662f\u7528\u4e8e\u751f\u6210 SSH \u5bc6\u94a5\u5bf9\u7684\u5de5\u5177\u3002\u5b83\u901a\u5e38\u4e0e SSH \u5ba2\u6237\u7aef\u4e00\u8d77\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u8ba4\u8bc1 SSH \u670d\u52a1\u5668\u7684\u8eab\u4efd\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u548c\u5ba2\u6237\u7aef\u4e4b\u95f4\u5efa\u7acb\u5b89\u5168\u7684\u52a0\u5bc6\u901a\u9053<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>\u4e0b\u9762\u662f\u4e00\u4e9b\u5e38\u7528\u7684 <code>ssh-keygen<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u9009\u9879\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>ssh-keygen -t &lt;type&gt;<\/code> \uff1a\u6307\u5b9a\u8981\u751f\u6210\u7684\u5bc6\u94a5\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u5305\u62ec RSA\u3001DSA \u548c ECDSA \u7b49\u3002\u9ed8\u8ba4\u4e3a RSA\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>ssh-keygen -b &lt;bits&gt;<\/code> \uff1a\u6307\u5b9a\u8981\u751f\u6210\u7684\u5bc6\u94a5\u957f\u5ea6\uff0c\u5355\u4f4d\u4e3a\u6bd4\u7279\u3002\u9ed8\u8ba4\u4e3a 2048\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>ssh-keygen -C &lt;comment&gt;<\/code> \uff1a\u4e3a\u5bc6\u94a5\u6dfb\u52a0\u6ce8\u91ca\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>ssh-keygen -f &lt;filename&gt;<\/code> \uff1a\u6307\u5b9a\u8981\u751f\u6210\u7684\u5bc6\u94a5\u6587\u4ef6\u540d\u3002\u9ed8\u8ba4\u4e3a <code>id_rsa<\/code> \u6216 <code>id_dsa<\/code>\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>ssh-keygen -N &lt;passphrase&gt;<\/code> \uff1a\u4e3a\u5bc6\u94a5\u6dfb\u52a0\u5bc6\u7801\u4fdd\u62a4\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>ssh-keygen -p [-P old_passphrase] [-N new_passphrase] [-f keyfile]<\/code> \uff1a\u4fee\u6539\u5df2\u6709\u5bc6\u94a5\u7684\u5bc6\u7801\u4fdd\u62a4\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>ssh-keygen -y [-f keyfile]<\/code> \uff1a\u4ece\u5df2\u6709\u7684\u79c1\u94a5\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u63d0\u53d6\u516c\u94a5\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u4f7f\u7528 <code>ssh-keygen<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u751f\u6210 SSH \u5bc6\u94a5\u5bf9\u901a\u5e38\u5305\u542b\u4ee5\u4e0b\u6b65\u9aa4\uff1a<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u5728\u7ec8\u7aef\u4e2d\u8f93\u5165 <code>ssh-keygen<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u5e76\u6309\u4e0b\u56de\u8f66\u952e\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u7cfb\u7edf\u63d0\u793a\u8f93\u5165\u5bc6\u94a5\u4fdd\u5b58\u8def\u5f84\uff0c\u9ed8\u8ba4\u4e3a <code>~\/.ssh\/id_rsa<\/code> \u6216 <code>~\/.ssh\/id_dsa<\/code>\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u7cfb\u7edf\u63d0\u793a\u8f93\u5165\u5bc6\u7801\u4fdd\u62a4\uff0c\u53ef\u9009\u62e9\u8df3\u8fc7\u6216\u8f93\u5165\u5bc6\u7801\u4fdd\u62a4\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u7cfb\u7edf\u63d0\u793a\u8f93\u5165\u786e\u8ba4\u5bc6\u7801\u4fdd\u62a4\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u5bc6\u94a5\u5bf9\u751f\u6210\u6210\u529f\u540e\uff0c\u7cfb\u7edf\u4f1a\u5728\u5bc6\u94a5\u4fdd\u5b58\u8def\u5f84\u4e2d\u751f\u6210\u4e24\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\uff1a<code>id_rsa<\/code> \u548c <code>id_rsa.pub<\/code> \u6216 <code>id_dsa<\/code> \u548c <code>id_dsa.pub<\/code>\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d <code>id_rsa<\/code> \u6216 <code>id_dsa<\/code> \u662f\u79c1\u94a5\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c<code>id_rsa.pub<\/code> \u6216 <code>id_dsa.pub<\/code> \u662f\u516c\u94a5\u6587\u4ef6\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u9700\u8981\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u79c1\u94a5\u6587\u4ef6\u5fc5\u987b\u4fdd\u6301\u5728\u672c\u5730\u673a\u5668\u4e0a\uff0c\u800c\u516c\u94a5\u6587\u4ef6\u5219\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u672c\u5730\u6216\u8fdc\u7a0b\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u4e0a\u4f7f\u7528\u3002\u5728\u4f7f\u7528 SSH \u65f6\uff0c\u5e94\u5c06\u516c\u94a5\u6587\u4ef6\u4f20\u8f93\u5230\u9700\u8981\u8bbf\u95ee\u7684\u8fdc\u7a0b\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u4e0a\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u5176\u6dfb\u52a0\u5230\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u4e0a\u7684 <code>~\/.ssh\/authorized_keys<\/code> \u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u4e8e\u5efa\u7acb\u5b89\u5168\u7684\u52a0\u5bc6\u901a\u9053\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u603b\u4e4b\uff0c<code>ssh-keygen<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u975e\u5e38\u6709\u7528\u7684\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5e2e\u52a9\u7528\u6237\u751f\u6210 SSH \u5bc6\u94a5\u5bf9\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5b9e\u73b0\u5b89\u5168\u7684\u8eab\u4efd\u9a8c\u8bc1\u548c\u52a0\u5bc6\u901a\u8baf\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5f53\u9700\u8981\u5728\u672c\u5730\u673a\u5668\u548c\u8fdc\u7a0b\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u4e4b\u95f4\u5efa\u7acb SSH \u8fde\u63a5\u65f6\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 <code>ssh-keygen<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u751f\u6210 SSH \u5bc6\u94a5\u5bf9\u3002\u4e0b\u9762\u662f\u4e00\u4e9b\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u7528\u6cd5\u4f8b\u5b50\uff1a<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u751f\u6210\u9ed8\u8ba4\u7684 RSA \u5bc6\u94a5\u5bf9<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">ssh-keygen<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u6b64\u547d\u4ee4\u4f1a\u5728\u7528\u6237\u7684 home \u76ee\u5f55\u4e0b\u7684 <code>.ssh<\/code> \u6587\u4ef6\u5939\u4e2d\u751f\u6210 <code>id_rsa<\/code> \u548c <code>id_rsa.pub<\/code> \u4e24\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u3002<\/p>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li>\u751f\u6210\u6307\u5b9a\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u5bc6\u94a5\u5bf9<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">ssh-keygen -t ecdsa -b 521<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u6b64\u547d\u4ee4\u4f1a\u751f\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a ECDSA \u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u5bc6\u94a5\u5bf9\uff0c\u5bc6\u94a5\u957f\u5ea6\u4e3a 521 \u6bd4\u7279\u3002<\/p>\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li>\u751f\u6210\u6307\u5b9a\u6587\u4ef6\u540d\u7684\u5bc6\u94a5\u5bf9<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">ssh-keygen -f my_key<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u6b64\u547d\u4ee4\u4f1a\u5728\u5f53\u524d\u76ee\u5f55\u4e0b\u751f\u6210 <code>my_key<\/code> \u548c <code>my_key.pub<\/code> \u4e24\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u5b58\u50a8\u751f\u6210\u7684\u5bc6\u94a5\u5bf9\u3002<\/p>\n<ol start=\"4\">\n<li>\u751f\u6210\u5e26\u6709\u6ce8\u91ca\u7684\u5bc6\u94a5\u5bf9<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">ssh-keygen -t rsa -C &quot;my comment&quot;<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u6b64\u547d\u4ee4\u4f1a\u751f\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a RSA \u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u5bc6\u94a5\u5bf9\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u5bc6\u94a5\u5bf9\u4e2d\u6dfb\u52a0\u6ce8\u91ca\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/p>\n<ol start=\"5\">\n<li>\u751f\u6210\u5e26\u6709\u5bc6\u7801\u4fdd\u62a4\u7684\u5bc6\u94a5\u5bf9<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">ssh-keygen -p -f my_key -N &quot;new passphrase&quot; -P &quot;old passphrase&quot;<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u6b64\u547d\u4ee4\u4f1a\u4fee\u6539\u540d\u4e3a <code>my_key<\/code> \u7684\u79c1\u94a5\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u5bc6\u7801\u4fdd\u62a4\uff0c\u5c06\u65e7\u5bc6\u7801\u4fdd\u62a4\u66ff\u6362\u4e3a\u65b0\u7684\u5bc6\u7801\u4fdd\u62a4\u3002<\/p>\n<ol start=\"6\">\n<li>\u4ece\u79c1\u94a5\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u63d0\u53d6\u516c\u94a5<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">ssh-keygen -y -f my_key &gt; my_key.pub<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u6b64\u547d\u4ee4\u4f1a\u4ece\u540d\u4e3a <code>my_key<\/code> \u7684\u79c1\u94a5\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u63d0\u53d6\u516c\u94a5\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u5176\u4fdd\u5b58\u5230\u540d\u4e3a <code>my_key.pub<\/code> \u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u3002<\/p>\n<h2>scp<\/h2>\n<blockquote>\n<p>\u5728 Linux \u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\uff0c<code>scp<\/code> \u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7528\u4e8e\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u4e3b\u673a\u4e4b\u95f4\u590d\u5236\u6587\u4ef6\u548c\u76ee\u5f55\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u884c\u5de5\u5177\u3002\u5b83\u57fa\u4e8e SSH \u534f\u8bae\u8fdb\u884c\u6570\u636e\u4f20\u8f93\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4fdd\u8bc1\u6570\u636e\u4f20\u8f93\u7684\u5b89\u5168\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>\u4e0b\u9762\u662f\u4e00\u4e9b\u5e38\u7528\u7684 scp \u547d\u4ee4\u9009\u9879\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>scp [options] source destination<\/code> \uff1a\u5c06 source \u590d\u5236\u5230 destination\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-r<\/code> \uff1a\u9012\u5f52\u590d\u5236\u6574\u4e2a\u76ee\u5f55\u6811\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-P<\/code> \uff1a\u6307\u5b9a\u8fdc\u7a0b SSH \u670d\u52a1\u5668\u7aef\u53e3\u53f7\uff0c\u9ed8\u8ba4\u4e3a 22\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-p<\/code> \uff1a\u4fdd\u7559\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u6743\u9650\u3001\u65f6\u95f4\u6233\u7b49\u5c5e\u6027\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-q<\/code> \uff1a\u4ee5\u5b89\u9759\u6a21\u5f0f\u8fd0\u884c\uff0c\u4e0d\u663e\u793a\u8be6\u7ec6\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-v<\/code> \uff1a\u4ee5\u8be6\u7ec6\u6a21\u5f0f\u8fd0\u884c\uff0c\u663e\u793a\u6bcf\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u590d\u5236\u8fdb\u5ea6\u548c\u72b6\u6001\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u4f7f\u7528 scp \u547d\u4ee4\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b9e\u73b0\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u4e3b\u673a\u4e4b\u95f4\u5feb\u901f\u4f20\u8f93\u6587\u4ef6\u548c\u76ee\u5f55\u3002\u4e0e\u5e38\u89c4\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u4f20\u8f93\u65b9\u5f0f\u76f8\u6bd4\uff0cscp \u5177\u6709\u66f4\u9ad8\u7684\u5b89\u5168\u6027\u548c\u53ef\u9760\u6027\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u5728\u7ec8\u7aef\u4e2d\u8f93\u5165 scp \u547d\u4ee4\u5e76\u6307\u5b9a\u6e90\u6587\u4ef6\u548c\u76ee\u6807\u8def\u5f84\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5feb\u901f\u5c06\u672c\u5730\u6587\u4ef6\u4f20\u8f93\u5230\u8fdc\u7a0b\u4e3b\u673a\u6216\u4ece\u8fdc\u7a0b\u4e3b\u673a\u4f20\u8f93\u6587\u4ef6\u5230\u672c\u5730\u4e3b\u673a\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u9700\u8981\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528 scp \u547d\u4ee4\u9700\u8981\u5177\u6709\u76ee\u6807\u4e3b\u673a\u7684 SSH \u767b\u5f55\u6743\u9650\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u9700\u8981\u77e5\u9053\u76ee\u6807\u4e3b\u673a\u7684 IP \u5730\u5740\u3001\u7528\u6237\u540d\u548c\u5bc6\u7801\u7b49\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u5728\u4f7f\u7528 scp \u547d\u4ee4\u8fdb\u884c\u6587\u4ef6\u4f20\u8f93\u65f6\uff0c\u5efa\u8bae\u4f7f\u7528\u7edd\u5bf9\u8def\u5f84\u6216\u76f8\u5bf9\u8def\u5f84\u6765\u6307\u5b9a\u6e90\u6587\u4ef6\u548c\u76ee\u6807\u8def\u5f84\uff0c\u4ee5\u907f\u514d\u51fa\u73b0\u4e0d\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u9519\u8bef\u548c\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5f53\u9700\u8981\u5c06\u672c\u5730\u4e3b\u673a\u4e0a\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u4f20\u8f93\u5230\u8fdc\u7a0b\u4e3b\u673a\u4e0a\u65f6\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u4ee5\u4e0b\u547d\u4ee4\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">scp local_file remote_username@remote_ip:remote_folder<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u5176\u4e2d\uff0c<code>local_file<\/code> \u662f\u672c\u5730\u4e3b\u673a\u4e0a\u8981\u4f20\u8f93\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u8def\u5f84\uff0c<code>remote_username<\/code> \u662f\u8fdc\u7a0b\u4e3b\u673a\u7684\u7528\u6237\u540d\uff0c<code>remote_ip<\/code> \u662f\u8fdc\u7a0b\u4e3b\u673a\u7684 IP \u5730\u5740\uff0c<code>remote_folder<\/code> \u662f\u8fdc\u7a0b\u4e3b\u673a\u4e0a\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u6587\u4ef6\u5939\u8def\u5f84\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5c06\u672c\u5730\u4e3b\u673a\u4e0a\u7684 <code>test.txt<\/code> \u6587\u4ef6\u4f20\u8f93\u5230\u8fdc\u7a0b\u4e3b\u673a <code>192.168.1.100<\/code> \u7684 <code>\/home\/user\/files<\/code> \u76ee\u5f55\u4e0b\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">scp \/home\/user\/test.txt user@192.168.1.100:\/home\/user\/files\/<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u5f53\u9700\u8981\u5c06\u8fdc\u7a0b\u4e3b\u673a\u4e0a\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u4f20\u8f93\u5230\u672c\u5730\u4e3b\u673a\u4e0a\u65f6\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u4ee5\u4e0b\u547d\u4ee4\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">scp remote_username@remote_ip:remote_file local_folder<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u5176\u4e2d\uff0c<code>remote_username<\/code> \u662f\u8fdc\u7a0b\u4e3b\u673a\u7684\u7528\u6237\u540d\uff0c<code>remote_ip<\/code> \u662f\u8fdc\u7a0b\u4e3b\u673a\u7684 IP \u5730\u5740\uff0c<code>remote_file<\/code> \u662f\u8fdc\u7a0b\u4e3b\u673a\u4e0a\u8981\u4f20\u8f93\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u8def\u5f84\uff0c<code>local_folder<\/code> \u662f\u672c\u5730\u4e3b\u673a\u4e0a\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u6587\u4ef6\u5939\u8def\u5f84\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5c06\u8fdc\u7a0b\u4e3b\u673a <code>192.168.1.100<\/code> \u4e0a\u7684 <code>\/home\/user\/files\/test.txt<\/code> \u6587\u4ef6\u4f20\u8f93\u5230\u672c\u5730\u4e3b\u673a\u7684 <code>\/home\/user\/files<\/code> \u76ee\u5f55\u4e0b\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">scp user@192.168.1.100:\/home\/user\/files\/test.txt \/home\/user\/files\/<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u9700\u8981\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u4f20\u8f93\u6587\u4ef6\u65f6\u5e94\u5f53\u786e\u4fdd\u76ee\u6807\u8def\u5f84\u7684\u6b63\u786e\u6027\uff0c\u907f\u514d\u51fa\u73b0\u4e0d\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u9519\u8bef\u548c\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u5efa\u8bae\u5728\u4f20\u8f93\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u6307\u5b9a <code>-P<\/code> \u9009\u9879\uff0c\u4ee5\u907f\u514d\u56e0\u4e3a\u76ee\u6807\u4e3b\u673a\u7684 SSH \u7aef\u53e3\u53f7\u4e0d\u540c\u800c\u51fa\u73b0\u65e0\u6cd5\u8fde\u63a5\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u4e00\u822c\u9ed8\u8ba4\u90fd\u662f22\u7aef\u53e3\u3002<\/p>\n<h2>screen<\/h2>\n<p><code>screen<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5728Linux\/Unix\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u7528\u6765\u521b\u5efa\u548c\u7ba1\u7406\u4f1a\u8bdd\u7684\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u5b83\u5141\u8bb8\u7528\u6237\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ec8\u7aef\u7a97\u53e3\u4e2d\u8fd0\u884c\u591a\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u884c\u7a0b\u5e8f\u6216shell\u4f1a\u8bdd\uff0c\u800c\u65e0\u9700\u62c5\u5fc3\u56e0\u4e3a\u65ad\u5f00\u7ec8\u7aef\u800c\u5bfc\u81f4\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8fdb\u7a0b\u4e2d\u6b62\u3002\u4ee5\u4e0b\u662f <code>screen<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u5e38\u7528\u9009\u9879\u548c\u7528\u6cd5\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u521b\u5efa\u65b0\u4f1a\u8bdd\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">screen -S session_name<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u67e5\u770b\u5df2\u6709\u4f1a\u8bdd\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">screen -ls<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8fde\u63a5\u4f1a\u8bdd\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">screen -r session_name<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u65ad\u5f00\u4f1a\u8bdd\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>\u5728 <code>screen<\/code> \u4f1a\u8bdd\u4e2d\uff0c\u6309\u4e0b <code>Ctrl + A<\/code> \u7136\u540e\u6309\u4e0b <code>d<\/code> \u952e\u5373\u53ef\u65ad\u5f00\u5f53\u524d\u4f1a\u8bdd\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5217\u51fa\u6240\u6709\u547d\u4ee4\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>\u5728 <code>screen<\/code> \u4f1a\u8bdd\u4e2d\uff0c\u6309\u4e0b <code>Ctrl + A<\/code> \u7136\u540e\u6309\u4e0b <code>?<\/code> \u952e\u5373\u53ef\u5217\u51fa\u6240\u6709\u53ef\u7528\u7684 <code>screen<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6eda\u52a8\u5c4f\u5e55\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>\u5728 <code>screen<\/code> \u4f1a\u8bdd\u4e2d\uff0c\u6309\u4e0b <code>Ctrl + A<\/code> \u7136\u540e\u6309\u4e0b <code>[<\/code> \u952e\u5373\u53ef\u8fdb\u5165\u6eda\u52a8\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002\u5728\u6eda\u52a8\u6a21\u5f0f\u4e2d\uff0c\u60a8\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u7bad\u5934\u952e\u6216 PgUp \/ PgDn \u952e\u6765\u6eda\u52a8\u5c4f\u5e55\u3002\u6309\u4e0b <code>Esc<\/code> \u952e\u53ef\u9000\u51fa\u6eda\u52a8\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5206\u79bb\u4f1a\u8bdd\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>\u5728 <code>screen<\/code> \u4f1a\u8bdd\u4e2d\uff0c\u6309\u4e0b <code>Ctrl + A<\/code> \u7136\u540e\u6309\u4e0b <code>d<\/code> \u952e\u5373\u53ef\u5206\u79bb\u5f53\u524d\u4f1a\u8bdd\u3002\u5206\u79bb\u4f1a\u8bdd\u610f\u5473\u7740\u60a8\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u4e0d\u65ad\u5f00\u4f1a\u8bdd\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u79bb\u5f00\u7ec8\u7aef\u7a97\u53e3\u3002<\/p>\n<h2>sort<\/h2>\n<blockquote>\n<p><code>sort<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u662f Linux \u4e2d\u5e38\u7528\u7684\u6587\u672c\u6392\u5e8f\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u5bf9\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u7684\u6587\u672c\u8fdb\u884c\u6392\u5e8f\u3002<code>sort<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u53ef\u4ee5\u6309\u7167\u591a\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u8fdb\u884c\u6392\u5e8f\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u6309\u7167\u5b57\u6bcd\u987a\u5e8f\u3001\u6570\u5b57\u987a\u5e8f\u3001\u7a7a\u683c\u5206\u9694\u7684\u5217\u3001\u6307\u5b9a\u5b57\u6bb5\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>\u4e0b\u9762\u662f <code>sort<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u7528\u6cd5\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">sort [options] [input_file]<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><code>sort<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u5e38\u7528\u7684\u9009\u9879\u6709\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>-r<\/code>\uff1a\u6309\u7167\u9006\u5e8f\u6392\u5217\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-n<\/code>\uff1a\u6309\u7167\u6570\u5b57\u987a\u5e8f\u6392\u5217\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-k<\/code>\uff1a\u6309\u7167\u6307\u5b9a\u5b57\u6bb5\u8fdb\u884c\u6392\u5e8f\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-t<\/code>\uff1a\u6307\u5b9a\u5b57\u6bb5\u5206\u9694\u7b26\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-u<\/code>\uff1a\u53bb\u91cd\uff0c\u53bb\u9664\u91cd\u590d\u7684\u884c\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-c<\/code>\uff1a\u68c0\u67e5\u6587\u4ef6\u662f\u5426\u5df2\u7ecf\u6309\u7167\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u6392\u5e8f\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u4e0b\u9762\u662f\u4e00\u4e9b\u793a\u4f8b\uff1a<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u6309\u7167\u5b57\u6bcd\u987a\u5e8f\u6392\u5e8f\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">$ sort filename<\/code><\/pre>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li>\u6309\u7167\u6570\u5b57\u987a\u5e8f\u6392\u5e8f\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">$ sort -n filename<\/code><\/pre>\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li>\u6309\u7167\u6307\u5b9a\u5b57\u6bb5\u6392\u5e8f\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">$ sort -t &quot;:&quot; -k 3 filename<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8868\u793a\u4ee5\u5192\u53f7\u4e3a\u5206\u9694\u7b26\uff0c\u6309\u7167\u7b2c 3 \u4e2a\u5b57\u6bb5\u6392\u5e8f\u3002<\/p>\n<ol start=\"4\">\n<li>\u68c0\u67e5\u6587\u4ef6\u662f\u5426\u5df2\u7ecf\u6309\u7167\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u6392\u5e8f\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">$ sort -c filename<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u5982\u679c\u6587\u4ef6\u5df2\u7ecf\u6309\u7167\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u6392\u5e8f\uff0c\u5219\u4e0d\u8f93\u51fa\u4efb\u4f55\u4fe1\u606f\uff1b\u5426\u5219\u4f1a\u63d0\u793a\u6587\u4ef6\u672a\u6392\u5e8f\u3002<\/p>\n<ol start=\"5\">\n<li>\u53bb\u9664\u91cd\u590d\u7684\u884c\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">$ sort -u filename<\/code><\/pre>\n<ol start=\"6\">\n<li>\u6309\u7167\u591a\u4e2a\u5b57\u6bb5\u6392\u5e8f:<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">$ sort -t &quot;:&quot; -k 1,2 filename<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8868\u793a\u4ee5\u5192\u53f7\u4e3a\u5206\u9694\u7b26\uff0c\u5148\u6309\u7167\u7b2c 1 \u4e2a\u5b57\u6bb5\u6392\u5e8f\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u7b2c 1 \u4e2a\u5b57\u6bb5\u76f8\u540c\uff0c\u5219\u6309\u7167\u7b2c 2 \u4e2a\u5b57\u6bb5\u6392\u5e8f\u3002<\/p>\n<ol start=\"7\">\n<li>\u5ffd\u7565\u7a7a\u683c\u548c\u7279\u6b8a\u5b57\u7b26\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">$ sort -b filename<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u5ffd\u7565\u884c\u9996\u7684\u7a7a\u683c\u5b57\u7b26\uff0c\u5e76\u6309\u7167\u5b57\u6bcd\u987a\u5e8f\u6392\u5e8f\u3002<\/p>\n<ol start=\"8\">\n<li>\u6309\u7167\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u7684\u968f\u673a\u987a\u5e8f\u6392\u5e8f\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">$ sort -R filename<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u6309\u7167\u968f\u673a\u987a\u5e8f\u6392\u5e8f\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u7684\u6587\u672c\u884c\u3002<\/p>\n<ol start=\"9\">\n<li>\u6309\u7167\u4eba\u7c7b\u53ef\u8bfb\u7684\u683c\u5f0f\u8fdb\u884c\u6392\u5e8f\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">$ sort -h filename<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u6309\u7167\u4eba\u7c7b\u53ef\u8bfb\u7684\u683c\u5f0f\u8fdb\u884c\u6392\u5e8f\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u6309\u7167 K\u3001M\u3001G \u7b49\u5355\u4f4d\u5927\u5c0f\u8fdb\u884c\u6392\u5e8f\u3002<\/p>\n<ol start=\"10\">\n<li>\u6309\u7167\u672c\u5730\u5316\u89c4\u5219\u6392\u5e8f\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">$ sort -f filename<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u6309\u7167\u672c\u5730\u5316\u89c4\u5219\u8fdb\u884c\u6392\u5e8f\uff0c\u5ffd\u7565\u5927\u5c0f\u5199\u3002<\/p>\n<h2>stat<\/h2>\n<blockquote>\n<p><code>stat<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u662f Linux \u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u57fa\u672c\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u5b83\u7528\u4e8e\u663e\u793a\u6307\u5b9a\u6587\u4ef6\u6216\u76ee\u5f55\u7684\u8be6\u7ec6\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u8bbf\u95ee\u6743\u9650\u3001\u6240\u6709\u8005\u3001\u4fee\u6539\u65f6\u95f4\u3001\u521b\u5efa\u65f6\u95f4\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>\u663e\u793a\u6587\u4ef6\u6216\u76ee\u5f55\u7684\u8be6\u7ec6\u4fe1\u606f\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">stat filename.txt<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u4ee5\u683c\u5f0f\u5316\u8f93\u51fa\u65b9\u5f0f\u663e\u793a\u6587\u4ef6\u6216\u76ee\u5f55\u7684\u8be6\u7ec6\u4fe1\u606f\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">stat -c &quot;File: %n\\nSize: %s bytes\\nAccess: %A\\nModify: %y\\nChange: %z\\n&quot; filename.txt<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u5176\u4e2d\uff0c<code>-c<\/code> \u53c2\u6570\u7528\u4e8e\u6307\u5b9a\u8f93\u51fa\u683c\u5f0f\uff0c<code>%n<\/code> \u8868\u793a\u6587\u4ef6\u540d\uff0c<code>%s<\/code> \u8868\u793a\u6587\u4ef6\u5927\u5c0f\uff0c<code>%A<\/code> \u8868\u793a\u8bbf\u95ee\u6743\u9650\uff0c<code>%y<\/code> \u8868\u793a\u4fee\u6539\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c<code>%z<\/code> \u8868\u793a\u521b\u5efa\u65f6\u95f4\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u9700\u8981\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c<code>stat<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u5728\u663e\u793a\u6587\u4ef6\u6216\u76ee\u5f55\u7684\u8be6\u7ec6\u4fe1\u606f\u65f6\uff0c\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u975e\u5e38\u4e30\u5bcc\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u4e8e\u5feb\u901f\u67e5\u770b\u6587\u4ef6\u6216\u76ee\u5f55\u7684\u5143\u6570\u636e\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c<code>stat<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u4e8e\u4ee5\u7279\u5b9a\u683c\u5f0f\u8f93\u51fa\u6587\u4ef6\u6216\u76ee\u5f55\u7684\u8be6\u7ec6\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u8fd9\u4f7f\u5f97\u5b83\u975e\u5e38\u9002\u5408\u7528\u4e8e\u81ea\u52a8\u5316\u811a\u672c\u548c\u7a0b\u5e8f\u4e2d\u3002<\/p>\n<h2>swap<\/h2>\n<blockquote>\n<p>\u5728Linux\u64cd\u4f5c\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\uff0cswap\uff08\u4ea4\u6362\u5206\u533a\uff09\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u5206\u533a\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u5c06\u5185\u5b58\u4e2d\u6682\u65f6\u4e0d\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u6570\u636e\u8f6c\u79fb\u5230\u78c1\u76d8\u4e0a\uff0c\u4ee5\u91ca\u653e\u5185\u5b58\u7a7a\u95f4\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u907f\u514d\u7cfb\u7edf\u5185\u5b58\u4e0d\u8db3\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u3002\u5f53\u7cfb\u7edf\u5185\u5b58\u7d27\u5f20\u65f6\uff0c\u64cd\u4f5c\u7cfb\u7edf\u4f1a\u5c06\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u5185\u5b58\u4e2d\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5199\u5165swap\u5206\u533a\uff0c\u4ee5\u91ca\u653e\u7a7a\u95f4\u4f9b\u5176\u4ed6\u5e94\u7528\u7a0b\u5e8f\u4f7f\u7528\u3002\u5f53\u5e94\u7528\u7a0b\u5e8f\u518d\u6b21\u9700\u8981\u8bbf\u95ee\u8be5\u6570\u636e\u65f6\uff0c\u64cd\u4f5c\u7cfb\u7edf\u5c06\u4eceswap\u5206\u533a\u4e2d\u8bfb\u53d6\u6570\u636e\u5e76\u91cd\u65b0\u52a0\u8f7d\u5230\u5185\u5b58\u4e2d\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>Linux\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u4ee5\u4e0b\u547d\u4ee4\u67e5\u770b\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2dswap\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u60c5\u51b5\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-ruby\">$ swapon -s<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8be5\u547d\u4ee4\u4f1a\u663e\u793a\u5f53\u524d\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u6240\u6709\u5df2\u7ecf\u542f\u7528\u7684swap\u5206\u533a\u53ca\u5176\u4f7f\u7528\u60c5\u51b5\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u4ee5\u4e0b\u547d\u4ee4\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2aswap\u5206\u533a\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-shell\">$ sudo mkswap \/dev\/sdb1<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8be5\u547d\u4ee4\u5c06\/dev\/sdb1\u8bbe\u5907\u683c\u5f0f\u5316\u4e3aswap\u5206\u533a\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u5176\u6807\u8bb0\u4e3a\u53ef\u7528\u7684swap\u5206\u533a\u3002\u9700\u8981\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5728\u521b\u5efaswap\u5206\u533a\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u786e\u4fdd\u8be5\u5206\u533a\u6ca1\u6709\u88ab\u6302\u8f7d\u6216\u6b63\u5728\u4f7f\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e3a\u4e86\u542f\u7528\u65b0\u521b\u5efa\u7684swap\u5206\u533a\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u9700\u8981\u5c06\u5176\u6dfb\u52a0\u5230\/etc\/fstab\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u3002\u5177\u4f53\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u9700\u8981\u5728\/etc\/fstab\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u6dfb\u52a0\u5982\u4e0b\u4e00\u884c\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">\/dev\/sdb1   swap   swap   defaults   0   0<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u5176\u4e2d\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u53c2\u6570\u662fswap\u5206\u533a\u7684\u8bbe\u5907\u540d\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u53c2\u6570\u662f\u5206\u533a\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\uff08\u5e94\u8be5\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e3a&quot;swap&quot;\uff09\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e09\u4e2a\u53c2\u6570\u4e5f\u662f&quot;swap&quot;\uff0c\u7b2c\u56db\u4e2a\u53c2\u6570\u662f\u6302\u8f7d\u9009\u9879\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e94\u4e2a\u53c2\u6570\u662fdump\u6807\u5fd7\u4f4d\uff08\u901a\u5e38\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e3a0\uff09\uff0c\u7b2c\u516d\u4e2a\u53c2\u6570\u662ffsck\u6807\u5fd7\u4f4d\uff08\u901a\u5e38\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e3a0\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u9700\u8981\u6682\u65f6\u7981\u7528swap\u5206\u533a\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u4ee5\u4e0b\u547d\u4ee4\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-shell\">$ sudo swapoff \/dev\/sdb1<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8fd9\u5c06\u5bfc\u81f4\u7cfb\u7edf\u505c\u6b62\u4f7f\u7528\/dev\/sdb1\u5206\u533a\u4f5c\u4e3aswap\u5206\u533a\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u9700\u8981\u6c38\u4e45\u7981\u7528\u8be5\u5206\u533a\u4f5c\u4e3aswap\u5206\u533a\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u7f16\u8f91\/etc\/fstab\u6587\u4ef6\u5e76\u5c06\u8be5\u884c\u6ce8\u91ca\u6389\u6216\u5220\u9664\u3002<\/p>\n<h2>stress<\/h2>\n<blockquote>\n<p><code>stress<\/code> \u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7528\u4e8e\u6a21\u62df\u7cfb\u7edf\u8d1f\u8f7d\u7684\u5de5\u5177\u3002\u5b83\u53ef\u4ee5\u5e2e\u52a9\u4f60\u6d4b\u8bd5\u7cfb\u7edf\u5728\u9ad8\u8d1f\u8f7d\u4e0b\u7684\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027\u548c\u6027\u80fd\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u8bc4\u4f30\u7cfb\u7edf\u8d44\u6e90\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u60c5\u51b5\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>\u4ee5\u4e0b\u662f <code>stress<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u8bed\u6cd5\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">stress [OPTION]...<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u5176\u4e2d\uff0c<code>OPTION<\/code> \u662f\u53ef\u9009\u7684\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u6307\u5b9a\u4e00\u4e9b\u9009\u9879\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4ee5\u4e0b\u662f\u4e00\u4e9b\u5e38\u7528\u7684 <code>stress<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u9009\u9879\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>-c N<\/code>\uff1a\u6307\u5b9a\u8981\u521b\u5efa\u7684 CPU \u8d1f\u8f7d\u6570\u91cf\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-d N<\/code>\uff1a\u6307\u5b9a\u8981\u521b\u5efa\u7684\u78c1\u76d8 I\/O \u8d1f\u8f7d\u6570\u91cf\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-m N<\/code>\uff1a\u6307\u5b9a\u8981\u521b\u5efa\u7684\u5185\u5b58\u8d1f\u8f7d\u6570\u91cf\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-i N<\/code>\uff1a\u6307\u5b9a\u8981\u521b\u5efa\u7684 I\/O \u8d1f\u8f7d\u6570\u91cf\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-t TIME<\/code>\uff1a\u6307\u5b9a\u8981\u8fd0\u884c <code>stress<\/code> \u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-v<\/code>\uff1a\u8f93\u51fa\u8be6\u7ec6\u7684\u8fd0\u884c\u65e5\u5fd7\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-q<\/code>\uff1a\u4e0d\u8f93\u51fa\u8fd0\u884c\u65e5\u5fd7\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>--cpu N<\/code>\uff1a\u6307\u5b9a CPU \u8d1f\u8f7d\u5360\u7528\u7387\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982 <code>--cpu 8<\/code> \u8868\u793a\u5c06\u6240\u6709 CPU \u6838\u5fc3\u4f7f\u7528\u7387\u63d0\u5347\u81f3 80%\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>--io N<\/code>\uff1a\u6307\u5b9a I\/O \u8d1f\u8f7d\u5360\u7528\u7387\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>--vm N<\/code>\uff1a\u6307\u5b9a\u5185\u5b58\u8d1f\u8f7d\u5360\u7528\u7387\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u4ee5\u4e0b\u662f\u4e00\u4e9b <code>stress<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u793a\u4f8b\uff1a<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u521b\u5efa 8 \u4e2a CPU \u8d1f\u8f7d\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-R\">$ stress -c 8<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u4f1a\u521b\u5efa 8 \u4e2a CPU \u8d1f\u8f7d\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u6240\u6709\u53ef\u7528\u7684 CPU \u6838\u5fc3\u3002<\/p>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li>\u521b\u5efa 4 \u4e2a\u78c1\u76d8 I\/O \u8d1f\u8f7d\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-ruby\">$ stress -d 4<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u4f1a\u521b\u5efa 4 \u4e2a\u78c1\u76d8 I\/O \u8d1f\u8f7d\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u9ed8\u8ba4\u7684\u5757\u5927\u5c0f\u548c\u6587\u4ef6\u540d\u3002<\/p>\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li>\u521b\u5efa 2 \u4e2a\u5185\u5b58\u8d1f\u8f7d\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">$ stress -m 2<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u4f1a\u521b\u5efa 2 \u4e2a\u5185\u5b58\u8d1f\u8f7d\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u8d1f\u8f7d\u4f7f\u7528 50% \u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u5185\u5b58\u3002<\/p>\n<ol start=\"4\">\n<li>\u521b\u5efa 2 \u4e2a\u5185\u5b58\u8d1f\u8f7d\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">$ stress -i 1<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u4f1a\u521b\u5efa 1 \u4e2a I\/O \u8d1f\u8f7d\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u9ed8\u8ba4\u7684\u5757\u5927\u5c0f\u548c\u6587\u4ef6\u540d\u3002<\/p>\n<ol start=\"5\">\n<li>\u521b\u5efa 4 \u4e2a CPU \u8d1f\u8f7d\uff0c\u5e76\u9650\u5236\u6bcf\u4e2a\u8d1f\u8f7d\u4f7f\u7528 50% \u7684 CPU \u6838\u5fc3\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">$ stress --cpu 4 --cpu-load 50<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u4f1a\u521b\u5efa 4 \u4e2a CPU \u8d1f\u8f7d\uff0c\u5e76\u9650\u5236\u6bcf\u4e2a\u8d1f\u8f7d\u4f7f\u7528 50% \u7684 CPU \u6838\u5fc3\u3002<\/p>\n<ol start=\"6\">\n<li>\u901a\u8fc7 <code>--vm<\/code> \u9009\u9879\u4f7f\u7528\u865a\u62df\u5185\u5b58\u6a21\u5f0f<code>stress<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u53ef\u4ee5\u6a21\u62df\u865a\u62df\u5185\u5b58\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u60c5\u51b5\u3002\u901a\u8fc7 <code>--vm<\/code> \u9009\u9879\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u6307\u5b9a\u8981\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u865a\u62df\u5185\u5b58\u5927\u5c0f\u548c\u6570\u91cf\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e0b\u547d\u4ee4\u5c06\u5728\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0a\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a 1GB \u5927\u5c0f\u7684\u865a\u62df\u5185\u5b58\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">$ stress --vm 1 --vm-bytes 1G<\/code><\/pre>\n<ol start=\"7\">\n<li>\u901a\u8fc7 <code>--io<\/code> \u9009\u9879\u4f7f\u7528\u78c1\u76d8 I\/O \u6a21\u5f0f<code>stress<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u53ef\u4ee5\u6a21\u62df\u78c1\u76d8 I\/O \u64cd\u4f5c\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7 <code>--io<\/code> \u9009\u9879\u6307\u5b9a\u8981\u4f7f\u7528\u7684 I\/O \u64cd\u4f5c\u6570\u91cf\u548c\u7c7b\u578b\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e0b\u547d\u4ee4\u5c06\u5728\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0a\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a 4KB \u5927\u5c0f\u7684\u968f\u673a\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u5e76\u8fdb\u884c 10 \u6b21\u8bfb\u53d6\u548c\u5199\u5165\u64cd\u4f5c\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">$ stress --io 10 --hdd 1 --hdd-bytes 4K<\/code><\/pre>\n<ol start=\"8\">\n<li>\u901a\u8fc7 <code>--cpu<\/code> \u9009\u9879\u4f7f\u7528 CPU \u6a21\u5f0f<code>stress<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u53ef\u4ee5\u6a21\u62df CPU \u8d1f\u8f7d\u3002\u901a\u8fc7 <code>--cpu<\/code> \u9009\u9879\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u6307\u5b9a\u8981\u4f7f\u7528\u7684 CPU \u6570\u91cf\u548c\u5de5\u4f5c\u7ebf\u7a0b\u6570\u91cf\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e0b\u547d\u4ee4\u5c06\u5728\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0a\u521b\u5efa 8 \u4e2a\u7ebf\u7a0b\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u7ebf\u7a0b\u4f7f\u7528 50% \u7684 CPU \u8d44\u6e90\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">$ stress --cpu 8 --cpu-load 50<\/code><\/pre>\n<ol start=\"9\">\n<li>\u901a\u8fc7 <code>--timeout<\/code> \u9009\u9879\u8bbe\u7f6e\u6301\u7eed\u65f6\u95f4\u9ed8\u8ba4\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c<code>stress<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u4f1a\u4e00\u76f4\u8fd0\u884c\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u7528\u6237\u624b\u52a8\u505c\u6b62\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7 <code>--timeout<\/code> \u9009\u9879\u6307\u5b9a\u8fd0\u884c\u65f6\u95f4\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e0b\u547d\u4ee4\u5c06\u5728\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0a\u6a21\u62df 1 \u5206\u949f\u7684 CPU \u8d1f\u8f7d\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">$ stress --cpu 8 --cpu-load 50 --timeout 60s\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<ol start=\"10\">\n<li>\u5f53\u521d\u505aswap\u6d4b\u8bd5\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u7528\u5230\u4e00\u6761\u547d\u4ee4<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">sudo stress --vm 1 --vm-bytes 8G --timeout 30s<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u5176\u4e2d\uff0c<code>--vm<\/code> \u53c2\u6570\u8868\u793a\u8981\u751f\u6210\u5360\u7528\u5185\u5b58\u7684\u8fdb\u7a0b\uff0c<code>--vm-bytes <\/code>\u53c2\u6570\u8868\u793a\u6bcf\u4e2a\u8fdb\u7a0b\u6240\u5360\u7528\u7684\u5185\u5b58\u5927\u5c0f\uff0c-<code>-timeout<\/code>\u53c2\u6570\u8868\u793a\u6d4b\u8bd5\u7684\u65f6\u957f\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u4f1a\u572830\u79d2\u5185\u8ba9\u7cfb\u7edf\u751f\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u5360\u75282GB\u5185\u5b58\u7684\u8fdb\u7a0b\uff0c\u89c2\u5bdf\u671f\u95f4\u5185\u5b58\u548c\u4ea4\u6362\u5206\u533a\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u60c5\u51b5\u5373\u53ef\u3002<\/p>\n<h2>setuid<\/h2>\n<blockquote>\n<p>setuid\u3001setgid\u548csticky bit\u662fLinux\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u7684\u4e09\u4e2a\u7279\u6b8a\u6743\u9650\u4f4d\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u5206\u522b\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3aSUID\u3001SGID\u548cSticky Bit\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>setuid\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5728Linux\u4e2d\u8d4b\u4e88\u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236\u6587\u4ef6\u7279\u6743\u7684\u6743\u9650\u4f4d\u3002\u5f53\u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236\u6587\u4ef6\u62e5\u6709setuid\u6743\u9650\u65f6\uff0c\u8fd0\u884c\u8be5\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u8fdb\u7a0b\u5c06\u5177\u6709\u8be5\u6587\u4ef6\u6240\u6709\u8005\u7684\u6743\u9650\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5f53\u524d\u7528\u6237\u7684\u6743\u9650\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u6743\u9650\u901a\u5e38\u7528\u4e8e\u5141\u8bb8\u7528\u6237\u6267\u884c\u4e00\u4e9b\u9700\u8981\u7279\u6b8a\u6743\u9650\u624d\u80fd\u8fd0\u884c\u7684\u7a0b\u5e8f\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u6267\u884c\u9700\u8981root\u6743\u9650\u7684\u7a0b\u5e8f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7528\u6cd5\uff1a<\/p>\n<p><code>chmod u+s filename<\/code> \u6216 <code>chmod 4xxx filename<\/code> \uff08\u5176\u4e2dxxx\u4e3a\u6743\u9650\u63a9\u7801\uff09<\/p>\n<p>\u9009\u9879\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>u+s<\/code>\uff1a\u8bbe\u7f6esetuid\u6743\u9650<\/li>\n<li><code>g-s<\/code>\uff1a\u53d6\u6d88setuid\u6743\u9650<\/li>\n<li><code>4000<\/code>\uff1a\u516b\u8fdb\u5236\u6743\u9650\u63a9\u7801\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u8bbe\u7f6esetuid\u6743\u9650<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u793a\u4f8b\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>\u8bbe\u7f6e<code>\/usr\/bin\/passwd<\/code>\u7684setuid\u6743\u9650\uff0c\u4f7f\u5176\u5141\u8bb8\u666e\u901a\u7528\u6237\u4fee\u6539\u5bc6\u7801\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">sudo chmod u+s \/usr\/bin\/passwd<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u53d6\u6d88<code>\/usr\/bin\/passwd<\/code>\u7684setuid\u6743\u9650\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">sudo chmod u-s \/usr\/bin\/passwd<\/code><\/pre>\n<h2>setgid<\/h2>\n<p>setgid\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5728Linux\u4e2d\u8d4b\u4e88\u76ee\u5f55\u6216\u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236\u6587\u4ef6\u7279\u6743\u7684\u6743\u9650\u4f4d\u3002\u5f53\u76ee\u5f55\u6216\u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236\u6587\u4ef6\u62e5\u6709setgid\u6743\u9650\u65f6\uff0c\u8fd0\u884c\u8be5\u76ee\u5f55\u6216\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u8fdb\u7a0b\u5c06\u5177\u6709\u8be5\u76ee\u5f55\u6216\u6587\u4ef6\u6240\u5c5e\u7ec4\u7684\u6743\u9650\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5f53\u524d\u7528\u6237\u7684\u6743\u9650\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u6743\u9650\u901a\u5e38\u7528\u4e8e\u5728\u591a\u4e2a\u7528\u6237\u4e4b\u95f4\u5171\u4eab\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u4ee5\u786e\u4fdd\u5171\u4eab\u6587\u4ef6\u7ec4\u7684\u6210\u5458\u5177\u6709\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u6743\u9650\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7528\u6cd5\uff1a<\/p>\n<p><code>chmod g+s filename<\/code> \u6216 <code>chmod 2xxx filename<\/code> \uff08\u5176\u4e2dxxx\u4e3a\u6743\u9650\u63a9\u7801\uff09<\/p>\n<p>\u9009\u9879\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>g+s<\/code>\uff1a\u8bbe\u7f6esetgid\u6743\u9650<\/li>\n<li><code>g-s<\/code>\uff1a\u53d6\u6d88setgid\u6743\u9650<\/li>\n<li><code>2000<\/code>\uff1a\u516b\u8fdb\u5236\u6743\u9650\u63a9\u7801\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u8bbe\u7f6esetgid\u6743\u9650<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u8bbe\u7f6e<code>\/home\/shared<\/code>\u76ee\u5f55\u7684setgid\u6743\u9650\uff0c\u4f7f\u6240\u6709\u65b0\u521b\u5efa\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u548c\u76ee\u5f55\u90fd\u4e0e\u8be5\u76ee\u5f55\u5c5e\u4e8e\u540c\u4e00\u7ec4\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">sudo chmod g+s \/home\/shared<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u53d6\u6d88<code>\/home\/shared<\/code>\u76ee\u5f55\u7684setgid\u6743\u9650\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">sudo chmod g-s \/home\/shared<\/code><\/pre>\n<h2>sticky bit<\/h2>\n<p>Sticky bit\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5728Linux\u4e2d\u8d4b\u4e88\u76ee\u5f55\u7279\u6743\u7684\u6743\u9650\u4f4d\u3002\u5f53\u76ee\u5f55\u62e5\u6709sticky bit\u6743\u9650\u65f6\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u76ee\u5f55\u6240\u6709\u8005\u548c\u6587\u4ef6\u6240\u6709\u8005\u624d\u80fd\u5220\u9664\u8be5\u76ee\u5f55\u4e2d\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u6743\u9650\u901a\u5e38\u7528\u4e8e\u5728\u591a\u4e2a\u7528\u6237\u4e4b\u95f4\u5171\u4eab\u76ee\u5f55\uff0c\u4ee5\u9632\u6b62\u5176\u4ed6\u7528\u6237\u8bef\u5220\u522b\u4eba\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u6587\u4ef6\u6216\u76ee\u5f55\u7684\u6743\u9650\u8868\u793a\u4e2d\uff0csticky bit\u7528\u4e00\u4e2a\u201ct\u201d\u6765\u8868\u793a\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u76ee\u5f55\uff0c\u8868\u793a\u4e3ad+rwxrwt\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b57\u6bcdt\u5c31\u662fsticky bit\uff1b\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u8868\u793a\u4e3a-rwxrwxrwt\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7528\u6cd5\uff1a<\/p>\n<p><code>chmod +t directory<\/code> \u6216 <code>chmod 1xxx directory<\/code> \uff08\u5176\u4e2dxxx\u4e3a\u6743\u9650\u63a9\u7801\uff09<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u76ee\u5f55\u7684\u6743\u9650\u8868\u793a\uff1ad+rwxrwxrwt<\/li>\n<li>\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u6743\u9650\u8868\u793a\uff1a-rwxrwxrwt<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u9009\u9879\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>+t<\/code>\uff1a\u8bbe\u7f6eSticky bit\u6743\u9650<\/li>\n<li><code>-t<\/code>\uff1a\u53d6\u6d88Sticky bit\u6743\u9650<\/li>\n<li><code>1000<\/code>\uff1a\u516b\u8fdb\u5236\u6743\u9650\u63a9\u7801\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u8bbe\u7f6eSticky bit\u6743\u9650<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u793a\u4f8b\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>\u8bbe\u7f6e<code>\/home\/shared<\/code>\u76ee\u5f55\u7684Sticky bit\u6743\u9650\uff0c\u4ee5\u9632\u6b62\u5176\u4ed6\u7528\u6237\u8bef\u5220\u522b\u4eba\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">sudo chmod +t \/home\/shared\nchmod 1755 \/home\/test<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u5176\u4e2d\uff0c1\u8868\u793asticky bit\uff0c7\u8868\u793a\u7528\u6237\u5177\u6709\u8bfb\u3001\u5199\u3001\u6267\u884c\u6743\u9650\uff0c5\u8868\u793a\u7ec4\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u7528\u6237\u5177\u6709\u8bfb\u548c\u6267\u884c\u6743\u9650\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u9700\u8981\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0csticky bit\u53ea\u5bf9\u76ee\u5f55\u6709\u6548\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6587\u4ef6\u5219\u6ca1\u6709\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0csticky bit\u4e0esetgid\u6743\u9650\u4f4d\u6709\u4e9b\u7c7b\u4f3c\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4e24\u8005\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u4e0d\u540c\uff0csetgid\u6743\u9650\u4f4d\u662f\u7528\u6765\u63a7\u5236\u6587\u4ef6\u6216\u76ee\u5f55\u7684\u7528\u6237\u7ec4\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5220\u9664\u6743\u9650\u3002<\/p>\n<h2>tcpdump<\/h2>\n<blockquote>\n<p><code>tcpdump<\/code> \u662f\u4e00\u6b3e\u7528\u4e8e Linux \u548c Unix \u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5f3a\u5927\u547d\u4ee4\u884c\u7f51\u7edc\u5206\u6790\u5de5\u5177\u3002\u5b83\u5141\u8bb8\u60a8\u6355\u83b7\u5e76\u5b9e\u65f6\u67e5\u770b\u6b63\u5728\u901a\u8fc7\u7f51\u7edc\u63a5\u53e3\u4f20\u8f93\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5305\u3002<code>tcpdump<\/code> \u4f7f\u7528 pcap \u5e93\u6765\u6355\u83b7\u6570\u636e\u5305\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u53ef\u4ee5\u89e3\u6790\u5404\u79cd\u7f51\u7edc\u534f\u8bae\uff0c\u5305\u62ec TCP\u3001UDP\u3001ICMP \u7b49\u3002\u5b83\u5bf9\u7f51\u7edc\u7ba1\u7406\u5458\u548c\u5b89\u5168\u4e13\u5bb6\u8fdb\u884c\u6545\u969c\u6392\u67e5\u3001\u7f51\u7edc\u6027\u80fd\u76d1\u63a7\u548c\u5b89\u5168\u5206\u6790\u7b49\u4efb\u52a1\u975e\u5e38\u6709\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>\u4ee5\u4e0b\u662f\u4e00\u4e9b\u5e38\u7528\u7684 <code>tcpdump<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u548c\u9009\u9879\uff1a<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\n<p><code>-i<\/code>\uff1a\u6307\u5b9a\u7f51\u7edc\u63a5\u53e3\u3002\u4f7f\u7528\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9009\u9879\u53ef\u4ee5\u9009\u62e9\u8981\u6355\u83b7\u6570\u636e\u5305\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u63a5\u53e3\uff0c\u5982<code>tcpdump -i eth0<\/code>\u3002<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><code>-n<\/code>\uff1a\u4e0d\u89e3\u6790\u4e3b\u673a\u540d\u3002\u9ed8\u8ba4\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c<code>tcpdump<\/code>\u4f1a\u5c06IP\u5730\u5740\u89e3\u6790\u4e3a\u4e3b\u673a\u540d\u3002\u4f7f\u7528<code>-n<\/code>\u9009\u9879\u53ef\u4ee5\u7981\u7528\u8fd9\u4e2a\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u5982<code>tcpdump -n<\/code>\u3002<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><code>-c<\/code>\uff1a\u6355\u83b7\u6307\u5b9a\u6570\u91cf\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5305\u3002\u4f7f\u7528\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9009\u9879\u53ef\u4ee5\u9650\u5236\u6355\u83b7\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5305\u6570\u91cf\uff0c\u5982<code>tcpdump -c 10<\/code>\u8868\u793a\u6355\u83b710\u4e2a\u6570\u636e\u5305\u3002<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><code>-w<\/code>\uff1a\u5c06\u6355\u83b7\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5305\u5199\u5165\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\u4f7f\u7528\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9009\u9879\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06\u6355\u83b7\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5305\u4fdd\u5b58\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u540e\u7eed\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u5982<code>tcpdump -w output.pcap<\/code>\u3002<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><code>-r<\/code>\uff1a\u4ece\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u8bfb\u53d6\u6570\u636e\u5305\u3002\u4f7f\u7528\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9009\u9879\u53ef\u4ee5\u5206\u6790\u4e4b\u524d\u4f7f\u7528<code>-w<\/code>\u9009\u9879\u4fdd\u5b58\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5305\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u5982<code>tcpdump -r output.pcap<\/code>\u3002<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><code>-v<\/code>\u3001<code>-vv<\/code>\u3001<code>-vvv<\/code>\uff1a\u8be6\u7ec6\u8f93\u51fa\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u9009\u9879\u4f1a\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e0d\u540c\u7ea7\u522b\u7684\u8be6\u7ec6\u8f93\u51fa\uff0c<code>-v<\/code>\u662f\u57fa\u672c\u8be6\u7ec6\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c<code>-vv<\/code>\u548c<code>-vvv<\/code>\u4f1a\u63d0\u4f9b\u66f4\u591a\u8be6\u7ec6\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><code>src<\/code>\u3001<code>dst<\/code>\uff1a\u6307\u5b9a\u6e90\u5730\u5740\u548c\u76ee\u7684\u5730\u5740\u3002\u4f7f\u7528\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u5173\u952e\u8bcd\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fc7\u6ee4\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u6e90\u5730\u5740\u548c\u76ee\u7684\u5730\u5740\uff0c\u5982<code>tcpdump src 192.168.1.1<\/code>\u6216<code>tcpdump dst 192.168.1.2<\/code>\u3002<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><code>port<\/code>\uff1a\u6307\u5b9a\u7aef\u53e3\u3002\u4f7f\u7528\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5173\u952e\u8bcd\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fc7\u6ee4\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u7aef\u53e3\uff0c\u5982<code>tcpdump port 80<\/code>\u3002<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><code>host<\/code>\uff1a\u6307\u5b9a\u4e3b\u673a\u3002\u4f7f\u7528\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5173\u952e\u8bcd\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fc7\u6ee4\u4e0e\u7279\u5b9a\u4e3b\u673a\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5305\uff0c\u5982<code>tcpdump host example.com<\/code>\u3002<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><code>tcp<\/code>\u3001<code>udp<\/code>\u3001<code>icmp<\/code>\uff1a\u6307\u5b9a\u534f\u8bae\u3002\u4f7f\u7528\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5173\u952e\u8bcd\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fc7\u6ee4\u7279\u5b9a\u534f\u8bae\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5305\uff0c\u5982<code>tcpdump tcp<\/code>\u3002<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>\u6355\u83b7\u6307\u5b9a\u7f51\u7edc\u63a5\u53e3\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5305\uff1a<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">tcpdump -i &lt;\u63a5\u53e3\u540d\u79f0&gt;<\/code><\/pre>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li>\u6355\u83b7\u6307\u5b9a\u6570\u91cf\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5305\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">tcpdump -c &lt;\u6570\u636e\u5305\u6570\u91cf&gt;<\/code><\/pre>\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li>\u4ee5\u8be6\u7ec6\u6a21\u5f0f\u663e\u793a\u6570\u636e\u5305\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">tcpdump -v<\/code><\/pre>\n<ol start=\"4\">\n<li>\u4ee5\u975e\u5e38\u8be6\u7ec6\u6a21\u5f0f\u663e\u793a\u6570\u636e\u5305\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">tcpdump -vv<\/code><\/pre>\n<ol start=\"5\">\n<li>\u4ee5\u6700\u8be6\u7ec6\u6a21\u5f0f\u663e\u793a\u6570\u636e\u5305\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">tcpdump -vvv<\/code><\/pre>\n<ol start=\"6\">\n<li>\u663e\u793a\u6570\u636e\u5305\u7684\u5b8c\u6574\u5185\u5bb9\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">tcpdump -X<\/code><\/pre>\n<ol start=\"7\">\n<li>\u53ea\u663e\u793a\u6307\u5b9a\u4e3b\u673a\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5305\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">tcpdump host &lt;IP\u5730\u5740&gt;<\/code><\/pre>\n<ol start=\"8\">\n<li>\u53ea\u663e\u793a\u6307\u5b9a\u7aef\u53e3\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5305\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">tcpdump port &lt;\u7aef\u53e3\u53f7&gt;<\/code><\/pre>\n<ol start=\"9\">\n<li>\u53ea\u663e\u793a\u6307\u5b9a\u534f\u8bae\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5305\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">tcpdump icmp<\/code><\/pre>\n<ol start=\"10\">\n<li>\u4f7f\u7528\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u8fc7\u6ee4\u6570\u636e\u5305\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">tcpdump &quot;src &lt;\u6e90IP\u5730\u5740&gt; and dst &lt;\u76ee\u6807IP\u5730\u5740&gt;&quot;<\/code><\/pre>\n<ol start=\"11\">\n<li>\u5c06\u6355\u83b7\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5305\u4fdd\u5b58\u5230\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">tcpdump -w &lt;\u6587\u4ef6\u540d&gt;<\/code><\/pre>\n<ol start=\"12\">\n<li>\u4ece\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u8bfb\u53d6\u5e76\u5206\u6790\u6570\u636e\u5305\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">tcpdump -r &lt;\u6587\u4ef6\u540d&gt;<\/code><\/pre>\n<h2>touch<\/h2>\n<blockquote>\n<p><code>touch<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u662f Linux \u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u57fa\u672c\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u5b83\u7528\u4e8e\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u7a7a\u6587\u4ef6\u6216\u66f4\u65b0\u73b0\u6709\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u8bbf\u95ee\u548c\u4fee\u6539\u65f6\u95f4\u6233\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u5219 <code>touch<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u5c06\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u7a7a\u6587\u4ef6\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u7a7a\u6587\u4ef6\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">touch filename.txt<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u66f4\u6539\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u8bbf\u95ee\u548c\u4fee\u6539\u65f6\u95f4\u6233\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">touch filename.txt<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u4f7f\u7528\u7edd\u5bf9\u65f6\u95f4\u66f4\u6539\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u6233\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">touch -t YYYYMMDDhhmm.ss filename.txt<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u5176\u4e2d\uff0c<code>YYYYMMDDhhmm.ss<\/code> \u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4ee3\u8868\u65f6\u95f4\u6233\u7684\u6570\u5b57\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u683c\u5f0f\u4e3a\u5e74\u6708\u65e5\u5c0f\u65f6\u5206\u949f\u79d2\u949f\u3002<\/p>\n<h2>tr<\/h2>\n<blockquote>\n<p><code>tr<\/code>\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7528\u4e8e\u5b57\u7b26\u8f6c\u6362\u548c\u5220\u9664\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u3002\u5b83\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u6765\u5bf9\u8f93\u5165\u7684\u6587\u672c\u8fdb\u884c\u4e00\u4e9b\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u64cd\u4f5c\uff0c\u5982\u66ff\u6362\u3001\u5220\u9664\u3001\u538b\u7f29\u7b49<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>\u4ee5\u4e0b\u662f<code>tr<\/code>\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u8bed\u6cd5\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">tr [OPTION]... SET1 [SET2]<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u5176\u4e2d\uff0c<code>OPTION<\/code>\u662f\u53ef\u9009\u7684\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u6307\u5b9a\u4e00\u4e9b\u9009\u9879\uff1b<code>SET1<\/code>\u548c<code>SET2<\/code>\u662f\u5fc5\u987b\u7684\uff0c\u5206\u522b\u8868\u793a\u8981\u8fdb\u884c\u8f6c\u6362\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u96c6\u548c\u8f6c\u6362\u540e\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u96c6\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4ee5\u4e0b\u662f<code>tr<\/code>\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u5e38\u7528\u9009\u9879\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>-c<\/code>\uff1a\u7528<code>SET1<\/code>\u4e2d\u672a\u5305\u542b\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u6765\u66ff\u6362\u6587\u672c\u4e2d\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-d<\/code>\uff1a\u5220\u9664\u6587\u672c\u4e2d\u5305\u542b\u7684<code>SET1<\/code>\u4e2d\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-s<\/code>\uff1a\u538b\u7f29\u6587\u672c\u4e2d\u76f8\u90bb\u7684\u91cd\u590d\u5b57\u7b26\uff0c\u53ea\u4fdd\u7559\u4e00\u4e2a\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-t<\/code>\uff1a\u7528<code>SET2<\/code>\u4e2d\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u6765\u66ff\u6362<code>SET1<\/code>\u4e2d\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u4ee5\u4e0b\u662f\u4e00\u4e9b<code>tr<\/code>\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u793a\u4f8b\uff1a<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u5c06\u6587\u672c\u4e2d\u7684\u5c0f\u5199\u5b57\u6bcd\u8f6c\u6362\u6210\u5927\u5199\u5b57\u6bcd<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">$ echo &quot;hello, world&quot; | tr &#039;[:lower:]&#039; &#039;[:upper:]&#039;\nHELLO, WORLD<\/code><\/pre>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li>\u5220\u9664\u6587\u672c\u4e2d\u7684\u7a7a\u683c\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">$ echo &quot;hello,    world&quot; | tr -d &#039; &#039;\nhello,world<\/code><\/pre>\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li>\u538b\u7f29\u6587\u672c\u4e2d\u7684\u91cd\u590d\u5b57\u7b26\uff1a(\u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e\u53bb\u91cd)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">$ echo &quot;hello, world&quot; | tr -s &#039;l&#039;\nhelo, world<\/code><\/pre>\n<ol start=\"4\">\n<li>\u5c06\u6587\u672c\u4e2d\u7684\u6570\u5b57\u66ff\u6362\u4e3a<code>#<\/code>\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">$ echo &quot;123456&quot; | tr &#039;[:digit:]&#039; &#039;#&#039;\n######<\/code><\/pre>\n<ol start=\"5\">\n<li>\u4fdd\u7559\u6587\u672c\u4e2d\u7684\u6307\u5b9a\u5b57\u7b26\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">$ echo &quot;hello, world&quot; | tr -c &#039;[:alpha:]&#039; &#039;\\n&#039;\nhello\nworld<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u4f7f\u7528 <code>-c<\/code> \u9009\u9879\u6765\u4fdd\u7559 <code>SET1<\/code> \u4e2d\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\uff0c\u5220\u9664\u5176\u4ed6\u5b57\u7b26\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u7528\u6362\u884c\u7b26\u66ff\u6362\u5220\u9664\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u3002<\/p>\n<ol start=\"6\">\n<li>\u5728\u6587\u672c\u4e2d\u63d2\u5165\u6362\u884c\u7b26\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">$ echo &quot;hello, world&quot; | tr -s &#039; &#039; &#039;\\n&#039;\nhello,\nworld<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u4f7f\u7528 <code>-s<\/code> \u9009\u9879\u6765\u538b\u7f29\u76f8\u90bb\u7684\u7a7a\u683c\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u7528\u6362\u884c\u7b26\u66ff\u6362\u6bcf\u4e2a\u7a7a\u683c\u3002<\/p>\n<ol start=\"7\">\n<li>\u5c06\u6587\u672c\u4e2d\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u66ff\u6362\u4e3a\u5176 ASCII \u7f16\u7801\u503c\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">$ echo &quot;hello, world&quot; | tr &#039;[:print:]&#039; &#039;[\\000-\\177]&#039;\n\\150\\145\\154\\154\\157\\054\\040\\167\\157\\162\\154\\144<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u4f7f\u7528 <code>[:print:]<\/code> \u6765\u8868\u793a\u6240\u6709\u53ef\u6253\u5370\u5b57\u7b26\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5b57\u7b26\u66ff\u6362\u4e3a\u5176 ASCII \u7f16\u7801\u503c\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5728 <code>tr<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u4e2d\uff0c<code>[:lower:]<\/code> \u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5b57\u7b26\u96c6\u5408\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u5339\u914d\u6240\u6709\u5c0f\u5199\u5b57\u6bcd\u3002\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u96c6\u5408\u8fd8\u6709\u5f88\u591a\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e0b\u662f\u4e00\u4e9b\u5e38\u7528\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u96c6\u5408\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>[:upper:]<\/code>\uff1a\u5339\u914d\u6240\u6709\u5927\u5199\u5b57\u6bcd\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>[:alpha:]<\/code>\uff1a\u5339\u914d\u6240\u6709\u5b57\u6bcd\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5927\u5c0f\u5199\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>[:digit:]<\/code>\uff1a\u5339\u914d\u6240\u6709\u6570\u5b57\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>[:alnum:]<\/code>\uff1a\u5339\u914d\u6240\u6709\u5b57\u6bcd\u548c\u6570\u5b57\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5927\u5c0f\u5199\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>[:punct:]<\/code>\uff1a\u5339\u914d\u6240\u6709\u6807\u70b9\u7b26\u53f7\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>[:space:]<\/code>\uff1a\u5339\u914d\u6240\u6709\u7a7a\u767d\u5b57\u7b26\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u7a7a\u683c\u3001\u5236\u8868\u7b26\u548c\u6362\u884c\u7b26\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>[:print:]<\/code>\uff1a\u5339\u914d\u6240\u6709\u53ef\u6253\u5370\u5b57\u7b26\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u5728 <code>tr<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u4e2d\uff0c\u5b57\u7b26\u96c6\u5408\u7528\u65b9\u62ec\u53f7\u62ec\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982 <code>[:lower:]<\/code> \u8868\u793a\u5c0f\u5199\u5b57\u6bcd\u96c6\u5408\u3002\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5b57\u7b26\u96c6\u5408\u6765\u5b9a\u4e49 <code>SET1<\/code> \u6216 <code>SET2<\/code>\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5bf9\u6587\u672c\u8fdb\u884c\u8f6c\u6362\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4ee5\u4e0b\u662f\u4e00\u4e9b <code>tr<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u793a\u4f8b\uff0c\u6f14\u793a\u5982\u4f55\u4f7f\u7528\u5b57\u7b26\u96c6\u5408\uff1a<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u5c06\u6240\u6709\u5c0f\u5199\u5b57\u6bcd\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a\u5927\u5199\u5b57\u6bcd\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">$ echo &quot;hello, world&quot; | tr &#039;[:lower:]&#039; &#039;[:upper:]&#039;\nHELLO, WORLD<\/code><\/pre>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li>\u4ece\u6587\u672c\u4e2d\u5220\u9664\u6240\u6709\u6807\u70b9\u7b26\u53f7\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">$ echo &quot;Hello, World!&quot; | tr -d &#039;[:punct:]&#039;\nHello World<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u4f7f\u7528 <code>-d<\/code> \u9009\u9879\u5220\u9664\u6240\u6709\u5339\u914d\u5230\u7684\u6807\u70b9\u7b26\u53f7\u3002<\/p>\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li>\u5c06\u6587\u672c\u4e2d\u7684\u7a7a\u683c\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a\u6362\u884c\u7b26\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">$ echo &quot;Hello, World&quot; | tr &#039; &#039; &#039;\\n&#039;\nHello,\nWorld<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u4f7f\u7528\u7a7a\u683c\u4f5c\u4e3a SET1\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u6362\u884c\u7b26\u4f5c\u4e3a SET2\u3002<\/p>\n<h2>tac<\/h2>\n<blockquote>\n<p>\u5728Linux\u4e2d\uff0ctac\u547d\u4ee4\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u6587\u672c\u5904\u7406\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u5b83\u7528\u4e8e\u53cd\u8f6c\uff08\u5012\u5e8f\uff09\u6587\u672c\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u884c\u987a\u5e8f\u3002tac\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u4e0ecat\u547d\u4ee4\u7c7b\u4f3c\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5b83\u662f\u6309\u7167\u4ece\u540e\u5f80\u524d\u7684\u987a\u5e8f\u8f93\u51fa\u6587\u4ef6\u5185\u5bb9\u3002\u4ee5\u4e0b\u662f\u4e00\u4e9b\u5173\u4e8etac\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u8be6\u7ec6\u4fe1\u606f\uff1a<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>tac\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u8bed\u6cd5\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">tac [\u9009\u9879] \u6587\u4ef6\u540d<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u5176\u4e2d\uff0c\u9009\u9879\u5305\u62ec\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>-b, --before\uff1a\u5728\u6bcf\u884c\u8f93\u51fa\u4e4b\u524d\u6dfb\u52a0\u5b9a\u754c\u7b26\u3002<\/li>\n<li>-s, --separator=\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5b9a\u754c\u7b26\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u9ed8\u8ba4\u7684\u6362\u884c\u7b26\u3002<\/li>\n<li>--help\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u547d\u4ee4\u5e2e\u52a9\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/li>\n<li>--version\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u547d\u4ee4\u7248\u672c\u4fe1\u606f<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol>\n<li>\u53cd\u8f6c\u6587\u4ef6\u5185\u5bb9<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">tac \u6587\u4ef6\u540d<\/code><\/pre>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li>\u5728\u6bcf\u884c\u8f93\u51fa\u4e4b\u524d\u6dfb\u52a0\u5b9a\u754c\u7b26<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u4f7f\u7528tac\u547d\u4ee4\u5728\u6bcf\u884c\u8f93\u51fa\u4e4b\u524d\u6dfb\u52a0\u5b9a\u754c\u7b26\u7684\u8bed\u6cd5\u683c\u5f0f\u4e3a:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">tac -b \u6587\u4ef6\u540d<\/code><\/pre>\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li>\u4f7f\u7528\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5b9a\u754c\u7b26<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u4f7f\u7528tac\u547d\u4ee4\u4f7f\u7528\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5b9a\u754c\u7b26\u7684\u8bed\u6cd5\u683c\u5f0f\u4e3a:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">tac -s \u5b57\u7b26\u4e32 \u6587\u4ef6\u540d<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u53cd\u8f6c\u540d\u4e3atest.txt\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u5e76\u4f7f\u7528\u5b9a\u754c\u7b26&quot;|&quot;\u4ee3\u66ff\u9ed8\u8ba4\u7684\u6362\u884c\u7b26\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u6267\u884c\u4ee5\u4e0b\u547d\u4ee4\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">tac -s &quot;|&quot; test.txt<\/code><\/pre>\n<ol start=\"4\">\n<li>\u7ed3\u5408\u5176\u4ed6\u547d\u4ee4\u4f7f\u7528<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>tac\u547d\u4ee4\u53ef\u4ee5\u7ed3\u5408\u5176\u4ed6\u547d\u4ee4\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u4e0egrep\u3001awk\u3001sed\u7b49\u547d\u4ee4\u4e00\u8d77\u4f7f\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u53cd\u8f6c\u540d\u4e3atest.txt\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u4f7f\u7528grep\u547d\u4ee4\u8fc7\u6ee4\u5305\u542b\u7279\u5b9a\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u7684\u884c\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u6267\u884c\u4ee5\u4e0b\u547d\u4ee4<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">tac test.txt | grep &quot;\u7279\u5b9a\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32&quot;<\/code><\/pre>\n<h2>tar<\/h2>\n<blockquote>\n<p>\u5728 Linux \u4e2d\uff0c\u6709\u591a\u79cd\u6253\u5305\u538b\u7f29\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u6700\u5e38\u7528\u7684\u662f tar\u3002<code>tar<\/code> \u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06\u591a\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u6216\u76ee\u5f55\u6253\u5305\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a tar \u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u9009\u7528 gzip\u3001bzip2\u3001xz \u7b49\u5de5\u5177\u5bf9\u6253\u6210\u7684tar\u5305\u8fdb\u884c\u538b\u7f29<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\"># \u4e0b\u9762\u662f tar \u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u5e38\u7528\u53c2\u6570\u548c\u9009\u9879\uff1a\n-c\uff1a\u6b64\u9009\u9879\u7528\u4e8e\u521b\u5efa\u5b58\u6863\u3002\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u6253\u5305\u3002\u5fc5\u987b\u8ddf\u968ff\u9009\u9879\u6765\u6307\u5b9a\u5b58\u6863\u7684\u540d\u79f0\u3002\n\u793a\u4f8b\uff1atar -cf archive.tar foo bar\uff08\u4ecefoo\u548cbar\u6587\u4ef6\u521b\u5efaarchive.tar\uff09\n-t\uff1a\u7528\u4e8e\u5217\u51fa\u5b58\u6863\u4e2d\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\n\u793a\u4f8b\uff1atar -tvf archive.tar\uff08\u8be6\u7ec6\u5217\u51faarchive.tar\u4e2d\u7684\u6240\u6709\u6587\u4ef6\uff09\n-x\uff1a\u4ece\u5b58\u6863\u4e2d\u63d0\u53d6\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\n\u793a\u4f8b\uff1atar -xf archive.tar\uff08\u4ecearchive.tar\u63d0\u53d6\u6240\u6709\u6587\u4ef6\uff09\n--add-file=FILE\uff1a\u5c06\u7ed9\u5b9a\u7684FILE\u6dfb\u52a0\u5230\u5b58\u6863\u4e2d\uff08\u5982\u679c\u5176\u540d\u79f0\u4ee5\u7834\u6298\u53f7\u5f00\u5934\uff0c\u5219\u5f88\u6709\u7528\uff09\u3002\n-C, --directory=DIR\uff1a\u66f4\u6539\u5230\u76ee\u5f55DIR\u3002\n\u793a\u4f8b\uff1atar -cf archive.tar -C \/path\/to\/directory\uff08\u5728\u521b\u5efa\u5b58\u6863\u4e4b\u524d\u66f4\u6539\u5230\u6307\u5b9a\u76ee\u5f55\uff09\n--exclude=PATTERN\uff1a\u6392\u9664\u4e0ePATTERN\u5339\u914d\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\n--exclude-backups\uff1a\u6392\u9664\u5907\u4efd\u548c\u9501\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\n--exclude-caches\uff1a\u6392\u9664\u5305\u542bCACHEDIR.TAG\u7684\u76ee\u5f55\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u4f46\u4fdd\u7559\u6807\u8bb0\u6587\u4ef6\u672c\u8eab\u3002\n--exclude-caches-all\uff1a\u6392\u9664\u5305\u542bCACHEDIR.TAG\u7684\u76ee\u5f55\u3002\n--exclude-caches-under\uff1a\u6392\u9664\u5305\u542bCACHEDIR.TAG\u7684\u76ee\u5f55\u4e0b\u7684\u6240\u6709\u5185\u5bb9\u3002\n--exclude-ignore=FILE\uff1a\u4eceFILE\u4e2d\u8bfb\u53d6\u6bcf\u4e2a\u76ee\u5f55\u7684\u6392\u9664\u6a21\u5f0f\uff08\u5982\u679c\u5b58\u5728\uff09\u3002\n--exclude-ignore-recursive=FILE\uff1a\u4eceFILE\u4e2d\u8bfb\u53d6\u6bcf\u4e2a\u76ee\u5f55\u53ca\u5176\u5b50\u76ee\u5f55\u7684\u6392\u9664\u6a21\u5f0f\uff08\u5982\u679c\u5b58\u5728\uff09\u3002\n--exclude-tag=FILE\uff1a\u6392\u9664\u5305\u542bFILE\u7684\u76ee\u5f55\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u4f46\u4fdd\u7559FILE\u672c\u8eab\u3002\n--exclude-tag-all=FILE\uff1a\u6392\u9664\u5305\u542bFILE\u7684\u76ee\u5f55\u3002\n--exclude-tag-under=FILE\uff1a\u6392\u9664\u5305\u542bFILE\u7684\u76ee\u5f55\u4e0b\u7684\u6240\u6709\u5185\u5bb9\u3002\n--exclude-vcs\uff1a\u6392\u9664\u7248\u672c\u63a7\u5236\u7cfb\u7edf\u76ee\u5f55\u3002\n--exclude-vcs-ignores\uff1a\u4eceVCS\u5ffd\u7565\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u8bfb\u53d6\u6392\u9664\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002\n--no-null\uff1a\u7981\u7528\u5148\u524d\u7684--null\u9009\u9879\u7684\u6548\u679c\u3002\n--no-recursion\uff1a\u907f\u514d\u81ea\u52a8\u8fdb\u5165\u76ee\u5f55\u3002\n--no-unquote\uff1a\u4e0d\u53d6\u6d88\u8f93\u5165\u6587\u4ef6\u6216\u6210\u5458\u540d\u79f0\u7684\u5f15\u7528\u3002\n--no-verbatim-files-from\uff1a-T\u5c06\u4ee5\u7834\u6298\u53f7\u5f00\u5934\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u540d\u89c6\u4e3a\u9009\u9879\uff08\u9ed8\u8ba4\uff09\u3002\n--null\uff1a-T\u8bfb\u53d6\u4ee5\u7a7a\u7ec8\u6b62\u7684\u540d\u79f0\uff1b\u6697\u793a--verbatim-files-from\u3002\n--recursion\uff1a\u9012\u5f52\u8fdb\u5165\u76ee\u5f55\uff08\u9ed8\u8ba4\uff09\u3002\n-T, --files-from=FILE\uff1a\u4eceFILE\u83b7\u53d6\u8981\u63d0\u53d6\u6216\u521b\u5efa\u7684\u540d\u79f0\u3002\n--unquote\uff1a\u53d6\u6d88\u8f93\u5165\u6587\u4ef6\u6216\u6210\u5458\u540d\u79f0\u7684\u5f15\u7528\uff08\u9ed8\u8ba4\uff09\u3002\n--verbatim-files-from\uff1a-T \u9009\u9879\u6309\u539f\u6837\u8bfb\u53d6\u6587\u4ef6\u540d\uff08\u4e0d\u8fdb\u884c\u8f6c\u4e49\u6216\u9009\u9879\u5904\u7406\uff09\u3002\n-X, --exclude-from=FILE\uff1a\u6392\u9664\u5728 FILE \u4e2d\u5217\u51fa\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\n\n\u6587\u4ef6\u540d\u5339\u914d\u9009\u9879\uff08\u540c\u65f6\u5f71\u54cd\u6392\u9664\u548c\u5305\u542b\u6a21\u5f0f\uff09\uff1a\n--anchored\uff1a\u6a21\u5f0f\u5339\u914d\u6587\u4ef6\u540d\u5f00\u5934\u3002\n--ignore-case\uff1a\u5ffd\u7565\u5927\u5c0f\u5199\u3002\n--no-anchored\uff1a\u6a21\u5f0f\u5728\u4efb\u4f55 &#039;\/&#039; \u4e4b\u540e\u5339\u914d\uff08\u6392\u9664\u7684\u9ed8\u8ba4\u8bbe\u7f6e\uff09\u3002\n--no-ignore-case\uff1a\u5927\u5c0f\u5199\u654f\u611f\u5339\u914d\uff08\u9ed8\u8ba4\uff09\u3002\n--no-wildcards\uff1a\u9010\u5b57\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u5339\u914d\u3002\n--no-wildcards-match-slash\uff1a\u901a\u914d\u7b26\u4e0d\u5339\u914d &#039;\/&#039;\u3002\n--wildcards\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528\u901a\u914d\u7b26\uff08\u9ed8\u8ba4\uff09\u3002\n--wildcards-match-slash\uff1a\u901a\u914d\u7b26\u5339\u914d &#039;\/&#039;\uff08\u6392\u9664\u7684\u9ed8\u8ba4\u8bbe\u7f6e\uff09\u3002\n\n\u4e3b\u8981\u64cd\u4f5c\u6a21\u5f0f\uff1a\n-A, --catenate, --concatenate\uff1a\u5c06 tar \u6587\u4ef6\u9644\u52a0\u5230\u5b58\u6863\u4e2d\u3002\n-c, --create\uff1a\u521b\u5efa\u65b0\u5b58\u6863\u3002\n-d, --diff, --compare\uff1a\u627e\u51fa\u5b58\u6863\u548c\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\u3002\n--delete\uff1a\u4ece\u5b58\u6863\u4e2d\u5220\u9664\uff08\u4e0d\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u78c1\u5e26\uff01\uff09\u3002\n-r, --append\uff1a\u5c06\u6587\u4ef6\u9644\u52a0\u5230\u5b58\u6863\u7684\u672b\u5c3e\u3002\n-t, --list\uff1a\u5217\u51fa\u5b58\u6863\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u3002\n--test-label\uff1a\u6d4b\u8bd5\u5b58\u6863\u5377\u6807\u5e76\u9000\u51fa\u3002\n-u, --update\uff1a\u4ec5\u9644\u52a0\u5b58\u6863\u4e2d\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u65b0\u526f\u672c\u3002\n-x, --extract, --get\uff1a\u4ece\u5b58\u6863\u4e2d\u63d0\u53d6\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\n\n\u64cd\u4f5c\u4fee\u9970\u7b26\uff1a\n--check-device\uff1a\u5728\u521b\u5efa\u589e\u91cf\u5b58\u6863\u65f6\u68c0\u67e5\u8bbe\u5907\u53f7\uff08\u9ed8\u8ba4\uff09\u3002\n-g, --listed-incremental=FILE\uff1a\u5904\u7406\u65b0\u7684 GNU \u683c\u5f0f\u589e\u91cf\u5907\u4efd\u3002\n-G, --incremental\uff1a\u5904\u7406\u65e7\u7684 GNU \u683c\u5f0f\u589e\u91cf\u5907\u4efd\u3002\n--hole-detection=TYPE\uff1a\u68c0\u6d4b\u7a7a\u6d1e\u7684\u6280\u672f\u3002\n--ignore-failed-read\uff1a\u5728\u65e0\u6cd5\u8bfb\u53d6\u6587\u4ef6\u65f6\u4e0d\u8981\u4ee5\u975e\u96f6\u9000\u51fa\u3002\n--level=NUMBER\uff1a\u4e3a\u521b\u5efa\u7684\u5217\u51fa\u7684\u589e\u91cf\u5b58\u6863\u8bbe\u7f6e\u8f6c\u50a8\u7ea7\u522b\u3002\n-n, --seek\uff1a\u5b58\u6863\u662f\u53ef\u5bfb\u5740\u7684\u3002\n--no-check-device\uff1a\u5728\u521b\u5efa\u589e\u91cf\u5b58\u6863\u65f6\u4e0d\u68c0\u67e5\u8bbe\u5907\u53f7\u3002\n--no-seek\uff1a\u5b58\u6863\u4e0d\u53ef\u5bfb\u5740\u3002\n--occurrence[=NUMBER]\uff1a\u4ec5\u5904\u7406\u5b58\u6863\u4e2d\u6bcf\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u7b2c NUMBER \u6b21\u51fa\u73b0\uff1b\u6b64\u9009\u9879\u4ec5\u5728\u4e0e\u5b50\u547d\u4ee4 --delete\u3001--diff\u3001--extract \u6216 --list \u4ee5\u53ca\u5728\u547d\u4ee4\u884c\u4e0a\u6216\u901a\u8fc7 -T \u9009\u9879\u7ed9\u51fa\u6587\u4ef6\u5217\u8868\u65f6\u6709\u6548\uff1bNUMBER \u9ed8\u8ba4\u4e3a 1\u3002\n--sparse-version=MAJOR[.MINOR]\uff1a\u8bbe\u7f6e\u8981\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u7a00\u758f\u683c\u5f0f\u7684\u7248\u672c\uff08\u6697\u793a --sparse\uff09\u3002\n-S, --sparse\uff1a\u6709\u6548\u5904\u7406\u7a00\u758f\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\n\n\u8986\u76d6\u63a7\u5236\uff1a\n-k, --keep-old-files\uff1a\u5728\u63d0\u53d6\u65f6\u4e0d\u66ff\u6362\u73b0\u6709\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u5c06\u5b83\u4eec\u89c6\u4e3a\u9519\u8bef\u3002\n--keep-directory-symlink\uff1a\u5728\u63d0\u53d6\u65f6\u4fdd\u7559\u73b0\u6709\u7684\u6307\u5411\u76ee\u5f55\u7684\u7b26\u53f7\u94fe\u63a5\u3002\n--keep-newer-files\uff1a\u4e0d\u66ff\u6362\u6bd4\u5176\u5b58\u6863\u526f\u672c\u66f4\u65b0\u7684\u73b0\u6709\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\n--no-overwrite-dir\uff1a\u4fdd\u7559\u73b0\u6709\u76ee\u5f55\u7684\u5143\u6570\u636e\u3002\n--one-top-level[=DIR]\uff1a\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b50\u76ee\u5f55\uff0c\u4ee5\u907f\u514d\u63d0\u53d6\u677e\u6563\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\n--overwrite\uff1a\u5728\u63d0\u53d6\u65f6\u8986\u76d6\u73b0\u6709\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\n--overwrite-dir\uff1a\u5728\u63d0\u53d6\u65f6\u8986\u76d6\u73b0\u6709\u76ee\u5f55\u7684\u5143\u6570\u636e\uff08\u9ed8\u8ba4\uff09\u3002\n--recursive-unlink\uff1a\u5728\u63d0\u53d6\u76ee\u5f55\u4e4b\u524d\u6e05\u7a7a\u5c42\u6b21\u7ed3\u6784\u3002\n--remove-files\uff1a\u5c06\u6587\u4ef6\u6dfb\u52a0\u5230\u5b58\u6863\u540e\u5220\u9664\u5b83\u4eec\u3002\n--skip-old-files\uff1a\u5728\u63d0\u53d6\u65f6\u4e0d\u66ff\u6362\u73b0\u6709\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u9759\u9ed8\u8df3\u8fc7\u5b83\u4eec\u3002\n-U, --unlink-first\uff1a\u5728\u5176\u4e0a\u63d0\u53d6\u4e4b\u524d\u5220\u9664\u6bcf\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\n-W, --verify\uff1a\u5c1d\u8bd5\u5728\u5199\u5165\u540e\u9a8c\u8bc1\u5b58\u6863\u3002\n\n\u9009\u62e9\u8f93\u51fa\u6d41\uff1a\n--ignore-command-error\uff1a\u5ffd\u7565\u5b50\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7684\u9000\u51fa\u4ee3\u7801\u3002\n--no-ignore-command-error\uff1a\u5c06\u5b50\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7684\u975e\u96f6\u9000\u51fa\u4ee3\u7801\u89c6\u4e3a\u9519\u8bef\u3002\n-O, --to-stdout\uff1a\u5c06\u6587\u4ef6\u63d0\u53d6\u5230\u6807\u51c6\u8f93\u51fa\u3002\n--to-command=COMMAND\uff1a\u5c06\u63d0\u53d6\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u901a\u8fc7\u7ba1\u9053\u53d1\u9001\u5230\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u7a0b\u5e8f\u3002\n\n\u5904\u7406\u6587\u4ef6\u5c5e\u6027\uff1a\n--atime-preserve[=METHOD]\uff1a\u4fdd\u7559\u8f6c\u50a8\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u8bbf\u95ee\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u5728\u8bfb\u53d6\u540e\u6062\u590d\u65f6\u95f4\uff08METHOD=&#039;replace&#039;\uff1b\u9ed8\u8ba4\uff09\u6216\u9996\u5148\u4e0d\u8bbe\u7f6e\u65f6\u95f4\uff08METHOD=&#039;system&#039;\uff09\u3002\n--clamp-mtime\uff1a\u4ec5\u5728\u6587\u4ef6\u6bd4\u4f7f\u7528 --mtime \u7ed9\u5b9a\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u66f4\u8fd1\u65f6\u8bbe\u7f6e\u65f6\u95f4\u3002\n--delay-directory-restore\uff1a\u5ef6\u8fdf\u8bbe\u7f6e\u63d0\u53d6\u7684\u76ee\u5f55\u7684\u4fee\u6539\u65f6\u95f4\u548c\u6743\u9650\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u63d0\u53d6\u7ed3\u675f\u3002\n--group=NAME\uff1a\u5c06 NAME \u5f3a\u5236\u7528\u4f5c\u6dfb\u52a0\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u7ec4\u3002\n--group-map=FILE\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528 FILE \u6765\u6620\u5c04\u6587\u4ef6\u6240\u6709\u8005 GID \u548c\u540d\u79f0\u3002\n--mode=CHANGES\uff1a\u5f3a\u5236\u4e3a\u6dfb\u52a0\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u8bbe\u7f6e\uff08\u7b26\u53f7\uff09\u6a21\u5f0f\u66f4\u6539\u3002\n--mtime=DATE-OR-FILE\uff1a\u4ece DATE-OR-FILE \u8bbe\u7f6e\u6dfb\u52a0\u6587\u4ef6\u7684 mtime\u3002\n-m, --touch\uff1a\u4e0d\u63d0\u53d6\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u4fee\u6539\u65f6\u95f4\u3002\n--no-delay-directory-restore\uff1a\u53d6\u6d88 --delay-directory-restore \u9009\u9879\u7684\u6548\u679c\u3002\n--no-same-owner\uff1a\u4ee5\u4f60\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u8eab\u4efd\u63d0\u53d6\u6587\u4ef6\uff08\u666e\u901a\u7528\u6237\u7684\u9ed8\u8ba4\u8bbe\u7f6e\uff09\u3002\n--no-same-permissions\uff1a\u5728\u4ece\u5b58\u6863\u63d0\u53d6\u6743\u9650\u65f6\u5e94\u7528\u7528\u6237\u7684 umask\uff08\u666e\u901a\u7528\u6237\u7684\u9ed8\u8ba4\u8bbe\u7f6e\uff09\u3002\n--numeric-owner\uff1a\u59cb\u7ec8\u4e3a\u7528\u6237\/\u7ec4\u540d\u79f0\u4f7f\u7528\u6570\u5b57\u3002\n--owner=NAME\uff1a\u5c06 NAME \u5f3a\u5236\u7528\u4f5c\u6dfb\u52a0\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u6240\u6709\u8005\u3002\n--owner-map=FILE\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528 FILE \u6765\u6620\u5c04\u6587\u4ef6\u6240\u6709\u8005 UID \u548c\u540d\u79f0\u3002\n-p, --preserve-permissions, --same-permissions\uff1a\u63d0\u53d6\u6709\u5173\u6587\u4ef6\u6743\u9650\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\uff08\u8d85\u7ea7\u7528\u6237\u7684\u9ed8\u8ba4\u8bbe\u7f6e\uff09\u3002\n--same-owner\uff1a\u5c1d\u8bd5\u4ee5\u5b58\u6863\u4e2d\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u76f8\u540c\u6240\u6709\u6743\u63d0\u53d6\u6587\u4ef6\uff08\u8d85\u7ea7\u7528\u6237\u7684\u9ed8\u8ba4\u8bbe\u7f6e\uff09\u3002\n-s, --preserve-order, --same-order\uff1a\u6210\u5458\u53c2\u6570\u6309\u7167\u5b58\u6863\u4e2d\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u987a\u5e8f\u5217\u51fa\u3002\n\n\u5904\u7406\u6269\u5c55\u6587\u4ef6\u5c5e\u6027\uff1a\n--acls\uff1a\u542f\u7528 POSIX ACLs \u652f\u6301\u3002\n--no-acls\uff1a\u7981\u7528 POSIX ACLs \u652f\u6301\u3002\n--no-selinux\uff1a\u7981\u7528 SELinux \u4e0a\u4e0b\u6587\u652f\u6301\u3002\n--no-xattrs\uff1a\u7981\u7528\u6269\u5c55\u5c5e\u6027\u652f\u6301\u3002\n--selinux\uff1a\u542f\u7528 SELinux \u4e0a\u4e0b\u6587\u652f\u6301\u3002\n--xattrs\uff1a\u542f\u7528\u6269\u5c55\u5c5e\u6027\u652f\u6301\u3002\n--xattrs-exclude=MASK\uff1a\u6307\u5b9a xattr \u952e\u7684\u6392\u9664\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002\n--xattrs-include=MASK\uff1a\u6307\u5b9a xattr \u952e\u7684\u5305\u542b\u6a21\u5f0f\n\n\u8bbe\u5907\u9009\u62e9\u548c\u5207\u6362\uff1a\n-f, --file=ARCHIVE\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528\u5b58\u6863\u6587\u4ef6\u6216\u8bbe\u5907 ARCHIVE\u3002\n--force-local\uff1a\u5373\u4f7f\u5177\u6709\u5192\u53f7\uff0c\u5b58\u6863\u6587\u4ef6\u4e5f\u662f\u672c\u5730\u7684\u3002\n-F, --info-script=NAME, --new-volume-script=NAME\uff1a\u5728\u6bcf\u4e2a\u78c1\u5e26\u7ed3\u675f\u65f6\u8fd0\u884c\u811a\u672c\uff08\u6697\u793a -M\uff09\u3002\n-L, --tape-length=NUMBER\uff1a\u5728\u5199\u5165 NUMBER x 1024 \u5b57\u8282\u540e\u66f4\u6539\u78c1\u5e26\u3002\n-M, --multi-volume\uff1a\u521b\u5efa\/\u5217\u51fa\/\u63d0\u53d6\u591a\u5377\u5b58\u6863\u3002\n--rmt-command=COMMAND\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528\u7ed9\u5b9a\u7684 rmt COMMAND \u800c\u4e0d\u662f rmt\u3002\n--rsh-command=COMMAND\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528\u8fdc\u7a0b COMMAND \u800c\u4e0d\u662f rsh\u3002\n--volno-file=FILE\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528\/\u66f4\u65b0 FILE \u4e2d\u7684\u5377\u53f7\u3002\n\n\u8bbe\u5907\u963b\u585e\uff1a\n-b, --blocking-factor=BLOCKS\uff1a\u6bcf\u4e2a\u8bb0\u5f55 BLOCKS x 512 \u5b57\u8282\u3002\n-B, --read-full-records\uff1a\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u8bfb\u53d6\u65f6\u91cd\u65b0\u963b\u6b62\uff08\u9002\u7528\u4e8e 4.2BSD \u7ba1\u9053\uff09\u3002\n-i, --ignore-zeros\uff1a\u5ffd\u7565\u5b58\u6863\u4e2d\u7684\u96f6\u5757\uff08\u8868\u793a EOF\uff09\u3002\n--record-size=NUMBER\uff1a\u6bcf\u4e2a\u8bb0\u5f55\u7684\u5b57\u8282\u6570\uff0c\u662f 512 \u7684\u500d\u6570\u3002\n\n\u5b58\u6863\u683c\u5f0f\u9009\u62e9\uff1a\n-H, --format=FORMAT\uff1a\u521b\u5efa\u6307\u5b9a\u683c\u5f0f\u7684\u5b58\u6863\u3002\n    gnu\uff1aGNU tar 1.13.x \u683c\u5f0f\u3002\n    oldgnu\uff1atar &lt;= 1.12 \u7684 GNU \u683c\u5f0f\u3002\n    pax\uff1aPOSIX 1003.1-2001 (pax) \u683c\u5f0f\u3002\n    posix\uff1a\u4e0e pax \u76f8\u540c\u3002\n    ustar\uff1aPOSIX 1003.1-1988 (ustar) \u683c\u5f0f\u3002\n    v7\uff1a\u65e7\u7684 V7 tar \u683c\u5f0f\u3002\n--old-archive, --portability\uff1a\u4e0e --format=v7 \u76f8\u540c\u3002\n--pax-option=keyword[[:]=value][,keyword[[:]=value]]...\uff1a\u63a7\u5236 pax \u5173\u952e\u5b57\u3002\n--posix\uff1a\u4e0e --format=posix \u76f8\u540c\u3002\n-V, --label=TEXT\uff1a\u521b\u5efa\u5377\u540d\u4e3a TEXT \u7684\u5b58\u6863\uff1b\u5728\u5217\u8868\/\u63d0\u53d6\u65f6\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528 TEXT \u4f5c\u4e3a\u5377\u540d\u7684\u901a\u914d\u7b26\u6a21\u5f0f\n\n\u538b\u7f29\u9009\u9879\uff1a\n-a, --auto-compress\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528\u5b58\u6863\u540e\u7f00\u6765\u786e\u5b9a\u538b\u7f29\u7a0b\u5e8f\u3002\n-I, --use-compress-program=PROG\uff1a\u901a\u8fc7 PROG \u8fc7\u6ee4\uff08\u5fc5\u987b\u63a5\u53d7 -d\uff09\u3002\n-j, --bzip2\uff1a\u901a\u8fc7 bzip2 \u8fc7\u6ee4\u5b58\u6863\u3002\n-J, --xz\uff1a\u901a\u8fc7 xz \u8fc7\u6ee4\u5b58\u6863\u3002\n--lzip\uff1a\u901a\u8fc7 lzip \u8fc7\u6ee4\u5b58\u6863\u3002\n--lzma\uff1a\u901a\u8fc7 xz --format=lzma \u8fc7\u6ee4\u5b58\u6863\u3002\n--lzop\uff1a\u901a\u8fc7 lzop \u8fc7\u6ee4\u5b58\u6863\u3002\n--no-auto-compress\uff1a\u4e0d\u4f7f\u7528\u5b58\u6863\u540e\u7f00\u6765\u786e\u5b9a\u538b\u7f29\u7a0b\u5e8f\u3002\n-z, --gzip, --gunzip, --ungzip\uff1a\u901a\u8fc7 gzip \u8fc7\u6ee4\u5b58\u6863\u3002\n-Z, --compress, --uncompress\uff1a\u901a\u8fc7 compress \u8fc7\u6ee4\u5b58\u6863\u3002\n\n\u672c\u5730\u6587\u4ef6\u9009\u62e9\uff1a\n--backup[=CONTROL]\uff1a\u5220\u9664\u524d\u5907\u4efd\uff0c\u9009\u62e9\u7248\u672c CONTROL\u3002\n-h, --dereference\uff1a\u8ddf\u968f\u7b26\u53f7\u94fe\u63a5\uff1b\u5b58\u6863\u5e76\u8f6c\u50a8\u5b83\u4eec\u6307\u5411\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\n--hard-dereference\uff1a\u8ddf\u968f\u786c\u94fe\u63a5\uff1b\u5b58\u6863\u5e76\u8f6c\u50a8\u5b83\u4eec\u5f15\u7528\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\n-K, --starting-file=MEMBER-NAME\uff1a\u5f00\u59cb\u4e8e\u6210\u5458 MEMBER-NAME \u8bfb\u53d6\u5b58\u6863\u3002\n--newer-mtime=DATE\uff1a\u53ea\u6bd4\u8f83\u65e5\u671f\u548c\u6570\u636e\u66f4\u6539\u65f6\u95f4\u3002\n-N, --newer=DATE-OR-FILE, --after-date=DATE-OR-FILE\uff1a\u4ec5\u5b58\u50a8\u6bd4 DATE-OR-FILE \u66f4\u65b0\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\n--one-file-system\uff1a\u521b\u5efa\u5b58\u6863\u65f6\u4fdd\u6301\u5728\u672c\u5730\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002\n-P, --absolute-names\uff1a\u4e0d\u4ece\u6587\u4ef6\u540d\u4e2d\u5220\u9664\u5f00\u5934\u7684 &#039;\/&#039;\u3002\n--suffix=STRING\uff1a\u5220\u9664\u524d\u5907\u4efd\uff0c\u8986\u76d6\u901a\u5e38\u7684\u540e\u7f00\uff08&#039;~&#039;\uff0c\u9664\u975e\u901a\u8fc7\u73af\u5883\u53d8\u91cf SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX \u8986\u76d6\uff09\u3002\n\n\u6587\u4ef6\u540d\u8f6c\u6362\uff1a\n--strip-components=NUMBER\uff1a\u5728\u63d0\u53d6\u65f6\u4ece\u6587\u4ef6\u540d\u4e2d\u53bb\u9664 NUMBER \u4e2a\u524d\u5bfc\u7ec4\u4ef6\u3002\n--transform=EXPRESSION, --xform=EXPRESSION\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528 sed \u66ff\u6362\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u6765\u8f6c\u6362\u6587\u4ef6\u540d\u3002\n\n\u4fe1\u606f\u8f93\u51fa\uff1a\n--checkpoint[=NUMBER]\uff1a\u6bcf NUMBER \u6761\u8bb0\u5f55\u663e\u793a\u4e00\u6b21\u8fdb\u5ea6\u6d88\u606f\uff08\u9ed8\u8ba4\u4e3a10\uff09\u3002\n--checkpoint-action=ACTION\uff1a\u5728\u6bcf\u4e2a\u68c0\u67e5\u70b9\u4e0a\u6267\u884c\u52a8\u4f5c\u3002\n--full-time\uff1a\u4ee5\u5b8c\u6574\u5206\u8fa8\u7387\u6253\u5370\u6587\u4ef6\u65f6\u95f4\u3002\n--index-file=FILE\uff1a\u5c06\u8be6\u7ec6\u8f93\u51fa\u53d1\u9001\u5230 FILE\u3002\n-l, --check-links\uff1a\u5982\u679c\u672a\u8f6c\u50a8\u6240\u6709\u94fe\u63a5\uff0c\u5219\u6253\u5370\u4e00\u6761\u6d88\u606f\u3002\n--no-quote-chars=STRING\uff1a\u7981\u7528\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u4e2d\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u5f15\u7528\u3002\n--quote-chars=STRING\uff1a\u989d\u5916\u5f15\u7528\u6765\u81ea STRING \u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u3002\n--quoting-style=STYLE\uff1a\u8bbe\u7f6e\u540d\u79f0\u5f15\u7528\u6837\u5f0f\uff1b\u89c1\u4e0b\u6587\u4e86\u89e3\u6709\u6548\u7684 STYLE \u503c\u3002\n-R, --block-number\uff1a\u5728\u6bcf\u6761\u6d88\u606f\u4e2d\u663e\u793a\u5b58\u6863\u4e2d\u7684\u5757\u53f7\u3002\n--show-defaults\uff1a\u663e\u793a tar \u9ed8\u8ba4\u503c\u3002\n--show-omitted-dirs\uff1a\u5728\u5217\u51fa\u6216\u63d0\u53d6\u65f6\uff0c\u5217\u51fa\u4e0d\u7b26\u5408\u641c\u7d22\u6761\u4ef6\u7684\u6bcf\u4e2a\u76ee\u5f55\u3002\n--show-snapshot-field-ranges\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u5feb\u7167\u6587\u4ef6\u5b57\u6bb5\u7684\u6709\u6548\u8303\u56f4\u3002\n--show-transformed-names, --show-stored-names\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u8f6c\u6362\u540e\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u6216\u5b58\u6863\u540d\u79f0\u3002\n--totals[=SIGNAL]\uff1a\u5904\u7406\u5b58\u6863\u540e\u6253\u5370\u603b\u5b57\u8282\u6570\uff1b\u5982\u679c\u5e26\u53c2\u6570\uff0c\u5219\u5728\u63a5\u6536\u5230\u6b64\u4fe1\u53f7\u65f6\u6253\u5370\u603b\u5b57\u8282\u6570\u3002\u5141\u8bb8\u7684\u4fe1\u53f7\u6709\uff1aSIGHUP, SIGQUIT, SIGINT, SIGUSR1 \u548c SIGUSR2\uff1b\u4e5f\u63a5\u53d7\u6ca1\u6709 SIG \u524d\u7f00\u7684\u540d\u79f0\u3002\n--utc\uff1a\u4ee5 UTC \u6253\u5370\u6587\u4ef6\u4fee\u6539\u65f6\u95f4\u3002\n-v, --verbose\uff1a\u8be6\u7ec6\u5217\u51fa\u5904\u7406\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\n--warning=KEYWORD\uff1a\u8b66\u544a\u63a7\u5236\u3002\n-w, --interactive, --confirmation\uff1a\u6bcf\u4e2a\u64cd\u4f5c\u90fd\u8981\u6c42\u786e\u8ba4\u3002\n\n\u517c\u5bb9\u6027\u9009\u9879\uff1a\n-o\uff1a\u521b\u5efa\u65f6\u4e0e --old-archive \u76f8\u540c\uff1b\u63d0\u53d6\u65f6\u4e0e --no-same-owner \u76f8\u540c\u3002\n\n\u5176\u4ed6\u9009\u9879\uff1a\n\n-?, --help\uff1a\u63d0\u4f9b\u6b64\u5e2e\u52a9\u5217\u8868\u3002\n--restrict\uff1a\u7981\u7528\u67d0\u4e9b\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u5bb3\u7684\u9009\u9879\u3002\n--usage\uff1a\u7ed9\u51fa\u7b80\u77ed\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u6d88\u606f\u3002\n--version\uff1a\u6253\u5370\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7248\u672c\u3002\n\u957f\u9009\u9879\u7684\u5f3a\u5236\u6216\u53ef\u9009\u53c2\u6570\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4efb\u4f55\u76f8\u5e94\u7684\u77ed\u9009\u9879\u4e5f\u662f\u5f3a\u5236\u6216\u53ef\u9009\u7684\u3002\n\n\u5907\u4efd\u540e\u7f00\u662f&#039;~&#039;\uff0c\u9664\u975e\u4f7f\u7528 --suffix \u6216 SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX \u8bbe\u7f6e\u3002\n\u7248\u672c\u63a7\u5236\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 --backup \u6216 VERSION_CONTROL \u8bbe\u7f6e\uff0c\u503c\u4e3a\uff1a\n\nnone, off\uff1a\u6c38\u8fdc\u4e0d\u8981\u5907\u4efd\nt, numbered\uff1a\u8fdb\u884c\u7f16\u53f7\u5907\u4efd\nnil, existing\uff1a\u5982\u679c\u6709\u7f16\u53f7\u5907\u4efd\u5219\u7f16\u53f7\uff0c\u5426\u5219\u7b80\u5355\nnever, simple\uff1a\u59cb\u7ec8\u8fdb\u884c\u7b80\u5355\u5907\u4efd\n--quoting-style \u9009\u9879\u7684\u6709\u6548\u53c2\u6570\u5305\u62ec\uff1a\n\nliteral\nshell\nshell-always\nshell-escape\nshell-escape-always\nc\nc-maybe\nescape\nlocale\nclocale\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u5e38\u7528\u9009\u9879\uff1a<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><code>-c<\/code>\uff1a\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684 tar \u6587\u4ef6\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-x<\/code>\uff1a\u4ece\u4e00\u4e2a tar \u6587\u4ef6(\u5f52\u6863\u6587\u4ef6)\u4e2d\u63d0\u53d6\u6587\u4ef6\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-f<\/code>\uff1a\u6307\u5b9a tar \u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u540d\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-t<\/code> \u5217\u51fa\u5f52\u6863\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-v<\/code> \u8be6\u7ec6\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u663e\u793a\u64cd\u4f5c\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-z<\/code>\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528 gzip \u8fdb\u884c\u538b\u7f29\u548c\u89e3\u538b\u7f29\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-j<\/code>\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528 bzip2 \u8fdb\u884c\u538b\u7f29\u548c\u89e3\u538b\u7f29\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-J<\/code>\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528 xz \u8fdb\u884c\u538b\u7f29\u548c\u89e3\u538b\u7f29\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-C<\/code>\uff1a\u6307\u5b9a\u89e3\u538b\u7f29\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u76ee\u5f55\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-p<\/code> \u4fdd\u7559\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u539f\u59cb\u6743\u9650\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-t\u6216--list<\/code> :\u5217\u51fa\u5907\u4efd\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">#\u4e0b\u9762\u662f\u4e00\u4e9b\u5e38\u89c1\u7684 tar \u547d\u4ee4\u64cd\u4f5c\uff1a\n1.\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684 tar \u6587\u4ef6\uff1atar -cvf archive.tar file1 file2 file3\n\u8be5\u547d\u4ee4\u4f1a\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u540d\u4e3a archive.tar \u7684 tar \u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06 file1\u3001file2 \u548c file3 \u6587\u4ef6\u6dfb\u52a0\u5230\u8be5\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u3002\n\n2.\u67e5\u770b tar \u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\uff1atar -tvf archive.tar\n\u8be5\u547d\u4ee4\u4f1a\u5217\u51fa archive.tar \u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u5305\u542b\u7684\u6240\u6709\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u540d\u79f0\u548c\u5c5e\u6027\u3002\n\n3.\u89e3\u538b\u7f29\u4e00\u4e2a tar \u6587\u4ef6(\u4ece\u5f52\u6863\u4e2d\u63d0\u53d6\u6587\u4ef6)\uff1atar -xvf archive.tar\n\u8be5\u547d\u4ee4\u4f1a\u5c06 archive.tar \u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u7684\u6240\u6709\u6587\u4ef6\u89e3\u538b\u7f29\u5230\u5f53\u524d\u76ee\u5f55\u4e2d\u3002\n\n4.\u4ece\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f7f\u7528 gzip \u538b\u7f29\u7684\u5f52\u6863\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u63d0\u53d6\u6587\u4ef6\/\u89e3\u538b\u7f29\u4e00\u4e2a tar.gz \u6587\u4ef6\uff1atar -zxvf archive.tar.gz\n\u8be5\u547d\u4ee4\u4f1a\u5c06 archive.tar.gz \u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u7684\u6240\u6709\u6587\u4ef6\u89e3\u538b\u7f29\u5230\u5f53\u524d\u76ee\u5f55\u4e2d\uff0c\u5e76\u4f7f\u7528 gzip \u8fdb\u884c\u89e3\u538b\u7f29\u3002\n\n5.\u89e3\u538b\u7f29\u4e00\u4e2a tar.bz2 \u6587\u4ef6\uff1atar -jxvf archive.tar.bz2\n\u8be5\u547d\u4ee4\u4f1a\u5c06 archive.tar.bz2 \u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u7684\u6240\u6709\u6587\u4ef6\u89e3\u538b\u7f29\u5230\u5f53\u524d\u76ee\u5f55\u4e2d\uff0c\u5e76\u4f7f\u7528 bzip2 \u8fdb\u884c\u89e3\u538b\u7f29\u3002\n\n6.\u89e3\u538b\u7f29\u4e00\u4e2a tar.xz \u6587\u4ef6\uff1atar -Jxvf archive.tar.xz\n\u8be5\u547d\u4ee4\u4f1a\u5c06 archive.tar.xz \u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u7684\u6240\u6709\u6587\u4ef6\u89e3\u538b\u7f29\u5230\u5f53\u524d\u76ee\u5f55\u4e2d\uff0c\u5e76\u4f7f\u7528 xz \u8fdb\u884c\u89e3\u538b\u7f29\u3002\n\n7.\u5c06\u4e00\u4e2a\u76ee\u5f55\u6253\u5305\u6210 tar \u6587\u4ef6\uff1atar -cvf archive.tar dir\/\n\u8be5\u547d\u4ee4\u4f1a\u5c06 dir\/ \u76ee\u5f55\u4e0b\u7684\u6240\u6709\u6587\u4ef6\u548c\u5b50\u76ee\u5f55\u6253\u5305\u6210 archive.tar \u6587\u4ef6\u3002\n\n8.\u5c06\u4e00\u4e2a\u76ee\u5f55\u6253\u5305\u6210 tar.gz \u6587\u4ef6\uff1atar -czvf archive.tar.gz dir\/\n\u8be5\u547d\u4ee4\u4f1a\u5c06 dir\/ \u76ee\u5f55\u4e0b\u7684\u6240\u6709\u6587\u4ef6\u548c\u5b50\u76ee\u5f55\u6253\u5305\u6210 archive.tar.gz \u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u5e76\u4f7f\u7528 gzip \u8fdb\u884c\u538b\u7f29\u3002\n\n9.\u5c06\u4e00\u4e2a\u76ee\u5f55\u6253\u5305\u6210 tar.bz2 \u6587\u4ef6\uff1atar -cjvf archive.tar.bz2 dir\/\n\u8be5\u547d\u4ee4\u4f1a\u5c06 dir\/ \u76ee\u5f55\u4e0b\u7684\u6240\u6709\u6587\u4ef6\u548c\u5b50\u76ee\u5f55\u6253\n\n10.\u4f7f\u7528 xz \u538b\u7f29\uff1a\ntar -cJvf archive.tar.xz directory\n\n11.\u6dfb\u52a0\u6587\u4ef6\u5230\u5df2\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u5f52\u6863:\ntar -rvf archive.tar newfile\n\n12.\u4ece\u5f52\u6863\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u5220\u9664\u6587\u4ef6:\ntar --delete -f archive.tar file-to-delete<\/code><\/pre>\n<h2>tmux<\/h2>\n<p><code>tmux<\/code> \u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5728 Linux \u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u7528\u4e8e\u591a\u8def\u590d\u7528\u7ec8\u7aef\u7684\u5de5\u5177\u3002\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u628a\u5b83\u770b\u4f5c\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7a97\u53e3\u7ba1\u7406\u5668\uff0c\u53ea\u4e0d\u8fc7\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7a97\u53e3\u7ba1\u7406\u5668\u8fd0\u884c\u5728\u4f60\u7684\u6587\u672c\u7ec8\u7aef\u91cc\u3002<code>tmux<\/code> \u53ef\u4ee5\u8ba9\u4f60\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ec8\u7aef\u7a97\u53e3\u4e2d\u4f7f\u7528\u591a\u4e2a\u7ec8\u7aef\u4f1a\u8bdd\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4f1a\u8bdd\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u540e\u53f0\u8fd0\u884c\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5b8c\u5168\u72ec\u7acb\u4e8e\u4f60\u7684\u7ec8\u7aef\u7a97\u53e3\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Tmux \u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ec8\u7aef\u590d\u7528\u5668\uff08terminal multiplexer\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u5178\u578b\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u884c\u4f7f\u7528\u65b9\u5f0f<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u6253\u5f00\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ec8\u7aef\u7a97\u53e3\uff08terminal window\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e0b\u7b80\u79f0&quot;\u7a97\u53e3&quot;\uff09\uff0c\u5728\u91cc\u9762\u8f93\u5165\u547d\u4ee4\u3002\u7528\u6237\u4e0e\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7684\u8fd9\u79cd\u4e34\u65f6\u7684\u4ea4\u4e92\uff0c\u79f0\u4e3a\u4e00\u6b21&quot;\u4f1a\u8bdd&quot;\uff08session\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4f1a\u8bdd\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u7279\u70b9\u662f\uff0c\u7a97\u53e3\u4e0e\u5176\u4e2d\u542f\u52a8\u7684\u8fdb\u7a0b\u662f\u7ed1\u5b9a\u7684\u3002\u6253\u5f00\u7a97\u53e3\uff0c\u4f1a\u8bdd\u5f00\u59cb\uff1b\u5173\u95ed\u7a97\u53e3\uff0c\u4f1a\u8bdd\u7ed3\u675f\uff0c\u4f1a\u8bdd\u5185\u90e8\u7684\u8fdb\u7a0b\u4e5f\u4f1a\u968f\u4e4b\u7ec8\u6b62\uff0c\u4e0d\u7ba1\u6709\u6ca1\u6709\u8fd0\u884c\u5b8c\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u56e0\u6b64<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ruanyifeng.com\/blog\/2011\/12\/ssh_remote_login.html\" title=\"SSH \u767b\u5f55\">SSH \u767b\u5f55<\/a>\u8fdc\u7a0b\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\uff0c\u6253\u5f00\u4e00\u4e2a\u8fdc\u7a0b\u7a97\u53e3\u6267\u884c\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u7f51\u7edc\u7a81\u7136\u65ad\u7ebf\uff0c\u518d\u6b21\u767b\u5f55\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u662f\u627e\u4e0d\u56de\u4e0a\u4e00\u6b21\u6267\u884c\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e0a\u4e00\u6b21 SSH \u4f1a\u8bdd\u5df2\u7ecf\u7ec8\u6b62\u4e86\uff0c\u91cc\u9762\u7684\u8fdb\u7a0b\u4e5f\u968f\u4e4b\u6d88\u5931\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e3a\u4e86\u89e3\u51b3\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4f1a\u8bdd\u4e0e\u7a97\u53e3\u53ef\u4ee5&quot;\u89e3\u7ed1&quot;\uff1a\u7a97\u53e3\u5173\u95ed\u65f6\uff0c\u4f1a\u8bdd\u5e76\u4e0d\u7ec8\u6b62\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u7ee7\u7eed\u8fd0\u884c\uff0c\u7b49\u5230\u4ee5\u540e\u9700\u8981\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u518d\u8ba9\u4f1a\u8bdd&quot;\u7ed1\u5b9a&quot;\u5176\u4ed6\u7a97\u53e3\u3002<strong>Tmux \u5c31\u662f\u4f1a\u8bdd\u4e0e\u7a97\u53e3\u7684&quot;\u89e3\u7ed1&quot;\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u5c06\u5b83\u4eec\u5f7b\u5e95\u5206\u79bb\u3002<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>tmux\u57fa\u672c\u7528\u6cd5<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\uff081\uff09\u5b83\u5141\u8bb8\u5728\u5355\u4e2a\u7a97\u53e3\u4e2d\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u8bbf\u95ee\u591a\u4e2a\u4f1a\u8bdd\u3002\u8fd9\u5bf9\u4e8e\u540c\u65f6\u8fd0\u884c\u591a\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u884c\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5f88\u6709\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\uff082\uff09 \u5b83\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ba9\u65b0\u7a97\u53e3&quot;\u63a5\u5165&quot;\u5df2\u7ecf\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u4f1a\u8bdd\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\uff083\uff09\u5b83\u5141\u8bb8\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4f1a\u8bdd\u6709\u591a\u4e2a\u8fde\u63a5\u7a97\u53e3\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u53ef\u4ee5\u591a\u4eba\u5b9e\u65f6\u5171\u4eab\u4f1a\u8bdd\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\uff084\uff09\u5b83\u8fd8\u652f\u6301\u7a97\u53e3\u4efb\u610f\u7684\u5782\u76f4\u548c\u6c34\u5e73\u62c6\u5206\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u542f\u52a8\u4e0e\u9000\u51fa<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u5b89\u88c5\u5b8c\u6210\u540e\uff0c\u952e\u5165<code>tmux<\/code>\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u5c31\u8fdb\u5165\u4e86 Tmux \u7a97\u53e3\u3002<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">$ tmux<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u4e0a\u9762\u547d\u4ee4\u4f1a\u542f\u52a8 Tmux \u7a97\u53e3\uff0c\u5e95\u90e8\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u72b6\u6001\u680f\u3002\u72b6\u6001\u680f\u7684\u5de6\u4fa7\u662f\u7a97\u53e3\u4fe1\u606f\uff08\u7f16\u53f7\u548c\u540d\u79f0\uff09\uff0c\u53f3\u4fa7\u662f\u7cfb\u7edf\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/typora-images-1307361841.cos.ap-beijing.myqcloud.com\/img\/3f86ba2587b97ca7c43747138ec61cd1.png\" alt=\"\" \/> <\/p>\n<p>\u6309\u4e0b<code>Ctrl+d<\/code>\u6216\u8005\u663e\u5f0f\u8f93\u5165<code>exit<\/code>\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u9000\u51fa Tmux \u7a97\u53e3\u3002<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">$ exit<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><strong>\u524d\u7f00\u952e<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Tmux \u7a97\u53e3\u6709\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u5feb\u6377\u952e\u3002\u6240\u6709\u5feb\u6377\u952e\u90fd\u8981\u901a\u8fc7\u524d\u7f00\u952e\u5524\u8d77\u3002<strong>\u9ed8\u8ba4\u7684\u524d\u7f00\u952e\u662f<code>Ctrl+b<\/code>\uff0c\u5373\u5148\u6309\u4e0b<code>Ctrl+b<\/code>\uff0c\u5feb\u6377\u952e\u624d\u4f1a\u751f\u6548\u3002<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u4e3e\u4f8b\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u5e2e\u52a9\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u5feb\u6377\u952e\u662f<code>Ctrl+b ?<\/code>\u3002\u5b83\u7684\u7528\u6cd5\u662f\uff0c\u5728 Tmux \u7a97\u53e3\u4e2d\uff0c\u5148\u6309\u4e0b<code>Ctrl+b<\/code>\uff0c\u518d\u6309\u4e0b<code>?<\/code>\uff0c\u5c31\u4f1a\u663e\u793a\u5e2e\u52a9\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\u7136\u540e\uff0c\u6309\u4e0b ESC \u952e\u6216<code>q<\/code>\u952e\uff0c\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u9000\u51fa\u5e2e\u52a9\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u4f1a\u8bdd\u7ba1\u7406<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u65b0\u5efa\u4f1a\u8bdd<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u542f\u52a8\u7684 Tmux \u7a97\u53e3\uff0c\u7f16\u53f7\u662f<code>0<\/code>\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u7a97\u53e3\u7684\u7f16\u53f7\u662f<code>1<\/code>\uff0c\u4ee5\u6b64\u7c7b\u63a8\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7a97\u53e3\u5bf9\u5e94\u7684\u4f1a\u8bdd\uff0c\u5c31\u662f 0 \u53f7\u4f1a\u8bdd\u30011 \u53f7\u4f1a\u8bdd\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4f7f\u7528\u7f16\u53f7\u533a\u5206\u4f1a\u8bdd\uff0c\u4e0d\u592a\u76f4\u89c2\uff0c\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u662f\u4e3a\u4f1a\u8bdd\u8d77\u540d\u3002<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">$ tmux new -s &lt;session-name&gt;\n$ tmux new-session -s &lt;session-name&gt;<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u4e0a\u9762\u547d\u4ee4\u65b0\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u6307\u5b9a\u540d\u79f0\u7684\u4f1a\u8bdd\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u5206\u79bb\u4f1a\u8bdd<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u5728 Tmux \u7a97\u53e3\u4e2d\uff0c\u6309\u4e0b<code>Ctrl+b d<\/code>\u6216\u8005\u8f93\u5165<code>tmux detach<\/code>\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u5c31\u4f1a\u5c06\u5f53\u524d\u4f1a\u8bdd\u4e0e\u7a97\u53e3\u5206\u79bb\u3002<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">$ tmux detach\n$ tmux detach-client<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u4e0a\u9762\u547d\u4ee4\u6267\u884c\u540e\uff0c\u5c31\u4f1a\u9000\u51fa\u5f53\u524d Tmux \u7a97\u53e3\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4f1a\u8bdd\u548c\u91cc\u9762\u7684\u8fdb\u7a0b\u4ecd\u7136\u5728\u540e\u53f0\u8fd0\u884c\u3002<\/p>\n<p><code>tmux ls<\/code>\u547d\u4ee4\u53ef\u4ee5\u67e5\u770b\u5f53\u524d\u6240\u6709\u7684 Tmux \u4f1a\u8bdd\u3002<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">$ tmux ls\n# or\n$ tmux list-session<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><strong>\u63a5\u5165\u4f1a\u8bdd<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><code>tmux attach<\/code>\u547d\u4ee4\u7528\u4e8e\u91cd\u65b0\u63a5\u5165\u67d0\u4e2a\u5df2\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u4f1a\u8bdd\u3002<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\"># \u4f7f\u7528\u4f1a\u8bdd\u7f16\u53f7\n$ tmux attach -t 0\n\n# \u4f7f\u7528\u4f1a\u8bdd\u540d\u79f0\n$ tmux attach -t &lt;session-name&gt;\n$ tmux attach-session -t &lt;session-name&gt;<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><strong>\u6740\u6b7b\u4f1a\u8bdd<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><code>tmux kill-session<\/code>\u547d\u4ee4\u7528\u4e8e\u6740\u6b7b\u67d0\u4e2a\u4f1a\u8bdd\u3002<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\"># \u4f7f\u7528\u4f1a\u8bdd\u7f16\u53f7\n$ tmux kill-session -t 0\n\n# \u4f7f\u7528\u4f1a\u8bdd\u540d\u79f0\n$ tmux kill-session -t &lt;session-name&gt;<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><strong>\u5207\u6362\u4f1a\u8bdd<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><code>tmux switch<\/code>\u547d\u4ee4\u7528\u4e8e\u5207\u6362\u4f1a\u8bdd\uff0c\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f1a\u8bdd\u4e2d\u5207\u6362\u5230\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f1a\u8bdd\u3002<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\"># \u4f7f\u7528\u4f1a\u8bdd\u7f16\u53f7\n$ tmux switch -t 0\n\n# \u4f7f\u7528\u4f1a\u8bdd\u540d\u79f0\n$ tmux switch -t &lt;session-name&gt;<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><strong>\u91cd\u547d\u540d\u4f1a\u8bdd<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><code>tmux rename-session<\/code>\u547d\u4ee4\u7528\u4e8e\u91cd\u547d\u540d\u4f1a\u8bdd\u3002<\/p>\n<pre><code>$ tmux rename-session -t 0 &lt;new-name&gt;<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u4e0a\u9762\u547d\u4ee4\u5c060\u53f7\u4f1a\u8bdd\u91cd\u547d\u540d\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u4f1a\u8bdd\u5feb\u6377\u952e<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u4e0b\u9762\u662f\u4e00\u4e9b\u4f1a\u8bdd\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u5feb\u6377\u952e\u3002<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<ul>\n<li><code>Ctrl+b d<\/code>\uff1a\u5206\u79bb\u5f53\u524d\u4f1a\u8bdd\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>Ctrl+b s<\/code>\uff1a\u5217\u51fa\u6240\u6709\u4f1a\u8bdd\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>Ctrl+b $<\/code>\uff1a\u91cd\u547d\u540d\u5f53\u524d\u4f1a\u8bdd\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p><strong>\u6700\u7b80\u64cd\u4f5c\u6d41\u7a0b<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u7efc\u4e0a\u6240\u8ff0\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e0b\u662f Tmux \u7684\u6700\u7b80\u64cd\u4f5c\u6d41\u7a0b\u3002<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<ol>\n<li>\u65b0\u5efa\u4f1a\u8bdd<code>tmux new -s my_session<\/code>\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u5728 Tmux \u7a97\u53e3\u8fd0\u884c\u6240\u9700\u7684\u7a0b\u5e8f\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u6309\u4e0b\u5feb\u6377\u952e<code>Ctrl+b d<\/code>\u5c06\u4f1a\u8bdd\u5206\u79bb\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u4e0b\u6b21\u4f7f\u7528\u65f6\uff0c\u91cd\u65b0\u8fde\u63a5\u5230\u4f1a\u8bdd<code>tmux attach-session -t my_session<\/code>\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p><strong>\u7a97\u683c\u64cd\u4f5c<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Tmux \u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06\u7a97\u53e3\u5206\u6210\u591a\u4e2a\u7a97\u683c\uff08pane\uff09\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u7a97\u683c\u8fd0\u884c\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u3002\u4ee5\u4e0b\u547d\u4ee4\u90fd\u662f\u5728 Tmux \u7a97\u53e3\u4e2d\u6267\u884c\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u5212\u5206\u7a97\u683c<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><code>tmux split-window<\/code>\u547d\u4ee4\u7528\u6765\u5212\u5206\u7a97\u683c\u3002<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\"># \u5212\u5206\u4e0a\u4e0b\u4e24\u4e2a\u7a97\u683c\n$ tmux split-window\n\n# \u5212\u5206\u5de6\u53f3\u4e24\u4e2a\u7a97\u683c\n$ tmux split-window -h\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/typora-images-1307361841.cos.ap-beijing.myqcloud.com\/img\/b01aed7747c1622b3fe2c4c93e24f078.png\" alt=\"\" \/> <\/p>\n<p><strong>\u79fb\u52a8\u5149\u6807<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><code>tmux select-pane<\/code>\u547d\u4ee4\u7528\u6765\u79fb\u52a8\u5149\u6807\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3002<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\"># \u5149\u6807\u5207\u6362\u5230\u4e0a\u65b9\u7a97\u683c\n$ tmux select-pane -U\n\n# \u5149\u6807\u5207\u6362\u5230\u4e0b\u65b9\u7a97\u683c\n$ tmux select-pane -D\n\n# \u5149\u6807\u5207\u6362\u5230\u5de6\u8fb9\u7a97\u683c\n$ tmux select-pane -L\n\n# \u5149\u6807\u5207\u6362\u5230\u53f3\u8fb9\u7a97\u683c\n$ tmux select-pane -R\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><strong>\u4ea4\u6362\u7a97\u683c\u4f4d\u7f6e<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><code>tmux swap-pane<\/code>\u547d\u4ee4\u7528\u6765\u4ea4\u6362\u7a97\u683c\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3002<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\"># \u5f53\u524d\u7a97\u683c\u4e0a\u79fb\n$ tmux swap-pane -U\n\n# \u5f53\u524d\u7a97\u683c\u4e0b\u79fb\n$ tmux swap-pane -D\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><strong>\u7a97\u683c\u5feb\u6377\u952e<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u4e0b\u9762\u662f\u4e00\u4e9b\u7a97\u683c\u64cd\u4f5c\u7684\u5feb\u6377\u952e\u3002<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<ul>\n<li><code>Ctrl+b %<\/code>\uff1a\u5212\u5206\u5de6\u53f3\u4e24\u4e2a\u7a97\u683c\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>Ctrl+b &quot;<\/code>\uff1a\u5212\u5206\u4e0a\u4e0b\u4e24\u4e2a\u7a97\u683c\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>Ctrl+b &lt;arrow key&gt;<\/code>\uff1a\u5149\u6807\u5207\u6362\u5230\u5176\u4ed6\u7a97\u683c\u3002<code>&lt;arrow key&gt;<\/code>\u662f\u6307\u5411\u8981\u5207\u6362\u5230\u7684\u7a97\u683c\u7684\u65b9\u5411\u952e\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u5207\u6362\u5230\u4e0b\u65b9\u7a97\u683c\uff0c\u5c31\u6309\u65b9\u5411\u952e<code>\u2193<\/code>\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>Ctrl+b ;<\/code>\uff1a\u5149\u6807\u5207\u6362\u5230\u4e0a\u4e00\u4e2a\u7a97\u683c\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>Ctrl+b o<\/code>\uff1a\u5149\u6807\u5207\u6362\u5230\u4e0b\u4e00\u4e2a\u7a97\u683c\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>Ctrl+b {<\/code>\uff1a\u5f53\u524d\u7a97\u683c\u4e0e\u4e0a\u4e00\u4e2a\u7a97\u683c\u4ea4\u6362\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>Ctrl+b }<\/code>\uff1a\u5f53\u524d\u7a97\u683c\u4e0e\u4e0b\u4e00\u4e2a\u7a97\u683c\u4ea4\u6362\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>Ctrl+b Ctrl+o<\/code>\uff1a\u6240\u6709\u7a97\u683c\u5411\u524d\u79fb\u52a8\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u7a97\u683c\u53d8\u6210\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u4e2a\u7a97\u683c\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>Ctrl+b Alt+o<\/code>\uff1a\u6240\u6709\u7a97\u683c\u5411\u540e\u79fb\u52a8\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff0c\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u4e2a\u7a97\u683c\u53d8\u6210\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u7a97\u683c\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>Ctrl+b x<\/code>\uff1a\u5173\u95ed\u5f53\u524d\u7a97\u683c\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>Ctrl+b !<\/code>\uff1a\u5c06\u5f53\u524d\u7a97\u683c\u62c6\u5206\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u72ec\u7acb\u7a97\u53e3\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>Ctrl+b z<\/code>\uff1a\u5f53\u524d\u7a97\u683c\u5168\u5c4f\u663e\u793a\uff0c\u518d\u4f7f\u7528\u4e00\u6b21\u4f1a\u53d8\u56de\u539f\u6765\u5927\u5c0f\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>Ctrl+b Ctrl+&lt;arrow key&gt;<\/code>\uff1a\u6309\u7bad\u5934\u65b9\u5411\u8c03\u6574\u7a97\u683c\u5927\u5c0f\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>Ctrl+b q<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u7a97\u683c\u7f16\u53f7\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p><strong>\u7a97\u53e3\u7ba1\u7406<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u9664\u4e86\u5c06\u4e00\u4e2a\u7a97\u53e3\u5212\u5206\u6210\u591a\u4e2a\u7a97\u683c\uff0cTmux \u4e5f\u5141\u8bb8\u65b0\u5efa\u591a\u4e2a\u7a97\u53e3\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u65b0\u5efa\u7a97\u53e3<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><code>tmux new-window<\/code>\u547d\u4ee4\u7528\u6765\u521b\u5efa\u65b0\u7a97\u53e3\u3002<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">$ tmux new-window\n\n# \u65b0\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u6307\u5b9a\u540d\u79f0\u7684\u7a97\u53e3\n$ tmux new-window -n &lt;window-name&gt;\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><strong>\u5207\u6362\u7a97\u53e3<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><code>tmux select-window<\/code>\u547d\u4ee4\u7528\u6765\u5207\u6362\u7a97\u53e3\u3002<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\"># \u5207\u6362\u5230\u6307\u5b9a\u7f16\u53f7\u7684\u7a97\u53e3\n$ tmux select-window -t &lt;window-number&gt;\n\n# \u5207\u6362\u5230\u6307\u5b9a\u540d\u79f0\u7684\u7a97\u53e3\n$ tmux select-window -t &lt;window-name&gt;\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><strong>\u91cd\u547d\u540d\u7a97\u53e3<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><code>tmux rename-window<\/code>\u547d\u4ee4\u7528\u4e8e\u4e3a\u5f53\u524d\u7a97\u53e3\u8d77\u540d\uff08\u6216\u91cd\u547d\u540d\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">$ tmux rename-window &lt;new-name&gt;<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><strong>\u7a97\u53e3\u5feb\u6377\u952e<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u4e0b\u9762\u662f\u4e00\u4e9b\u7a97\u53e3\u64cd\u4f5c\u7684\u5feb\u6377\u952e\u3002t<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<ul>\n<li><code>Ctrl+b c<\/code>\uff1a\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7a97\u53e3\uff0c\u72b6\u6001\u680f\u4f1a\u663e\u793a\u591a\u4e2a\u7a97\u53e3\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>Ctrl+b p<\/code>\uff1a\u5207\u6362\u5230\u4e0a\u4e00\u4e2a\u7a97\u53e3\uff08\u6309\u7167\u72b6\u6001\u680f\u4e0a\u7684\u987a\u5e8f\uff09\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>Ctrl+b n<\/code>\uff1a\u5207\u6362\u5230\u4e0b\u4e00\u4e2a\u7a97\u53e3\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>Ctrl+b &lt;number&gt;<\/code>\uff1a\u5207\u6362\u5230\u6307\u5b9a\u7f16\u53f7\u7684\u7a97\u53e3\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u7684<code>&lt;number&gt;<\/code>\u662f\u72b6\u6001\u680f\u4e0a\u7684\u7a97\u53e3\u7f16\u53f7,0-9.<\/li>\n<li><code>Ctrl+b w<\/code>\uff1a\u4ece\u5217\u8868\u4e2d\u9009\u62e9\u7a97\u53e3\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>Ctrl+b ,<\/code>\uff1a\u7a97\u53e3\u91cd\u547d\u540d\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>Ctrl-b &amp;<\/code>\uff1a\u5173\u95ed\u5f53\u524d\u7684\u7a97\u53e3\u3002\u8fd9\u5c06\u4f1a\u5173\u95ed\u7a97\u53e3\u4e2d\u7684\u6240\u6709\u9762\u677f\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>Ctrl-b t<\/code>\uff1a\u5728\u72b6\u6001\u680f\u4e2d\u663e\u793a\u65f6\u95f4<\/li>\n<li><code>Ctrl-b :<\/code>\uff1a\u8fdb\u5165 tmux \u547d\u4ee4\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u547d\u4ee4\u884c\u4e2d\u6267\u884c\u66f4\u9ad8\u7ea7\u7684\u547d\u4ee4<\/li>\n<li><code>Ctrl-b [<\/code>\uff1a\u8fdb\u5165\u590d\u5236\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u5386\u53f2\u8bb0\u5f55\u4e2d\u6d4f\u89c8\u548c\u9009\u62e9\u6587\u672c\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>Ctrl-b ]<\/code>\uff1a\u5c06\u590d\u5236\u6a21\u5f0f\u4e2d\u7684\u6587\u672c\u7c98\u8d34\u5230\u5f53\u524d\u7a97\u683c\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>Ctrl-b =<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u5f53\u524d\u7a97\u53e3\u548c\u9762\u677f\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u7a97\u53e3\u548c\u9762\u677f\u7684\u7f16\u53f7\u3001\u540d\u79f0\u7b49\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p><strong>\u5176\u4ed6\u547d\u4ee4<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u4e0b\u9762\u662f\u4e00\u4e9b\u5176\u4ed6\u547d\u4ee4\u3002<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\"># \u5217\u51fa\u6240\u6709\u5feb\u6377\u952e\uff0c\u53ca\u5176\u5bf9\u5e94\u7684 Tmux \u547d\u4ee4\n$ tmux list-keys\n\n# \u5217\u51fa\u6240\u6709 Tmux \u547d\u4ee4\u53ca\u5176\u53c2\u6570\n$ tmux list-commands\n\n# \u5217\u51fa\u5f53\u524d\u6240\u6709 Tmux \u4f1a\u8bdd\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\n$ tmux info\n\n# \u91cd\u65b0\u52a0\u8f7d\u5f53\u524d\u7684 Tmux \u914d\u7f6e\n$ tmux source-file ~\/.tmux.conf<\/code><\/pre>\n<h2>tee<\/h2>\n<blockquote>\n<p><code>tee<\/code>\u547d\u4ee4\u53ef\u4ee5\u628a\u6807\u51c6\u8f93\u5165\u4e2d\u7684\u6570\u636e\u8f93\u51fa\u5230\u6807\u51c6\u8f93\u51fa\u548c\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u4e0d\u7834\u574f\u539f\u6709\u6570\u636e\u7684\u524d\u63d0\u4e0b\u5c06\u6570\u636e\u8f93\u51fa\u5230\u591a\u4e2a\u5730\u65b9\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>\u4f7f\u7528tee\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u683c\u5f0f\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code>tee [\u9009\u9879] [\u6587\u4ef6]\n\u6216\u8005\ncommand | tee [-a] file1 [file2 ...]\n\u5176\u4e2d\uff0ccommand\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u6216\u8005\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u4ea7\u751f\u6570\u636e\u3002\u7ba1\u9053\u7b26\u201c|\u201d\u8868\u793a\u5c06command\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u8f93\u51fa\u4f20\u9012\u7ed9tee\u547d\u4ee4\u3002-a\u9009\u9879\u8868\u793a\u5728\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u8ffd\u52a0\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u8986\u76d6\u539f\u6709\u6570\u636e\u3002file1\u3001file2\u7b49\u662f\u6587\u4ef6\u540d\uff0c\u8868\u793a\u5c06\u6570\u636e\u8f93\u51fa\u5230\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u3002<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u5e38\u7528\u9009\u9879\u6709\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>-a\uff1a\u8ffd\u52a0\u6570\u636e\u5230\u6587\u4ef6\u672b\u5c3e\u3002<\/li>\n<li>-i\uff1a\u5ffd\u7565\u4e2d\u65ad\u4fe1\u53f7\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u4e3e\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fd9\u6837\u4f7f\u7528tee\u547d\u4ee4:<\/p>\n<pre><code>echo &quot;hello&quot; | tee output.txt\nls | tree output.txt<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8fd9\u6761\u547d\u4ee4\u4f1a\u5c06\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32&quot;hello&quot;\u8f93\u51fa\u5230\u6807\u51c6\u8f93\u51fa\u548c\u6587\u4ef6output.txt\u4e2d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u60f3\u8ffd\u52a0\u6570\u636e\u5230\u6587\u4ef6\u672b\u5c3e\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528-a\u9009\u9879\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code>echo &quot;world&quot; | tee -a output.txt<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8fd9\u6761\u547d\u4ee4\u4f1a\u5c06\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32&quot;world&quot;\u8ffd\u52a0\u5230\u6587\u4ef6output.txt\u7684\u672b\u5c3e\u3002<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u8ffd\u52a0\u6570\u636e\u5230\u6587\u4ef6<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code>ps aux | tee -a processes.txt\n\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u5c06\u5217\u51fa\u5f53\u524d\u6b63\u5728\u8fd0\u884c\u7684\u8fdb\u7a0b\u5e76\u5c06\u5176\u8f93\u51fa\u5230processes.txt\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\uff0c\u5982\u679cprocesses.txt\u6587\u4ef6\u5df2\u7ecf\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u5219\u4f1a\u5c06\u65b0\u6570\u636e\u8ffd\u52a0\u5230\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u672b\u5c3e\u3002<\/code><\/pre>\n<ol>\n<li>\u591a\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u540c\u65f6\u8f93\u51fa<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code>dmesg | tee errors.txt messages.txt\n\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u5c06dmesg\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u8f93\u51fa\u540c\u65f6\u8f93\u51fa\u5230errors.txt\u548cmessages.txt\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06\u591a\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u540d\u4f5c\u4e3atee\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u53c2\u6570\u3002<\/code><\/pre>\n<h2>tree<\/h2>\n<blockquote>\n<p><code>tree<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u662f Linux \u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u975e\u5e38\u6709\u7528\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u5b83\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ee5\u6811\u5f62\u7ed3\u6784\u663e\u793a\u6307\u5b9a\u76ee\u5f55\u53ca\u5176\u5b50\u76ee\u5f55\u4e2d\u7684\u6240\u6709\u6587\u4ef6\u548c\u6587\u4ef6\u5939\u3002\u8fd9\u4f7f\u5f97 <code>tree<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u975e\u5e38\u9002\u5408\u7528\u4e8e\u5feb\u901f\u67e5\u770b\u6574\u4e2a\u76ee\u5f55\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u5e76\u786e\u5b9a\u76ee\u5f55\u4e2d\u6709\u54ea\u4e9b\u6587\u4ef6\u548c\u6587\u4ef6\u5939\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\"># \u9009\u9879\n\u683c\u5f0f\uff1atree + \u53c2\u6570\n tree\u547d\u4ee4\u884c\u53c2\u6570\uff1a\n\n1.\u5217\u8868\u9009\u9879\uff08Listing options\uff09\n-a\uff1a\u5217\u51fa\u6240\u6709\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u9690\u85cf\u6587\u4ef6\uff08\u4ee5.\u5f00\u5934\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\uff09\u3002\n-d\uff1a\u4ec5\u5217\u51fa\u76ee\u5f55\u3002\n-l\uff1a\u9047\u5230\u7b26\u53f7\u94fe\u63a5\uff08symlink\uff09\u65f6\uff0c\u50cf\u76ee\u5f55\u4e00\u6837\u904d\u5386\u3002\n-f\uff1a\u4e3a\u6bcf\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u6253\u5370\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\u8def\u5f84\u524d\u7f00\u3002\n-x\uff1a\u4ec5\u5217\u51fa\u5f53\u524d\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u3002\n-L level\uff1a\u53ea\u904d\u5386\u5230\u6307\u5b9a\u6df1\u5ea6\u7684\u76ee\u5f55\u3002\n-R\uff1a\u5f53\u8fbe\u5230\u6700\u5927\u76ee\u5f55\u6df1\u5ea6\u65f6\uff0c\u91cd\u65b0\u8fd0\u884c tree\u3002\n-P pattern\uff1a\u4ec5\u5217\u51fa\u4e0e\u7ed9\u5b9a\u6a21\u5f0f\u5339\u914d\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\n-I pattern\uff1a\u4e0d\u5217\u51fa\u4e0e\u7ed9\u5b9a\u6a21\u5f0f\u5339\u914d\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\n--ignore-case\uff1a\u6a21\u5f0f\u5339\u914d\u65f6\u5ffd\u7565\u5927\u5c0f\u5199\u3002\n--matchdirs\uff1a\u5728 -P \u6a21\u5f0f\u5339\u914d\u4e2d\u5305\u62ec\u76ee\u5f55\u540d\u3002\n--noreport\uff1a\u4e0d\u663e\u793a\u6811\u5217\u8868\u672b\u5c3e\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\/\u76ee\u5f55\u8ba1\u6570\u3002\n--charset X\uff1a\u7528\u5b57\u7b26\u96c6 X \u8f93\u51fa\u7ec8\u7aef\/HTML\u548c\u7f29\u8fdb\u7ebf\u3002\n--filelimit #\uff1a\u4e0d\u904d\u5386\u5305\u542b\u8d85\u8fc7#\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u76ee\u5f55\u3002\n--timefmt &lt;f&gt;\uff1a\u6309\u7167\u683c\u5f0f&lt;f&gt;\u6253\u5370\u5e76\u683c\u5f0f\u5316\u65f6\u95f4\u3002\n-o filename\uff1a\u8f93\u51fa\u5230\u6587\u4ef6\u800c\u4e0d\u662f stdout\u3002\n--du\uff1a\u6253\u5370\u76ee\u5f55\u5927\u5c0f\u3002\n--prune\uff1a\u4ece\u8f93\u51fa\u4e2d\u5220\u9664\u7a7a\u76ee\u5f55\u3002\n\n2.\u6587\u4ef6\u9009\u9879\uff08File options\uff09\n-q\uff1a\u5c06\u4e0d\u53ef\u6253\u5370\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u6253\u5370\u4e3a ?\u3002\n-N\uff1a\u539f\u6837\u6253\u5370\u4e0d\u53ef\u6253\u5370\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u3002\n-Q\uff1a\u7528\u53cc\u5f15\u53f7\u5f15\u7528\u6587\u4ef6\u540d\u3002\n-p\uff1a\u6253\u5370\u6bcf\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u6743\u9650\u3002\n-u\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u6587\u4ef6\u6240\u6709\u8005\u6216UID\u53f7\u3002\n-g\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u6587\u4ef6\u7ec4\u6240\u6709\u8005\u6216GID\u53f7\u3002\n-s\uff1a\u6253\u5370\u6bcf\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u5927\u5c0f\uff08\u5b57\u8282\u6570\uff09\u3002\n-h\uff1a\u4ee5\u66f4\u6613\u8bfb\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u6253\u5370\u5927\u5c0f\u3002\n--si\uff1a\u7c7b\u4f3c\u4e8e -h\uff0c\u4f46\u4f7f\u7528 SI \u5355\u4f4d\uff081000 \u7684\u5e42\uff09\u3002\n-D\uff1a\u6253\u5370\u6700\u540e\u4fee\u6539\u65f6\u95f4\u6216\uff08-c\uff09\u72b6\u6001\u66f4\u6539\u65f6\u95f4\u3002\n-F\uff1a\u6839\u636e ls -F \u5728\u6587\u4ef6\u540d\u540e\u9644\u52a0 \/\u3001=\u3001*\u3001@\u3001| \u6216 &gt;\u3002\n--inodes\uff1a\u6253\u5370\u6bcf\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u7684 inode \u53f7\u3002\n--device\uff1a\u6253\u5370\u6bcf\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u6240\u5c5e\u7684\u8bbe\u5907 ID \u53f7\u3002\n\n3.\u6392\u5e8f\u9009\u9879\uff08Sorting options\uff09\n-v\uff1a\u6309\u7248\u672c\u5bf9\u6587\u4ef6\u8fdb\u884c\u5b57\u6bcd\u6570\u5b57\u6392\u5e8f\u3002\n-t\uff1a\u6309\u6700\u540e\u4fee\u6539\u65f6\u95f4\u5bf9\u6587\u4ef6\u8fdb\u884c\u6392\u5e8f\u3002\n-c\uff1a\u6309\u6700\u540e\u72b6\u6001\u66f4\u6539\u65f6\u95f4\u5bf9\u6587\u4ef6\u8fdb\u884c\u6392\u5e8f\u3002\n-U\uff1a\u4e0d\u5bf9\u6587\u4ef6\u8fdb\u884c\u6392\u5e8f\u3002\n-r\uff1a\u53cd\u8f6c\u6392\u5e8f\u987a\u5e8f\u3002\n--dirsfirst\uff1a\u5728\u6587\u4ef6\u4e4b\u524d\u5217\u51fa\u76ee\u5f55\uff08-U \u7981\u7528\uff09\u3002\n--sort X\uff1a\u9009\u62e9\u6392\u5e8f\uff1a\u540d\u79f0\u3001\u7248\u672c\u3001\u5927\u5c0f\u3001\u4fee\u6539\u65f6\u95f4\u3001\u521b\u5efa\u65f6\u95f4\u3002\n\n4.\u56fe\u5f62\u9009\u9879\uff08Graphics options\uff09\n-i\uff1a\u4e0d\u6253\u5370\u7f29\u8fdb\u7ebf\u3002\n-A\uff1a\u6253\u5370 ANSI \u7ebf\u56fe\u5f62\u7f29\u8fdb\u7ebf\u3002\n-S\uff1a\u6253\u5370 CP437\uff08\u63a7\u5236\u53f0\uff09\u56fe\u5f62\u7f29\u8fdb\u7ebf\u3002\n-n\uff1a\u59cb\u7ec8\u5173\u95ed\u7740\u8272\uff08-C \u8986\u76d6\uff09\u3002\n-C\uff1a\u59cb\u7ec8\u5f00\u542f\u7740\u8272\u3002\n\n5.XML\/HTML\/JSON \u9009\u9879\n-X\uff1a\u6253\u5370\u6811\u7684 XML \u8868\u793a\u3002\n-J\uff1a\u6253\u5370\u6811\u7684 JSON \u8868\u793a\u3002\n-H baseHREF\uff1a\u4ee5 baseHREF \u4e3a\u9876\u7ea7\u76ee\u5f55\u6253\u5370 HTML \u683c\u5f0f\u3002\n-T string\uff1a\u5c06\u9ed8\u8ba4\u7684 HTML \u6807\u9898\u548c H1 \u6807\u9898\u66ff\u6362\u4e3a\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u3002\n--nolinks\uff1a\u5728 HTML \u8f93\u51fa\u4e2d\u5173\u95ed\u8d85\u94fe\u63a5\u3002\n\n6.\u5176\u4ed6\u9009\u9879\uff08Miscellaneous options\uff09\n--version\ntree -L 4 &gt;dirce.doc  #tree\u652f\u6301\u91cd\u5b9a\u5411\u81f3\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u5373\u53ef\u751f\u6210UTF8\u683c\u5f0f\u7684\u6587\u6863..\u6211\u4eec\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728windows \u4e0b\u67e5\u770b..\n#\u6ce8\u610f:\u751f\u6210\u7684TXT\u6216\u5176\u4ed6\u6587\u4ef6\u5728win\u4e0b\u9762\u6253\u5f00\u65f6\u4e5f\u4e3a\u4e71\u7801...\u8fd9\u65f6\u6211\u4eec\u8981\u9009\u62e9\u5b57\u7b26\u7f16\u7801\u4e3aUTF-8..\u5f53\u7136..UTF-8\u662f\u4f60linux\u4e0b\u7684\u9ed8\u8ba4\u5b57\u7b26\u96c6\u624d\u53ef\u4ee5.....<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u663e\u793a\u5f53\u524d\u76ee\u5f55\u53ca\u5176\u5b50\u76ee\u5f55\u4e2d\u7684\u6240\u6709\u6587\u4ef6\u548c\u6587\u4ef6\u5939\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">tree\ntree -C #\u52a0\u4e0a\u989c\u8272\u8fdb\u884c\u533a\u5206<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u663e\u793a\u6307\u5b9a\u76ee\u5f55\u53ca\u5176\u5b50\u76ee\u5f55\u4e2d\u7684\u6240\u6709\u6587\u4ef6\u548c\u6587\u4ef6\u5939\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">tree \/path\/to\/directory<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u663e\u793a\u76ee\u5f55\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u5e76\u4f7f\u7528\u56fe\u5f62\u7b26\u53f7\u6765\u8868\u793a\u6587\u4ef6\u548c\u6587\u4ef6\u5939\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">tree -F<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u5176\u4e2d\uff0c<code>-F<\/code> \u53c2\u6570\u7528\u4e8e\u5728\u76ee\u5f55\u548c\u6587\u4ef6\u540d\u79f0\u540e\u9762\u6dfb\u52a0\u4e00\u4e2a\u7b26\u53f7\u6765\u8868\u793a\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u9700\u8981\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c<code>tree<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u9ed8\u8ba4\u53ea\u663e\u793a\u76ee\u5f55\u4e2d\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u548c\u6587\u4ef6\u5939\u540d\u79f0\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u4f1a\u663e\u793a\u6587\u4ef6\u548c\u6587\u4ef6\u5939\u7684\u8be6\u7ec6\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\u5982\u679c\u9700\u8981\u663e\u793a\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u5176\u4ed6\u547d\u4ee4\uff08\u5982 <code>ls<\/code> \u6216 <code>stat<\/code>\uff09\u6765\u83b7\u53d6\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u8be6\u7ec6\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/p>\n<h2>type<\/h2>\n<blockquote>\n<p><code>type<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u662f Linux \u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u786e\u5b9a\u7ed9\u5b9a\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u3002\u5b83\u901a\u5e38\u7528\u4e8e\u786e\u5b9a\u547d\u4ee4\u662f\u5185\u90e8\u547d\u4ee4\u3001\u5916\u90e8\u547d\u4ee4\u8fd8\u662f\u522b\u540d\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>\u5982\u679c\u8981\u786e\u5b9a <code>ls<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u7ec8\u7aef\u7a97\u53e3\u4e2d\u8fd0\u884c\u4ee5\u4e0b\u547d\u4ee4\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">type ls<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8be5\u547d\u4ee4\u5c06\u663e\u793a\u7c7b\u4f3c\u4e8e\u4ee5\u4e0b\u5185\u5bb9\u7684\u8f93\u51fa\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">ls is aliased to `ls --color=auto&#039;<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u5176\u4e2d\uff0c<code>ls<\/code> \u662f\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u540d\u79f0\uff0c<code>aliased to<\/code> \u8868\u793a\u8be5\u547d\u4ee4\u662f\u522b\u540d\uff0c\u540e\u9762\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u662f\u8be5\u522b\u540d\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u9664\u4e86\u522b\u540d\uff0c<code>type<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u786e\u5b9a\u547d\u4ee4\u662f\u5185\u90e8\u547d\u4ee4\u8fd8\u662f\u5916\u90e8\u547d\u4ee4\u3002\u5982\u679c\u547d\u4ee4\u662f\u5185\u90e8\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c<code>type<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u5c06\u663e\u793a\u8be5\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u4e3a <code>shell builtin<\/code>\uff1b\u5982\u679c\u547d\u4ee4\u662f\u5916\u90e8\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c<code>type<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u5c06\u663e\u793a\u8be5\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u8def\u5f84\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u9700\u8981\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c<code>type<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u53ea\u80fd\u786e\u5b9a\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u6267\u884c\u547d\u4ee4\u3002\u5982\u679c\u8981\u6267\u884c\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u5e94\u8be5\u76f4\u63a5\u8f93\u5165\u547d\u4ee4\u540d\u79f0\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u4f7f\u7528 <code>type<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e0b\u9762\u662f <code>type<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u57fa\u672c\u7528\u6cd5\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p><code>type command<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a <code>command<\/code> \u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c<code>type ls<\/code> \u4f1a\u663e\u793a <code>ls<\/code> \u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5916\u90e8\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u800c <code>type cd<\/code> \u4f1a\u663e\u793a <code>cd<\/code> \u662f\u4e00\u4e2a shell \u5185\u7f6e\u547d\u4ee4\u3002<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><code>type -t command<\/code>\uff1a\u53ea\u663e\u793a <code>command<\/code> \u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u3002\u5982\u679c <code>command<\/code> \u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5916\u90e8\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u8f93\u51fa\u4f1a\u662f <code>file<\/code>\uff1b\u5982\u679c <code>command<\/code> \u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5185\u7f6e\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u8f93\u51fa\u4f1a\u662f <code>builtin<\/code>\uff1b\u5982\u679c <code>command<\/code> \u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u522b\u540d\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u8f93\u51fa\u4f1a\u662f <code>alias<\/code>\u3002<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><code>type -p command<\/code>\uff1a\u5982\u679c <code>command<\/code> \u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5916\u90e8\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u663e\u793a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u5b8c\u6574\u8def\u5f84\u3002<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><code>type -a command<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u6240\u6709\u540d\u4e3a <code>command<\/code> \u7684\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u522b\u540d\u3001\u5185\u7f6e\u547d\u4ee4\u548c\u5916\u90e8\u547d\u4ee4\u3002<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><code>type -f command<\/code>\uff1a\u4e0d\u8003\u8651\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u53ea\u641c\u7d22\u522b\u540d\u548c\u547d\u4ee4\u3002<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>\u4e0b\u9762\u662f <code>type<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u9009\u9879\u548c\u7528\u6cd5\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>-a<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u6240\u6709\u5305\u542b\u540d\u4e3a NAME \u7684\u53ef\u6267\u884c\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff1b\u5305\u62ec\u522b\u540d\uff0c\u5185\u7f6e\u547d\u4ee4\u548c\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u4f46\u53ea\u6709\u5f53 <code>-p<\/code> \u9009\u9879\u6ca1\u6709\u88ab\u4f7f\u7528\u65f6\u624d\u5305\u62ec\u8fd9\u4e9b\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-f<\/code>\uff1a\u7981\u6b62\u67e5\u627e shell \u51fd\u6570\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-P<\/code>\uff1a\u5bf9\u6bcf\u4e2a NAME \u5f3a\u5236\u6267\u884c PATH \u641c\u7d22\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u5b83\u662f\u522b\u540d\uff0c\u5185\u7f6e\u547d\u4ee4\u6216\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u5e76\u8fd4\u56de\u8def\u5f84\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-p<\/code>\uff1a\u5982\u679c\u662f\u5916\u90e8\u547d\u4ee4\u4f1a\u663e\u793a\u8be5\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u8def\u5f84\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u662f\u5185\u90e8\u547d\u4ee4\u4ec0\u4e48\u90fd\u4e0d\u663e\u793a\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-t<\/code>\uff1a\u8f93\u51fa\u5355\u4e2a\u5355\u8bcd\uff0c\u8be5\u5355\u8bcd\u662f <code>alias<\/code>\uff0c<code>keyword<\/code>\uff0c<code>function<\/code>\uff0c<code>builtin<\/code>\uff0c<code>file<\/code> \u6216 <code>&#039;&#039;<\/code> \u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\uff0c\u5206\u522b\u8868\u793a\u5982\u679c NAME \u662f\u522b\u540d\uff0cshell \u4fdd\u7559\u5b57\uff0cshell \u51fd\u6570\uff0cshell \u5185\u7f6e\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u78c1\u76d8\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u6216\u672a\u627e\u5230\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">#type -p chmod\n\/usr\/bin\/chmod\n\n#type -p umask\n\u4ec0\u4e48\u90fd\u4e0d\u663e\u793a\n\n#type -P umask\n\/usr\/bin\/umas<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>timedatectl<\/h2>\n<p><code>timedatectl<\/code> \u662f\u5728\u4f7f\u7528 <code>systemd<\/code> \u7684 Linux \u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u7528\u4e8e\u67e5\u8be2\u548c\u66f4\u6539\u7cfb\u7edf\u65f6\u95f4\u548c\u65e5\u671f\u8bbe\u7f6e\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u884c\u5de5\u5177\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u53c2\u6570\uff1a<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>-h<\/code> \u6216 <code>--help<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u5e2e\u52a9\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u6240\u6709\u53ef\u7528\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u548c\u9009\u9879\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>--version<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u5305\u7248\u672c\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>--no-pager<\/code>\uff1a\u4e0d\u4f7f\u7528\u5206\u9875\u5668\u8f93\u51fa\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u76f4\u63a5\u5728\u7ec8\u7aef\u4e2d\u663e\u793a\u6240\u6709\u8f93\u51fa\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>--no-ask-password<\/code>\uff1a\u6267\u884c\u547d\u4ee4\u65f6\u4e0d\u63d0\u793a\u8f93\u5165\u5bc6\u7801\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-H<\/code> \u6216 <code>--host=[USER@]HOST<\/code>\uff1a\u5728\u8fdc\u7a0b\u4e3b\u673a\u4e0a\u6267\u884c\u64cd\u4f5c\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-M<\/code> \u6216 <code>--machine=CONTAINER<\/code>\uff1a\u5728\u672c\u5730\u5bb9\u5668\u4e0a\u6267\u884c\u64cd\u4f5c\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>--adjust-system-clock<\/code>\uff1a\u5728\u66f4\u6539\u672c\u5730 RTC\uff08Real Time Clock\uff0c\u5b9e\u65f6\u65f6\u949f\uff09\u6a21\u5f0f\u65f6\u8c03\u6574\u7cfb\u7edf\u65f6\u949f\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>--monitor<\/code>\uff1a\u76d1\u89c6 <code>systemd-timesyncd<\/code> \u7684\u72b6\u6001\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-p<\/code> \u6216 <code>--property=NAME<\/code>\uff1a\u53ea\u663e\u793a\u6307\u5b9a\u5c5e\u6027\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-a<\/code> \u6216 <code>--all<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u6240\u6709\u5c5e\u6027\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u7a7a\u5c5e\u6027\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>--value<\/code>\uff1a\u5728\u663e\u793a\u5c5e\u6027\u65f6\uff0c\u53ea\u6253\u5370\u503c\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u547d\u4ee4\uff1a<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>status<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u5f53\u524d\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u8bbe\u7f6e\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>show<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a <code>systemd-timedated<\/code> \u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>set-time TIME<\/code>\uff1a\u8bbe\u7f6e\u7cfb\u7edf\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d <code>TIME<\/code> \u4e3a\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>set-timezone ZONE<\/code>\uff1a\u8bbe\u7f6e\u7cfb\u7edf\u65f6\u533a\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d <code>ZONE<\/code> \u4e3a\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u65f6\u533a\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>list-timezones<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u5df2\u77e5\u7684\u65f6\u533a\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>set-local-rtc BOOL<\/code>\uff1a\u63a7\u5236 RTC \u662f\u5426\u4ee5\u672c\u5730\u65f6\u95f4\u663e\u793a\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d <code>BOOL<\/code> \u53ef\u4ee5\u662f <code>0<\/code>\uff08\u7981\u7528\uff09\u6216 <code>1<\/code>\uff08\u542f\u7528\uff09\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>set-ntp BOOL<\/code>\uff1a\u542f\u7528\u6216\u7981\u7528\u7f51\u7edc\u65f6\u95f4\u540c\u6b65\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d <code>BOOL<\/code> \u53ef\u4ee5\u662f <code>0<\/code>\uff08\u7981\u7528\uff09\u6216 <code>1<\/code>\uff08\u542f\u7528\uff09<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>systemd-timesyncd \u547d\u4ee4\uff1a<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>timesync-status<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a <code>systemd-timesyncd<\/code> \u7684\u72b6\u6001\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>show-timesync<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a <code>systemd-timesyncd<\/code> \u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u6848\u4f8b\uff1a<\/strong><\/p>\n<h3>\u542f\u52a8NTP\u670d\u52a1<\/h3>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\"># CentOS7\n[root@centos7 yum.repos.d]#timedatectl\n      Local time: Tue 2023-11-14 22:07:08 CST\n  Universal time: Tue 2023-11-14 14:07:08 UTC\n        RTC time: Tue 2023-11-14 14:07:08\n       Time zone: Asia\/Shanghai (CST, +0800)\n     NTP enabled: yes\nNTP synchronized: yes\n RTC in local TZ: no\n      DST active: n\/a\n\nWarning: The system is configured to read the RTC time in the local time zone.\n         This mode can not be fully supported. It will create various problems\n         with time zone changes and daylight saving time adjustments. The RTC\n         time is never updated, it relies on external facilities to maintain it.\n         If at all possible, use RTC in UTC by calling\n         &#039;timedatectl set-local-rtc 0&#039;.\n[root@centos7 yum.repos.d]#\n\nLocal time\uff08\u672c\u5730\u65f6\u95f4\uff09: \u663e\u793a\u7cfb\u7edf\u672c\u5730\u65f6\u533a\u7684\u5f53\u524d\u65f6\u95f4\u3002\nUniversal time\uff08\u4e16\u754c\u7edf\u4e00\u65f6\u95f4\uff09: \u663e\u793a\u534f\u8c03\u4e16\u754c\u65f6\uff08UTC\uff09\u7684\u5f53\u524d\u65f6\u95f4\u3002\nRTC time\uff08\u5b9e\u65f6\u65f6\u949f\u65f6\u95f4\uff09: \u663e\u793a\u786c\u4ef6\u65f6\u949f\u7684\u5f53\u524d\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u5373\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u4e3b\u677f\u4e0a\u7684\u65f6\u949f\u3002\nTime zone\uff08\u65f6\u533a\uff09: \u663e\u793a\u5f53\u524d\u8bbe\u7f6e\u7684\u65f6\u533a\uff0c\u8fd9\u91cc\u662fAsia\/Shanghai\uff08\u4e1c\u516b\u533a\uff09\u3002\nNTP enabled\uff08NTP\u542f\u7528\uff09: \u663e\u793a\u662f\u5426\u542f\u7528\u4e86\u7f51\u7edc\u65f6\u95f4\u534f\u8bae\uff08NTP\uff09\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u7f51\u7edc\u65f6\u95f4\u540c\u6b65\u3002\nNTP synchronized\uff08NTP\u540c\u6b65\uff09: \u663e\u793a\u7cfb\u7edf\u65f6\u95f4\u662f\u5426\u5df2\u7ecf\u901a\u8fc7NTP\u8fdb\u884c\u540c\u6b65\u3002\nRTC in local TZ\uff08\u5b9e\u65f6\u65f6\u949f\u4f7f\u7528\u672c\u5730\u65f6\u533a\uff09: \u5f53\u524d\u786c\u4ef6\u65f6\u949f\u662f\u5426\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e3a\u672c\u5730\u65f6\u533a\u65f6\u95f4\u3002\u901a\u5e38\u63a8\u8350\u786c\u4ef6\u65f6\u949f\u4f7f\u7528UTC\u65f6\u95f4\u3002\nDST active\uff08\u590f\u4ee4\u65f6\u6fc0\u6d3b\uff09: \u663e\u793a\u590f\u4ee4\u65f6\u662f\u5426\u6fc0\u6d3b\uff0cn\/a\u8868\u793a\u4e0d\u9002\u7528\u3002\n\u8b66\u544a\u4fe1\u606f\u8bf4\u660e\u7cfb\u7edf\u914d\u7f6e\u4e3a\u6309\u672c\u5730\u65f6\u533a\u8bfb\u53d6\u786c\u4ef6\u65f6\u949f\u65f6\u95f4\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u6a21\u5f0f\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u5404\u79cd\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5728\u65f6\u533a\u53d8\u66f4\u548c\u590f\u4ee4\u65f6\u8c03\u6574\u65f6\u3002\u786c\u4ef6\u65f6\u949f\u65f6\u95f4\u4e0d\u4f1a\u81ea\u52a8\u66f4\u65b0\uff0c\u5b83\u4f9d\u8d56\u5916\u90e8\u8bbe\u65bd\u6765\u7ef4\u62a4\u3002\u5982\u679c\u53ef\u80fd\uff0c\u5efa\u8bae\u901a\u8fc7\u8c03\u7528timedatectl set-local-rtc 0\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528UTC\u6765\u8bbe\u7f6e\u786c\u4ef6\u65f6\u949f\u3002\n# CentOS8\n[root@Cenos8 yum.repos.d]#timedatectl\n               Local time: Tue 2023-05-16 16:52:24 CST\n           Universal time: Tue 2023-05-16 08:52:24 UTC\n                 RTC time: Tue 2023-05-16 08:52:18\n                Time zone: Asia\/Shanghai (CST, +0800)\nSystem clock synchronized: no\n              NTP service: n\/a\n          RTC in local TZ: no\n[root@Cenos8 yum.repos.d]#\n\n#\u8fd9\u6bb5\u8f93\u51fa\u4fe1\u606f\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u7cfb\u7edf\u65f6\u95f4\u548c\u65e5\u671f\u8bbe\u7f6e\u7684\u8be6\u7ec6\u6982\u51b5\u3002\u4ee5\u4e0b\u662f\u5404\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\uff1a\nLocal time: \u672c\u5730\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u8868\u793a\u5f53\u524d\u8bbe\u7f6e\u7684\u65f6\u533a\u4e0b\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u65f6\u95f4\u3002\nUniversal time: \u5168\u7403\u7edf\u4e00\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u7b49\u540c\u4e8e\u534f\u8c03\u4e16\u754c\u65f6\uff08UTC\uff09\uff0c\u4e0d\u53d7\u590f\u4ee4\u65f6\u8c03\u6574\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\nRTC time: \u786c\u4ef6\u5b9e\u65f6\u65f6\u949f\uff08RTC\uff09\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u8be5\u65f6\u949f\u5373\u4f7f\u5728\u7cfb\u7edf\u5173\u673a\u6216\u91cd\u542f\u65f6\u4ecd\u7136\u8fd0\u884c\u3002\nTime zone: \u5f53\u524d\u7cfb\u7edf\u8bbe\u7f6e\u7684\u65f6\u533a\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u65f6\u533a\u540d\u79f0\u548c\u4e0eUTC\u7684\u504f\u79fb\u91cf\u3002\nSystem clock synchronized: \u8868\u793a\u7cfb\u7edf\u65f6\u949f\u662f\u5426\u4e0e\u7f51\u7edc\u65f6\u95f4\u534f\u8bae\uff08NTP\uff09\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u540c\u6b65\u3002\u5982\u679c\u663e\u793a\u4e3a &quot;yes&quot;\uff0c\u5219\u8868\u793a\u7cfb\u7edf\u65f6\u949f\u5df2\u7ecf\u540c\u6b65\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u663e\u793a\u4e3a &quot;no&quot;\uff0c\u5219\u8868\u793a\u7cfb\u7edf\u65f6\u949f\u5c1a\u672a\u540c\u6b65\u3002\nNTP service: \u663e\u793aNTP\u670d\u52a1\u7684\u72b6\u6001\uff0c&quot;active&quot; \u8868\u793aNTP\u670d\u52a1\u6b63\u5728\u8fd0\u884c\uff0c&quot;inactive&quot; \u8868\u793aNTP\u670d\u52a1\u672a\u8fd0\u884c\uff0c&quot;n\/a&quot; \u8868\u793a\u65e0\u6cd5\u83b7\u53d6NTP\u670d\u52a1\u7684\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u7cfb\u7edf\u672a\u5b89\u88c5NTP\u670d\u52a1\uff0c\u6216\u8005NTP\u670d\u52a1\u88ab\u7981\u7528\u3002\nRTC in local TZ: \u8868\u793a\u786c\u4ef6\u65f6\u949f\uff08RTC\uff09\u662f\u5426\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e3a\u672c\u5730\u65f6\u95f4\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4e3a &quot;yes&quot;\uff0c\u5219\u8868\u793a\u786c\u4ef6\u65f6\u949f\u663e\u793a\u7684\u662f\u672c\u5730\u65f6\u533a\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\uff1b\u5982\u679c\u4e3a &quot;no&quot;\uff0c\u5219\u8868\u793a\u786c\u4ef6\u65f6\u949f\u663e\u793a\u7684\u662fUTC\u65f6\u95f4\u3002\n\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u770b\u5230 &quot;NTP service: n\/a&quot; \u548c &quot;System clock synchronized: no&quot;\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u4f60\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u672a\u5b89\u88c5NTP\u670d\u52a1\uff0c\u6216\u8005NTP\u670d\u52a1\u88ab\u7981\u7528\u4e86\u3002\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c1d\u8bd5\u4f7f\u7528 timedatectl set-ntp true \u547d\u4ee4\u542f\u7528NTP\u670d\u52a1\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u518d\u6b21\u68c0\u67e5\u72b6\u6001\u3002\u5982\u679c\u95ee\u9898\u4ecd\u7136\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u4f60\u53ef\u80fd\u9700\u8981\u624b\u52a8\u5b89\u88c5NTP\u670d\u52a1\n\nSystem clock synchronized: no\n              NTP service: n\/a\n#n\/a\u53ef\u80fd\u662fntp\u672a\u5b89\u88c5\n\n#\u786e\u8ba4\u662f\u5426\u662f\u7981\u7528\u8fd8\u662f\u672a\u5b89\u88c5\n[16:07:15 root@CentOS8 ~]#timedatectl set-ntp true\nFailed to set ntp: NTP not supported\n[16:07:21 root@CentOS8 ~]#\n\n#\u5b89\u88c5ntp\u670d\u52a1\n#1.\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u5b89\u88c5 chrony \u5305\u3002chrony \u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b9e\u73b0 NTP \u534f\u8bae\u7684\u670d\u52a1\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u6765\u540c\u6b65\u7cfb\u7edf\u65f6\u95f4\u3002\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u4ee5\u4e0b\u547d\u4ee4\u6765\u5b89\u88c5\uff1a\nyum search ntp #\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7yum\u6765\u641c\u7d22\u76f8\u5173\u5305\u540d\nyum -y install chrony\n\n#2.\u5b89\u88c5\u5b8c\u6210\u540e\uff0c\u542f\u52a8 chronyd \u670d\u52a1\uff0c\u5e76\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e3a\u5f00\u673a\u542f\u52a8\uff1a\nsudo systemctl start chronyd\nsudo systemctl enable chronyd\n\u6216\u8005\nsystemctl enable --now chronyd #\u8bbe\u7f6echronyd\u81ea\u542f\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u5c06\u8be5\u670d\u52a1\u542f\u52a8\n\n#3.\u786e\u8ba4 chronyd \u670d\u52a1\u6b63\u5728\u8fd0\u884c\uff1a\nsystemctl status chronyd\n\n#4.\u73b0\u5728\u4f60\u5e94\u8be5\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 timedatectl set-ntp true \u547d\u4ee4\u542f\u7528 NTP \u4e86\u3002\u5982\u679c\u518d\u6b21\u8fd0\u884c timedatectl \u6216 timedatectl status\uff0c\u4f60\u5e94\u8be5\u80fd\u770b\u5230 &quot;NTP service: active&quot; \u548c &quot;System clock synchronized: yes&quot;\u3002\n\n# \u5982\u679c\u6ca1\u6709\u81ea\u52a8\u540c\u6b65\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u624b\u52a8\u540c\u6b65\n[root@rs2 ~]#ntpdate -q 0.centos.pool.ntp.org\n[root@rs2 ~]#ntpdate -q 0.centos.pool.ntp.org\nserver 78.46.102.180, stratum 2, offset 0.009010, delay 0.18797\nserver 119.28.206.193, stratum 2, offset -0.027844, delay 0.12494\nserver 110.42.98.138, stratum 2, offset -0.022018, delay 0.08488\nserver 193.182.111.141, stratum 2, offset 0.030955, delay 0.31525\n29 Aug 17:16:34 ntpdate[54081]: adjust time server 119.28.206.193 offset -0.027844 sec\n[root@rs2 ~]#\n\n#\u518d\u6b21\u67e5\u770b\n[root@Cenos8 yum.repos.d]#timedatectl\n               Local time: Tue 2023-05-16 17:17:49 CST\n           Universal time: Tue 2023-05-16 09:17:49 UTC\n                 RTC time: Tue 2023-05-16 09:17:49\n                Time zone: Asia\/Shanghai (CST, +0800)\nSystem clock synchronized: yes   #System clock synchronized\u3001NTP service\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u90fd\u662f\u7531chronyd\u63a7\u5236\u7684\uff0c\u73b0\u5728\u662fyes\u548cactive\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4f7f\u7528date \u4fee\u6539\u4e86\u7cfb\u7edf\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u8fd9\u91cc\u7684System clock synchronized\u4f1a\u53d8\u6210no\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u91cd\u65b0\u542f\u52a8chronyd\u670d\u52a1\n              NTP service: active\n          RTC in local TZ: no\n[root@Cenos8 yum.repos.d]#\n\n#\u4f7f\u7528 chronyc \u547d\u4ee4\u6765\u67e5\u8be2 chronyd \u7684\u72b6\u6001\u548c\u914d\u7f6e\n#1.\u663e\u793a chronyd \u7684\u540c\u6b65\u72b6\u6001\n[root@Cenos8 yum.repos.d]#chronyc tracking\nReference ID    : 1435C7A7 (20.53.199.167)\nStratum         : 3\nRef time (UTC)  : Tue May 16 09:37:47 2023\nSystem time     : 0.000909813 seconds fast of NTP time\nLast offset     : +0.000032794 seconds\nRMS offset      : 0.004021724 seconds\nFrequency       : 0.166 ppm slow\nResidual freq   : -0.078 ppm\nSkew            : 3.994 ppm\nRoot delay      : 0.189955235 seconds\nRoot dispersion : 0.029499399 seconds\nUpdate interval : 64.8 seconds\nLeap status     : Normal\n[root@Cenos8 yum.repos.d]#\n\n#2.\u663e\u793a\u914d\u7f6e\u7684 NTP \u670d\u52a1\u5668\u3002\n[root@Cenos8 yum.repos.d]#chronyc sources -v\nMS Name\/IP address         Stratum Poll Reach LastRx Last sample\n===============================================================================\n^* 20.53.199.167                 2   6   377    91  -7718us[-7685us] +\/-  129ms\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">1.\u67e5\u770b\u5f53\u524d\u7684\u65e5\u671f\u548c\u65f6\u95f4\uff1a\ntimedatectl status\ntimedatectl\n\n2.\u8bbe\u7f6e\u7cfb\u7edf\u65f6\u95f4\u4e3a 2023 \u5e74 5 \u6708 16 \u65e5 15:30:00\uff1a\ntimedatectl set-time &#039;2023-05-16 15:30:00&#039;\n\n3.\u8bbe\u7f6e\u7cfb\u7edf\u65f6\u533a\u4e3a\u7f8e\u56fd\u6d1b\u6749\u77f6\uff1a\ntimedatectl set-timezone America\/Los_Angeles\n\n4.\u67e5\u770b\u6240\u6709\u5df2\u77e5\u7684\u65f6\u533a\uff1a\ntimedatectl list-timezones --no-pager | grep -i shanghai\n\n5.\u5c06 RTC \u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e3a\u672c\u5730\u65f6\u95f4\uff1a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u5c06\u786c\u4ef6\u65f6\u949f\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e3a\u672c\u5730\u65f6\u95f4\u3002\u5982\u679c\u5c06 1 \u66ff\u6362\u4e3a 0\uff0c\u786c\u4ef6\u65f6\u949f\u5c06\u88ab\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e3a\u534f\u8c03\u4e16\u754c\u65f6 (UTC)\u3002\ntimedatectl set-local-rtc 1\n\u89e3\u91ca\uff1a\nRTC \u662f Real Time Clock\uff08\u5b9e\u65f6\u65f6\u949f\uff09\u7684\u7f29\u5199\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u4e3b\u677f\u4e0a\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u786c\u4ef6\u8bbe\u5907\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u5728\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u5173\u673a\u6216\u91cd\u542f\u65f6\uff0c\u5b83\u4ecd\u7136\u7ee7\u7eed\u8fd0\u884c\u5e76\u4fdd\u6301\u65f6\u95f4\u3002\u5728\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u6709\u4e24\u4e2a\u65f6\u949f\uff1a\u786c\u4ef6\u65f6\u949f\uff08RTC\uff09\u548c\u7cfb\u7edf\u65f6\u949f\u3002\u7cfb\u7edf\u65f6\u949f\u662f\u7531\u64cd\u4f5c\u7cfb\u7edf\u7ef4\u62a4\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u786c\u4ef6\u65f6\u949f\u662f\u72ec\u7acb\u4e8e\u64cd\u4f5c\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u3002\u5f53\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u542f\u52a8\u65f6\uff0c\u7cfb\u7edf\u65f6\u949f\u4f1a\u4ece\u786c\u4ef6\u65f6\u949f\u83b7\u53d6\u65f6\u95f4\uff1b\u800c\u5f53\u7cfb\u7edf\u5173\u673a\u65f6\uff0c\u7cfb\u7edf\u65f6\u949f\u7684\u5f53\u524d\u65f6\u95f4\u4f1a\u5199\u56de\u5230\u786c\u4ef6\u65f6\u949f\u3002timedatectl set-local-rtc 1 \u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u662f\u5c06\u786c\u4ef6\u65f6\u949f\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e3a\u672c\u5730\u65f6\u95f4\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002\u5982\u679c\u786c\u4ef6\u65f6\u949f\u88ab\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e3a\u672c\u5730\u65f6\u95f4\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5b83\u5c06\u4f1a\u663e\u793a\u672c\u5730\u65f6\u533a\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u534f\u8c03\u4e16\u754c\u65f6\uff08UTC\uff09\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u63a8\u8350\u5c06\u786c\u4ef6\u65f6\u949f\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e3a UTC\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u6837\u53ef\u4ee5\u66f4\u597d\u5730\u5904\u7406\u65f6\u533a\u66f4\u6539\u548c\u590f\u4ee4\u65f6\u8c03\u6574\uff0c\u800c\u7cfb\u7edf\u65f6\u949f\u4f1a\u81ea\u52a8\u6839\u636e\u8bbe\u7f6e\u7684\u65f6\u533a\u6765\u663e\u793a\u672c\u5730\u65f6\u95f4\u3002\n\n6.\u542f\u7528\u6216\u7981\u7528\u7f51\u7edc\u65f6\u95f4\u534f\u8bae (NTP) \u540c\u6b65\uff1a\ntimedatectl set-ntp true\/false\n\u89e3\u91ca\uff1a\ntimedatectl set-ntp true \u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u662f\u542f\u7528\u7f51\u7edc\u65f6\u95f4\u534f\u8bae\uff08NTP\uff09\u3002NTP \u662f\u7528\u6765\u540c\u6b65\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u534f\u8bae\uff0c\u5b83\u5141\u8bb8\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u901a\u8fc7\u7f51\u7edc\uff08\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u56e0\u7279\u7f51\uff09\u4ece\u4e00\u4e2a NTP \u670d\u52a1\u5668\u83b7\u53d6\u7cbe\u786e\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\u53ef\u4ee5\u786e\u4fdd\u4f60\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u65f6\u95f4\u4e0e\u4e16\u754c\u6807\u51c6\u65f6\u95f4\u4fdd\u6301\u4e00\u81f4\uff0c\u8fd9\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e9b\u9700\u8981\u7cbe\u786e\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u4efb\u52a1\uff08\u6bd4\u5982\u65e5\u5fd7\u8bb0\u5f55\u3001\u4ea4\u6613\u5904\u7406\u7b49\uff09\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u8981\u3002\n\n7.\u67e5\u770b systemd-timesyncd \u7684\u72b6\u6001\uff1a\ntimedatectl timesync-status<\/code><\/pre>\n<h2>tail<\/h2>\n<blockquote>\n<p><code>tail<\/code>\u7528\u4e8e\u663e\u793a\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u672b\u5c3e\u82e5\u5e72\u884c\u5185\u5bb9\u3002\u901a\u5e38\u7528\u4e8e\u67e5\u770b\u65e5\u5fd7\u6587\u4ef6\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u4e0d\u65ad\u589e\u957f\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u3002tail\u547d\u4ee4\u9ed8\u8ba4\u8f93\u51fa\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u672b\u5c3e10\u884c\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u9009\u9879\u6765\u6307\u5b9a\u8f93\u51fa\u7684\u884c\u6570\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u9700\u8981\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c<code>head<\/code>\u547d\u4ee4\u548c<code>tail<\/code>\u547d\u4ee4\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u6765\u67e5\u770b\u6587\u4ef6\u5185\u5bb9\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u533a\u522b\u5728\u4e8e<code>head<\/code>\u547d\u4ee4\u9ed8\u8ba4\u663e\u793a\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u5f00\u5934\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u800c<code>tail<\/code>\u547d\u4ee4\u9ed8\u8ba4\u663e\u793a\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u672b\u5c3e\u90e8\u5206\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>\u4e0b\u9762\u662f\u4e00\u4e9b\u5e38\u7528\u7684tail\u547d\u4ee4\u9009\u9879\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>-f\u6216--follow\uff1a\u5b9e\u65f6\u8ddf\u8e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u5e76\u8f93\u51fa\u65b0\u589e\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u3002<\/li>\n<li>-n &lt;\u884c\u6570&gt;\u6216--lines=&lt;\u884c\u6570&gt;\uff1a\u6307\u5b9a\u8981\u8f93\u51fa\u7684\u884c\u6570\u3002<\/li>\n<li>-c &lt;\u5b57\u8282\u6570&gt;\u6216--bytes=&lt;\u5b57\u8282\u6570&gt;\uff1a\u6307\u5b9a\u8981\u8f93\u51fa\u7684\u5b57\u8282\u6570\u3002<\/li>\n<li>-q\u6216--quiet\uff1a\u4e0d\u663e\u793a\u6587\u4ef6\u540d\u5934\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u4e0b\u9762\u662f\u4e00\u4e9btail\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u793a\u4f8b\uff1a<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u663e\u793a\u6587\u4ef6\u672b\u5c3e10\u884c\u5185\u5bb9\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code>tail \/etc\/fstab<\/code><\/pre>\n<ol>\n<li>\u663e\u793a\u6587\u4ef6\u672b\u5c3e20\u884c\u5185\u5bb9\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code>tail -n 20 \/etc\/httpd\/conf\/httpd.conf<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u4e0a\u8ff0\u547d\u4ee4\u8868\u793a\u8f93\u51fa\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u672b\u5c3e20\u884c\u5185\u5bb9\u3002\u800c\u5982\u679c\u52a0\u4e0a<code>-n +&lt;number&gt;<\/code>\u7684\u9009\u9879\uff0c\u5219\u8868\u793a\u4ece\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u7b2c<code>&lt;number&gt;<\/code>\u884c\u5f00\u59cb\u8f93\u51fa\u76f4\u5230\u6587\u4ef6\u672b\u5c3e\u7684\u6240\u6709\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code>tail -n +11 \/etc\/httpd\/conf\/httpd.conf<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u4e0a\u8ff0\u547d\u4ee4\u8868\u793a\u4ece\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u7b2c11\u884c\u5f00\u59cb\u8f93\u51fa\u6240\u6709\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u9700\u8981\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c<code>-n +&lt;number&gt;<\/code>\u9009\u9879\u53ea\u80fd\u7528\u4e8eGNU\u7248\u672c\u7684<code>tail<\/code>\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u7528\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e9b\u8f83\u8001\u7248\u672c\u7684<code>tail<\/code>\u547d\u4ee4\u3002\u5728\u4e00\u4e9b\u8f83\u8001\u7248\u672c\u7684<code>tail<\/code>\u547d\u4ee4\u4e2d\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u8981\u8f93\u51fa\u4ece\u67d0\u884c\u5f00\u59cb\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528<code>sed<\/code>\u547d\u4ee4\u6765\u5b9e\u73b0\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code>sed -n &#039;11,$p&#039; \/etc\/httpd\/conf\/httpd.conf<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u4e0a\u8ff0\u547d\u4ee4\u8868\u793a\u8f93\u51fa\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u7b2c11\u884c\u5230\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u884c\u7684\u6240\u6709\u5185\u5bb9\u3002\u5176\u4e2d<code>-n<\/code>\u9009\u9879\u8868\u793a\u53ea\u8f93\u51fa\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u884c\u6570\uff0c<code>11,$<\/code>\u8868\u793a\u4ece\u7b2c11\u884c\u5230\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u884c\uff0c<code>p<\/code>\u8868\u793a\u8f93\u51fa\u5339\u914d\u7684\u884c<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u5b9e\u65f6\u8ddf\u8e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u53d8\u5316\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code>tail -f \/var\/log\/messages<\/code><\/pre>\n<ol>\n<li>\u4e0d\u663e\u793a\u6587\u4ef6\u540d\u5934\u4fe1\u606f\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code>tail -q \/etc\/fstab \/etc\/redhat-release\n#\u6b63\u5e38\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\n==&gt; \/etc\/fstab &lt;==\n# After editing this file, run &#039;systemctl daemon-reload&#039; to update systemd\n# units generated from this file.\n#\nUUID=ad19dd45-b7ee-485c-87e6-3c9bb8ec3996 \/                       xfs     defaults        0 0\nUUID=8fbb4a9c-1506-4c4a-889d-b78163091bb0 \/boot                   ext4    defaults        1 2\nUUID=933c390a-5904-4b01-aa6a-447c771b7f08 \/data                   xfs     defaults        0 0\n#UUID=98f53a44-1fb7-4139-85c6-a3c2d1633cd7 none                    swap    defaults        0 0\nUUID=430542b8-0e56-4316-8e49-e937b8b682f5 \/data\/mysql             ext4    defaults        0 0\n#UUID=2a9d6777-78de-4af3-9b97-0ba31db1c95c none                    swap    pri=55       0 0\n\/data\/swapfile                                  none                   swap     defaults        0 0\n\n==&gt; \/etc\/redhat-release &lt;==\nCentOS Linux release 8.5.2111.990713\n\n\u52a0\u4e0a-q\u4ee5\u540e\n# After editing this file, run &#039;systemctl daemon-reload&#039; to update systemd\n# units generated from this file.\n#\nUUID=ad19dd45-b7ee-485c-87e6-3c9bb8ec3996 \/                       xfs     defaults        0 0\nUUID=8fbb4a9c-1506-4c4a-889d-b78163091bb0 \/boot                   ext4    defaults        1 2\nUUID=933c390a-5904-4b01-aa6a-447c771b7f08 \/data                   xfs     defaults        0 0\n#UUID=98f53a44-1fb7-4139-85c6-a3c2d1633cd7 none                    swap    defaults        0 0\nUUID=430542b8-0e56-4316-8e49-e937b8b682f5 \/data\/mysql             ext4    defaults        0 0\n#UUID=2a9d6777-78de-4af3-9b97-0ba31db1c95c none                    swap    pri=55       0 0\n\/data\/swapfile                                  none                   swap     defaults        0 0\nCentOS Linux release 8.5.2111.990713<\/code><\/pre>\n<ol>\n<li>\u663e\u793a\u6587\u4ef6\u672b\u5c3e1000\u5b57\u8282\u5185\u5bb9\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code>tail -c 1000 \/etc\/fstab<\/code><\/pre>\n<h2>traceroute<\/h2>\n<p><code>traceroute<\/code> \u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7528\u4e8e\u8bca\u65ad\u7f51\u7edc\u95ee\u9898\u7684 Linux \u547d\u4ee4\u3002\u8be5\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u663e\u793a\u6570\u636e\u5305\u4ece\u6e90\u4e3b\u673a\uff08\u60a8\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\uff09\u5230\u76ee\u6807\u4e3b\u673a\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u53f0\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u6216\u7f51\u7ad9\u670d\u52a1\u5668\uff09\u7ecf\u8fc7\u7684\u8def\u7531\u8def\u5f84\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u60a8\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bc6\u522b\u7f51\u7edc\u8fde\u63a5\u95ee\u9898\u3001\u7f51\u7edc\u62d3\u6251\u4ee5\u53ca\u6027\u80fd\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/p>\n<p><code>traceroute<\/code> \u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u539f\u7406\u662f\u53d1\u9001\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u5e26\u6709\u9012\u589e TTL\uff08Time-to-Live\uff09\u503c\u7684\u63a2\u6d4b\u6570\u636e\u5305\u3002\u5f53\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6570\u636e\u5305\u7ecf\u8fc7\u8def\u7531\u5668\u65f6\uff0c\u8def\u7531\u5668\u4f1a\u9012\u51cf TTL \u503c\u3002\u5f53 TTL \u503c\u964d\u81f3 0 \u65f6\uff0c\u8def\u7531\u5668\u5c06\u4e22\u5f03\u6570\u636e\u5305\uff0c\u5e76\u5411\u6e90\u4e3b\u673a\u53d1\u9001\u4e00\u6761 ICMP\uff08Internet Control Message Protocol\uff09\u6d88\u606f\uff0c\u544a\u77e5\u6570\u636e\u5305\u5df2\u88ab\u4e22\u5f03\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c<code>traceroute<\/code> \u80fd\u591f\u8bc6\u522b\u6570\u636e\u5305\u7ecf\u8fc7\u7684\u6bcf\u4e2a\u8def\u7531\u5668\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e0b\u9762\u662f\u5173\u4e8e\u5982\u4f55\u4f7f\u7528 <code>traceroute<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u8be6\u7ec6\u8bb2\u89e3\uff1a<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u8fd0\u884c <code>traceroute<\/code>\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u8981\u4f7f\u7528 <code>traceroute<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u53ea\u9700\u8f93\u5165 <code>traceroute<\/code>\uff0c\u540e\u8ddf\u76ee\u6807\u4e3b\u673a\u7684 IP \u5730\u5740\u6216\u57df\u540d\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">traceroute &lt;\u76ee\u6807\u4e3b\u673a&gt;<\/code><\/pre>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li>\u66f4\u6539\u63a2\u6d4b\u6570\u636e\u5305\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u9ed8\u8ba4\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c<code>traceroute<\/code> \u4f7f\u7528 UDP \u6570\u636e\u5305\u8fdb\u884c\u63a2\u6d4b\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u60a8\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 <code>-I<\/code> \u9009\u9879\u5c06\u5176\u66f4\u6539\u4e3a\u4f7f\u7528 ICMP Echo \u8bf7\u6c42\u6570\u636e\u5305\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e0e <code>ping<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5305\u7c7b\u578b\u76f8\u540c\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">traceroute -I &lt;\u76ee\u6807\u4e3b\u673a&gt;<\/code><\/pre>\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li>\u8bbe\u7f6e\u6570\u636e\u5305\u7684\u5927\u5c0f\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u60a8\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 <code>-s<\/code> \u9009\u9879\u8bbe\u7f6e\u53d1\u9001\u7684\u63a2\u6d4b\u6570\u636e\u5305\u7684\u5927\u5c0f\uff08\u4ee5\u5b57\u8282\u4e3a\u5355\u4f4d\uff09\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">traceroute -s &lt;\u5927\u5c0f&gt; &lt;\u76ee\u6807\u4e3b\u673a&gt;<\/code><\/pre>\n<ol start=\"4\">\n<li>\u9650\u5236\u8df3\u6570\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u60a8\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 <code>-m<\/code> \u9009\u9879\u8bbe\u7f6e <code>traceroute<\/code> \u7684\u6700\u5927\u8df3\u6570\u3002\u5982\u679c\u5728\u8fbe\u5230\u6700\u5927\u8df3\u6570\u4e4b\u524d\u6ca1\u6709\u5230\u8fbe\u76ee\u6807\u4e3b\u673a\uff0c<code>traceroute<\/code> \u5c06\u505c\u6b62\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">traceroute -m &lt;\u6700\u5927\u8df3\u6570&gt; &lt;\u76ee\u6807\u4e3b\u673a&gt;<\/code><\/pre>\n<ol start=\"5\">\n<li><code>-n<\/code>\uff1a\u4e0d\u5bf9 IP \u5730\u5740\u6267\u884c\u53cd\u5411 DNS \u89e3\u6790\u3002\u8fd9\u5c06\u52a0\u5feb <code>traceroute<\/code> \u7684\u6267\u884c\u901f\u5ea6\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5c1d\u8bd5\u67e5\u627e\u6bcf\u4e2a IP \u5730\u5740\u5bf9\u5e94\u7684\u4e3b\u673a\u540d\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">traceroute -n &lt;\u76ee\u6807\u4e3b\u673a&gt;<\/code><\/pre>\n<ol start=\"6\">\n<li><code>-q<\/code>\uff1a\u8bbe\u7f6e\u6bcf\u4e2a TTL \u503c\u53d1\u9001\u7684\u67e5\u8be2\u6570\u91cf\u3002\u9ed8\u8ba4\u503c\u662f 3\u3002\u60a8\u53ef\u4ee5\u589e\u52a0\u6216\u51cf\u5c11\u6b64\u503c\u4ee5\u8c03\u6574 <code>traceroute<\/code> \u7684\u8be6\u7ec6\u7a0b\u5ea6\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">traceroute -q &lt;\u67e5\u8be2\u6570\u91cf&gt; &lt;\u76ee\u6807\u4e3b\u673a&gt;<\/code><\/pre>\n<ol start=\"7\">\n<li><code>-w<\/code>\uff1a\u8bbe\u7f6e\u7b49\u5f85\u6bcf\u4e2a\u54cd\u5e94\u7684\u6700\u957f\u65f6\u95f4\uff08\u4ee5\u79d2\u4e3a\u5355\u4f4d\uff09\u3002\u9ed8\u8ba4\u503c\u662f 5 \u79d2\u3002\u60a8\u53ef\u4ee5\u6839\u636e\u7f51\u7edc\u72b6\u51b5\u589e\u52a0\u6216\u51cf\u5c11\u6b64\u503c\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">traceroute -w &lt;\u8d85\u65f6\u79d2\u6570&gt; &lt;\u76ee\u6807\u4e3b\u673a&gt;<\/code><\/pre>\n<ol start=\"8\">\n<li><code>-f<\/code>\uff1a\u8bbe\u7f6e\u521d\u59cb TTL \u503c\u3002\u9ed8\u8ba4\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c<code>traceroute<\/code> \u4ece TTL \u503c 1 \u5f00\u59cb\u3002\u60a8\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u6b64\u9009\u9879\u66f4\u6539\u521d\u59cb TTL \u503c\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">traceroute -f &lt;\u521d\u59cbTTL&gt; &lt;\u76ee\u6807\u4e3b\u673a&gt;<\/code><\/pre>\n<ol start=\"9\">\n<li><code>-i<\/code>\uff1a\u6307\u5b9a\u8981\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u63a5\u53e3\u3002\u8fd9\u5728\u60a8\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u5177\u6709\u591a\u4e2a\u7f51\u7edc\u63a5\u53e3\u65f6\u53ef\u80fd\u5f88\u6709\u7528\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">traceroute -i &lt;\u7f51\u7edc\u63a5\u53e3&gt; &lt;\u76ee\u6807\u4e3b\u673a&gt;<\/code><\/pre>\n<ol start=\"10\">\n<li><code>-t<\/code>\uff1a\u4e3a\u53d1\u9001\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5305\u8bbe\u7f6e IP Type of Service (TOS) \u503c\u3002TOS \u503c\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a 8 \u4f4d\u5b57\u6bb5\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u6307\u5b9a\u6570\u636e\u5305\u7684\u4f18\u5148\u7ea7\u548c QoS\uff08Quality of Service\uff09\u9009\u9879\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">traceroute -t &lt;TOS\u503c&gt; &lt;\u76ee\u6807\u4e3b\u673a&gt;<\/code><\/pre>\n<ol start=\"11\">\n<li><code>-p<\/code>\uff1a\u8bbe\u7f6e\u8981\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u7aef\u53e3\u3002\u9ed8\u8ba4\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c<code>traceroute<\/code> \u4f7f\u7528\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0d\u592a\u53ef\u80fd\u88ab\u4f7f\u7528\u7684 UDP \u7aef\u53e3\u3002\u60a8\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u6b64\u9009\u9879\u66f4\u6539\u7aef\u53e3\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">traceroute -p &lt;\u7aef\u53e3\u53f7&gt; &lt;\u76ee\u6807\u4e3b\u673a&gt;<\/code><\/pre>\n<h2>tracepath<\/h2>\n<p><code>tracepath<\/code> \u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7528\u4e8e\u8bca\u65ad\u7f51\u7edc\u8def\u5f84\u548c MTU\uff08Maximum Transmission Unit\uff0c\u6700\u5927\u4f20\u8f93\u5355\u5143\uff09\u95ee\u9898\u7684 Linux \u547d\u4ee4\u3002\u4e0e <code>traceroute<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u7c7b\u4f3c\uff0c<code>tracepath<\/code> \u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u663e\u793a\u6570\u636e\u5305\u4ece\u6e90\u4e3b\u673a\uff08\u60a8\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\uff09\u5230\u76ee\u6807\u4e3b\u673a\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u53f0\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u6216\u7f51\u7ad9\u670d\u52a1\u5668\uff09\u7ecf\u8fc7\u7684\u8def\u7531\u8def\u5f84\u3002<code>tracepath<\/code> \u4e0d\u9700\u8981 root \u6743\u9650\u5373\u53ef\u8fd0\u884c\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u5b83\u4e0e <code>traceroute<\/code> \u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e3b\u8981\u533a\u522b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4ee5\u4e0b\u662f\u5173\u4e8e\u5982\u4f55\u4f7f\u7528 <code>tracepath<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u8be6\u7ec6\u8bb2\u89e3\uff1a<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u8fd0\u884c <code>tracepath<\/code>\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u8981\u4f7f\u7528 <code>tracepath<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u53ea\u9700\u8f93\u5165 <code>tracepath<\/code>\uff0c\u540e\u8ddf\u76ee\u6807\u4e3b\u673a\u7684 IP \u5730\u5740\u6216\u57df\u540d\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">tracepath &lt;\u76ee\u6807\u4e3b\u673a&gt;<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><code>tracepath<\/code> \u5c06\u663e\u793a\u4ece\u60a8\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u5230\u76ee\u6807\u4e3b\u673a\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u8def\u5f84\uff0c\u5e76\u663e\u793a\u6bcf\u4e2a\u8df3\uff08\u8def\u7531\u5668\uff09\u7684\u5f80\u8fd4\u65f6\u95f4\uff08RTT\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li>\u6307\u5b9a\u6570\u636e\u5305\u7684\u5927\u5c0f\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u60a8\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 <code>-s<\/code> \u9009\u9879\u6307\u5b9a\u53d1\u9001\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5305\u7684\u5927\u5c0f\uff08\u4ee5\u5b57\u8282\u4e3a\u5355\u4f4d\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u5728\u8bca\u65ad MTU \u95ee\u9898\u65f6\u53ef\u80fd\u5f88\u6709\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">tracepath -s &lt;\u5927\u5c0f&gt; &lt;\u76ee\u6807\u4e3b\u673a&gt;<\/code><\/pre>\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li>\u8bbe\u7f6e\u6700\u5927 TTL \u503c\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u60a8\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 <code>-m<\/code> \u9009\u9879\u8bbe\u7f6e <code>tracepath<\/code> \u7684\u6700\u5927 TTL \u503c\u3002\u5982\u679c\u5728\u8fbe\u5230\u6700\u5927 TTL \u503c\u4e4b\u524d\u6ca1\u6709\u5230\u8fbe\u76ee\u6807\u4e3b\u673a\uff0c<code>tracepath<\/code> \u5c06\u505c\u6b62\u3002<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">tracepath -m &lt;\u6700\u5927TTL&gt; &lt;\u76ee\u6807\u4e3b\u673a&gt;<\/code><\/pre>\n<ol start=\"4\">\n<li>\u6307\u5b9a\u7f51\u7edc\u63a5\u53e3\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u60a8\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 <code>-b<\/code> \u9009\u9879\u6307\u5b9a\u8981\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u63a5\u53e3\u3002\u8fd9\u5728\u60a8\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u5177\u6709\u591a\u4e2a\u7f51\u7edc\u63a5\u53e3\u65f6\u53ef\u80fd\u5f88\u6709\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">tracepath -b &lt;\u7f51\u7edc\u63a5\u53e3&gt; &lt;\u76ee\u6807\u4e3b\u673a&gt;<\/code><\/pre>\n<h2>top<\/h2>\n<blockquote>\n<p>\u5728Linux\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\uff0c<code>top<\/code>\u547d\u4ee4\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e38\u7528\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u76d1\u63a7\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u5b83\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b9e\u65f6\u5730\u5c55\u793a\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u5305\u62ecCPU\u3001\u5185\u5b58\u3001\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7b49\u3002\u4e0b\u9762\u662f\u5173\u4e8etop\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u57fa\u672c\u7528\u6cd5\u548c\u53c2\u6570<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<ol>\n<li>\u547d\u4ee4\u683c\u5f0f\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">top [\u9009\u9879]<\/code><\/pre>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li>\u5e38\u7528\u9009\u9879\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li><code>-d<\/code> \uff1a\u6307\u5b9atop\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u5237\u65b0\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u5355\u4f4d\u4e3a\u79d2\uff1b<\/li>\n<li><code>-b<\/code> \uff1a\u4ee5\u6279\u5904\u7406\u6a21\u5f0f\u8fd0\u884ctop\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u5c06\u7ed3\u679c\u8f93\u51fa\u5230\u6807\u51c6\u8f93\u51fa\uff0c\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u5c06top\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u5bfc\u5165\u5230\u5176\u4ed6\u811a\u672c\u8fdb\u884c\u5904\u7406\uff1b<\/li>\n<li><code>-u<\/code> \uff1a\u6307\u5b9atop\u547d\u4ee4\u53ea\u663e\u793a\u6307\u5b9a\u7528\u6237\u7684\u8fdb\u7a0b\uff1b<\/li>\n<li><code>-p<\/code> \uff1a\u6307\u5b9atop\u547d\u4ee4\u53ea\u663e\u793a\u6307\u5b9a\u8fdb\u7a0b\u53f7\u7684\u8fdb\u7a0b\uff1b<\/li>\n<li><code>-n<\/code> \uff1a\u6307\u5b9atop\u547d\u4ee4\u6267\u884c\u7684\u6b21\u6570<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li>top\u547d\u4ee4\u8f93\u51fa\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u5206\u4e3a\u591a\u4e2a\u90e8\u5206\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li>\u7b2c\u4e00\u884c\uff1a\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u8d1f\u8f7d\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u8fd0\u884c\u7684\u8fdb\u7a0b\u6570\u91cf\u3001CPU\u7684\u5360\u7528\u60c5\u51b5\u548c\u5185\u5b58\u7684\u5360\u7528\u60c5\u51b5\uff1b<\/li>\n<li>\u7b2c\u4e8c\u884c\uff1a\u8fdb\u7a0b\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u6b63\u5728\u8fd0\u884c\u7684\u8fdb\u7a0b\u6570\u3001\u7761\u7720\u7684\u8fdb\u7a0b\u6570\u3001\u505c\u6b62\u7684\u8fdb\u7a0b\u6570\u3001\u50f5\u5c38\u8fdb\u7a0b\u6570\u7b49\uff1b<\/li>\n<li>\u7b2c\u4e09\u884c\uff1aCPU\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u7528\u6237\u7a7a\u95f4\u7684CPU\u4f7f\u7528\u7387\u3001\u7cfb\u7edf\u7a7a\u95f4\u7684CPU\u4f7f\u7528\u7387\u3001\u7a7a\u95f2CPU\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u7387\u7b49\uff1b<\/li>\n<li>\u7b2c\u56db\u884c\uff1a\u5185\u5b58\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u603b\u5185\u5b58\u5927\u5c0f\u3001\u5df2\u7528\u5185\u5b58\u5927\u5c0f\u3001\u7a7a\u95f2\u5185\u5b58\u5927\u5c0f\u3001\u7f13\u5b58\u5927\u5c0f\u7b49\uff1b<\/li>\n<li>\u540e\u9762\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\uff1a\u5404\u4e2a\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7684\u8be6\u7ec6\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u8fdb\u7a0bID\u3001\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7684\u6240\u6709\u8005\u3001\u8fdb\u7a0b\u6240\u5360\u7528\u7684CPU\u65f6\u95f4\u3001\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u3001\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7684\u5185\u5b58\u5360\u7528\u60c5\u51b5\u7b49\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"4\">\n<li>\u5e38\u7528\u64cd\u4f5c\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li><code>q<\/code> \uff1a\u9000\u51fatop\u547d\u4ee4\uff1b<\/li>\n<li><code>k<\/code> \uff1a\u5411\u67d0\u4e2a\u8fdb\u7a0b\u53d1\u9001\u4fe1\u53f7\uff1b<\/li>\n<li><code>r<\/code> \uff1a\u4fee\u6539\u67d0\u4e2a\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7684\u4f18\u5148\u7ea7\uff1b<\/li>\n<li><code>h<\/code> \uff1a\u663e\u793a\u5e2e\u52a9\u4fe1\u606f\uff1b<\/li>\n<li><code>1<\/code> \uff1a\u5207\u6362\u5230\u5355CPU\u6a21\u5f0f<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>unzip<\/h2>\n<p><code>unzip<\/code> \u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7528\u4e8e\u89e3\u538b\u7f29 ZIP \u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u884c\u5de5\u5177\u3002\u4e0b\u9762\u662f\u4e0a\u9762\u63d0\u5230\u7684 <code>unzip<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u53c2\u6570\u53ca\u5176\u89e3\u91ca<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-http\"># \u53c2\u6570\n-Z: \u8fdb\u5165ZipInfo\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u67e5\u770bzip\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\u4f7f\u7528 &quot;unzip -Z&quot; \u53ef\u4ee5\u67e5\u770b\u6b64\u6a21\u5f0f\u7684\u7528\u6cd5\u3002\n-p: \u5c06\u89e3\u538b\u540e\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u5185\u5bb9\u8f93\u51fa\u5230\u6807\u51c6\u8f93\u51fa\uff0c\u4e0d\u4f1a\u89e3\u538b\u5230\u6587\u4ef6\u5939\u3002\n-l: \u5217\u51faZIP\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u8fdb\u884c\u89e3\u538b\u3002\n-f: \u5237\u65b0\u73b0\u6709\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u521b\u5efa\u65b0\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\n-t: \u6d4b\u8bd5\u538b\u7f29\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u7684\u6570\u636e\u4ee5\u68c0\u67e5\u5176\u5b8c\u6574\u6027\u3002\n-u: \u66f4\u65b0\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6587\u4ef6\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u5219\u521b\u5efa\u5b83\u3002\n-z: \u4ec5\u663e\u793a\u5b58\u6863\u7684\u6ce8\u91ca\uff0c\u4e0d\u89e3\u538b\u3002\n-v: \u8be6\u7ec6\u5217\u51fa\u6587\u4ef6\u6216\u663e\u793a\u7248\u672c\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\n-T: \u5c06\u5f52\u6863\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u6233\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e3a\u6700\u65b0\u3002\n-x: \u6392\u9664\u5728\u540e\u9762\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u6216\u76ee\u5f55\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6587\u4ef6\u6216\u76ee\u5f55\u4e0d\u4f1a\u88ab\u89e3\u538b\u3002\n-d: \u6307\u5b9a\u89e3\u538b\u7f29\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u76ee\u5f55\u3002\n# \u4fee\u9970\u7b26\n-n: \u4ece\u4e0d\u8986\u76d6\u73b0\u6709\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\n-q: \u5b89\u9759\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002-qq \u662f\u66f4\u5b89\u9759\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002\n-o: \u5728\u4e0d\u63d0\u793a\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u8986\u76d6\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\n-a: \u81ea\u52a8\u8f6c\u6362\u6587\u672c\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\n-j: \u4e22\u5f03\u8def\u5f84\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u5373\u4e0d\u521b\u5efa\u76ee\u5f55\uff0c\u76f4\u63a5\u89e3\u538b\u6240\u6709\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\n-aa: \u5c06\u6240\u6709\u6587\u4ef6\u89c6\u4e3a\u6587\u672c\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\n-U: \u5bf9\u6240\u6709\u975eASCII Unicode\u4f7f\u7528\u8f6c\u4e49\u5b57\u7b26\u3002\n-UU: \u5ffd\u7565\u4efb\u4f55Unicode\u5b57\u6bb5\u3002\n-C: \u4e0d\u533a\u5206\u5927\u5c0f\u5199\u5730\u5339\u914d\u6587\u4ef6\u540d\u3002\n-L: \u5c06\u67d0\u4e9b\u540d\u79f0\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a\u5c0f\u5199\u3002\n-X: \u6062\u590d\u539f\u59cb\u7684UID\/GID\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\n-V: \u4fdd\u7559VMS\u7248\u672c\u53f7\u3002\n-K: \u4fdd\u7559setuid\/setgid\/\u7c98\u6027\u6743\u9650\u3002\n-M: \u901a\u8fc7 &quot;more&quot; \u5206\u9875\u5668\u8f93\u51fa\u6570\u636e\u3002\n-O CHARSET: \u4e3aDOS\u3001Windows\u548cOS\/2\u6863\u6848\u6307\u5b9a\u5b57\u7b26\u7f16\u7801\u3002\n-I CHARSET: \u4e3aUNIX\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u6863\u6848\u6307\u5b9a\u5b57\u7b26\u7f16\u7801\u3002<\/code><\/pre>\n<h2>uniq<\/h2>\n<blockquote>\n<p><code>uniq<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u662f Linux \u4e2d\u5e38\u7528\u7684\u6587\u672c\u53bb\u91cd\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u53bb\u9664\u6587\u672c\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u7684\u91cd\u590d\u884c\u3002<code>uniq<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u53ea\u80fd\u53bb\u9664\u8fde\u7eed\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u91cd\u590d\u884c\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6587\u672c\u4e2d\u51fa\u73b0\u975e\u8fde\u7eed\u7684\u91cd\u590d\u884c\uff0c\u5219\u9700\u8981\u5148\u4f7f\u7528 <code>sort<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u8fdb\u884c\u6392\u5e8f\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>\u4e0b\u9762\u662f <code>uniq<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u7528\u6cd5\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">uniq [options] [input_file]<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><code>uniq<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u5e38\u7528\u7684\u9009\u9879\u6709\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>-c<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u6bcf\u884c\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u6b21\u6570\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-d<\/code>\uff1a\u53ea\u663e\u793a\u91cd\u590d\u7684\u884c\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-u<\/code>\uff1a\u53ea\u663e\u793a\u4e0d\u91cd\u590d\u7684\u884c\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u4e0b\u9762\u662f\u4e00\u4e9b\u793a\u4f8b\uff1a<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u53bb\u9664\u91cd\u590d\u7684\u884c\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">$ uniq filename<\/code><\/pre>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li>\u663e\u793a\u6bcf\u884c\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u6b21\u6570\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">$ uniq -c filename<\/code><\/pre>\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li>\u53ea\u663e\u793a\u91cd\u590d\u7684\u884c\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">$ uniq -d filename<\/code><\/pre>\n<ol start=\"4\">\n<li>\u53ea\u663e\u793a\u4e0d\u91cd\u590d\u7684\u884c\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">$ uniq -u filename<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u9700\u8981\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c<code>uniq<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u53ea\u80fd\u53bb\u9664\u8fde\u7eed\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u91cd\u590d\u884c\u3002\u5982\u679c\u9700\u8981\u53bb\u9664\u975e\u8fde\u7eed\u7684\u91cd\u590d\u884c\uff0c\u5219\u9700\u8981\u5148\u4f7f\u7528 <code>sort<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u8fdb\u884c\u6392\u5e8f\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">$ sort filename | uniq<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8be5\u547d\u4ee4\u4f1a\u5148\u5c06\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u7684\u6587\u672c\u884c\u6309\u7167\u5b57\u5178\u5e8f\u6392\u5e8f\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u518d\u4f7f\u7528 <code>uniq<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u53bb\u9664\u91cd\u590d\u7684\u884c\u3002<\/p>\n<h2>uname<\/h2>\n<p><code>uname<\/code> \u662f\u4e00\u4e2a Linux \u7cfb\u7edf\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u83b7\u53d6\u5f53\u524d\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\u4f7f\u7528 <code>uname<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u53ef\u4ee5\u67e5\u8be2\u7cfb\u7edf\u5185\u6838\u548c\u786c\u4ef6\u5e73\u53f0\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u5982\u5185\u6838\u7248\u672c\u3001\u7cfb\u7edf\u67b6\u6784\u3001\u4e3b\u673a\u540d\u7b49\u3002\u4ee5\u4e0b\u662f <code>uname<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u8be6\u7ec6\u7528\u6cd5\u3001\u9009\u9879\u548c\u683c\u5f0f<\/p>\n<p><code>uname<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u7528\u6cd5\u683c\u5f0f\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">uname [OPTION]...<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u5176\u4e2d\uff0c<code>OPTION<\/code> \u662f\u53ef\u9009\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u9009\u9879\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u5e26\u4efb\u4f55\u9009\u9879\uff0c<code>uname<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u5c06\u663e\u793a\u7cfb\u7edf\u5185\u6838\u7684\u540d\u79f0\u3002<\/p>\n<p><code>uname<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u5e38\u7528\u9009\u9879\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>-a, --all<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u6240\u6709\u4fe1\u606f\uff08\u6309\u4e0b\u8ff0\u987a\u5e8f\uff09\uff0c\u4f46\u5982\u679c\u672a\u77e5\uff0c\u5219\u7701\u7565-p\u548c-i\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-s, --kernel-name<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u5185\u6838\u540d\u79f0\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-n, --nodename<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u7f51\u7edc\u8282\u70b9\u4e3b\u673a\u540d\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u5f53\u524d\u8bbe\u5907\u7684\u4e3b\u673a\u540d\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-r, --kernel-release<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u5185\u6838\u7248\u672c\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-v, --kernel-version<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u5185\u6838\u7248\u672c\u8be6\u60c5\uff0c\u8fd9\u53ef\u80fd\u5305\u62ec\u5185\u6838\u7684\u7248\u672c\u53f7\u4ee5\u53ca\u53d1\u5e03\u65e5\u671f\u7b49\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-m, --machine<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u673a\u5668\u786c\u4ef6\u540d\u79f0\uff0c\u8fd9\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u6307\u786c\u4ef6\u7684\u67b6\u6784\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982x86_64\u8868\u793a64\u4f4d\u67b6\u6784\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-p, --processor<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u5904\u7406\u5668\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u8fd9\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0d\u53ef\u79fb\u690d\u3002\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\uff0c\u5b83\u53ef\u80fd\u8fd4\u56de\u7684\u662fCPU\u7684\u578b\u53f7\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-i, --hardware-platform<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u786c\u4ef6\u5e73\u53f0\uff0c\u8fd9\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0d\u53ef\u79fb\u690d\u3002\u5b83\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u66f4\u591a\u5173\u4e8e\u786c\u4ef6\u67b6\u6784\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u4f46\u5e76\u975e\u6240\u6709\u7cfb\u7edf\u90fd\u652f\u6301\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9009\u9879\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-o, --operating-system<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u64cd\u4f5c\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002\u5728Linux\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\uff0c\u5b83\u901a\u5e38\u4f1a\u8fd4\u56de&quot;GNU\/Linux&quot;\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>--help<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u5e2e\u52a9\u4fe1\u606f\u5e76\u9000\u51fa\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>--version<\/code>\uff1a\u8f93\u51fa\u7248\u672c\u4fe1\u606f\u5e76\u9000\u51fa\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>ulimit<\/h2>\n<p><code>ulimit<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u7528\u4e8e\u63a7\u5236 shell \u53ca\u5176\u521b\u5efa\u7684\u8fdb\u7a0b\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u8d44\u6e90\u3002\u901a\u8fc7 <code>ulimit<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u7528\u6237\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bbe\u7f6e\u6216\u67e5\u770b\u4e0d\u540c\u8d44\u6e90\u7684\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u9650\u5236\u5305\u62ec\u5185\u5b58\u4f7f\u7528\u3001CPU \u65f6\u95f4\u3001\u6587\u4ef6\u5927\u5c0f\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u547d\u4ee4\u683c\u5f0f<\/strong><\/p>\n<pre><code>ulimit [-SHabcdefiklmnpqrstuvxPT] [limit]<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><strong>\u53c2\u6570\u8be6\u89e3<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>-S<\/strong>: \u4f7f\u7528\u201c\u8f6f\u201d\u8d44\u6e90\u9650\u5236\u3002\u8f6f\u9650\u5236\u53ef\u4ee5\u968f\u65f6\u7531\u7528\u6237\u6216\u8fdb\u7a0b\u964d\u4f4e\u6216\u63d0\u9ad8\uff08\u5728\u786c\u9650\u5236\u8303\u56f4\u5185\uff09\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>-H<\/strong>: \u4f7f\u7528\u201c\u786c\u201d\u8d44\u6e90\u9650\u5236\u3002\u786c\u9650\u5236\u662f\u7edd\u5bf9\u7684\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u88ab\u8d85\u8fc7\uff0c\u53ea\u80fd\u88ab\u964d\u4f4e\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>-a<\/strong>: \u62a5\u544a\u6240\u6709\u5f53\u524d\u7684\u8d44\u6e90\u9650\u5236\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>-b<\/strong>: \u5957\u63a5\u5b57\u7f13\u51b2\u533a\u5927\u5c0f\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>-c<\/strong>: \u521b\u5efa\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u8f6c\u50a8\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u6700\u5927\u5927\u5c0f\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>-d<\/strong>: \u8fdb\u7a0b\u6570\u636e\u6bb5\u7684\u6700\u5927\u5927\u5c0f\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>-e<\/strong>: \u6700\u5927\u8c03\u5ea6\u4f18\u5148\u7ea7\uff08\u4e0e <code>nice<\/code> \u503c\u76f8\u5173\uff09\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>-f<\/strong>: shell \u53ca\u5176\u5b50\u8fdb\u7a0b\u53ef\u4ee5\u5199\u5165\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u6700\u5927\u5927\u5c0f\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>-i<\/strong>: \u6302\u8d77\u4fe1\u53f7\u7684\u6700\u5927\u6570\u91cf\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>-k<\/strong>: \u4e3a\u8be5\u8fdb\u7a0b\u5206\u914d\u7684\u6700\u5927 kqueues \u6570\u91cf\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>-l<\/strong>: \u8fdb\u7a0b\u53ef\u4ee5\u9501\u5b9a\u5230\u5185\u5b58\u4e2d\u7684\u6700\u5927\u5927\u5c0f\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>-m<\/strong>: \u8fdb\u7a0b\u7684\u6700\u5927\u5e38\u9a7b\u96c6\u5927\u5c0f\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>-n<\/strong>: \u6253\u5f00\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u63cf\u8ff0\u7b26\u7684\u6700\u5927\u6570\u91cf\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>-p<\/strong>: \u7ba1\u9053\u7f13\u51b2\u533a\u5927\u5c0f\uff08\u4ee5 512 \u5b57\u8282\u4e3a\u5355\u4f4d\uff09\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>-q<\/strong>: POSIX \u6d88\u606f\u961f\u5217\u4e2d\u7684\u6700\u5927\u5b57\u8282\u6570\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>-r<\/strong>: \u5b9e\u65f6\u8c03\u5ea6\u4f18\u5148\u7ea7\u7684\u6700\u5927\u503c\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>-s<\/strong>: \u5806\u6808\u7684\u6700\u5927\u5927\u5c0f\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>-t<\/strong>: \u6700\u5927 CPU \u65f6\u95f4\uff08\u4ee5\u79d2\u4e3a\u5355\u4f4d\uff09\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>-u<\/strong>: \u7528\u6237\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7684\u6700\u5927\u6570\u91cf\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>-v<\/strong>: \u865a\u62df\u5185\u5b58\u7684\u5927\u5c0f\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>-x<\/strong>: \u6587\u4ef6\u9501\u7684\u6700\u5927\u6570\u91cf\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>-P<\/strong>: \u4f2a\u7ec8\u7aef\u7684\u6700\u5927\u6570\u91cf\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>-T<\/strong>: \u7ebf\u7a0b\u7684\u6700\u5927\u6570\u91cf\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u7279\u6b8a LIMIT \u503c<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>soft<\/code>: \u5f53\u524d\u7684\u8f6f\u9650\u5236\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>hard<\/code>: \u5f53\u524d\u7684\u786c\u9650\u5236\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>unlimited<\/code>: \u65e0\u9650\u5236\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u7528\u6cd5\u793a\u4f8b<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\n<p><strong>\u67e5\u770b\u6240\u6709\u5f53\u524d\u9650\u5236<\/strong><\/p>\n<pre><code>ulimit -a<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8fd9\u5c06\u663e\u793a\u6240\u6709\u5f53\u524d\u7684\u8d44\u6e90\u9650\u5236\u3002<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>\u67e5\u770b\u5f53\u524d\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u5927\u5c0f\u9650\u5236<\/strong><\/p>\n<pre><code>ulimit -f<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u5982\u679c\u6ca1\u6709\u7ed9\u5b9a <code>limit<\/code> \u503c\uff0c<code>ulimit<\/code> \u4f1a\u663e\u793a\u5f53\u524d\u7684\u9650\u5236\u503c\u3002<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>\u8bbe\u7f6e\u6587\u4ef6\u5927\u5c0f\u9650\u5236\u4e3a 100MB<\/strong><\/p>\n<pre><code>ulimit -f 102400<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8fd9\u91cc\u7684 <code>102400<\/code> \u662f\u4ee5 1024 \u5b57\u8282\u4e3a\u5355\u4f4d\uff08\u5373 100MB\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>\u8bbe\u7f6e\u7528\u6237\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7684\u6700\u5927\u6570\u91cf\u4e3a 200<\/strong><\/p>\n<pre><code>ulimit -u 200<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8fd9\u5c06\u628a\u7528\u6237\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7684\u6700\u5927\u6570\u91cf\u9650\u5236\u4e3a 200\u3002<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>\u8bbe\u7f6e\u6700\u5927 CPU \u65f6\u95f4\u4e3a 1 \u5c0f\u65f6<\/strong><\/p>\n<pre><code>ulimit -t 3600<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8fd9\u5c06\u8bbe\u7f6e\u6700\u5927 CPU \u65f6\u95f4\u4e3a 3600 \u79d2\uff081 \u5c0f\u65f6\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>\u8be6\u7ec6\u8bf4\u660e<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><code>ulimit<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u5bf9\u4e8e\u7cfb\u7edf\u8d44\u6e90\u7ba1\u7406\u975e\u5e38\u6709\u7528\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5728\u591a\u7528\u6237\u73af\u5883\u6216\u8d44\u6e90\u53d7\u9650\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u8bbe\u7f6e\u8d44\u6e90\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u9632\u6b62\u5355\u4e2a\u7528\u6237\u6216\u8fdb\u7a0b\u8fc7\u5ea6\u4f7f\u7528\u7cfb\u7edf\u8d44\u6e90\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u4fdd\u8bc1\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027\u548c\u6027\u80fd\u3002<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u8f6f\u9650\u5236<\/strong> \u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u7528\u6237\u6216\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u4e0b\u968f\u65f6\u8c03\u6574\uff08\u4f46\u4e0d\u80fd\u8d85\u8fc7\u786c\u9650\u5236\uff09\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u786c\u9650\u5236<\/strong> \u5219\u662f\u7cfb\u7edf\u7ba1\u7406\u5458\u8bbe\u5b9a\u7684\uff0c\u666e\u901a\u7528\u6237\u65e0\u6cd5\u63d0\u9ad8\uff0c\u53ea\u80fd\u964d\u4f4e\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u6ce8\u610f\u4e8b\u9879<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>ulimit<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u67d0\u4e9b\u9009\u9879\u53ef\u80fd\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c\u7cfb\u7edf\u6216 shell \u4e2d\u4e0d\u53ef\u7528\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u8bbe\u7f6e\u8d44\u6e90\u9650\u5236\u65f6\uff0c\u5e94\u6839\u636e\u5b9e\u9645\u9700\u6c42\u8fdb\u884c\u5408\u7406\u914d\u7f6e\uff0c\u4ee5\u907f\u514d\u4e0d\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u9650\u5236\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u603b\u7ed3<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><code>ulimit<\/code> \u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u63a7\u5236\u548c\u7ba1\u7406 shell \u53ca\u5176\u521b\u5efa\u7684\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u8d44\u6e90\u4f7f\u7528\u60c5\u51b5\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u5408\u7406\u8bbe\u7f6e <code>ulimit<\/code> \u53c2\u6570\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u6709\u6548\u9632\u6b62\u8d44\u6e90\u6ee5\u7528\uff0c\u63d0\u9ad8\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027\u548c\u5b89\u5168\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n<h3><code>\/etc\/security\/limits.conf<\/code> \u6587\u4ef6<\/h3>\n<p>\u9488\u5bf9 <code>ulimit<\/code> \u8bbe\u7f6e\u7cfb\u7edf\u8303\u56f4\u7684\u8d44\u6e90\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u7f16\u8f91 <code>\/etc\/security\/limits.conf<\/code> \u6587\u4ef6\u6765\u5b9e\u73b0\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u914d\u7f6e\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u5b9a\u4e49\u7cfb\u7edf\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u7684\u8d44\u6e90\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u5b83\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u6240\u6709\u7528\u6237\u6216\u7279\u5b9a\u7528\u6237\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8be5\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u8bed\u6cd5\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code>&lt;domain&gt;  &lt;type&gt;  &lt;item&gt;  &lt;value&gt;<\/code><\/pre>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p><strong><domain><\/strong>: \u5b9a\u4e49\u9650\u5236\u9002\u7528\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u7528\u6237\u540d\u3001\u7ec4\u540d\u6216\u901a\u914d\u7b26\u3002<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>*<\/code> \u8868\u793a\u6240\u6709\u7528\u6237\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u7528\u6237\u540d\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982 <code>user1<\/code>\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>%groupname<\/code> \u8868\u793a\u67d0\u4e2a\u7ec4\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982 <code>%admin<\/code>\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong><type><\/strong>: \u9650\u5236\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>soft<\/code>\uff1a\u8f6f\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u7528\u6237\u6216\u8fdb\u7a0b\u964d\u4f4e\u6216\u63d0\u9ad8\uff08\u5728\u786c\u9650\u5236\u8303\u56f4\u5185\uff09\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>hard<\/code>\uff1a\u786c\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u88ab\u7528\u6237\u6216\u8fdb\u7a0b\u63d0\u9ad8\uff0c\u53ea\u80fd\u964d\u4f4e\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-<\/code>\uff1a\u540c\u65f6\u8bbe\u7f6e\u8f6f\u9650\u5236\u548c\u786c\u9650\u5236\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong><item><\/strong>: \u8d44\u6e90\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u4ee5\u4e0b\u51e0\u79cd\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>core<\/code>\uff1acore \u6587\u4ef6\u5927\u5c0f<\/li>\n<li><code>data<\/code>\uff1a\u6570\u636e\u6bb5\u5927\u5c0f<\/li>\n<li><code>fsize<\/code>\uff1a\u6587\u4ef6\u5927\u5c0f<\/li>\n<li><code>memlock<\/code>\uff1a\u5185\u5b58\u9501\u5b9a\u5927\u5c0f<\/li>\n<li><code>nofile<\/code>\uff1a\u6253\u5f00\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u63cf\u8ff0\u7b26\u6570\u91cf<\/li>\n<li><code>rss<\/code>\uff1a\u5e38\u9a7b\u96c6\u5927\u5c0f<\/li>\n<li><code>stack<\/code>\uff1a\u5806\u6808\u5927\u5c0f<\/li>\n<li><code>cpu<\/code>\uff1aCPU \u65f6\u95f4<\/li>\n<li><code>nproc<\/code>\uff1a\u8fdb\u7a0b\u6570\u91cf<\/li>\n<li><code>as<\/code>\uff1a\u5730\u5740\u7a7a\u95f4\u5927\u5c0f<\/li>\n<li><code>maxlogins<\/code>\uff1a\u6700\u5927\u767b\u5f55\u6b21\u6570<\/li>\n<li><code>maxsyslogins<\/code>\uff1a\u7cfb\u7edf\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u7684\u6700\u5927\u767b\u5f55\u6b21\u6570<\/li>\n<li><code>priority<\/code>\uff1a\u4f18\u5148\u7ea7<\/li>\n<li><code>locks<\/code>\uff1a\u6587\u4ef6\u9501\u6570\u91cf<\/li>\n<li><code>sigpending<\/code>\uff1a\u5f85\u5904\u7406\u7684\u4fe1\u53f7\u6570\u91cf<\/li>\n<li><code>msgqueue<\/code>\uff1a\u6d88\u606f\u961f\u5217\u5927\u5c0f<\/li>\n<li><code>nice<\/code>\uff1a\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7684\u4f18\u5148\u7ea7<\/li>\n<li><code>rtprio<\/code>\uff1a\u5b9e\u65f6\u4f18\u5148\u7ea7<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong><value><\/strong>: \u9650\u5236\u503c\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u5177\u4f53\u6570\u503c\u6216 <code>unlimited<\/code>\u3002<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u793a\u4f8b\u914d\u7f6e<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>\u4e3a\u6240\u6709\u7528\u6237\u8bbe\u7f6e\u8f6f\u9650\u5236\u548c\u786c\u9650\u5236<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-sh\">* soft nproc 1024\n* hard nproc 2048\n* soft nofile 1024\n* hard nofile 4096<\/code><\/pre>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li><strong>\u4e3a\u7279\u5b9a\u7528\u6237\u8bbe\u7f6e\u9650\u5236<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-sh\">user1 soft nproc 512\nuser1 hard nproc 1024<\/code><\/pre>\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li><strong>\u4e3a\u7279\u5b9a\u7ec4\u8bbe\u7f6e\u9650\u5236<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-sh\">%admin soft nproc 2048\n%admin hard nproc 4096<\/code><\/pre>\n<ol start=\"4\">\n<li><strong>\u540c\u65f6\u8bbe\u7f6e\u8f6f\u9650\u5236\u548c\u786c\u9650\u5236<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-sh\">* - fsize 1048576<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><strong>\u751f\u6548\u65b9\u6cd5<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\n<p>\u7f16\u8f91 <code>\/etc\/security\/limits.conf<\/code> \u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u6dfb\u52a0\u6240\u9700\u7684\u9650\u5236\u3002<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>\u7f16\u8f91 <code>\/etc\/pam.d\/common-session<\/code> \u548c <code>\/etc\/pam.d\/common-session-noninteractive<\/code> \u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u786e\u4fdd\u5305\u542b\u4ee5\u4e0b\u884c\u4ee5\u542f\u7528 PAM limits \u6a21\u5757\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-sh\">session required pam_limits.so<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>\u91cd\u65b0\u767b\u5f55\u6216\u91cd\u542f\u7cfb\u7edf\u4ee5\u4f7f\u66f4\u6539\u751f\u6548\u3002<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>\u603b\u7ed3<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u901a\u8fc7\u7f16\u8f91 <code>\/etc\/security\/limits.conf<\/code> \u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e3a\u7cfb\u7edf\u8bbe\u7f6e\u5404\u79cd\u8d44\u6e90\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u6709\u6548\u7ba1\u7406\u7528\u6237\u548c\u8fdb\u7a0b\u5bf9\u7cfb\u7edf\u8d44\u6e90\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u9650\u5236\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u9632\u6b62\u8d44\u6e90\u6ee5\u7528\uff0c\u63d0\u9ad8\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027\u548c\u5b89\u5168\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n<h2>useradd<\/h2>\n<p><code>useradd<\/code> \u662f Linux \u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u521b\u5efa\u65b0\u7684\u7528\u6237\u8d26\u6237\u3002\u5176\u7528\u6cd5\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">useradd [\u9009\u9879] \u7528\u6237\u540d\n\n#\u9009\u9879\n-b, --base-dir BASE_DIR: \u8bbe\u7f6e\u65b0\u7528\u6237\u7684\u4e3b\u76ee\u5f55\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u8def\u5f84\u3002\u9ed8\u8ba4\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u7528\u6237\u7684\u4e3b\u76ee\u5f55\u5728\/home\u4e0b\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u4f7f\u7528 -b \/myhome\uff0c\u65b0\u7528\u6237\u7684\u4e3b\u76ee\u5f55\u5c06\u4f1a\u5728 \/myhome\/&lt;username&gt; \u4e0b\u3002\n-c, --comment COMMENT: \u8bbe\u7f6e\u65b0\u7528\u6237\u7684 GECOS \u4fe1\u606f\u3002\u901a\u5e38\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7b80\u77ed\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\u6216\u8005\u662f\u7528\u6237\u7684\u5168\u540d\uff0c\u7528\u53cc\u5f15\u53f7\u62ec\u8d77\u6765\u3002\n-d, --home-dir HOME_DIR: \u660e\u786e\u8bbe\u7f6e\u65b0\u7528\u6237\u7684\u4e3b\u76ee\u5f55\uff0c\u9ed8\u8ba4\u4e3a \/home\/\u7528\u6237\u540d\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c-d \/myhome\/john\u5c06\u4f7f\u7528\u6237john\u7684\u4e3b\u76ee\u5f55\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e3a\/myhome\/john\u3002\n-D, --defaults: \u663e\u793a\u6216\u66f4\u6539useradd\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u9ed8\u8ba4\u914d\u7f6e\u3002\n-e, --expiredate EXPIRE_DATE: \u8bbe\u7f6e\u8d26\u6237\u7684\u5230\u671f\u65e5\u671f\uff0c\u683c\u5f0f\u4e3aYYYY-MM-DD\u3002\n-f, --inactive INACTIVE: \u8bbe\u7f6e\u5728\u5bc6\u7801\u8fc7\u671f\u540e\uff0c\u8d26\u6237\u591a\u4e45\u4f1a\u88ab\u7981\u7528,\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e3a 0 \u5c06\u5728\u5bc6\u7801\u8fc7\u671f\u540e\u7acb\u5373\u7981\u7528\u5e10\u6237\u3002\n-g, --gid GROUP: \u8bbe\u7f6e\u65b0\u7528\u6237\u7684\u4e3b\u7fa4\u7ec4\u3002\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u7fa4\u7ec4\u540d\u6216\u7fa4\u7ec4ID\u6765\u8bbe\u7f6e\u3002\n-G, --groups GROUPS: \u8bbe\u7f6e\u65b0\u7528\u6237\u7684\u8f85\u52a9\u7fa4\u7ec4\uff0c\u7fa4\u7ec4\u4e4b\u95f4\u7528\u9017\u53f7\u5206\u9694\u3002\n-h, --help: \u663e\u793a\u5e2e\u52a9\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\n-k, --skel SKEL_DIR: \u4f7f\u7528\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u9aa8\u67b6\u76ee\u5f55\uff08skeleton directory\uff09\u3002\u9aa8\u67b6\u76ee\u5f55\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5305\u542b\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u76ee\u5f55\uff0c\u5f53\u521b\u5efa\u65b0\u7528\u6237\u4e3b\u76ee\u5f55\u65f6\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6587\u4ef6\u4f1a\u88ab\u590d\u5236\u8fc7\u53bb\u3002\n-K, --key KEY=VALUE: \u91cd\u5199\/etc\/login.defs\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u7684\u9ed8\u8ba4\u8bbe\u7f6e\u3002\n-l, --no-log-init: \u4e0d\u5728lastlog\u548cfaillog\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u4e2d\u6dfb\u52a0\u7528\u6237\u3002\n-m, --create-home: \u521b\u5efa\u7528\u6237\u7684\u4e3b\u76ee\u5f55\u3002\n-M, --no-create-home: \u4e0d\u521b\u5efa\u7528\u6237\u7684\u4e3b\u76ee\u5f55\u3002\n-N, --no-user-group: \u521b\u5efa\u65b0\u7528\u6237\u65f6\uff0c\u4e0d\u521b\u5efa\u4e0e\u5176\u540c\u540d\u7684\u7fa4\u7ec4\u3002\n-o, --non-unique: \u5141\u8bb8\u521b\u5efa\u62e5\u6709\u76f8\u540cUID\u7684\u7528\u6237\u3002\n-p, --password PASSWORD: \u4e3a\u65b0\u7528\u6237\u8bbe\u7f6e\u52a0\u5bc6\u540e\u7684\u5bc6\u7801\u3002\n-r, --system: \u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u7cfb\u7edf\u8d26\u6237\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8d26\u6237\u4e0d\u4f1a\u88ab\u663e\u793a\u5728\u767b\u5f55\u754c\u9762\uff0cUID \u8303\u56f4\u4e5f\u4e0d\u540c\u4e8e\u666e\u901a\u7528\u6237 CentOS 6\u4e4b\u524d: ID&lt;500\uff0cCentOS7 \u4ee5\u540e: ID&lt;1000\uff0c\u7cfb\u7edf\u7528\u6237\u901a\u5e38\u7528\u4e8e\u8fd0\u884c\u5b88\u62a4\u8fdb\u7a0b\u548c\u670d\u52a1\u3002\u5e76\u4e14\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4f1a\u521b\u5efa\u5bb6\u76ee\u5f55\n-R, --root CHROOT_DIR: \u8bbe\u7f6e\u65b0\u7528\u6237\u7684chroot\u76ee\u5f55\u3002\n-P, --prefix PREFIX_DIR: \u8bbe\u7f6e\u5305\u542b\/etc\/*\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u524d\u7f00\u76ee\u5f55\u3002\n-s, --shell SHELL: \u8bbe\u7f6e\u65b0\u7528\u6237\u7684\u9ed8\u8ba4shell,\u9ed8\u8ba4\u4e3a\/bin\/bash\u3002\n-u, --uid UID: \u8bbe\u7f6e\u65b0\u7528\u6237\u7684\u7528\u6237ID\u3002\n-U, --user-group: \u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0e\u7528\u6237\u540c\u540d\u7684\u7fa4\u7ec4\u3002\n-Z, --selinux-user SEUSER: \u5bf9\u4e8eSELinux\u7528\u6237\u6620\u5c04\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u7279\u5b9a\u7684SEUSER\u3002<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u5176\u4e2d\uff0c<code>[\u9009\u9879]<\/code> \u662f\u53ef\u9009\u7684\uff0c<code>\u7528\u6237\u540d<\/code> \u662f\u8981\u521b\u5efa\u7684\u65b0\u7528\u6237\u7684\u7528\u6237\u540d\u3002\u4e0b\u9762\u662f\u4e00\u4e9b\u5e38\u7528\u7684\u9009\u9879\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>\u6ce8\u610f\uff0c\u521b\u5efa\u7528\u6237\u65f6\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u672a\u6307\u5b9a\u5bc6\u7801\uff0c\u5219\u9700\u8981\u4f7f\u7528 <code>passwd<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u4e3a\u65b0\u7528\u6237\u8bbe\u7f6e\u5bc6\u7801\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5b9e\u9645\u6848\u4f8b\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">useradd -r -u 48 -g apache -s \/sbin\/nologin -d \/var\/www -c &quot;Apache&quot; apache\n\n#CentOS8\nuseradd -p $(openssl passwd -6 -salt eSk2L17vEr4Aio 123456) user1\n#CentOS7 \u6ca1\u6709-6\u9009\u9879\u9700\u8981\u7528python\u6a21\u5757\u6765\u751f\u6210SHA512\n[root@centos7 ~]#python -c &#039;import crypt,getpass;pw=&quot;magedu&quot;;print(crypt.crypt(pw))&#039;\n$6$uiLOzwA6WVXFr4tk$4ZZpWhdjYxKPVZC.x1MLGG9elDRa8639ft6.B9Pf22\/xBZhafgKnRm9Nk7V26.Nupg.3yhb.Rgl2kWa7cyNkc0\n[root@centos7 ~]#useradd -p $6$uiLOzwA6WVXFr4tk$4ZZpWhdjYxKPVZC.x1MLGG9elDRa8639ft6.B9Pf22\/xBZhafgKnRm9Nk7V26.Nupg.3yhb.Rgl2kWa7cyNkc0 user1\n#CentOS 6\n[root@centos6 ~]# grub-crypt\nPassword: 123456\nRetype password:123456\n$6$1QxGPylTsWrqO\/oy$YTlQ282j01XJAviWiMnGmTI8IKqkwidDlRVLe9NpXqMb5FQ1NPiNsRLQixnjNs0NNqxn1zU2zuy5AHO9so2rI.\n[root@centos6 ~]#\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u4e0b\u9762\u662f\u4e00\u4e9b\u793a\u4f8b\uff1a<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u540d\u4e3a <code>user1<\/code> \u7684\u7528\u6237<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">useradd user1<\/code><\/pre>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li>\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u540d\u4e3a <code>user2<\/code> \u7684\u7528\u6237\uff0c\u5e76\u8bbe\u7f6e\u5176\u6ce8\u91ca\u4fe1\u606f\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">useradd -c &quot;This is user2&quot; user2<\/code><\/pre>\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li>\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u540d\u4e3a <code>user3<\/code> \u7684\u7528\u6237\uff0c\u5e76\u6307\u5b9a\u5176\u6240\u5c5e\u7684\u521d\u59cb\u7ec4\u4e3a <code>users<\/code>\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">useradd -g users user3<\/code><\/pre>\n<ol start=\"4\">\n<li>\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u540d\u4e3a <code>user4<\/code> \u7684\u7528\u6237\uff0c\u5e76\u6307\u5b9a\u5176\u767b\u5f55 shell \u4e3a <code>\/bin\/sh<\/code>\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">useradd -s \/bin\/sh user4<\/code><\/pre>\n<ol start=\"5\">\n<li>\u4e3a <code>user5<\/code> \u7684\u7528\u6237\uff0c\u5e76\u6307\u5b9a\u5176\u5bc6\u7801\u4e3a <code>mypassword<\/code>\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">#\u901a\u8fc7\u6807\u51c6\u8f93\u5165\u6307\u5b9a\u5bc6\u7801,\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u547d\u4ee4\u884c\u8f93\u5165\necho &quot;mypassword&quot; | passwd --stdin user5<\/code><\/pre>\n<ol start=\"6\">\n<li>\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u540d\u4e3a <code>user6<\/code> \u7684\u7528\u6237\uff0c\u5e76\u6307\u5b9a\u5176\u5bb6\u76ee\u5f55\u4e3a <code>\/home\/myuser<\/code>\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">useradd -d \/home\/myuser user6<\/code><\/pre>\n<ol start=\"7\">\n<li>\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u540d\u4e3a <code>user7<\/code> \u7684\u7528\u6237\uff0c\u5e76\u540c\u65f6\u521b\u5efa\u5176\u5bb6\u76ee\u5f55\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">useradd -m user7\n\n# \u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u7cfb\u7edf\u7528\u6237\uff0c\u6307\u5b9a\u7528\u6237\u7ec4\uff0c\u6307\u5b9a\u5bb6\u76ee\u5f55\uff0c\u5e76\u521b\u5efa\u5bb6\u76ee\u5f55\nuseradd -r -g 306 -u 306 -m -d \/data\/mysql mysql\n\n# \u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7528\u6237\u5e76\u4e3a\u5176\u8bbe\u7f6e\u5df2\u52a0\u5bc6\u7684\u5bc6\u7801\uff1a\nuseradd -p encrypted_password username\n\n# \u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7528\u6237\u5e76\u5c06\u5176\u6dfb\u52a0\u5230\u591a\u4e2a\u7ec4\uff1a\nuseradd -G group1,group2 username<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u9700\u8981\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528 <code>useradd<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u521b\u5efa\u7528\u6237\u65f6\uff0c\u4f1a\u81ea\u52a8\u521b\u5efa\u540c\u540d\u7684\u7ec4\u3002\u5982\u679c\u9700\u8981\u521b\u5efa\u4e0d\u540c\u540d\u7684\u7ec4\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 <code>groupadd<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u521b\u5efa\u65b0\u7ec4\uff0c\u5e76\u4f7f\u7528 <code>-g<\/code> \u9009\u9879\u6307\u5b9a\u7ec4\u7684 GID\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528 <code>useradd<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u521b\u5efa\u7684\u7528\u6237\u8d26\u6237\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u8bbe\u7f6e\u5bc6\u7801\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u4f7f\u7528 <code>passwd<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u4e3a\u5176\u8bbe\u7f6e\u5bc6\u7801\u3002\u547d\u4ee4\u683c\u5f0f\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">passwd \u7528\u6237\u540d<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8fd0\u884c\u8be5\u547d\u4ee4\u540e\uff0c\u7cfb\u7edf\u4f1a\u63d0\u793a\u8f93\u5165\u65b0\u5bc6\u7801\uff0c\u5e76\u518d\u6b21\u8981\u6c42\u786e\u8ba4\u5bc6\u7801\u3002\u8f93\u5165\u5bc6\u7801\u65f6\uff0c\u4e0d\u4f1a\u663e\u793a\u4efb\u4f55\u5b57\u7b26\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u51fa\u4e8e\u5b89\u5168\u8003\u8651\u3002\u5bc6\u7801\u8bbe\u7f6e\u6210\u529f\u540e\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u65b0\u5bc6\u7801\u767b\u5f55\u8be5\u8d26\u6237<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>\u4f7f\u7528<code>useradd<\/code>\u547d\u4ee4\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u7cfb\u7edf\u7528\u6237\uff0c\u5e76\u4f7f\u7528<code>-r<\/code>\u6216<code>--system<\/code>\u9009\u9879\uff0c\u8be5\u547d\u4ee4\u9ed8\u8ba4\u4e0d\u4f1a\u4e3a\u7cfb\u7edf\u7528\u6237\u521b\u5efa\u5bb6\u76ee\u5f55\u3002\u7cfb\u7edf\u7528\u6237\u901a\u5e38\u7528\u4e8e\u8fd0\u884c\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u670d\u52a1\u6216\u5b88\u62a4\u8fdb\u7a0b\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u7528\u4e8e\u767b\u5f55\u548c\u8fdb\u884c\u65e5\u5e38\u64cd\u4f5c\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7528\u6237\u5728\u9ed8\u8ba4\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u5bb6\u76ee\u5f55\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u786e\u5b9e\u5e0c\u671b\u4e3a\u7cfb\u7edf\u7528\u6237\u521b\u5efa\u5bb6\u76ee\u5f55\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u7ed3\u5408\u4f7f\u7528<code>-m<\/code>\u6216<code>--create-home<\/code>\u9009\u9879\u4ee5\u53ca<code>-d<\/code>\u6216<code>--home-dir<\/code>\u9009\u9879\u6765\u6307\u5b9a\u5bb6\u76ee\u5f55\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3002\u603b\u4e4b\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1<code>-r<\/code>\u6216<code>--system<\/code>\u9009\u9879\u4e0d\u4f1a\u9ed8\u8ba4\u521b\u5efa\u5bb6\u76ee\u5f55\uff0c\u4f46\u4f60\u4ecd\u7136\u53ef\u4ee5\u9009\u62e9\u4e3a\u7cfb\u7edf\u7528\u6237\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<h2>usermod<\/h2>\n<p><code>usermod<\/code>\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7528\u4e8e\u4fee\u6539Linux\u7cfb\u7edf\u7528\u6237\u8d26\u6237\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u884c\u5de5\u5177\u3002\u5b83\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u4e8e\u66f4\u6539\u7528\u6237\u8d26\u6237\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u5c5e\u6027\uff0c\u5982\u7528\u6237\u540d\u3001UID\u3001GID\u3001\u5bb6\u76ee\u5f55\u3001\u9ed8\u8ba4shell\u7b49\u3002\u4e0b\u9762\u662f<code>usermod<\/code>\u7684\u7528\u6cd5\u3001\u9009\u9879\u548c\u683c\u5f0f\u7684\u8be6\u7ec6\u8bb2\u89e3\u3002<\/p>\n<p><code>usermod<\/code>\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u4e00\u822c\u7528\u6cd5\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">usermod [OPTIONS] USERNAME<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u5176\u4e2d\uff0c<code>OPTIONS<\/code>\u662f<code>usermod<\/code>\u547d\u4ee4\u652f\u6301\u7684\u9009\u9879\uff0c<code>USERNAME<\/code>\u662f\u8981\u4fee\u6539\u7684\u7528\u6237\u8d26\u6237\u7684\u7528\u6237\u540d\u3002\u53ef\u4ee5\u6307\u5b9a\u591a\u4e2a\u9009\u9879\uff0c\u9009\u9879\u7684\u987a\u5e8f\u53ef\u4ee5\u968f\u610f\u3002\u4fee\u6539\u540e\u7684\u7528\u6237\u4fe1\u606f\u5c06\u5728<code>\/etc\/passwd<\/code>\u548c<code>\/etc\/shadow<\/code>\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u66f4\u65b0\u3002<\/p>\n<p><code>usermod<\/code>\u547d\u4ee4\u6709\u8bb8\u591a\u9009\u9879\uff0c\u8fd9\u91cc\u5217\u51fa\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u4e9b\u5e38\u7528\u7684\u9009\u9879\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>-b, --badname<\/code>: \u5141\u8bb8\u4f7f\u7528\u4e0d\u7b26\u5408\u6807\u51c6\u547d\u540d\u89c4\u8303\u7684\u7528\u6237\u540d<\/li>\n<li><code>-c, --comment COMMENT<\/code>\uff1a\u7528\u4e8e\u6dfb\u52a0\u6216\u66f4\u6539\u7528\u6237\u8d26\u6237\u7684\u6ce8\u91ca\u3002\u6ce8\u91ca\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u4efb\u4f55\u6709\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u6587\u672c\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u63cf\u8ff0\u7528\u6237\u7684\u8eab\u4efd\u3001\u7528\u9014\u7b49\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a<code>-c &quot;This is a test account&quot;<\/code>\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-d, --home HOME_DIR<\/code>\uff1a\u7528\u4e8e\u66f4\u6539\u7528\u6237\u7684\u5bb6\u76ee\u5f55\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a<code>-d \/home\/newdir<\/code>\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-e, --expiredate EXPIRE_DATE<\/code>\uff1a\u7528\u4e8e\u8bbe\u7f6e\u8d26\u6237\u7684\u8fc7\u671f\u65e5\u671f\u3002\u8fc7\u671f\u65e5\u671f\u683c\u5f0f\u4e3aYYYY-MM-DD\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a<code>-e 2024-03-09<\/code>\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>-f, --inactive INACTIVE<\/strong>: \u8bbe\u7f6e\u5e10\u6237\u5bc6\u7801\u8fc7\u671f\u540e\u591a\u4e45\u5c06\u5e10\u6237\u8bbe\u4e3a\u975e\u6d3b\u8dc3\u72b6\u6001\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-g, --gid GROUP<\/code>\uff1a\u7528\u4e8e\u66f4\u6539\u7528\u6237\u7684\u9ed8\u8ba4\u7ec4ID\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a<code>-g newgroup<\/code>\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>-G, --groups GROUPS<\/strong>: \u8bbe\u7f6e\u7528\u6237\u6240\u5c5e\u7684\u5176\u4ed6(\u9644\u52a0\u7684)\u7fa4\u7ec4\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>-a, --append<\/strong>: \u5c06\u7528\u6237\u6dfb\u52a0\u5230\u901a\u8fc7 -G \u9009\u9879\u63d0\u5230\u7684\u9644\u52a0\u7fa4\u7ec4\u4e2d\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u4ece\u5176\u4ed6\u7fa4\u7ec4\u4e2d\u79fb\u9664\u7528\u6237\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-l, --login NEW_LOGIN<\/code>\uff1a\u7528\u4e8e\u66f4\u6539\u7528\u6237\u7684\u767b\u5f55\u540d\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a<code>-l newlogin<\/code>\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>-L, --lock<\/strong>: \u9501\u5b9a\u7528\u6237\u5e10\u6237\uff0c\u963b\u6b62\u8be5\u7528\u6237\u767b\u5f55\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>-m, --move-home<\/strong>: \u5f53\u4e0e -d \u4e00\u8d77\u4f7f\u7528\u65f6\uff0c\u79fb\u52a8\u7528\u6237\u7684\u5bb6\u76ee\u5f55\u5185\u5bb9\u5230\u65b0\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>-o, --non-unique<\/strong>: \u5141\u8bb8\u7528\u6237\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u975e\u552f\u4e00\u7684 UID\uff08\u4e0d\u5efa\u8bae\u5728\u5e38\u89c4\u64cd\u4f5c\u4e2d\u4f7f\u7528\uff09\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-p, --password PASSWORD<\/code>\uff1a\u7528\u4e8e\u8bbe\u7f6e\u7528\u6237\u7684\u5bc6\u7801\u3002\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u52a0\u5bc6\u540e\u7684\u5bc6\u7801\u6216\u662f\u6e05\u6587\u5bc6\u7801\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a<code>-p newpassword<\/code>\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>-R, --root CHROOT_DIR<\/strong>: \u5728 chroot \u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u6267\u884c\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>-P, --prefix PREFIX_DIR<\/strong>: \u6307\u5b9a <code>\/etc\/*<\/code> \u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u524d\u7f00\u76ee\u5f55\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-s, --shell SHELL<\/code>\uff1a\u7528\u4e8e\u66f4\u6539\u7528\u6237\u7684\u9ed8\u8ba4shell\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a<code>-s \/bin\/bash<\/code>\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-u, --uid UID<\/code>\uff1a\u7528\u4e8e\u66f4\u6539\u7528\u6237\u7684UID\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a<code>-u 1001<\/code>\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>-U, --unlock<\/strong>: \u89e3\u9501\u7528\u6237\u5e10\u6237\uff0c\u5141\u8bb8\u8be5\u7528\u6237\u518d\u6b21\u767b\u5f55\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>-v, --add-subuids FIRST-LAST<\/strong>: \u6dfb\u52a0\u5b50 UID \u8303\u56f4\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>-V, --del-subuids FIRST-LAST<\/strong>: \u5220\u9664\u5b50 UID \u8303\u56f4\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>-w, --add-subgids FIRST-LAST<\/strong>: \u6dfb\u52a0\u5b50 GID \u8303\u56f4\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>-W, --del-subgids FIRST-LAST<\/strong>: \u5220\u9664\u5b50 GID \u8303\u56f4\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>-Z, --selinux-user SEUSER<\/strong>: \u4e3a\u7528\u6237\u8bbe\u5b9a\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684 SELinux \u7528\u6237\u6620\u5c04\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u8981\u66f4\u6539\u7528\u6237\u540d\u4e3a<code>johndoe<\/code>\u7684\u8d26\u6237\u7684\u9ed8\u8ba4shell\u4e3a<code>\/bin\/bash<\/code>\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u4ee5\u4e0b\u547d\u4ee4\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">usermod -s \/bin\/bash johndoe<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u5982\u679c\u8981\u540c\u65f6\u66f4\u6539\u7528\u6237\u540d\u548c\u5bb6\u76ee\u5f55\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u4ee5\u4e0b\u547d\u4ee4\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">usermod -l newlogin -d \/home\/newdir johndoe<\/code><\/pre>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\"># 1.\u66f4\u6539\u7528\u6237\u7684\u767b\u5f55\u540d\uff1a\n\u5982\u679c\u60a8\u60f3\u66f4\u6539\u7528\u6237\u7684\u767b\u5f55\u540d\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 -l \u9009\u9879\u3002\nusermod -l newusername oldusername\n\u4e0a\u8ff0\u547d\u4ee4\u5c06 oldusername \u6539\u4e3a newusername\u3002\n\n# 2.\u79fb\u52a8\u7528\u6237\u7684\u5bb6\u76ee\u5f55\uff1a\n\u8981\u66f4\u6539\u7528\u6237\u7684\u5bb6\u76ee\u5f55\u5e76\u5c06\u5176\u65e7\u7684\u5bb6\u76ee\u5f55\u5185\u5bb9\u79fb\u52a8\u5230\u65b0\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 -d \u548c -m \u9009\u9879\u3002\nusermod -d \/new\/home\/dir -m username\n\n# 3.\u66f4\u6539\u7528\u6237\u7684\u4e3b\u7fa4\u7ec4\uff1a\n\u4f7f\u7528 -g \u9009\u9879\u53ef\u4ee5\u66f4\u6539\u7528\u6237\u7684\u4e3b\u7fa4\u7ec4\u3002\nusermod -g newgroup username\n\n# 4.\u6dfb\u52a0\u7528\u6237\u5230\u9644\u52a0\u7684\u7fa4\u7ec4\uff1a\n\u8981\u5c06\u7528\u6237\u6dfb\u52a0\u5230\u9644\u52a0\u7684\u7fa4\u7ec4\u800c\u4e0d\u4ece\u5176\u4ed6\u7fa4\u7ec4\u4e2d\u79fb\u9664\u8be5\u7528\u6237\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528 -G \u548c -a \u9009\u9879\u3002\nusermod -G group1,group2 -a username\n\n# 5.\u9501\u5b9a\u548c\u89e3\u9501\u7528\u6237\u5e10\u6237\uff1a\n\u4f7f\u7528 -L \u9501\u5b9a\u7528\u6237\uff0c\u4f7f\u5176\u65e0\u6cd5\u767b\u5f55\uff1b\u4f7f\u7528 -U \u89e3\u9501\u7528\u6237\u3002\nusermod -L username   # \u9501\u5b9a\nusermod -U username   # \u89e3\u9501\n\n# 6.\u66f4\u6539\u7528\u6237\u7684 UID\uff1a\n\u4f7f\u7528 -u \u9009\u9879\u66f4\u6539\u7528\u6237\u7684 UID\u3002\nusermod -u 1002 username\n\n# 7.\u8bbe\u7f6e\u5e10\u6237\u8fc7\u671f\u65e5\u671f\uff1a\n\u4f7f\u7528 -e \u9009\u9879\u8bbe\u5b9a\u5e10\u6237\u7684\u8fc7\u671f\u65e5\u671f\u3002\nusermod -e 2023-12-31 username\n\n# 8.\u66f4\u6539\u7528\u6237\u7684\u767b\u5f55 shell\uff1a\n\u4f7f\u7528 -s \u9009\u9879\u66f4\u6539\u7528\u6237\u7684\u9ed8\u8ba4\u767b\u5f55 shell\u3002\nusermod -s \/bin\/zsh username\n\n# 9.\u4e3a\u7528\u6237\u8bbe\u7f6e SELinux \u7528\u6237\u6620\u5c04\uff1a\n\u5982\u679c\u60a8\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f7f\u7528 SELinux \u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0a\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 -Z \u9009\u9879\u4e3a\u7528\u6237\u8bbe\u7f6e SELinux \u7528\u6237\u6620\u5c04\u3002\nusermod -Z user_u username\n\n# 10.\u66f4\u6539\u7528\u6237\u7684 GECOS \u4fe1\u606f\uff1a\nGECOS \u5b57\u6bb5\u901a\u5e38\u5305\u62ec\u7528\u6237\u7684\u5168\u540d\u7b49\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 -c \u9009\u9879\u8fdb\u884c\u66f4\u6539\u3002\nusermod -c &quot;Full User Name&quot; username\n\n# 11.\u5728 chroot \u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u4fee\u6539\u7528\u6237\uff1a\n\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u6b63\u5728\u4f7f\u7528\u4e00\u4e2a chroot \u73af\u5883\uff0c\u5e76\u5e0c\u671b\u5728\u5176\u4e2d\u4fee\u6539\u7528\u6237\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 -R \u9009\u9879\u3002\nusermod -R \/path\/to\/chroot -g newgroup username\n\n# GECOS \u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5386\u53f2\u9057\u7559\u7684\u672f\u8bed\uff0c\u539f\u6765\u662f &quot;General Electric Comprehensive Operating Supervisor&quot; \u7684\u7f29\u5199\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u65e9\u671f\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002\u4f46\u5f53\u6211\u4eec\u4eca\u5929\u5728 UNIX \u548c Linux \u4e0a\u8c08\u8bba GECOS\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u901a\u5e38\u6307\u7684\u662f \/etc\/passwd \u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b57\u6bb5\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a &quot;GECOS \u5b57\u6bb5&quot;\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5b57\u6bb5\u539f\u672c\u88ab\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4e3a\u5b58\u50a8\u7528\u6237\u7684\u771f\u5b9e\u59d3\u540d\uff0c\u4f46\u73b0\u5728\u5b83\u901a\u5e38\u8fd8\u5305\u62ec\u5176\u4ed6\u7528\u6237\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u5982\u7535\u8bdd\u53f7\u7801\u3001\u529e\u516c\u5ba4\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3001\u529e\u516c\u5ba4\u7535\u8bdd\u7b49\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5982\u4f55\u4f7f\u7528\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5b57\u6bb5\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u548c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e2d\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u6709\u6240\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\n\nusername:x:1001:1001:John Doe,Room 123,1234,,:\/home\/username:\/bin\/bash\n\u4e0a\u8ff0\u793a\u4f8b\u4e2d\u7684 &quot;John Doe,Room 123,1234,,&quot; \u5c31\u662f GECOS \u5b57\u6bb5\u3002\u5176\u4e2d &quot;John Doe&quot; \u662f\u7528\u6237\u7684\u771f\u5b9e\u59d3\u540d\uff0c&quot;Room 123&quot; \u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u529e\u516c\u5ba4\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff0c&quot;1234&quot; \u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u7535\u8bdd\u53f7\u7801\u3002\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u90fd\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u7279\u5b9a\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u914d\u7f6e\u548c\u7ea6\u5b9a\u3002\n\n\u5728\u8bb8\u591a\u73b0\u4ee3 Linux \u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\uff0cGECOS \u5b57\u6bb5\u4e3b\u8981\u8fd8\u662f\u7528\u4e8e\u5b58\u50a8\u7528\u6237\u7684\u771f\u5b9e\u59d3\u540d\uff0c\u800c\u5176\u4ed6\u4fe1\u606f\u5219\u4e0d\u592a\u5e38\u89c1\u3002\u5f53\u4f7f\u7528\u5982 adduser \u6216 useradd \u547d\u4ee4\u65f6\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u4f1a\u63d0\u793a\u8f93\u5165\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u7528\u6237\u7684\u771f\u5b9e\u59d3\u540d\u3002<\/code><\/pre>\n<h2>userdel<\/h2>\n<p><code>userdel<\/code>\u662fLinux\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u4e00\u4e2a\u7528\u4e8e\u5220\u9664\u7528\u6237\u8d26\u6237\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u884c\u5de5\u5177\u3002\u5b83\u53ef\u4ee5\u5220\u9664\u6307\u5b9a\u7528\u6237\u7684\u8d26\u6237\u53ca\u76f8\u5173\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u7528\u6237\u4e3b\u76ee\u5f55\u3001\u90ae\u4ef6\u7b49\u3002\u4e0b\u9762\u662f\u5173\u4e8euserdel\u7684\u8be6\u7ec6\u8bb2\u89e3\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>\u7528\u6cd5\uff1auserdel [\u9009\u9879] [\u7528\u6237\u540d]<\/p>\n<p>\u9009\u9879\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>-f, --force<\/code>: \u5f3a\u5236\u6267\u884c\u67d0\u4e9b\u901a\u5e38\u4f1a\u5931\u8d25\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u7528\u6237\u4ecd\u7136\u767b\u5f55\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5220\u9664\u7528\u6237\u6216\u5220\u9664\u7528\u6237\u672a\u62e5\u6709\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-h, --help<\/code>: \u663e\u793a\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u5e2e\u52a9\u4fe1\u606f\u5e76\u9000\u51fa\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-r, --remove<\/code>: \u5220\u9664\u7528\u6237\u7684\u5bb6\u76ee\u5f55\u548c\u90ae\u4ef6\u5b58\u50a8\u533a\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u9700\u8981\u5c0f\u5fc3\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u9009\u9879\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4f1a\u5220\u9664\u7528\u6237\u7684\u6240\u6709\u6587\u4ef6\u548c\u6570\u636e\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-R, --root CHROOT_DIR<\/code>: \u6307\u5b9a\u4e00\u4e2a chroot \u76ee\u5f55\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u5728\u8be5\u76ee\u5f55\u4e2d\u6267\u884c <code>userdel<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5728\u5b9e\u9645\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u3002\u8fd9\u5bf9\u4e8e\u64cd\u4f5c chroot \u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u7684\u7528\u6237\u7279\u522b\u6709\u7528\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-P, --prefix PREFIX_DIR<\/code>: \u6307\u5b9a\u4e00\u4e2a\u524d\u7f00\u76ee\u5f55\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5305\u542b <code>\/etc\/*<\/code> \u6587\u4ef6\u3002\u8fd9\u5bf9\u4e8e\u64cd\u4f5c\u5728\u7279\u5b9a\u4f4d\u7f6e\u7684\u914d\u7f6e\u6587\u4ef6\u7279\u522b\u6709\u7528\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-Z, --selinux-user<\/code>: \u5220\u9664\u7528\u6237\u7684\u4efb\u4f55 SELinux \u7528\u6237\u6620\u5c04\u3002\u5982\u679c\u7cfb\u7edf\u542f\u7528\u4e86 SELinux\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u4e3a\u7528\u6237\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e86\u7279\u5b9a\u7684 SELinux \u7528\u6237\u6807\u8bc6\uff0c\u5219\u6b64\u9009\u9879\u5c06\u5220\u9664\u4e0e\u8be5\u7528\u6237\u5173\u8054\u7684\u4efb\u4f55 SELinux \u6620\u5c04\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u683c\u5f0f\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">userdel [\u9009\u9879] [\u7528\u6237\u540d]<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u5176\u4e2d\uff0c[\u7528\u6237\u540d]\u4e3a\u8981\u5220\u9664\u7684\u7528\u6237\u8d26\u6237\u7684\u7528\u6237\u540d\u3002<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>\u5220\u9664\u7528\u6237\u53ca\u5176\u5bb6\u76ee\u5f55<\/strong>\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">sudo userdel -r testuser<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8be5\u547d\u4ee4\u5c06\u5220\u9664testuser\u7528\u6237\u8d26\u6237\u53ca\u76f8\u5173\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5176\u4e3b\u76ee\u5f55\u3001\u90ae\u4ef6\u7b49<\/p>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li><strong>\u5f3a\u5236\u5220\u9664\u4ecd\u7136\u767b\u5f55\u7684\u7528\u6237<\/strong>\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">sudo userdel -f testuser<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8be5\u547d\u4ee4\u5c06\u5f3a\u5236\u5220\u9664testuser\u7528\u6237\u8d26\u6237\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u8be5\u7528\u6237\u5f53\u524d\u6b63\u5728\u767b\u5f55\u6216\u62e5\u6709\u67d0\u4e9b\u8fdb\u7a0b\u3002<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\"># 1.\u5220\u9664\u4e0e\u7528\u6237\u5173\u8054\u7684 SELinux \u6620\u5c04:\n\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u542f\u7528\u4e86 SELinux \u5e76\u4e3a\u7528\u6237\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e86\u7279\u5b9a\u7684 SELinux \u7528\u6237\u6620\u5c04\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u4ee5\u4e0b\u547d\u4ee4\u5220\u9664\u5b83\uff1a\nuserdel -Z username\n\n# 2.\u5728 chroot \u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u5220\u9664\u7528\u6237:\n\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u8981\u5728 chroot \u73af\u5883\uff08\u4f8b\u5982 \/mnt\/my_chroot\uff09\u4e2d\u5220\u9664\u7528\u6237\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5728\u5b9e\u9645\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 -R \u9009\u9879\uff1a\nuserdel -R \/mnt\/my_chroot username\n\n# 3.\u5728\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u914d\u7f6e\u76ee\u5f55\u4e2d\u5220\u9664\u7528\u6237:\n\u5047\u8bbe\u4f60\u7684 \/etc\/* \u914d\u7f6e\u6587\u4ef6\u4e0d\u5728\u6807\u51c6\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5728 \/my_config\/ \u76ee\u5f55\u4e0b\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 -P \u9009\u9879\u6765\u5220\u9664\u7528\u6237\uff1a\nuserdel -P \/my_config username\n\n# 4.\u5f3a\u5236\u5220\u9664\u7528\u6237\u53ca\u5176\u5bb6\u76ee\u5f55\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u7528\u6237\u4ecd\u7136\u767b\u5f55:\n\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u4e0d\u4ec5\u8981\u5f3a\u5236\u5220\u9664\u4ecd\u7136\u767b\u5f55\u7684\u7528\u6237\uff0c\u8fd8\u8981\u5220\u9664\u5176\u5bb6\u76ee\u5f55\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u7ec4\u5408 -f \u548c -r \u9009\u9879\uff1a\nuserdel -f -r username\n\n# chroot \u662f &quot;change root&quot; \u7684\u7f29\u5199\uff0c\u662f Unix \u548c Linux \u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u64cd\u4f5c\uff0c\u5b83\u66f4\u6539\u4e86\u8fdb\u7a0b\u548c\u5176\u5b50\u8fdb\u7a0b\u770b\u5230\u7684\u6839\u76ee\u5f55\u3002\u4f7f\u7528 chroot \u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7684\u6839\u76ee\u5f55\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e3a\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5b9e\u9645\u7684 \/ \u6839\u76ee\u5f55\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u6280\u672f\u901a\u5e38\u7528\u4e8e\u9694\u79bb\u8fdb\u7a0b\uff0c\u521b\u5efa\u548c\u7ba1\u7406\u8f7b\u91cf\u7ea7\u5bb9\u5668\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u5728\u6062\u590d\u64cd\u4f5c\u4e2d\u4fee\u590d\u635f\u574f\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002\n1.\u7cfb\u7edf\u6062\u590d\uff1a\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u7684\u4e3b\u7cfb\u7edf\u51fa\u73b0\u6545\u969c\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 Linux \u542f\u52a8\u5149\u76d8\u6216 USB \u8bbe\u5907\u6765\u542f\u52a8\uff0c\u7136\u540e chroot \u5230\u786c\u76d8\u4e0a\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u8fdb\u884c\u4fee\u590d\u3002\n2.\u8f6f\u4ef6\u6784\u5efa\u548c\u6d4b\u8bd5\uff1a\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u9694\u79bb\u7684\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u6784\u5efa\u548c\u6d4b\u8bd5\u8f6f\u4ef6\uff0c\u4ee5\u786e\u4fdd\u8f6f\u4ef6\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5f71\u54cd\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u90e8\u5206\u3002\n3.\u63d0\u9ad8\u5b89\u5168\u6027\uff1a\u901a\u8fc7\u9650\u5236\u67d0\u4e9b\u670d\u52a1\u5728 chroot \u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u8fd0\u884c\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u63d0\u9ad8\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5b89\u5168\u6027\u3002\u5982\u679c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u670d\u52a1\u88ab\u7834\u574f\uff0c\u653b\u51fb\u8005\u53ea\u80fd\u8bbf\u95ee chroot \u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u80fd\u8bbf\u95ee\u6574\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002\n4.\u521b\u5efa\u8f7b\u91cf\u7ea7\u5bb9\u5668\uff1a\u5728 Docker \u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u5bb9\u5668\u6280\u672f\u6d41\u884c\u4e4b\u524d\uff0cchroot \u662f\u521b\u5efa\u8f7b\u91cf\u7ea7\u9694\u79bb\u73af\u5883\u7684\u5e38\u7528\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\n\n\u4e4b\u524d\u63d0\u5230\u7684 userdel -R \/path\/to\/chroot username\uff1a\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740 userdel \u547d\u4ee4\u5c06\u5728\u6307\u5b9a\u7684 chroot \u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u6267\u884c\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5728\u5b9e\u9645\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\uff0c\u5f53\u4f60\u60f3\u5220\u9664\u4e00\u4e2a\u4ec5\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e chroot \u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u7684\u7528\u6237\uff08\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u5728\u4e3b\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0a\uff09\u65f6\uff0c\u5c31\u5f88\u6709\u7528\u4e86\u3002<\/code><\/pre>\n<h2>visudo<\/h2>\n<blockquote>\n<p><code>visudo<\/code> \u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u884c\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u5b89\u5168\u5730\u7f16\u8f91<code>\/etc\/sudoers<\/code>\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\u5b83\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u9501\u5b9a\u673a\u5236\u4ee5\u9632\u6b62\u591a\u4e2a\u7528\u6237\u540c\u65f6\u7f16\u8f91\u6b64\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u4fdd\u5b58\u66f4\u6539\u4e4b\u524d\u68c0\u67e5\u8bed\u6cd5\u9519\u8bef\u3002\u7531\u4e8e<code>\/etc\/sudoers<\/code>\u6587\u4ef6\u662f\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528<code>visudo<\/code>\u53ef\u4ee5\u9632\u6b62\u56e0\u8bed\u6cd5\u9519\u8bef\u800c\u5bfc\u81f4\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\"># \u4e0b\u9762\u662fviduso\u7684\u9009\u9879\uff1a\n-c, --check: \u8fd9\u4e2a\u9009\u9879\u8ba9visudo\u4ec5\u68c0\u67e5\/etc\/sudoers\u6587\u4ef6\u53ca\/etc\/sudoers.d\u76ee\u5f55\u4e0b\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u8bed\u6cd5\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u5b9e\u9645\u7f16\u8f91\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\u8fd9\u5bf9\u4e8e\u9a8c\u8bc1\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u8bed\u6cd5\u662f\u5426\u6b63\u786e\u5f88\u6709\u7528\u3002\n-f, --file: \u5141\u8bb8\u4f60\u6307\u5b9a\u8981\u7f16\u8f91\u7684sudoers\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u9ed8\u8ba4\u7684\/etc\/sudoers\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\u8fd9\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u4e8e\u68c0\u67e5\u975e\u6807\u51c6\u4f4d\u7f6e\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\nvisudo --file=\/etc\/sudoers.d\/customfile\n-h, --help: \u663e\u793a\u5e2e\u52a9\u4fe1\u606f\u5e76\u9000\u51fa\u3002\n-q, --quiet: \u4f7f\u7528\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9009\u9879\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ba9visudo\u5728\u68c0\u67e5\u8bed\u6cd5\u65f6\u8f93\u51fa\u8f83\u5c11\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u5b83\u4f1a\u4ee5\u8f83\u5c11\u7684\u5197\u4f59\u65b9\u5f0f\u62a5\u544a\u9519\u8bef\u3002\n-s, --strict: \u542f\u7528\u4e25\u683c\u7684\u8bed\u6cd5\u68c0\u67e5\u3002\u5982\u679c\/etc\/sudoers\u6587\u4ef6\u6216\/etc\/sudoers.d\u76ee\u5f55\u4e0b\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u5305\u542b\u8bed\u6cd5\u9519\u8bef\uff0c\u6b64\u9009\u9879\u5c06\u5bfc\u81f4visudo\u4ee5\u975e\u96f6\u72b6\u6001\u9000\u51fa\u3002\n-V, --version: \u663e\u793avisudo\u7684\u7248\u672c\u4fe1\u606f\u5e76\u9000\u51fa\u3002<\/code><\/pre>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\"># 1.\u8981\u7f16\u8f91\u9ed8\u8ba4\u7684sudoers\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u53ea\u9700\u8fd0\u884cvisudo\u547d\u4ee4\u800c\u4e0d\u4f7f\u7528\u4efb\u4f55\u53c2\u6570\uff1a\nvisudo\n\n# 2.\u8981\u68c0\u67e5\/etc\/sudoers\u6587\u4ef6\u53ca\/etc\/sudoers.d\u76ee\u5f55\u4e0b\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u662f\u5426\u5305\u542b\u8bed\u6cd5\u9519\u8bef\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\uff1a\nvisudo --check\n\n# 3.\u8981\u7f16\u8f91\/etc\/sudoers.d\u76ee\u5f55\u4e2d\u7684\u7279\u5b9a\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\uff1a\nvisudo --file=\/etc\/sudoers.d\/filename\n\n# 4.\u8bf7\u6ce8\u610f\uff0c\u5f53\u4f60\u4f7f\u7528visudo\u7f16\u8f91\u6587\u4ef6\u65f6\uff0c\u5b83\u901a\u5e38\u4f7f\u7528\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0a\u914d\u7f6e\u7684\u9ed8\u8ba4\u7f16\u8f91\u5668\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u719f\u6089\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u6587\u672c\u7f16\u8f91\u5668\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u8bbe\u7f6eVISUAL\u6216EDITOR\u73af\u5883\u53d8\u91cf\u6765\u66f4\u6539\u6b64\u8bbe\u7f6e\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528nano\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7f16\u8f91\u5668\uff1a\nVISUAL=nano visudo<\/code><\/pre>\n<h2>vmstat<\/h2>\n<p><code>vmstat<\/code>\uff08virtual memory statistics\uff09\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a Linux \u547d\u4ee4\u884c\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u62a5\u544a\u5173\u4e8e\u5185\u5b58\u3001\u8fdb\u7a0b\u3001\u5206\u9875\u3001\u5757 I\/O \u548c CPU \u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u7edf\u8ba1\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\u5b83\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u6709\u5173\u7cfb\u7edf\u6027\u80fd\u7684\u5b9e\u65f6\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5e2e\u52a9\u4f60\u76d1\u63a7\u7cfb\u7edf\u8d44\u6e90\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u8bc6\u522b\u6027\u80fd\u74f6\u9888\u5e76\u4f18\u5316\u7cfb\u7edf\u8bbe\u7f6e\u3002<\/p>\n<p><code>vmstat<\/code> \u7684\u57fa\u672c\u8bed\u6cd5\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">vmstat [options] [interval] [count]<\/code><\/pre>\n<ul>\n<li><code>options<\/code>\uff1a\u6307\u5b9a\u663e\u793a\u7684\u62a5\u544a\u7c7b\u578b\u548c\u683c\u5f0f\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>interval<\/code>\uff1a\u6307\u5b9a\u62a5\u544a\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u95f4\u9694\uff08\u4ee5\u79d2\u4e3a\u5355\u4f4d\uff09\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>count<\/code>\uff1a\u6307\u5b9a\u8981\u751f\u6210\u7684\u62a5\u544a\u6570\u91cf\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u4ee5\u4e0b\u662f\u4e00\u4e9b\u5e38\u7528\u7684 <code>vmstat<\/code> \u9009\u9879\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>-a<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u6d3b\u52a8\u548c\u4e0d\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u5185\u5b58\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-d<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u78c1\u76d8\u7edf\u8ba1\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-n<\/code>\uff1a\u5728\u8fde\u7eed\u62a5\u544a\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ec5\u663e\u793a\u7b2c\u4e00\u4efd\u62a5\u544a\u7684\u8868\u5934\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-s<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u5185\u5b58\u548c\u78c1\u76d8\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u603b\u8ba1\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-S<\/code>\uff1a\u6307\u5b9a\u663e\u793a\u5355\u4f4d\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0ck \u8868\u793a\u5343\u5b57\u8282\uff0cK \u8868\u793a 1000 \u5b57\u8282\uff09\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-w<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u5bbd\u8f93\u51fa\uff0c\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u5bbd\u5c4f\u5e55\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u4ee5\u4e0b\u662f\u4e00\u4e9b\u4f7f\u7528 <code>vmstat<\/code> \u7684\u793a\u4f8b<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">1.\u663e\u793a\u7cfb\u7edf\u865a\u62df\u5185\u5b58\u7edf\u8ba1\u4fe1\u606f\uff1a\nvmstat\n2.\u6bcf\u9694 5 \u79d2\u663e\u793a\u4e00\u6b21\u7cfb\u7edf\u865a\u62df\u5185\u5b58\u7edf\u8ba1\u4fe1\u606f\uff1a\nvmstat 5\n3.\u663e\u793a\u78c1\u76d8\u7edf\u8ba1\u4fe1\u606f\uff1a\nvmstat -d\n4.\u663e\u793a\u5185\u5b58\u548c\u78c1\u76d8\u4f7f\u7528\u603b\u8ba1\uff1a\nvmstat -s\n\nvmstat \u8f93\u51fa\u5305\u542b\u4e86\u5173\u4e8e\u7cfb\u7edf\u8fd0\u884c\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u8be6\u7ec6\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u8fdb\u7a0b\u3001\u5185\u5b58\u3001\u5206\u9875\u3001\u5757 I\/O \u548c CPU \u6d3b\u52a8\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u5b9a\u671f\u76d1\u63a7\u548c\u5206\u6790 vmstat \u8f93\u51fa\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f18\u5316\u7cfb\u7edf\u6027\u80fd\u5e76\u786e\u4fdd\u8d44\u6e90\u5f97\u5230\u6709\u6548\u5229\u7528\u3002<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><strong>\u8f93\u51fa\u4fe1\u606f\uff1a<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><code>vmstat<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u8f93\u51fa\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u5173\u4e8e\u5185\u5b58\u3001\u8fdb\u7a0b\u3001\u5206\u9875\u3001\u5757 I\/O \u548c CPU \u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u5b9e\u65f6\u7edf\u8ba1\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\u4ee5\u4e0b\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5178\u578b\u7684 <code>vmstat<\/code> \u8f93\u51fa\u793a\u4f8b\u4ee5\u53ca\u5404\u5217\u7684\u89e3\u91ca<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">procs -----------memory---------- ---swap-- -----io---- -system-- ------cpu-----\n r  b   swpd   free   buff  cache   si   so    bi    bo   in   cs us sy id wa st\n 1  0      0 123456  12345 678901   0    0    10    20  150  200  5  3 90  2  0<\/code><\/pre>\n<ul>\n<li><code>procs<\/code>\uff1a\n<ul>\n<li><code>r<\/code>\uff1a\u8fd0\u884c\u961f\u5217\u4e2d\u7684\u8fdb\u7a0b\u6570\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8fdb\u7a0b\u6b63\u5728\u7b49\u5f85 CPU \u65f6\u95f4\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>b<\/code>\uff1a\u5904\u4e8e\u4e0d\u53ef\u4e2d\u65ad\u7761\u7720\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u8fdb\u7a0b\u6570\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8fdb\u7a0b\u901a\u5e38\u5728\u7b49\u5f85 I\/O \u5b8c\u6210\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><code>memory<\/code>\uff1a\n<ul>\n<li><code>swpd<\/code>\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u865a\u62df\u5185\u5b58\uff08swap\uff09\u5927\u5c0f\uff0c\u4ee5\u5343\u5b57\u8282\u4e3a\u5355\u4f4d\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>free<\/code>\uff1a\u7a7a\u95f2\u5185\u5b58\u7684\u5927\u5c0f\uff0c\u4ee5\u5343\u5b57\u8282\u4e3a\u5355\u4f4d\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>buff<\/code>\uff1a\u7528\u4f5c\u7f13\u51b2\u7684\u5185\u5b58\u5927\u5c0f\uff0c\u4ee5\u5343\u5b57\u8282\u4e3a\u5355\u4f4d\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>cache<\/code>\uff1a\u7528\u4f5c\u7f13\u5b58\u7684\u5185\u5b58\u5927\u5c0f\uff0c\u4ee5\u5343\u5b57\u8282\u4e3a\u5355\u4f4d\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><code>swap<\/code>\uff1a\n<ul>\n<li><code>si<\/code>\uff1a\u6bcf\u79d2\u4ece\u78c1\u76d8\u4ea4\u6362\u5230\u5185\u5b58\u7684\u6570\u636e\u91cf\uff0c\u4ee5\u5343\u5b57\u8282\u4e3a\u5355\u4f4d\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>so<\/code>\uff1a\u6bcf\u79d2\u4ece\u5185\u5b58\u4ea4\u6362\u5230\u78c1\u76d8\u7684\u6570\u636e\u91cf\uff0c\u4ee5\u5343\u5b57\u8282\u4e3a\u5355\u4f4d\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><code>io<\/code>\uff1a\n<ul>\n<li><code>bi<\/code>\uff1a\u6bcf\u79d2\u4ece\u78c1\u76d8\u8bfb\u53d6\u7684\u6570\u636e\u91cf\uff0c\u4ee5\u5343\u5b57\u8282\u4e3a\u5355\u4f4d\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>bo<\/code>\uff1a\u6bcf\u79d2\u5199\u5165\u78c1\u76d8\u7684\u6570\u636e\u91cf\uff0c\u4ee5\u5343\u5b57\u8282\u4e3a\u5355\u4f4d\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><code>system<\/code>\uff1a\n<ul>\n<li><code>in<\/code>\uff1a\u6bcf\u79d2\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u4e2d\u65ad\u6570\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>cs<\/code>\uff1a\u6bcf\u79d2\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u4e0a\u4e0b\u6587\u5207\u6362\u6b21\u6570\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><code>cpu<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a CPU \u4f7f\u7528\u767e\u5206\u6bd4\u3002\n<ul>\n<li><code>us<\/code>\uff1a\u7528\u6237\u6001\u8fd0\u884c\u65f6\u95f4\u767e\u5206\u6bd4\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>sy<\/code>\uff1a\u7cfb\u7edf\u6001\u8fd0\u884c\u65f6\u95f4\u767e\u5206\u6bd4\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>id<\/code>\uff1aCPU \u7a7a\u95f2\u65f6\u95f4\u767e\u5206\u6bd4\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>wa<\/code>\uff1a\u7b49\u5f85 I\/O \u5b8c\u6210\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u767e\u5206\u6bd4\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>st<\/code>\uff1a\u865a\u62df\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u7b49\u5f85 CPU \u8d44\u6e90\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u767e\u5206\u6bd4\uff08\u4ec5\u5728\u865a\u62df\u673a\u4e2d\u6709\u6548\uff09\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u901a\u8fc7\u5206\u6790 <code>vmstat<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u8f93\u51fa\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u76d1\u63a7\u7cfb\u7edf\u8d44\u6e90\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u53d1\u73b0\u6f5c\u5728\u7684\u6027\u80fd\u74f6\u9888\uff0c\u5e76\u8c03\u6574\u7cfb\u7edf\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4ee5\u4f18\u5316\u6027\u80fd\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e0b\u9762\u662f <code>vmstat<\/code> \u8f93\u51fa\u5217\u540d\u7684\u5b8c\u6574\u5355\u8bcd\u89e3\u91ca\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>procs<\/code>\uff1a\n<ul>\n<li><code>r<\/code>\uff1arunning\uff08\u8fd0\u884c\u4e2d\u7684\u8fdb\u7a0b\u6570\uff09<\/li>\n<li><code>b<\/code>\uff1ablocked\uff08\u963b\u585e\u7684\u8fdb\u7a0b\u6570\uff09<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><code>memory<\/code>\uff1a\n<ul>\n<li><code>swpd<\/code>\uff1aswapped\uff08\u4ea4\u6362\u7684\u865a\u62df\u5185\u5b58\u5927\u5c0f\uff09<\/li>\n<li><code>free<\/code>\uff1afree\uff08\u7a7a\u95f2\u5185\u5b58\u5927\u5c0f\uff09<\/li>\n<li><code>buff<\/code>\uff1abuffers\uff08\u7528\u4f5c\u7f13\u51b2\u7684\u5185\u5b58\u5927\u5c0f\uff09<\/li>\n<li><code>cache<\/code>\uff1acached\uff08\u7528\u4f5c\u7f13\u5b58\u7684\u5185\u5b58\u5927\u5c0f\uff09<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><code>swap<\/code>\uff1a\n<ul>\n<li><code>si<\/code>\uff1aswap in\uff08\u4ece\u78c1\u76d8\u4ea4\u6362\u5230\u5185\u5b58\u7684\u6570\u636e\u91cf\uff09<\/li>\n<li><code>so<\/code>\uff1aswap out\uff08\u4ece\u5185\u5b58\u4ea4\u6362\u5230\u78c1\u76d8\u7684\u6570\u636e\u91cf\uff09<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><code>io<\/code>\uff1a\n<ul>\n<li><code>bi<\/code>\uff1ablocks in\uff08\u4ece\u78c1\u76d8\u8bfb\u53d6\u7684\u6570\u636e\u91cf\uff09<\/li>\n<li><code>bo<\/code>\uff1ablocks out\uff08\u5199\u5165\u78c1\u76d8\u7684\u6570\u636e\u91cf\uff09<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><code>system<\/code>\uff1a\n<ul>\n<li><code>in<\/code>\uff1ainterrupts\uff08\u4e2d\u65ad\u6b21\u6570\uff09<\/li>\n<li><code>cs<\/code>\uff1acontext switches\uff08\u4e0a\u4e0b\u6587\u5207\u6362\u6b21\u6570\uff09<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><code>cpu<\/code>\uff1a\n<ul>\n<li><code>us<\/code>\uff1auser\uff08\u7528\u6237\u6001\u8fd0\u884c\u65f6\u95f4\u767e\u5206\u6bd4\uff09<\/li>\n<li><code>sy<\/code>\uff1asystem\uff08\u7cfb\u7edf\u6001\u8fd0\u884c\u65f6\u95f4\u767e\u5206\u6bd4\uff09<\/li>\n<li><code>id<\/code>\uff1aidle\uff08CPU \u7a7a\u95f2\u65f6\u95f4\u767e\u5206\u6bd4\uff09<\/li>\n<li><code>wa<\/code>\uff1await\uff08\u7b49\u5f85 I\/O \u5b8c\u6210\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u767e\u5206\u6bd4\uff09<\/li>\n<li><code>st<\/code>\uff1astolen\uff08\u865a\u62df\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u7b49\u5f85 CPU \u8d44\u6e90\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u767e\u5206\u6bd4\uff09<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>wget<\/h2>\n<blockquote>\n<p>\u5728Linux\u4e2d\uff0cwget\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u884c\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u4ece\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u4e0a\u4e0b\u8f7d\u6587\u4ef6\u3002wget\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528HTTP\u3001HTTPS\u548cFTP\u534f\u8bae\u4e0b\u8f7d\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\u4ee5\u4e0b\u662f\u5173\u4e8ewget\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u5e38\u89c1\u7528\u6cd5\uff1a<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>\u57fa\u672c\u683c\u5f0f\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">wget [options] [URL]<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>options\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>-O<\/code>: \u6307\u5b9a\u4e0b\u8f7d\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u540d\u79f0<\/li>\n<li><code>-c<\/code>: \u65ad\u70b9\u7eed\u4f20\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4e0b\u8f7d\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u51fa\u73b0\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ece\u4e0a\u6b21\u4e0b\u8f7d\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u7ee7\u7eed\u4e0b\u8f7d<\/li>\n<li><code>-q<\/code>: \u9759\u9ed8\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u4e0d\u8f93\u51fa\u4efb\u4f55\u4fe1\u606f<\/li>\n<li><code>-r<\/code>: \u9012\u5f52\u4e0b\u8f7d\uff0c\u4e0b\u8f7d\u6307\u5b9a\u7f51\u7ad9\u7684\u6240\u6709\u94fe\u63a5<\/li>\n<li><code>-np<\/code>: \u4e0d\u9075\u5faa\u7236\u7ea7\u94fe\u63a5\uff0c\u5373\u4e0d\u4e0b\u8f7d\u6307\u5411\u7236\u7ea7\u76ee\u5f55\u7684\u94fe\u63a5<\/li>\n<li><code>-nH<\/code>: \u4e0d\u5728\u4e0b\u8f7d\u6587\u4ef6\u65f6\u751f\u6210\u4e3b\u673a\u540d\u79f0\u76ee\u5f55\uff0c\u5373\u4e0d\u5728\u672c\u5730\u521b\u5efa\u4ee5\u4e3b\u673a\u540d\u79f0\u4e3a\u540d\u7684\u76ee\u5f55<\/li>\n<li><code>-nc<\/code>: \u4e0d\u8986\u76d6\u5df2\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u672c\u5730\u5df2\u5b58\u5728\u540c\u540d\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u5219\u4e0d\u8fdb\u884c\u4e0b\u8f7d<\/li>\n<li><code>-P<\/code>: \u6307\u5b9a\u4e0b\u8f7d\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u4fdd\u5b58\u8def\u5f84<\/li>\n<li><code>-t<\/code>: \u6700\u5927\u5c1d\u8bd5\u6b21\u6570\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4e0b\u8f7d\u5931\u8d25\uff0c\u5219\u4f1a\u5c1d\u8bd5\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u6b21\u6570<\/li>\n<li><code>-T<\/code>: \u8d85\u65f6\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5728\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u5185\u65e0\u6cd5\u4e0b\u8f7d\uff0c\u5219\u4e0b\u8f7d\u5931\u8d25<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">-O: \u6307\u5b9a\u4e0b\u8f7d\u540e\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u540d\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982 wget -O myfile.txt http:\/\/example.com\/file.txt\n-q: \u9759\u9ed8\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u4e0d\u663e\u793a\u8fdb\u5ea6\u6761\u548c\u5176\u5b83\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982 wget -q http:\/\/example.com\/file.txt\n-c: \u65ad\u70b9\u7eed\u4f20\uff0c\u4ece\u4e0a\u6b21\u4e0b\u8f7d\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u7ee7\u7eed\u4e0b\u8f7d\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982 wget -c http:\/\/example.com\/file.txt\n-r: \u9012\u5f52\u4e0b\u8f7d\uff0c\u4e0b\u8f7d\u6307\u5b9aURL\u53ca\u5176\u94fe\u63a5\u7684\u6240\u6709\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982 wget -r http:\/\/example.com\n-np: \u4e0d\u4e0b\u8f7d\u7236\u7ea7\u94fe\u63a5\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982 wget -r -np http:\/\/example.com\n-N: \u5982\u679c\u6587\u4ef6\u5df2\u7ecf\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u5219\u53ea\u4e0b\u8f7d\u6bd4\u672c\u5730\u6587\u4ef6\u65b0\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982 wget -N http:\/\/example.com\/file.txt\n-p: \u4e0b\u8f7d\u9875\u9762\u6240\u9700\u7684\u6240\u6709\u6587\u4ef6\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u56fe\u50cf\u3001\u6837\u5f0f\u8868\u7b49\uff09\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982 wget -p http:\/\/example.com\n-U: \u8bbe\u7f6e\u8bf7\u6c42\u7684User-Agent\u5934\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982 wget -U &quot;Mozilla\/5.0&quot; http:\/\/example.com<\/code><\/pre>\n<ol>\n<li>\u4e0b\u8f7d\u5355\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u4f7f\u7528wget\u4e0b\u8f7d\u5355\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u975e\u5e38\u7b80\u5355\uff0c\u53ea\u9700\u8981\u5728\u7ec8\u7aef\u4e2d\u8f93\u5165\u4ee5\u4e0b\u547d\u4ee4\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">wget [URL]<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u5176\u4e2d\uff0c[URL]\u662f\u4f60\u8981\u4e0b\u8f7d\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u7684URL\u5730\u5740\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u8981\u4e0b\u8f7d\u4e00\u4e2a\u540d\u4e3amyfile.zip\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u5b83\u7684URL\u5730\u5740\u662fhttps:\/\/example.com\/myfile.zip\uff0c\u53ea\u9700\u5728\u7ec8\u7aef\u4e2d\u8f93\u5165\u4ee5\u4e0b\u547d\u4ee4\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">wget https:\/\/example.com\/myfile.zip<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>wget\u5c06\u81ea\u52a8\u4e0b\u8f7d\u8be5\u6587\u4ef6\u5e76\u5c06\u5176\u4fdd\u5b58\u5728\u5f53\u524d\u5de5\u4f5c\u76ee\u5f55\u4e2d\u3002<\/p>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li>\u4e0b\u8f7d\u591a\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u8981\u4e0b\u8f7d\u591a\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06\u6240\u6709\u7684URL\u5730\u5740\u4fdd\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u6587\u672c\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u4f7f\u7528wget\u6765\u8bfb\u53d6\u8be5\u6587\u4ef6\u5e76\u4e0b\u8f7d\u6240\u6709\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\u5047\u8bbe\u4f60\u5df2\u7ecf\u521b\u5efa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u540d\u4e3aurls.txt\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u8981\u4e0b\u8f7d\u7684\u6587\u4ef6URL\u5730\u5740\u5199\u5728\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u4ee5\u4e0b\u547d\u4ee4\u4e0b\u8f7d\u6240\u6709\u7684\u6587\u4ef6<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">wget -i urls.txt<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u5176\u4e2d\uff0c-i\u9009\u9879\u7528\u4e8e\u6307\u5b9aURL\u5730\u5740\u5217\u8868\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u8def\u5f84<\/p>\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li>\u65ad\u70b9\u7eed\u4f20<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u7684\u4e0b\u8f7d\u4efb\u52a1\u88ab\u610f\u5916\u4e2d\u65ad\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528wget\u7684\u65ad\u70b9\u7eed\u4f20\u529f\u80fd\u6765\u6062\u590d\u4e0b\u8f7d\u3002\u4f7f\u7528\u4ee5\u4e0b\u547d\u4ee4\u6765\u6062\u590d\u5df2\u7ecf\u4e2d\u65ad\u7684\u4e0b\u8f7d\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">wget -c [URL]<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u5176\u4e2d\uff0c-c\u9009\u9879\u7528\u4e8e\u542f\u7528\u65ad\u70b9\u7eed\u4f20\u529f\u80fd\u3002wget\u5c06\u4f1a\u68c0\u67e5\u5df2\u7ecf\u4e0b\u8f7d\u7684\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u5e76\u4ece\u4e2d\u65ad\u5904\u7ee7\u7eed\u4e0b\u8f7d\u3002<\/p>\n<ol start=\"4\">\n<li>\u9650\u901f\u4e0b\u8f7d<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u60f3\u9650\u5236\u4e0b\u8f7d\u901f\u5ea6\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528wget\u7684--limit-rate\u9009\u9879\u3002\u4f7f\u7528\u4ee5\u4e0b\u547d\u4ee4\u6765\u9650\u5236\u4e0b\u8f7d\u901f\u5ea6\u4e3a100KB\/s\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">wget --limit-rate=100k [URL]<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u5176\u4e2d\uff0c--limit-rate\u9009\u9879\u7528\u4e8e\u6307\u5b9a\u4e0b\u8f7d\u901f\u5ea6\u9650\u5236\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e0b\u8f7d\u901f\u5ea6\u88ab\u9650\u5236\u4e3a100KB\/s\u3002<\/p>\n<ol start=\"5\">\n<li>\u4e0b\u8f7d\u5230\u6307\u5b9a\u76ee\u5f55<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u9ed8\u8ba4\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0cwget\u5c06\u4e0b\u8f7d\u6587\u4ef6\u4fdd\u5b58\u5728\u5f53\u524d\u5de5\u4f5c\u76ee\u5f55\u4e2d\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u60f3\u5c06\u6587\u4ef6\u4fdd\u5b58\u5230\u5176\u4ed6\u76ee\u5f55\u4e2d\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528-O\u9009\u9879\u6765\u6307\u5b9a\u4fdd\u5b58\u8def\u5f84\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u60f3\u5c06\u4e0b\u8f7d\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u4fdd\u5b58\u5230\/home\/user\/Downloads\/\u76ee\u5f55\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u4ee5\u4e0b\u547d\u4ee4\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">wget -O \/home\/user\/Downloads\/myfile.zip [URL]<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u5176\u4e2d\uff0c-O\u9009\u9879\u7528\u4e8e\u6307\u5b9a\u4fdd\u5b58\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u8def\u5f84\u548c\u540d\u79f0\u3002<\/p>\n<h2>whatis<\/h2>\n<blockquote>\n<p><code>whatis<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u662f Linux \u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u663e\u793a\u6307\u5b9a\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u7b80\u77ed\u63cf\u8ff0\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\u5b83\u901a\u5e38\u4e0e <code>man<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u4e00\u8d77\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u67e5\u770b\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u8be6\u7ec6\u624b\u518c\u9875\u4e4b\u524d\u63d0\u4f9b\u6709\u5173\u8be5\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u4fe1\u606f<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>\u5982\u679c\u8981\u67e5\u770b <code>ls<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u7b80\u77ed\u63cf\u8ff0\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u7ec8\u7aef\u7a97\u53e3\u4e2d\u8fd0\u884c\u4ee5\u4e0b\u547d\u4ee4\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">whatis ls<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8be5\u547d\u4ee4\u5c06\u663e\u793a\u7c7b\u4f3c\u4e8e\u4ee5\u4e0b\u5185\u5bb9\u7684\u8f93\u51fa:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">ls (1)               - list directory contents<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u5176\u4e2d\uff0c<code>ls<\/code> \u662f\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u540d\u79f0\uff0c<code>1<\/code> \u8868\u793a\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u624b\u518c\u9875\u7684\u8282\uff08section\uff09\uff0c<code>- list directory contents<\/code> \u662f\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u7b80\u77ed\u63cf\u8ff0\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u9700\u8981\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c<code>whatis<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u53ea\u663e\u793a\u7b80\u77ed\u63cf\u8ff0\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u4f1a\u663e\u793a\u6709\u5173\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u8be6\u7ec6\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\u5982\u679c\u9700\u8981\u67e5\u770b\u6709\u5173\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u66f4\u591a\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 <code>man<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u67e5\u770b\u8be5\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u8be6\u7ec6\u624b\u518c\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n<h2>which<\/h2>\n<blockquote>\n<p>\u5728 Linux \u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\uff0cwhich \u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7528\u4e8e\u67e5\u627e\u53ef\u6267\u884c\u7a0b\u5e8f\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u547d\u4ee4\u3001\u811a\u672c\u7b49\uff09\u6240\u5728\u8def\u5f84\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u884c\u5de5\u5177\u3002\u5b83\u4f1a\u5728\u7cfb\u7edf\u73af\u5883\u53d8\u91cf PATH \u4e2d\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u8def\u5f84\u4e2d\u641c\u7d22\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u7a0b\u5e8f\uff0c\u5e76\u8fd4\u56de\u627e\u5230\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u53ef\u6267\u884c\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7684\u5b8c\u6574\u8def\u5f84\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u53ef\u4ee5\u5e2e\u52a9\u4f60\u627e\u5230\u6b63\u5728\u6267\u884c\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u5177\u4f53\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5f53\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u6709\u76f8\u540c\u540d\u79f0\u7684\u591a\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u65f6\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 <code>which<\/code> \u6765\u786e\u5b9a\u4f60\u6b63\u5728\u4f7f\u7528\u54ea\u4e00\u4e2a\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>\u4e0b\u9762\u662f\u4e00\u4e9b\u5e38\u7528\u7684 which \u547d\u4ee4\u9009\u9879\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>which command<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a <code>command<\/code> \u7684\u7edd\u5bf9\u8def\u5f84\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c<code>which ls<\/code> \u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u663e\u793a <code>\/bin\/ls<\/code>\uff0c\u8fd9\u8868\u660e <code>ls<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u5728 <code>\/bin<\/code> \u76ee\u5f55\u4e2d\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>which -a command<\/code> \uff1a\u67e5\u627e\u6240\u6709\u7b26\u5408\u6761\u4ef6\u7684\u7a0b\u5e8f\u8def\u5f84\uff0c\u5e76\u6309\u7167 PATH \u7684\u987a\u5e8f\u4f9d\u6b21\u8f93\u51fa\u3002\u901a\u5e38\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c<code>which<\/code> \u53ea\u8f93\u51fa\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5339\u914d\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>--version, -[vV]<\/code>\uff1a\u6253\u5370 <code>which<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u7248\u672c\u53f7\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u6210\u529f\u9000\u51fa\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>--help<\/code>\uff1a\u6253\u5370 <code>which<\/code> \u7684\u5e2e\u52a9\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u6210\u529f\u9000\u51fa\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>--skip-dot<\/code>\uff1a\u5728\u67e5\u627e\u547d\u4ee4\u65f6\uff0c\u8df3\u8fc7 <code>PATH<\/code> \u4e2d\u4ee5\u70b9\uff08<code>.<\/code>\uff09\u5f00\u59cb\u7684\u76ee\u5f55\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>--skip-tilde<\/code>\uff1a\u5728\u67e5\u627e\u547d\u4ee4\u65f6\uff0c\u8df3\u8fc7 <code>PATH<\/code> \u4e2d\u4ee5\u6ce2\u6d6a\u53f7\uff08<code>~<\/code>\uff09\u5f00\u59cb\u7684\u76ee\u5f55\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>--show-dot<\/code>\uff1a\u5728\u8f93\u51fa\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e0d\u5c06\u70b9\uff08<code>.<\/code>\uff09\u5c55\u5f00\u4e3a\u5f53\u524d\u76ee\u5f55\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>--show-tilde<\/code>\uff1a\u5bf9\u4e8e\u975e root \u7528\u6237\uff0c\u8f93\u51fa <code>HOME<\/code> \u76ee\u5f55\u4e3a\u6ce2\u6d6a\u53f7\uff08<code>~<\/code>\uff09\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>--tty-only<\/code>\uff1a\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u5728 tty \u4e0a\uff0c\u5219\u505c\u6b62\u5904\u7406\u53f3\u4fa7\u7684\u9009\u9879\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>--all, -a<\/code>\uff1a\u6253\u5370 <code>PATH<\/code> \u4e2d\u6240\u6709\u5339\u914d\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>--read-alias, -i<\/code>\uff1a\u4ece\u6807\u51c6\u8f93\u5165\u8bfb\u53d6\u522b\u540d\u5217\u8868\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>--skip-alias<\/code>\uff1a\u5ffd\u7565 <code>--read-alias<\/code> \u9009\u9879\uff1b\u4e0d\u4ece\u6807\u51c6\u8f93\u5165\u8bfb\u53d6\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>--read-functions<\/code>\uff1a\u4ece\u6807\u51c6\u8f93\u5165\u8bfb\u53d6 shell \u51fd\u6570\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>--skip-functions<\/code>\uff1a\u5ffd\u7565 <code>--read-functions<\/code> \u9009\u9879\uff1b\u4e0d\u4ece\u6807\u51c6\u8f93\u5165\u8bfb\u53d6\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u4ece\u6807\u51c6\u8f93\u5165\u8bfb\u53d6\u522b\u540d\uff0c\u5e76\u627e\u51fa <code>ls<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u8def\u5f84\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">alias | which --read-alias ls<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u6ce8\u610f\uff0c<code>which<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u53ea\u80fd\u627e\u5230\u53ef\u6267\u884c\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4e00\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u662f shell \u5185\u7f6e\u547d\u4ee4\u6216\u8005\u662f\u522b\u540d\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48 <code>which<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u662f\u627e\u4e0d\u5230\u7684\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 <code>type<\/code> \u6216\u8005 <code>command -v<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u9700\u8981\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0cwhich \u547d\u4ee4\u53ea\u4f1a\u67e5\u627e\u7cfb\u7edf\u73af\u5883\u53d8\u91cf PATH \u4e2d\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u8def\u5f84\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u9700\u8981\u67e5\u627e\u5176\u4ed6\u8def\u5f84\u4e0b\u7684\u7a0b\u5e8f\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8003\u8651\u4f7f\u7528 find \u547d\u4ee4\u6216\u8005\u76f4\u63a5\u5728\u7ec8\u7aef\u4e2d\u8f93\u5165\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7684\u5b8c\u6574\u8def\u5f84\u3002<\/p>\n<h2>whoami<\/h2>\n<blockquote>\n<p><code>whoami<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u662f Linux \u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u663e\u793a\u5f53\u524d\u7528\u6237\u7684\u7528\u6237\u540d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5728 Linux \u7ec8\u7aef\u4e2d\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u60a8\u60f3\u8981\u786e\u5b9a\u5f53\u524d\u767b\u5f55\u7684\u7528\u6237\u662f\u8c01\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 <code>whoami<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u3002\u53ea\u9700\u5728\u7ec8\u7aef\u7a97\u53e3\u4e2d\u8f93\u5165 <code>whoami<\/code>\uff0c\u5e76\u6309\u4e0b\u56de\u8f66\u952e\uff0c\u7cfb\u7edf\u5c06\u663e\u793a\u60a8\u5f53\u524d\u767b\u5f55\u7684\u7528\u6237\u540d\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">#whoami\nroot<\/code><\/pre>\n<h2>who<\/h2>\n<blockquote>\n<p><code>who<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u662f Linux \u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u663e\u793a\u5f53\u524d\u767b\u5f55\u5230\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u7684\u6240\u6709\u7528\u6237\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<code>who am i<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u662f <code>who<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u53d8\u4f53\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u663e\u793a\u5f53\u524d\u7528\u6237\u7684\u767b\u5f55\u4fe1\u606f<\/p>\n<p>\u5728 Linux \u7ec8\u7aef\u4e2d\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u60a8\u60f3\u8981\u786e\u5b9a\u5f53\u524d\u767b\u5f55\u5230\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u7684\u6240\u6709\u7528\u6237\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 <code>who<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u3002\u53ea\u9700\u5728\u7ec8\u7aef\u7a97\u53e3\u4e2d\u8f93\u5165 <code>who<\/code>\uff0c\u5e76\u6309\u4e0b\u56de\u8f66\u952e\uff0c\u7cfb\u7edf\u5c06\u663e\u793a\u5f53\u524d\u767b\u5f55\u5230\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u7684\u6240\u6709\u7528\u6237\u7684\u8be6\u7ec6\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u7528\u6237\u540d\u3001\u7ec8\u7aef\u7c7b\u578b\u3001\u767b\u5f55\u65f6\u95f4\u548c\u767b\u5f55\u6765\u6e90\u7b49<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">[root@centos8 etc]#who\nroot     pts\/0        2023-03-08 16:52 (10.0.0.1)\nxing     pts\/1        2023-03-08 14:30 (10.0.0.1)\n[root@centos8 etc]#    <\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8fd9\u8868\u660e <code>root<\/code> \u7528\u6237\u5f53\u524d\u5728 <code>pts\/0<\/code> \u7ec8\u7aef\u767b\u5f55\uff0c<code>xing<\/code> \u7528\u6237\u5f53\u524d\u5728 <code>pts\/1<\/code> \u7ec8\u7aef\u767b\u5f55\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>who am i<\/h3>\n<blockquote>\n<p>\u5982\u679c\u53ea\u60f3\u67e5\u770b\u5f53\u524d\u7528\u6237\u7684\u767b\u5f55\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 <code>who am i<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u3002\u53ea\u9700\u5728\u7ec8\u7aef\u7a97\u53e3\u4e2d\u8f93\u5165 <code>who am i<\/code>\uff0c\u5e76\u6309\u4e0b\u56de\u8f66\u952e\uff0c\u7cfb\u7edf\u5c06\u663e\u793a\u5f53\u524d\u7528\u6237\u7684\u767b\u5f55\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u7528\u6237\u540d\u3001\u7ec8\u7aef\u7c7b\u578b\u548c\u767b\u5f55\u65f6\u95f4\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">[root@centos8 etc]#who am i\nroot     pts\/1        2023-03-08 14:30 (10.0.0.1)\n[root@centos8 etc]#<\/code><\/pre>\n<h2>wc<\/h2>\n<blockquote>\n<p><code>wc<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7528\u4e8e\u8ba1\u7b97\u6587\u4ef6\u6216\u6807\u51c6\u8f93\u5165\u4e2d\u5b57\u7b26\u6570\u3001\u5355\u8bcd\u6570\u548c\u884c\u6570\u7684 Linux \u547d\u4ee4\u884c\u5de5\u5177\u3002\u5b83\u901a\u5e38\u7528\u4e8e\u5bf9\u6587\u672c\u6587\u4ef6\u8fdb\u884c\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u8fdb\u884c\u6587\u672c\u5904\u7406\u3001\u5206\u6790\u548c\u7f16\u8f91\u3002\u4e0b\u9762\u662f <code>wc<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u5e38\u7528\u9009\u9879\u548c\u4f7f\u7528\u793a\u4f8b\uff1a<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>\u5e38\u7528\u9009\u9879<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>-c<\/code> \u6216 <code>--bytes<\/code>\uff1a\u4ec5\u8ba1\u7b97\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u7684\u5b57\u8282\u6570\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-w<\/code> \u6216 <code>--words<\/code>\uff1a\u4ec5\u8ba1\u7b97\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u7684\u5355\u8bcd\u6570\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-l<\/code> \u6216 <code>--lines<\/code>\uff1a\u4ec5\u8ba1\u7b97\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u7684\u884c\u6570\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-m<\/code> \u6216 <code>--chars<\/code>\uff1a\u4ec5\u8ba1\u7b97\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u6570\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u4e2a\u591a\u5b57\u8282\u5b57\u7b26\u88ab\u8ba1\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b57\u7b26\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-L<\/code> \u6216 <code>--max-line-length<\/code>\uff1a\u8ba1\u7b97\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u6700\u957f\u884c\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u6570\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-help<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u5e2e\u52a9\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-version<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a <code>wc<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u7248\u672c\u4fe1\u606f<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u4f7f\u7528\u793a\u4f8b<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u8ba1\u7b97\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u884c\u6570\u3001\u5355\u8bcd\u6570\u548c\u5b57\u7b26\u6570\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">$ wc filename<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u793a\u4f8b\u8f93\u51fa\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\"> 14  79 473 filename<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8f93\u51fa\u4e2d\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u5217\u662f\u884c\u6570\u3001\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5217\u662f\u5355\u8bcd\u6570\u3001\u7b2c\u4e09\u5217\u662f\u5b57\u7b26\u6570\uff0c\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u5217\u662f\u6587\u4ef6\u540d\u3002<\/p>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li>\u7edf\u8ba1\u591a\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u884c\u6570\u3001\u5355\u8bcd\u6570\u548c\u5b57\u7b26\u6570\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">$ wc file1 file2 file3<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u793a\u4f8b\u8f93\u51fa\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\"> 14  79 473 file1\n  9  52 308 file2\n 28 177 781 file3\n 51 308 1562 total<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8f93\u51fa\u4e2d\uff0c\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u884c\u662f\u6240\u6709\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u603b\u8ba1\u6570\u3002<\/p>\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li>\u7edf\u8ba1\u76ee\u5f55\u4e0b\u6240\u6709\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u884c\u6570\u3001\u5355\u8bcd\u6570\u548c\u5b57\u7b26\u6570\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code>$ wc -l -w -c *<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u793a\u4f8b\u8f93\u51fa\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">      4       48     1033 file1.txt\n      6       44      237 file2.txt\n      3       18      135 file3.txt\n     13      110     1405 total<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8f93\u51fa\u4e2d\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u5217\u662f\u884c\u6570\u3001\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5217\u662f\u5355\u8bcd\u6570\u3001\u7b2c\u4e09\u5217\u662f\u5b57\u7b26\u6570\uff0c\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u5217\u662f\u6587\u4ef6\u540d\u6216\u76ee\u5f55\u540d\u3002<\/p>\n<h2>xtrabackup<\/h2>\n<blockquote>\n<p><code>xtrabackup<\/code> \u662f Percona \u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u65e0\u9501\u5907\u4efd InnoDB\u3001XtraDB \u548c HailDB \u5b58\u50a8\u5f15\u64ce\u7684 MySQL \u6570\u636e\u5e93\u3002\u8be5\u5de5\u5177\u5728\u9ad8\u8d1f\u8f7d\u7684\u751f\u4ea7\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u5c24\u4e3a\u6709\u7528\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u5141\u8bb8\u5bf9\u6b63\u5728\u8fd0\u884c\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u8fdb\u884c\u70ed\u5907\u4efd\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u6700\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u5730\u51cf\u5c11\u4e86\u505c\u673a\u65f6\u95f4\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\"># \u4e3b\u8981\u547d\u4ee4\uff1a\n--backup: \u6267\u884c\u5907\u4efd\u64cd\u4f5c\u3002\n--prepare: \u51c6\u5907\u4e00\u4e2a\u672a\u5b8c\u6210\u7684\u5907\u4efd\u8fdb\u884c\u6062\u590d\u3002\n--copy-back: \u4ece\u5907\u4efd\u76ee\u5f55\u590d\u5236\u6570\u636e\u6587\u4ef6\u548c\u65e5\u5fd7\u6587\u4ef6\u56de MySQL \u6570\u636e\u76ee\u5f55\u3002\n--move-back: \u4e0e --copy-back \u7c7b\u4f3c\uff0c\u4f46\u79fb\u52a8\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u590d\u5236\u3002\n--checkpoints: \u6253\u5370\u5907\u4efd\u7684\u68c0\u67e5\u70b9\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\n--stats: \u626b\u63cf InnoDB \u6570\u636e\u6587\u4ef6\u5e76\u6253\u5370\u7edf\u8ba1\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\n--print-defaults: \u6253\u5370\u9ed8\u8ba4\u9009\u9879\u3002\n--version: \u6253\u5370\u7248\u672c\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\n--help: \u6253\u5370\u5e2e\u52a9\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\n\n# \u5e38\u7528\u9009\u9879\uff1a\n--target-dir: \u6307\u5b9a\u5907\u4efd\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u76ee\u5f55\u3002\n--datadir: \u6307\u5b9a MySQL \u6570\u636e\u76ee\u5f55\u7684\u8def\u5f84\u3002\n--defaults-file: \u6307\u5b9a my.cnf \u6216 my.ini \u914d\u7f6e\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u8def\u5f84\u3002\n--encrypt\uff1a\u52a0\u5bc6\u5907\u4efd\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u589e\u52a0\u5b89\u5168\u6027\u3002\n--user \u548c --password: \u7528\u4e8e\u8fde\u63a5\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u7684\u7528\u6237\u540d\u548c\u5bc6\u7801\u3002\n--host \u548c --port: \u7528\u4e8e\u6307\u5b9a\u8fde\u63a5\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u4e3b\u673a\u548c\u7aef\u53e3\u3002\n--no-lock: \u5728\u5907\u4efd\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u4e0d\u5c1d\u8bd5\u5bf9\u8868\u8fdb\u884c\u9501\u5b9a\u3002\u8fd9\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5728\u5907\u4efd\u671f\u95f4\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u5bf9\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u8fdb\u884c\u5199\u64cd\u4f5c\u7684\u573a\u666f\u5f88\u6709\u7528\u3002\n--databases: \u5907\u4efd\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u548c\/\u6216\u8868\u3002\u63a5\u53d7\u4e00\u4e2a\u7531\u7a7a\u683c\u5206\u9694\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u548c\u8868\u5217\u8868\u3002\n--tables-file: \u4ece\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u8bfb\u53d6\u8981\u5907\u4efd\u7684\u8868\u5217\u8868\u3002\n--compress: \u4f7f\u7528\u5feb\u901f\u538b\u7f29\u7b97\u6cd5\u5c06\u5907\u4efd\u6570\u636e\u538b\u7f29\u3002\n--stream: \u7528\u4e8e\u6d41\u5f0f\u5907\u4efd\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c--stream=tar \u4f1a\u751f\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a tar \u6d41\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u76f4\u63a5\u91cd\u5b9a\u5411\u5230\u5176\u4ed6\u547d\u4ee4\u6216\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\n--parallel: \u6307\u5b9a\u5e76\u884c\u7ebf\u7a0b\u7684\u6570\u91cf\u6765\u52a0\u901f\u5907\u4efd\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002\n--incremental: \u6307\u5b9a\u8fdb\u884c\u589e\u91cf\u5907\u4efd\u3002\n--incremental-basedir: \u6307\u5b9a\u57fa\u7840\u5907\u4efd\u7684\u76ee\u5f55\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u589e\u91cf\u5907\u4efd\u3002\n--apply-log-only: \u5728 --prepare \u64cd\u4f5c\u4e2d\u4ec5\u5e94\u7528\u65e5\u5fd7\u4e0d\u521b\u5efa\u65b0\u7684 ibdata \u6587\u4ef6\u3002\u8fd9\u5728\u591a\u6b65\u589e\u91cf\u5907\u4efd\u6062\u590d\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u5f88\u6709\u7528\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0c--apply-log-only \u9009\u9879\u6307\u793a xtrabackup \u53ea\u5e94\u7528\u4e8b\u52a1\u65e5\u5fd7\u5e76\u4e0d\u56de\u6eda\u4efb\u4f55\u4e0d\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\u4e8b\u52a1\u3002\u8fd9\u4e3a\u540e\u7eed\u7684\u589e\u91cf\u5907\u4efd\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u201c\u5e72\u51c0\u201d\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u3002\nxtrabackup --checkpoints\uff1a\u9a8c\u8bc1\u5907\u4efd\u7684\u5b8c\u6574\u6027\u3002<\/code><\/pre>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\"># \u6848\u4f8b\n1.\u5168\u5907\u4efd\nxtrabackup -uroot -pxxxxx --backup --target-dir=\/path\/to\/backupdir\n\u5176\u4e2d \/path\/to\/backupdir \u662f\u4f60\u8981\u5c06\u5907\u4efd\u5b58\u653e\u7684\u76ee\u5f55\u3002\n\u6700\u540ebackupdir\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u76ee\u5f55\uff0c\u6700\u540e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u76ee\u5f55\u4f1a\u81ea\u52a8\u521b\u5efa\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u524d\u9762\u7684\/path\/to\/\u5fc5\u987b\u624b\u52a8\u521b\u5efa\u51fa\u6765\n\n2.\u589e\u91cf\u5907\u4efd\n\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u4f60\u9700\u8981\u8fdb\u884c\u4e00\u4e2a\u57fa\u7840\u7684\u5168\u5907\u4efd\u3002\u7136\u540e\uff0c\u57fa\u4e8e\u6b64\u5168\u5907\u4efd\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u591a\u6b21\u8fdb\u884c\u589e\u91cf\u5907\u4efd\u3002\u589e\u91cf\u5907\u4efd\u53ea\u5907\u4efd\u4e0a\u4e00\u6b21\u5907\u4efd\u4ee5\u6765\u53d1\u751f\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u6570\u636e\u3002\n\u5168\u5907\u4efd\uff1a\nxtrabackup -uroot -pxxxx --backup --target-dir=\/path\/to\/full_backup\n\u63a5\u7740\uff0c\u8fdb\u884c\u589e\u91cf\u5907\u4efd\uff1a\nxtrabackup -uroot -pxxxx --backup --target-dir=\/path\/to\/inc_backup --incremental-basedir=\/path\/to\/full_backup\n\u5982\u679c\u4e4b\u540e\u518d\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u589e\u91cf\u5907\u4efd\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u57fa\u4e8e\u6700\u8fd1\u7684\u589e\u91cf\u5907\u4efd\u6216\u5168\u5907\u4efd\u7ee7\u7eed\u3002\n\n3.\u51c6\u5907\u5907\u4efd\n\u5728\u6062\u590d\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u201c\u51c6\u5907\u201d\u5907\u4efd\uff0c\u8fd9\u4f1a\u5e94\u7528\u6240\u6709\u65e5\u5fd7\u8bb0\u5f55\u5e76\u4f7f\u5907\u4efd\u5904\u4e8e\u53ef\u4ee5\u6062\u590d\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u3002\n\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5168\u5907\u4efd(\u53ea\u6709\u5168\u5907\u4efd\u7684\u65f6\u5019)\uff1a\nxtrabackup --prepare --target-dir=\/path\/to\/full_backup\n\n\u5bf9\u4e8e\u589e\u91cf\u5907\u4efd\uff0c\u9996\u5148\u5e94\u7528\u5168\u5907\u4efd\u7684\u65e5\u5fd7\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u4f9d\u6b21\u5e94\u7528\u6240\u6709\u589e\u91cf\u5907\u4efd\uff1a\nxtrabackup --prepare --apply-log-only --target-dir=\/path\/to\/full_backup\n\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0c--apply-log-only \u9009\u9879\u6307\u793a xtrabackup \u53ea\u5e94\u7528\u4e8b\u52a1\u65e5\u5fd7\u5e76\u4e0d\u56de\u6eda\u4efb\u4f55\u4e0d\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\u4e8b\u52a1\u3002\u8fd9\u4e3a\u540e\u7eed\u7684\u589e\u91cf\u5907\u4efd\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u201c\u5e72\u51c0\u201d\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u3002\nxtrabackup --prepare --apply-log-only --target-dir=\/path\/to\/full_backup --incremental-dir=\/path\/to\/inc_backup1\n\u4e0e\u5168\u5907\u4efd\u7684\u51c6\u5907\u7c7b\u4f3c\uff0c--apply-log-only \u9009\u9879\u518d\u6b21\u7528\u4e8e\u5e94\u7528\u589e\u91cf\u5907\u4efd\u7684\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u56de\u6eda\u4efb\u4f55\u4e0d\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\u4e8b\u52a1\u3002\u8fd9\u4e3a\u540e\u7eed\u7684\u589e\u91cf\u5907\u4efd\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u8fde\u7eed\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u3002\nxtrabackup --prepare --target-dir=\/path\/to\/full_backup --incremental-dir=\/path\/to\/inc_backup2\n\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u6ca1\u6709\u4f7f\u7528 --apply-log-only \u9009\u9879\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u6253\u7b97\u6062\u590d\u7684\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u4e2a\u589e\u91cf\u5907\u4efd\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u60f3\u5e94\u7528\u8fd9\u6b21\u589e\u91cf\u5907\u4efd\u7684\u6240\u6709\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u5e76\u56de\u6eda\u4efb\u4f55\u4e0d\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\u4e8b\u52a1\uff0c\u4e3a\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u6062\u590d\u505a\u597d\u6700\u7ec8\u51c6\u5907\u3002\n\u603b\u4e4b\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528 --apply-log-only \u7684\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u5141\u8bb8\u591a\u6b21\u589e\u91cf\u5907\u4efd\u88ab\u4f9d\u6b21\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u5168\u5907\u4efd\uff0c\u800c\u5728\u6240\u6709\u5907\u4efd\u90fd\u88ab\u5e94\u7528\u540e\uff0c\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u6b21\u589e\u91cf\u5907\u4efd\u4e0d\u4f7f\u7528\u8be5\u9009\u9879\uff0c\u786e\u4fdd\u6240\u6709\u5f85\u5904\u7406\u7684\u4e8b\u52a1\u90fd\u88ab\u6b63\u786e\u5730\u5b8c\u6210\u6216\u56de\u6eda\u3002\n\n4. \u6062\u590d\u5907\u4efd\n\u4e3a\u4e86\u6062\u590d\u5907\u4efd\uff0c\u4f60\u9700\u8981\u505c\u6b62 MySQL \u670d\u52a1\u5668\u5e76\u5c06\u6570\u636e\u76ee\u5f55\u66ff\u6362\u4e3a\u4f60\u7684\u5907\u4efd\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u518d\u542f\u52a8\u670d\u52a1\u5668\n# \u505c\u6b62MySQL\u670d\u52a1\nservice mysql stop\n\n# \u79fb\u52a8\u539f\u59cb\u6570\u636e\u76ee\u5f55\nmv \/var\/lib\/mysql \/var\/lib\/mysql_old\n\n# \u6062\u590d\u5907\u4efd\nxtrabackup --copy-back --target-dir=\/path\/to\/full_backup\n\n# \u66f4\u6539\u6570\u636e\u76ee\u5f55\u7684\u6240\u6709\u6743\nchown -R mysql:mysql \/var\/lib\/mysql\n\n# \u542f\u52a8MySQL\u670d\u52a1\nservice mysql start\n\n5.\u538b\u7f29\u5907\u4efd\n\u4f7f\u7528 --compress \u9009\u9879\u53ef\u4ee5\u5bf9\u5907\u4efd\u8fdb\u884c\u538b\u7f29\uff0c\u8282\u7701\u5b58\u50a8\u7a7a\u95f4\uff1a\nxtrabackup --backup --compress --target-dir=\/path\/to\/compressed_backup\n\n6.\u6d41\u5f0f\u5907\u4efd\n\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06\u5907\u4efd\u76f4\u63a5\u53d1\u9001\u5230\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u7cfb\u7edf\u6216\u5b58\u50a8\u4ecb\u8d28\uff0c\u5982 tar \u6587\u4ef6\u6216\u901a\u8fc7 SSH \u5230\u8fdc\u7a0b\u670d\u52a1\u5668\uff1a\nxtrabackup --backup --stream=tar .\/ | gzip &gt; backup.tar.gz\n\u6216\u8005\u4f7f\u7528 SSH\uff1a\nxtrabackup --backup --stream=tar .\/ | ssh user@remote &quot;cat - &gt; \/path\/on\/remote\/backup.tar.gz&quot;\n\n7.\u5e76\u884c\u5907\u4efd\n\u4f7f\u7528 --parallel \u9009\u9879\u53ef\u4ee5\u52a0\u901f\u5907\u4efd\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff1a\nxtrabackup --backup --parallel=4 --target-dir=\/path\/to\/backupdir\n\u4e0a\u9762\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u4f7f\u75284\u4e2a\u7ebf\u7a0b\u8fdb\u884c\u5907\u4efd\u3002\n\n8.\u6307\u5b9a\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u548c\u8868\n\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u53ea\u60f3\u5907\u4efd\u67d0\u4e9b\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u6216\u8868\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 --databases \u9009\u9879\uff1a\nxtrabackup --backup --databases=&quot;db1 db2.tbl1 db2.tbl2&quot; --target-dir=\/path\/to\/backupdir\n\n9.\u5982\u679c xtrabackup \u4e0d\u80fd\u81ea\u52a8\u786e\u5b9a\u65e5\u5fd7\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 --innodb_log_group_home_dir \u6307\u5b9a\u5b83\uff1a\nxtrabackup --backup --target-dir=\/path\/to\/backupdir --innodb_log_group_home_dir=\/path\/to\/logdir\n\n10.\u5907\u4efd\u9501\u5b9a\n\u4e3a\u4e86\u83b7\u5f97\u4e00\u81f4\u7684\u5907\u4efd\uff0cxtrabackup \u901a\u5e38\u4f1a\u5728\u5907\u4efd\u5f00\u59cb\u65f6\u9501\u5b9a\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 --no-lock \u907f\u514d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9501\u5b9a\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5f53\u4f60\u6709\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u957f\u65f6\u95f4\u8fd0\u884c\u7684\u4e8b\u52a1\u65f6\uff1a\nxtrabackup --backup --no-lock --target-dir=\/path\/to\/backupdir\n\n11.\u4f7f\u7528\u7279\u5b9a\u7684my.cnf\u6587\u4ef6\n\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u6709\u591a\u4e2a my.cnf \u6587\u4ef6\u6216\u8005\u5b83\u4e0d\u5728\u6807\u51c6\u8def\u5f84\u4e0a\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 --defaults-file \u6765\u6307\u5b9a\u5b83\uff1a\nxtrabackup --backup --defaults-file=\/path\/to\/my.cnf --target-dir=\/path\/to\/backupdir\n\n12.\u751f\u6210\u5907\u4efd\u4fe1\u606f\u548c\u68c0\u67e5\u70b9\u4fe1\u606f\n\u4f7f\u7528 --backup \u65f6\uff0cxtrabackup \u4f1a\u5728\u5907\u4efd\u76ee\u5f55\u4e2d\u751f\u6210 xtrabackup_info \u548c xtrabackup_checkpoints \u6587\u4ef6\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6587\u4ef6\u5305\u542b\u6709\u5173\u5907\u4efd\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u548c\u68c0\u67e5\u70b9\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/code><\/pre>\n<h2>xz<\/h2>\n<blockquote>\n<p><code>xz<\/code> \u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u538b\u7f29\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u538b\u7f29\u548c\u89e3\u538b\u7f29\u591a\u79cd\u683c\u5f0f\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\u5b83\u901a\u5e38\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728 Linux \u4e2d\u901a\u8fc7\u547d\u4ee4\u884c\u5de5\u5177\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u4ee5\u63d0\u4f9b\u66f4\u5feb\u7684\u538b\u7f29\u548c\u89e3\u538b\u7f29\u901f\u5ea6\uff0c\u5e76\u4f7f\u7528\u66f4\u5c11\u7684\u78c1\u76d8\u7a7a\u95f4\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>\u4e0b\u9762\u662f\u4e00\u4e9b\u4f7f\u7528 <code>xz<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u793a\u4f8b\uff1a<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u538b\u7f29\u6587\u4ef6\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528 <code>xz<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u53ef\u4ee5\u538b\u7f29\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">xz file.txt<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8fd9\u5c06\u5728\u5f53\u524d\u76ee\u5f55\u4e0b\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u540d\u4e3a <code>file.txt.xz<\/code> \u7684\u538b\u7f29\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u539f\u59cb\u6587\u4ef6 <code>file.txt<\/code> \u5220\u9664\u3002<\/p>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li>\u89e3\u538b\u6587\u4ef6\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528 <code>xz<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u53ef\u4ee5\u89e3\u538b\u7f29\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">xz -d file.txt.xz<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8fd9\u5c06\u5728\u5f53\u524d\u76ee\u5f55\u4e0b\u89e3\u538b\u7f29\u540d\u4e3a <code>file.txt.xz<\/code> \u7684\u538b\u7f29\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u89e3\u538b\u540e\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u4fdd\u5b58\u4e3a <code>file.txt<\/code>\u3002<\/p>\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li>\u538b\u7f29\u76ee\u5f55\uff1a\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 <code>tar<\/code> \u548c <code>xz<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u4e00\u8d77\u538b\u7f29\u6574\u4e2a\u76ee\u5f55\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982:<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">tar -cJf directory.tar.xz directory\/<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8fd9\u5c06\u5728\u5f53\u524d\u76ee\u5f55\u4e0b\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u540d\u4e3a <code>directory.tar.xz<\/code> \u7684\u538b\u7f29\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5305\u542b\u6574\u4e2a\u76ee\u5f55 <code>directory\/<\/code> \u4e2d\u7684\u6240\u6709\u6587\u4ef6\u548c\u5b50\u76ee\u5f55<\/p>\n<ol start=\"4\">\n<li>\u89e3\u538b\u7f29\u76ee\u5f55\uff1a\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 <code>tar<\/code> \u548c <code>xz<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u4e00\u8d77\u89e3\u538b\u7f29\u6574\u4e2a\u76ee\u5f55\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">tar -xJf directory.tar.xz<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8fd9\u5c06\u5728\u5f53\u524d\u76ee\u5f55\u4e0b\u89e3\u538b\u7f29\u540d\u4e3a <code>directory.tar.xz<\/code> \u7684\u538b\u7f29\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u89e3\u538b\u540e\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u4fdd\u5b58\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u76ee\u5f55 <code>directory\/<\/code> \u4e2d\u3002<\/p>\n<h2>xfs_admin<\/h2>\n<p><code>xfs_admin<\/code>\u547d\u4ee4\u7528\u4e8e\u7ba1\u7406XFS\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u8bbe\u7f6e\u8bbe\u5907\u6807\u7b7e\uff08label\uff09\u3001\u67e5\u770b\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u4fe1\u606f\u4ee5\u53ca\u8bbe\u7f6e\u5176\u4ed6\u5c5e\u6027\u3002\u4ee5\u4e0b\u662f\u6709\u5173<code>xfs_admin<\/code>\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u8be6\u7ec6\u89e3\u91ca\uff1a<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u8bed\u6cd5\uff1a<\/strong><\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">xfs_admin -L &lt;\u65b0\u6807\u7b7e&gt; &lt;\u8bbe\u5907&gt;<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><strong>\u53c2\u6570\uff1a<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>-L &lt;\u65b0\u6807\u7b7e&gt;<\/code>\uff1a\u8bbe\u7f6e\u8bbe\u5907\u7684\u65b0\u6807\u7b7e\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>&lt;\u8bbe\u5907&gt;<\/code>\uff1a\u8981\u8bbe\u7f6e\u6807\u7b7e\u7684\u8bbe\u5907\u8def\u5f84\uff0c\u5982<code>\/dev\/sda1<\/code>\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u6ce8\u610f\u4e8b\u9879\uff1a<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>xfs_admin<\/code>\u547d\u4ee4\u4ec5\u9002\u7528\u4e8eXFS\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u5fc5\u987b\u4ee5root\u6743\u9650\u6216\u4f7f\u7528sudo\u547d\u4ee4\u6765\u6267\u884c<code>xfs_admin<\/code>\u547d\u4ee4\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">1.\u663e\u793a\u8bbe\u5907\u7684\u5f53\u524d\u6807\u7b7e\uff1a\nxfs_admin -l \/dev\/sda1\n\n2.\u8bbe\u7f6e\u8bbe\u5907\u7684\u6807\u7b7e\uff1a\nxfs_admin -L MyLabel \/dev\/sda1\n\n3.\u663e\u793a\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u4fe1\u606f\uff1a\nxfs_admin -i \/dev\/sda1\n\n4.\u6ce8\u610f\u4e8b\u9879\uff1a\n\u4fee\u6539\u8bbe\u5907\u7684\u6807\u7b7e\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5bf9\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u672c\u8eab\u4ea7\u751f\u4efb\u4f55\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u5b83\u53ea\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u65b9\u4fbf\u7528\u6237\u8bc6\u522b\u548c\u6807\u8bc6\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002\n\u4f7f\u7528xfs_admin\u547d\u4ee4\u8bbe\u7f6e\u8bbe\u5907\u6807\u7b7e\u540e\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528blkid\u547d\u4ee4\u6765\u67e5\u770b\u8bbe\u5907\u7684\u65b0\u6807\u7b7e\u3002<\/code><\/pre>\n<h2>yum<\/h2>\n<blockquote>\n<p><code>yum<\/code> \u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7528\u4e8e\u7ba1\u7406 RPM \u5305\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u884c\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u5e38\u7528\u4e8e Red Hat \u7cfb\u7edf\uff08\u5982 Red Hat Enterprise Linux\u3001CentOS \u548c Fedora\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1 Fedora \u5df2\u7ecf\u5207\u6362\u5230\u4e86 <code>dnf<\/code>\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\"># List of Main Commands(\u4e3b\u8981\u547d\u4ee4):\nalias: \u5217\u51fa\u6216\u521b\u5efa\u547d\u4ee4\u522b\u540d\u3002\nautoremove: \u5220\u9664\u539f\u6765\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4f9d\u8d56\u9879\u5b89\u88c5\u4f46\u73b0\u5728\u4e0d\u518d\u9700\u8981\u7684\u6240\u6709\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u3002\ncheck: \u68c0\u67e5\u6253\u5305\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u4e2d\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002\ncheck-update: \u68c0\u67e5\u53ef\u7528\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u5347\u7ea7\u3002\nclean: \u5220\u9664\u7f13\u5b58\u6570\u636e\u3002\ndeplist: \u5217\u51fa\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u7684\u4f9d\u8d56\u5173\u7cfb\u53ca\u63d0\u4f9b\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\uff08\u5df2\u5f03\u7528\uff0c\u5efa\u8bae\u4f7f\u7528 repoquery --deplist\uff09\u3002\ndistro-sync: \u5c06\u5df2\u5b89\u88c5\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u540c\u6b65\u5230\u6700\u65b0\u53ef\u7528\u7248\u672c\u3002\ndowngrade: \u964d\u7ea7\u4e00\u4e2a\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u3002\ngroup: \u663e\u793a\u6216\u4f7f\u7528\u7ec4\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\nhelp: \u663e\u793a\u6709\u7528\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\nhistory: \u663e\u793a\u6216\u4f7f\u7528\u4e8b\u52a1\u5386\u53f2\u3002\ninfo: \u663e\u793a\u4e00\u4e2a\u6216\u4e00\u7ec4\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u7684\u8be6\u7ec6\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\ninstall: \u5728\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0a\u5b89\u88c5\u4e00\u4e2a\u6216\u591a\u4e2a\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u3002\nlist: \u5217\u51fa\u4e00\u4e2a\u6216\u591a\u4e2a\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u3002\nmakecache: \u751f\u6210\u5143\u6570\u636e\u7f13\u5b58\u3002\nmark: \u6807\u8bb0\u6216\u53d6\u6d88\u6807\u8bb0\u5df2\u5b89\u88c5\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7528\u6237\u5b89\u88c5\u7684\u3002\nmodule: \u4e0e\u6a21\u5757\u4ea4\u4e92\u3002\nprovides: \u67e5\u627e\u63d0\u4f9b\u7ed9\u5b9a\u503c\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u3002\nreinstall: \u91cd\u65b0\u5b89\u88c5\u4e00\u4e2a\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u3002\nremove: \u4ece\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u5220\u9664\u4e00\u4e2a\u6216\u591a\u4e2a\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u3002\nrepolist: \u663e\u793a\u914d\u7f6e\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\u4ed3\u5e93\u3002\nrepoquery: \u641c\u7d22\u4e0e\u5173\u952e\u5b57\u5339\u914d\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u3002\nrepository-packages: \u5728\u7ed9\u5b9a\u4ed3\u5e93\u7684\u6240\u6709\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u4e0a\u8fd0\u884c\u547d\u4ee4\u3002\nsearch: \u641c\u7d22\u5305\u542b\u7ed9\u5b9a\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u8be6\u60c5\u3002\nshell: \u8fd0\u884c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4ea4\u4e92\u5f0f\u7684 YUM shell\u3002\nswap: \u4e3a\u79fb\u9664\u548c\u5b89\u88c5\u4e00\u4e2a\u89c4\u683c\u8fd0\u884c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4ea4\u4e92\u5f0f\u7684 YUM \u6a21\u5757\u3002\nupdateinfo: \u663e\u793a\u5173\u4e8e\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u7684\u901a\u77e5\u3002\nupgrade: \u5347\u7ea7\u4e00\u4e2a\u6216\u591a\u4e2a\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u3002\nupgrade-minimal: \u5347\u7ea7\uff0c\u4f46\u53ea\u6709\u89e3\u51b3\u5f71\u54cd\u60a8\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u6700\u65b0\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u5339\u914d\u3002\n\n# List of Plugin Commands(\u63d2\u4ef6\u547d\u4ee4):\nbuilddep: \u5b89\u88c5\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u6216 spec \u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u6784\u5efa\u4f9d\u8d56\u3002\nchangelog: \u663e\u793a\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u7684\u53d8\u66f4\u65e5\u5fd7\u6570\u636e\u3002\nconfig-manager: \u7ba1\u7406 yum \u914d\u7f6e\u9009\u9879\u548c\u4ed3\u5e93\u3002\ncopr: \u4e0e Copr \u4ed3\u5e93\u4ea4\u4e92\u3002\ndebug-dump: \u5c06\u5df2\u5b89\u88c5\u7684rpm\u5305\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u8f6c\u50a8\u5230\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\ndebug-restore: \u6062\u590d\u5728debug-dump\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u8bb0\u5f55\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u3002\ndebuginfo-install: \u5b89\u88c5 debuginfo \u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u3002\ndownload: \u4e0b\u8f7d\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u5230\u5f53\u524d\u76ee\u5f55\u3002\ngroups-manager: \u521b\u5efa\u548c\u7f16\u8f91\u7ec4\u5143\u6570\u636e\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\nkpatch: \u5207\u6362 kpatch-patch \u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u7684\u81ea\u52a8\u5b89\u88c5\u3002\nneeds-restarting: \u786e\u5b9a\u9700\u8981\u91cd\u65b0\u542f\u52a8\u7684\u5df2\u66f4\u65b0\u7684\u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\noffline-distrosync: \u51c6\u5907\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u79bb\u7ebf\u540c\u6b65\u3002\noffline-upgrade: \u51c6\u5907\u7cfb\u7edf\u5347\u7ea7\u5230\u65b0\u7248\u672c\u3002\nplayground: \u4e0e Playground \u4ed3\u5e93\u4ea4\u4e92\u3002\nrepoclosure: \u663e\u793a\u4ed3\u5e93\u7684\u672a\u89e3\u51b3\u7684\u4f9d\u8d56\u5173\u7cfb\u5217\u8868\u3002\nrepodiff: \u5217\u51fa\u4e24\u7ec4\u4ed3\u5e93\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\u3002\nrepograph: \u4ee5dot\u683c\u5f0f\u8f93\u51fa\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u4f9d\u8d56\u5173\u7cfb\u56fe\u3002\nrepomanage: \u7ba1\u7406\u4e00\u4e2arpm\u5305\u76ee\u5f55\u3002\nreposync: \u4ece\u8fdc\u7a0b\u4ed3\u5e93\u4e0b\u8f7d\u6240\u6709\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u3002\nsystem-upgrade: \u51c6\u5907\u7cfb\u7edf\u5347\u7ea7\u5230\u65b0\u7248\u672c\u3002\n\n# General YUM options(\u4e00\u822c\u7684 YUM \u9009\u9879):\n-c [config file], --config [config file]: \u6307\u5b9a\u914d\u7f6e\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3002\n-q, --quiet: \u9759\u9ed8\u64cd\u4f5c\uff0c\u51cf\u5c11\u8f93\u51fa\u3002\n-v, --verbose: \u8be6\u7ec6\u64cd\u4f5c\uff0c\u8f93\u51fa\u66f4\u591a\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\n--version: \u663e\u793a yum \u7684\u7248\u672c\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\n--installroot [path]: \u8bbe\u7f6e\u5b89\u88c5\u6839\u8def\u5f84\u3002\n--nodocs: \u5b89\u88c5\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u65f6\u4e0d\u5b89\u88c5\u6587\u6863\u3002\n--noplugins: \u7981\u7528\u6240\u6709\u63d2\u4ef6\u3002\n--enableplugin [plugin]: \u901a\u8fc7\u540d\u79f0\u542f\u7528\u63d2\u4ef6\u3002\n--disableplugin [plugin]: \u901a\u8fc7\u540d\u79f0\u7981\u7528\u63d2\u4ef6\u3002\n--releasever RELEASEVER: \u8986\u76d6\u914d\u7f6e\u6587\u4ef6\u548c\u4ed3\u5e93\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d $releasever \u7684\u503c\u3002\n--setopt SETOPTS: \u8bbe\u7f6e\u4efb\u610f\u7684\u914d\u7f6e\u548c\u4ed3\u5e93\u9009\u9879\u3002\n--skip-broken: \u8df3\u8fc7\u6709\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u5305\u6765\u89e3\u51b3\u4f9d\u8d56\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\n-h, --help, --help-cmd: \u663e\u793a\u547d\u4ee4\u5e2e\u52a9\u3002\n--allowerasing: \u5141\u8bb8\u5220\u9664\u5df2\u5b89\u88c5\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u4ee5\u89e3\u51b3\u4f9d\u8d56\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\n-b, --best: \u5728\u4e8b\u52a1\u4e2d\u5c1d\u8bd5\u4f7f\u7528\u6700\u4f73\u7684\u5305\u7248\u672c\u3002\n--nobest: \u4e8b\u52a1\u4e0d\u9650\u4e8e\u6700\u4f73\u5019\u9009\u3002\n-C, --cacheonly: \u4ec5\u4ece\u7cfb\u7edf\u7f13\u5b58\u8fd0\u884c\uff0c\u4e0d\u66f4\u65b0\u7f13\u5b58\u3002\n-R [minutes], --randomwait [minutes]: \u6700\u5927\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u7b49\u5f85\u65f6\u95f4\u3002\n-d [debug level], --debuglevel [debug level]: \u8c03\u8bd5\u8f93\u51fa\u7ea7\u522b\u3002\n--debugsolver: \u5c06\u8be6\u7ec6\u7684\u89e3\u51b3\u7ed3\u679c\u8f6c\u50a8\u5230\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\n--showduplicates: \u5728\u5217\u8868\/\u641c\u7d22\u547d\u4ee4\u4e2d\u663e\u793a\u4ed3\u5e93\u4e2d\u7684\u91cd\u590d\u9879\u3002\n-e ERRORLEVEL, --errorlevel ERRORLEVEL: \u9519\u8bef\u8f93\u51fa\u7ea7\u522b\u3002\n--obsoletes: \u542f\u7528 yum \u7684\u8fc7\u65f6\u5904\u7406\u903b\u8f91\u3002\n--rpmverbosity [debug level name]: rpm\u7684\u8c03\u8bd5\u8f93\u51fa\u7ea7\u522b\u3002\n-y, --assumeyes: \u81ea\u52a8\u56de\u7b54\u6240\u6709\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u201c\u662f\u201d\u3002\n--assumeno: \u81ea\u52a8\u56de\u7b54\u6240\u6709\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u201c\u5426\u201d\u3002\n--enablerepo [repo]: \u4e34\u65f6\u542f\u7528\u6307\u5b9a\u4ed3\u5e93\u3002\n--disablerepo [repo]: \u4e34\u65f6\u7981\u7528\u6307\u5b9a\u4ed3\u5e93\u3002\n--repo [repo], --repoid [repo]: \u4ec5\u542f\u7528\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u4ed3\u5e93\u3002\n--enable: \u542f\u7528\u4ed3\u5e93\u3002\n--disable: \u7981\u7528\u4ed3\u5e93\u3002\n-x [package], --exclude [package], --excludepkgs [package]: \u6392\u9664\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u3002\n--disableexcludes [repo], --disableexcludepkgs [repo]: \u7981\u7528excludepkgs\u3002\n--repofrompath [repo,path]: \u6dfb\u52a0\u989d\u5916\u7684\u4ed3\u5e93\u8def\u5f84\u548c\u6807\u7b7e\u3002\n--noautoremove: \u7981\u6b62\u81ea\u52a8\u5220\u9664\u4e0d\u518d\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u4f9d\u8d56\u3002\n--nogpgcheck: \u7981\u7528gpg\u7b7e\u540d\u68c0\u67e5\u3002\n--color COLOR: \u63a7\u5236\u662f\u5426\u4f7f\u7528\u989c\u8272\u3002\n--refresh: \u5728\u8fd0\u884c\u547d\u4ee4\u524d\u8bbe\u7f6e\u5143\u6570\u636e\u4e3a\u5df2\u8fc7\u671f\u3002\n-4: \u4ec5\u89e3\u6790IPv4\u5730\u5740\u3002\n-6: \u4ec5\u89e3\u6790IPv6\u5730\u5740\u3002\n--destdir DESTDIR, --downloaddir DESTDIR: \u8bbe\u7f6e\u590d\u5236\u5305\u7684\u76ee\u5f55\u3002\n--downloadonly: \u4ec5\u4e0b\u8f7d\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u3002\n--comment COMMENT: \u4e3a\u4e8b\u52a1\u6dfb\u52a0\u8bc4\u8bba\u3002\n--bugfix: \u5728\u66f4\u65b0\u4e2d\u5305\u62ec\u4e0e\u9519\u8bef\u4fee\u590d\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u5305\u3002\n--enhancement: \u5728\u66f4\u65b0\u4e2d\u5305\u62ec\u589e\u5f3a\u529f\u80fd\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u5305\u3002\n--newpackage: \u5728\u66f4\u65b0\u4e2d\u5305\u62ec\u65b0\u5305\u3002\n--security: \u5728\u66f4\u65b0\u4e2d\u5305\u62ec\u4e0e\u5b89\u5168\u6027\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u5305\u3002\n--advisory ADVISORY, --advisories ADVISORY: \u5305\u62ec\u4e3a\u4fee\u590d\u6307\u5b9a\u901a\u77e5\u800c\u9700\u8981\u7684\u5305\u3002\n--bz BUGZILLA, --bzs BUGZILLA: \u5305\u62ec\u4e3a\u4fee\u590d\u6307\u5b9aBZ\u800c\u9700\u8981\u7684\u5305\u3002\n--cve CVES, --cves CVES: \u5305\u62ec\u4e3a\u4fee\u590d\u6307\u5b9aCVE\u800c\u9700\u8981\u7684\u5305\u3002\n--sec-severity {Critical,Important,Moderate,Low}, --secseverity {Critical,Important,Moderate,Low}: \u6839\u636e\u4e25\u91cd\u6027\u5305\u62ec\u4e0e\u5b89\u5168\u6027\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u5305\u3002\n--forcearch ARCH: \u5f3a\u5236\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u67b6\u6784\u3002<\/code><\/pre>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\"># \u7528\u6cd5\uff1a\n# 1.\u5b89\u88c5\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\nyum install [package-name]\n\n# 2.\u66f4\u65b0\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\nyum update [package-name]\n\n# 3.\u5220\u9664\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\nyum remove [package-name]\n\u6216\u8005\nyum erase [package-name]\n\n# 4.\u5217\u51fa\u6240\u6709\u53ef\u7528\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\nyum list available\n\n# 5.\u5217\u51fa\u6240\u6709\u5df2\u5b89\u88c5\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\nyum list installed\n\n# 6.\u641c\u7d22\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\nyum search [keyword]\n\n# 7.\u663e\u793a\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u4fe1\u606f\nyum info [package-name]\n\n# 8.\u6e05\u9664\u7f13\u5b58\nyum clean all\n\n# 9.\u68c0\u67e5\u66f4\u65b0\nyum check-update\n\n# 10.\u5217\u51fa\u5df2\u542f\u7528\u7684\u4ed3\u5e93\nyum repolist\n\n# 11.\u5b89\u88c5\u7ec4\nyum groupinstall &quot;Development Tools&quot;\n\u5b89\u88c5\u8f6f\u4ef6\u7ec4\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c&quot;Development Tools&quot; \u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u7ec4\u540d\u3002\n\n# 12.\u66f4\u65b0\u7cfb\u7edf\nyum upgrade\n\n# 13.\u663e\u793a\u5386\u53f2\nyum history\n\n# 14.\u5b89\u88c5\u591a\u4e2a\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\uff0c\u5e76\u81ea\u52a8\u786e\u8ba4\u6240\u6709\u63d0\u793a\nyum install -y package1 package2 package3\n\n# 15.\u5728\u5b89\u88c5\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u65f6\u6392\u9664\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\nyum update --exclude=package-to-exclude\n\n# 16.\u4ece\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u4ed3\u5e93\u5b89\u88c5\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\nyum install package-name --enablerepo=repository-name\n\n# 17.\u5728\u66f4\u65b0\u65f6\u8df3\u8fc7\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u5f15\u8d77\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\nyum update --skip-broken\n\n# 18.\u4ec5\u4ece\u7f13\u5b58\u4e2d\u641c\u7d22\u5e76\u5b89\u88c5\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ece\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u4e0a\u66f4\u65b0\u4ed3\u5e93\u5143\u6570\u636e\nyum install package-name --cacheonly\n\n# 19.\u641c\u7d22\u5e76\u663e\u793a\u4e0e\u5173\u952e\u8bcd\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u6240\u6709\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u53ca\u5176\u63cf\u8ff0\nyum search all keyword\n\n# 20.\u663e\u793a\u5df2\u5b89\u88c5\u548c\u53ef\u7528\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u7248\u672c\uff0c\u5e76\u6307\u51fa\u54ea\u4e9b\u5df2\u7ecf\u8fc7\u65f6\nyum list package-name --showduplicates\n\n# 21.\u5b89\u88c5\u4e00\u4e2a.rpm\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u89e3\u51b3\u4f9d\u8d56\u5173\u7cfb\nyum localinstall \/path\/to\/package.rpm\n\n# 22.\u4f7f\u7528\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u914d\u7f6e\u6587\u4ef6\u6267\u884cyum\u64cd\u4f5c\nyum --config=\/path\/to\/yum.conf update\n\n# 23.\u4e0b\u8f7d\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u4f46\u4e0d\u5b89\u88c5\nyum install package-name --downloadonly --downloaddir=\/path\/to\/directory\n\n# 24.\u5217\u51fa\u6307\u5b9a\u4ed3\u5e93\u4e2d\u7684\u6240\u6709\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\nyum --disablerepo=&quot;*&quot; --enablerepo=&quot;repository-name&quot; list available\n\n# 25.\u5728\u6267\u884c\u66f4\u65b0\u65f6\uff0c\u4ec5\u8003\u8651\u5b89\u5168\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u66f4\u65b0\nyum update --sec-severity=Critical\n\n# 26.\u51fa\u6240\u6709\u5df2\u542f\u7528\u548c\u5df2\u7981\u7528\u7684\u4ed3\u5e93\nyum repolist all\n\n# 27.\u5220\u9664\u6240\u6709\u4e0d\u518d\u9700\u8981\u7684\u4f9d\u8d56\u5173\u7cfb\nyum autoremove\n\n# 28.\u67e5\u770b\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5b83\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\u3001\u7248\u672c\u3001\u5927\u5c0f\u7b49\nyum info package-name\n\n# 29.\u5217\u51fa\u6240\u6709\u4e0e\u6307\u5b9a\u5b89\u5168\u54a8\u8be2\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\nyum updateinfo info --advisory=ADVISORY\n\n# 30.\u68c0\u67e5\u5e76\u663e\u793a\u6240\u6709\u53ef\u7528\u7684\u66f4\u65b0\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u5b9e\u9645\u5b89\u88c5\nyum check-update\n\n# 31.\u5f3a\u5236\u4f7f\u7528IPv4\u8fdb\u884c\u6240\u6709\u8fde\u63a5\nyum update -4\n\n# 32.\u4e3a\u4e8b\u52a1\u6dfb\u52a0\u6ce8\u91ca\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u5728\u5386\u53f2\u4e2d\u8ddf\u8e2a\nyum install package-name --comment=&quot;Adding necessary package for XYZ feature&quot;\n\n# 33.\u663e\u793a\u67d0\u4e2a\u5df2\u5b89\u88c5\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u6240\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\nyum provides *\/filename\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<h3>yum list<\/h3>\n<blockquote>\n<p><code>yum list<\/code> \u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7528\u4e8e\u663e\u793a\u5305\u5217\u8868\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\"># \u9009\u9879\uff1a\n--all:\u663e\u793a\u6240\u6709\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u5df2\u5b89\u88c5\u3001\u53ef\u7528\u8fd8\u662f\u66f4\u65b0\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u9ed8\u8ba4\u9009\u9879\u3002\n--available:\u4ec5\u663e\u793a\u5f53\u524d\u6ca1\u6709\u5b89\u88c5\u4f46\u5728\u4ed3\u5e93\u4e2d\u53ef\u7528\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u3002\n--installed:\u4ec5\u663e\u793a\u5df2\u7ecf\u5728\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0a\u5b89\u88c5\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u3002\n--extras:\u663e\u793a\u90a3\u4e9b\u5728\u542f\u7528\u7684\u4ed3\u5e93\u4e2d\u6ca1\u6709\uff0c\u4f46\u5df2\u7ecf\u5b89\u88c5\u5728\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0a\u7684\u201c\u989d\u5916\u201d\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u3002\n--updates \u548c --upgrades:\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u9009\u9879\u662f\u540c\u4e49\u7684\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u663e\u793a\u6709\u53ef\u7528\u66f4\u65b0\u7684\u5df2\u5b89\u88c5\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u3002\n--autoremove:\u663e\u793a\u90a3\u4e9b\u88ab\u6807\u8bb0\u4e3a\u81ea\u52a8\u79fb\u9664\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u3002\u5f53\u67d0\u4e2a\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u4e0d\u518d\u88ab\u4efb\u4f55\u5df2\u5b89\u88c5\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u6240\u9700\u8981\u65f6\uff0c\u5b83\u4f1a\u88ab\u6807\u8bb0\u4e3a\u81ea\u52a8\u79fb\u9664\u3002\n--recent:\u663e\u793a\u6700\u8fd1\u88ab\u6dfb\u52a0\u6216\u66f4\u65b0\u5728\u4ed3\u5e93\u4e2d\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u3002\nPACKAGE:\u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u6307\u5b9a\u4e00\u4e2a\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u540d\uff0cyum \u4f1a\u4e3a\u60a8\u663e\u793a\u6709\u5173\u8be5\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u5df2\u5b89\u88c5\u3001\u53ef\u7528\u8fd8\u662f\u66f4\u65b0\u3002<\/code><\/pre>\n<h3>yum alias<\/h3>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">--enable-resolving \u548c --disable-resolving:\n\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u9009\u9879\u63a7\u5236 yum \u662f\u5426\u5728\u6267\u884c\u65f6\u89e3\u6790\uff08\u6216\u66ff\u6362\uff09\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u522b\u540d\u3002\n--enable-resolving: \u5f53\u4f7f\u7528\u6b64\u9009\u9879\u65f6\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u8f93\u5165\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u522b\u540d\uff0c\u5b83\u4f1a\u88ab\u89e3\u6790\u5e76\u66ff\u6362\u4e3a\u5b9e\u9645\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u3002\n--disable-resolving: \u4f7f\u7528\u6b64\u9009\u9879\u5c06\u963b\u6b62\u522b\u540d\u7684\u89e3\u6790\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u8f93\u5165\u7684\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5df2\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u522b\u540d\uff0c\u5b83\u4e5f\u4f1a\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u6587\u5b57\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u4f1a\u88ab\u66ff\u6362\u3002\n\n{add,list,delete}:\n\u8fd9\u4e9b\u662f\u4e0e\u522b\u540d\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u64cd\u4f5c\u3002\nadd: \u7528\u4e8e\u6dfb\u52a0\u65b0\u7684\u522b\u540d\u3002\nlist: \u5217\u51fa\u5f53\u524d\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u6240\u6709\u522b\u540d\u3002\ndelete: \u5220\u9664\u5df2\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u522b\u540d\u3002\ncommand[=result]:\n\n\u8fd9\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e86\u522b\u540d\u7684\u5b9e\u9645\u7ed3\u6784\u3002command \u662f\u4f60\u60f3\u8981\u7528\u7684\u7b80\u77ed\u522b\u540d\uff0c\u800c result \u662f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u522b\u540d\u5e94\u8be5\u66ff\u6362\u6210\u7684\u5b9e\u9645\u547d\u4ee4\u3002\n\n# \u6dfb\u52a0\u522b\u540d:\nyum alias add ii=install\n\u8fd9\u5c06\u4e3a install \u547d\u4ee4\u6dfb\u52a0\u4e00\u4e2a\u522b\u540d ii\u3002\u5728\u672a\u6765\uff0c\u4f60\u53ea\u9700\u8981\u8f93\u5165 yum ii package_name \u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ee3\u66ff yum install package_name \u6765\u5b89\u88c5\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u3002\n\n# \u5217\u51fa\u6240\u6709\u522b\u540d:\nyum alias list\n\n# \u5220\u9664\u522b\u540d:\nyum alias delete ii\n\n# \u7981\u7528\u522b\u540d\u89e3\u6790:\nyum --disable-resolving [other yum commands]\n\u4f7f\u7528\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u8f93\u5165\u7684\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u522b\u540d\uff0c\u5b83\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4f1a\u88ab\u89e3\u6790\u548c\u66ff\u6362\u3002<\/code><\/pre>\n<h3>yum autoremove<\/h3>\n<blockquote>\n<p><code>yum autoremove<\/code> \u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7528\u4e8e\u79fb\u9664\u4e0d\u518d\u9700\u8981\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u3002\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u5e94\u7528\u573a\u666f\u662f\uff0c\u5f53\u4f60\u5b89\u88c5\u4e00\u4e2a\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u65f6\uff0c\u5b83\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u62c9\u53d6\u5176\u4ed6\u4e00\u4e9b\u4f9d\u8d56\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u3002\u5982\u679c\u540e\u6765\u4f60\u5220\u9664\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\uff0c\u90a3\u4e9b\u88ab\u62c9\u53d6\u7684\u4f9d\u8d56\u53ef\u80fd\u4ecd\u7136\u7559\u5728\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u88ab\u4f7f\u7528\u3002<code>yum autoremove<\/code> \u6b63\u662f\u7528\u6765\u6e05\u7406\u8fd9\u4e9b\u201c\u5b64\u7acb\u201d\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>\u547d\u4ee4\u89e3\u91ca\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>yum autoremove<\/strong>: \u5f53\u8fd0\u884c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u65f6\uff0c<code>yum<\/code> \u4f1a\u5217\u51fa\u6240\u6709\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u4e0d\u518d\u9700\u8981\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u8be2\u95ee\u4f60\u662f\u5426\u60f3\u8981\u5220\u9664\u5b83\u4eec\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u4e4b\u524d\u5b89\u88c5\u5176\u4ed6\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u65f6\u6240\u9700\u7684\u4f9d\u8d56\uff0c\u4f46\u73b0\u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u5df2\u88ab\u79fb\u9664\u6216\u4e0d\u518d\u9700\u8981\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e86\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\"># \u7b80\u5355\u4f7f\u7528:\nyum autoremove\n\u8fd0\u884c\u4e0a\u8ff0\u547d\u4ee4\u540e\uff0c\u7cfb\u7edf\u5c06\u5217\u51fa\u6240\u6709\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4e0d\u518d\u9700\u8981\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\uff0c\u5e76\u8be2\u95ee\u4f60\u662f\u5426\u786e\u8ba4\u8981\u79fb\u9664\u5b83\u4eec\u3002\n\n# \u4e0e\u7279\u5b9a\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u4e00\u8d77\u4f7f\u7528:\nyum autoremove &lt;package-name&gt;\n\u9664\u4e86\u79fb\u9664\u6307\u5b9a\u7684 &lt;package-name&gt; \u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u8fd8\u4f1a\u5c1d\u8bd5\u79fb\u9664\u4e0e\u4e4b\u5173\u8054\u7684\u4e0d\u518d\u9700\u8981\u7684\u4f9d\u8d56\u3002\n\n#\u81ea\u52a8\u786e\u8ba4:\nyum -y autoremove<\/code><\/pre>\n<h3>yum check<\/h3>\n<blockquote>\n<p><code>yum check<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u662f\u7528\u6765\u9a8c\u8bc1\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0a\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u7684\u5b8c\u6574\u6027\u548c\u4e00\u81f4\u6027\u7684\u3002\u5b83\u4f1a\u68c0\u67e5\u5df2\u5b89\u88c5\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u7684\u5143\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u67e5\u627e\u4efb\u4f55\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u6216\u4e0d\u4e00\u81f4\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p><strong>yum check<\/strong>: \u8fd0\u884c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u4f1a\u8ba9 <code>yum<\/code> \u68c0\u67e5\u6240\u6709\u5df2\u5b89\u88c5\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u548c\u5176\u5143\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u4ee5\u8bc6\u522b\u4ee5\u4e0b\u95ee\u9898\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u662f\u5426\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u7684\u4f9d\u8d56\u5173\u7cfb\u88ab\u6253\u7834\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u662f\u5426\u6709\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u4e2d\u7684\u4e0d\u4e00\u81f4\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u672a\u5b8c\u6574\u5b89\u88c5\u6216\u8005\u662f\u635f\u574f\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u6709\u51b2\u7a81\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\"># \u57fa\u672c\u4f7f\u7528\uff1a\nyum check\n\n# \u68c0\u67e5\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\nyum check &lt;package-name&gt;<\/code><\/pre>\n<h3>yum check-update<\/h3>\n<blockquote>\n<p><code>yum check-update<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u7528\u4e8e\u5728 YUM \u4ed3\u5e93\u4e2d\u68c0\u67e5\u662f\u5426\u6709\u53ef\u7528\u7684\u66f4\u65b0\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u53ea\u68c0\u67e5\u66f4\u65b0\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u5b9e\u9645\u6267\u884c\u66f4\u65b0\u64cd\u4f5c\u3002\u8fd0\u884c\u6b64\u547d\u4ee4\u4f1a\u5217\u51fa\u6240\u6709\u6709\u66f4\u65b0\u53ef\u7528\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u53ca\u5176\u7248\u672c\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\"># \u57fa\u672c\u4f7f\u7528:\nyum check-update\n\u8fd9\u5c06\u4f1a\u663e\u793a\u6240\u6709\u6709\u66f4\u65b0\u53ef\u7528\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u5217\u8868\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6bcf\u4e2a\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\uff0c\u5b83\u4f1a\u663e\u793a\u5f53\u524d\u5b89\u88c5\u7684\u7248\u672c\u548c\u53ef\u7528\u7684\u66f4\u65b0\u7248\u672c\u3002\n\n# \u68c0\u67e5\u7279\u5b9a\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u7684\u66f4\u65b0:\nyum check-update &lt;package-name&gt;\n\n# \u5e26\u5176\u4ed6\u9009\u9879:\n\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6 yum \u9009\u9879\u7ed3\u5408\u4f7f\u7528 check-update\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u60f3\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u4ed3\u5e93\u4e2d\u68c0\u67e5\u66f4\u65b0\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fd9\u6837\u505a\uff1a\nyum --enablerepo=&lt;repository-name&gt; check-update\n\n# \u6ce8\u610f\u4e8b\u9879\uff1a\n\u5982\u679c\u6ca1\u6709\u53ef\u7528\u7684\u66f4\u65b0\uff0c\u8be5\u547d\u4ee4\u4e0d\u4f1a\u663e\u793a\u4efb\u4f55\u8f93\u51fa\u3002\nyum check-update \u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u4f60\u60f3\u77e5\u9053\u662f\u5426\u6709\u65b0\u7684\u5b89\u5168\u8865\u4e01\u6216\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u7248\u672c\u53ef\u7528\u65f6\u5b9a\u671f\u8fd0\u884c\u3002\n\u5b83\u4e0e yum update \u547d\u4ee4\u6709\u533a\u522b\uff1ayum check-update \u4ec5\u67e5\u770b\u53ef\u7528\u7684\u66f4\u65b0\u4f46\u4e0d\u5b89\u88c5\uff0c\u800c yum update \u4f1a\u5b89\u88c5\u6240\u6709\u53ef\u7528\u7684\u66f4\u65b0\u3002\n\u5982\u679c yum check-update \u663e\u793a\u6709\u53ef\u7528\u7684\u66f4\u65b0\uff0c\u4f46\u4f60\u4e0d\u5e0c\u671b\u66f4\u65b0\u6240\u6709\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u9009\u62e9\u53ea\u66f4\u65b0\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a\nyum update &lt;package-name&gt;<\/code><\/pre>\n<h3>yum clean<\/h3>\n<blockquote>\n<p><code>yum clean<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u7528\u4e8e\u6e05\u9664\u7531 YUM \u751f\u6210\u7684\u7f13\u5b58\u6570\u636e\u3002YUM \u4f1a\u7f13\u5b58\u6570\u636e\u4ee5\u52a0\u5feb\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u7684\u68c0\u7d22\u548c\u5b89\u88c5\u901f\u5ea6\uff0c\u4f46\u6709\u65f6\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7f13\u5b58\u6570\u636e\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u5360\u7528\u592a\u591a\u78c1\u76d8\u7a7a\u95f4\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\"># \u547d\u4ee4\u9009\u9879\uff1a\nyum clean packages:\n\u5220\u9664\u7f13\u5b58\u76ee\u5f55\u4e0b\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\nyum clean metadata:\n\u6e05\u9664\u5143\u6570\u636e\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6587\u4ef6\u7528\u4e8e\u5b58\u50a8\u5173\u4e8e\u53ef\u7528\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\nyum clean dbcache:\n\u6e05\u9664\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u7f13\u5b58\u3002YUM \u4f7f\u7528\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u6587\u4ef6\u6765\u8ddf\u8e2a\u672c\u5730\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\nyum clean plugins:\n\u6e05\u9664\u7531\u63d2\u4ef6\u751f\u6210\u7684\u7f13\u5b58\u3002\nyum clean all:\n\u6e05\u9664\u6240\u6709\u7f13\u5b58\u5185\u5bb9\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u6700\u5e38\u7528\u7684\u9009\u9879\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u786e\u4fdd\u6e05\u9664\u6240\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u5bfc\u81f4\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u7f13\u5b58\u6570\u636e\u3002\n\n# \u6e05\u9664\u6240\u6709\u7f13\u5b58:\nyum clean all\n\u8fd9\u5c06\u6e05\u9664\u6240\u6709 YUM \u7f13\u5b58\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u6587\u4ef6\u3001\u5143\u6570\u636e\u548c\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u7f13\u5b58\u3002\n\n# \u4ec5\u6e05\u9664\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u7f13\u5b58:\nyum clean packages\n\n# \u6e05\u9664\u7279\u5b9a\u4ed3\u5e93\u7684\u7f13\u5b58:\nyum --enablerepo=&lt;repository-name&gt; clean all\n\n# \u6ce8\u610f\u4e8b\u9879\uff1a\n\u6e05\u9664 YUM \u7f13\u5b58\u540e\uff0c\u4e0b\u6b21\u8fd0\u884c yum update \u6216 yum install \u7b49\u547d\u4ee4\u65f6\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u9700\u8981\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a YUM \u9700\u8981\u91cd\u65b0\u4e0b\u8f7d\u7f13\u5b58\u6570\u636e\u3002\n\u67d0\u4e9b\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u5982 YUM \u66f4\u65b0\u9047\u5230\u95ee\u9898\u6216\u672c\u5730\u7f13\u5b58\u4e0e\u4ed3\u5e93\u6570\u636e\u4e0d\u4e00\u81f4\u65f6\uff0c\u6e05\u9664\u7f13\u5b58\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u89e3\u51b3\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\n\u4f7f\u7528 yum clean \u65f6\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f yum clean all\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5e2e\u52a9\u91ca\u653e\u5927\u91cf\u78c1\u76d8\u7a7a\u95f4\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5728\u9891\u7e41\u4f7f\u7528 YUM \u8fdb\u884c\u5927\u91cf\u64cd\u4f5c\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0a\u3002<\/code><\/pre>\n<h3>yum deplist<\/h3>\n<blockquote>\n<p><code>yum deplist<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u7528\u4e8e\u663e\u793a\u6307\u5b9a\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u7684\u4f9d\u8d56\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u6bcf\u4e2a RPM \u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u90fd\u53ef\u80fd\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u5176\u4ed6\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u7684\u7279\u5b9a\u529f\u80fd\u6216\u6587\u4ef6\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\"># \u57fa\u672c\u7528\u6cd5\uff1a\nyum deplist &lt;package-name&gt;\n\u8fd9\u5c06\u5217\u51fa &lt;package-name&gt; \u7684\u6240\u6709\u4f9d\u8d56\u9879\u3002\n\n# \u8f93\u51fa\u89e3\u91ca\uff1a\npackage\uff1a\u8fd9\u8868\u793a\u4f60\u8981\u67e5\u8be2\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u3002\ndependency\uff1a\u5217\u51fa\u8be5\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u6240\u4f9d\u8d56\u7684\u6240\u6709\u5185\u5bb9\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4f9d\u8d56\u9879\uff0c\u8f93\u51fa\u90fd\u4f1a\u663e\u793a\u5b83\u6765\u81ea\u54ea\u4e2a\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u548c\u7248\u672c\u3002\n\neg:\npackage: git.x86_64 2.17.2-1.fc28\n  dependency: bash\n   provider: bash.x86_64 4.4.23-1.fc28\n  dependency: git-core = 2.17.2-1.fc28\n   provider: git-core.x86_64 2.17.2-1.fc28\n   ...\n\n# \u67e5\u8be2 git \u7684\u4f9d\u8d56\u5173\u7cfb\uff1a\nyum deplist git\n\n# \u67e5\u8be2\u591a\u4e2a\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\uff1a\nyum deplist git vim\n\u8fd9\u5c06\u4f1a\u663e\u793a git \u548c vim \u7684\u4f9d\u8d56\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<h3>yum distro-sync<\/h3>\n<blockquote>\n<p><code>yum distro-sync<\/code>\uff08\u5728\u4e00\u4e9b\u65b0\u7248\u672c\u4e2d\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f<code>dnf distro-sync<\/code>\uff09\u547d\u4ee4\u7528\u4e8e\u4f7f\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0a\u7684\u5df2\u5b89\u88c5\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u4e0e\u5f53\u524d\u542f\u7528\u7684\u5b58\u50a8\u5e93\u4e2d\u53ef\u7528\u7684\u7248\u672c\u540c\u6b65\u3002\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\u8be5\u547d\u4ee4\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u5347\u7ea7\u6216\u964d\u7ea7\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\uff0c\u4ee5\u786e\u4fdd\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0a\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u7248\u672c\u4e0e\u5b58\u50a8\u5e93\u4e2d\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u7248\u672c\u76f8\u5339\u914d\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u7279\u522b\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u90a3\u4e9b\u53ef\u80fd\u5df2\u7ecf\u542f\u7528\u3001\u7981\u7528\u6216\u66f4\u6539\u4e86\u5b58\u50a8\u5e93\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u5bf9\u7cfb\u7edf\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u624b\u52a8\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u64cd\u4f5c\uff0c\u5e0c\u671b\u786e\u4fdd\u7cfb\u7edf\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u4e0e\u5f53\u524d\u5b58\u50a8\u5e93\u540c\u6b65\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\"># \u4e3b\u8981\u529f\u80fd\uff1a\n1.\u7248\u672c\u540c\u6b65\uff1a\u4e0eyum update\u4e0d\u540c\uff0cyum distro-sync\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u5347\u7ea7\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u3002\u5982\u679c\u5b58\u50a8\u5e93\u4e2d\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u7248\u672c\u6bd4\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0a\u7684\u7248\u672c\u65e7\uff0c\u5b83\u4e5f\u4f1a\u5c1d\u8bd5\u964d\u7ea7\u8be5\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u3002\n2.\u5904\u7406\u66f4\u6539\u7684\u5b58\u50a8\u5e93\uff1a\u5982\u679c\u7528\u6237\u542f\u7528\u4e86\u65b0\u7684\u5b58\u50a8\u5e93\u6216\u7981\u7528\u4e86\u73b0\u6709\u7684\u5b58\u50a8\u5e93\uff0c\u6b64\u547d\u4ee4\u53ef\u4ee5\u786e\u4fdd\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u4e0e\u5f53\u524d\u7684\u5b58\u50a8\u5e93\u8bbe\u7f6e\u76f8\u5339\u914d\u3002\n\n# \u4f7f\u7528\u65b9\u6cd5\uff1a\nyum distro-sync\n\u8fd9\u4f1a\u5c06\u6240\u6709\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u4e0e\u5f53\u524d\u542f\u7528\u7684\u5b58\u50a8\u5e93\u540c\u6b65\u3002\n\n# \u5982\u679c\u4f60\u53ea\u60f3\u540c\u6b65\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u6307\u5b9a\u5b83\u4eec\uff1a\nyum distro-sync &lt;package-name&gt;\n\n# \u540c\u6b65\u6574\u4e2a\u7cfb\u7edf\uff1a\nyum distro-sync\n\n#\u53ea\u540c\u6b65\u7279\u5b9a\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\uff1a \nyum distro-sync git<\/code><\/pre>\n<h3>yum downgrade<\/h3>\n<blockquote>\n<p><code>yum downgrade<\/code> \u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u5b83\u5141\u8bb8\u7528\u6237\u5c06\u4e00\u4e2a\u6216\u591a\u4e2a\u5df2\u5b89\u88c5\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u964d\u7ea7\u5230\u5176\u4e4b\u524d\u7684\u7248\u672c\u3002\u8fd9\u53ef\u80fd\u5728\u65b0\u7248\u672c\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u5f15\u5165\u95ee\u9898\u6216\u4e0d\u517c\u5bb9\u6027\u65f6\u975e\u5e38\u6709\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\"># \u4e3b\u8981\u529f\u80fd\uff1a\n1.\u964d\u7ea7\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\uff1a\u4e0e\u5176\u5b83\u7684\u5305\u7ba1\u7406\u4efb\u52a1\u4e0d\u540c\uff0cyum downgrade \u5c06\u5c1d\u8bd5\u627e\u5230\u76ee\u6807\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u7684\u65e9\u671f\u7248\u672c\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u5f53\u524d\u5b89\u88c5\u7684\u7248\u672c\u964d\u7ea7\u5230\u8fd9\u4e2a\u65e9\u671f\u7248\u672c\u3002\n2.\u89e3\u51b3\u4f9d\u8d56\u6027\uff1a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u8fd8\u4f1a\u5904\u7406\u4f9d\u8d56\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u786e\u4fdd\u964d\u7ea7\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e0d\u4f1a\u7834\u574f\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002\n\n# \u964d\u7ea7\u4e00\u4e2a\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\uff1a\nyum downgrade &lt;package-name1&gt; &lt;package-name2&gt; ...\n\n# \u5728\u5c1d\u8bd5\u964d\u7ea7\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u59cb\u7ec8\u5148\u67e5\u770b\u53ef\u7528\u7684\u7248\u672c\uff0c\u4ee5\u786e\u4fdd\u4f60\u77e5\u9053\u4f60\u6b63\u5728\u964d\u7ea7\u5230\u54ea\u4e2a\u7248\u672c\u3002\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528yum list available &lt;package-name&gt;\u6765\u67e5\u770b\u5b58\u50a8\u5e93\u4e2d\u7684\u53ef\u7528\u7248\u672c\u3002<\/code><\/pre>\n<h3>yum group<\/h3>\n<blockquote>\n<p><code>yum group<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u662f\u7528\u4e8e\u7ba1\u7406\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u7ec4\u7684\u3002\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u7ec4\u662f\u4e00\u7ec4\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u7528\u4e8e\u5b9e\u73b0\u67d0\u4e2a\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u6216\u4efb\u52a1\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u201cWeb \u670d\u52a1\u5668\u201d\u6216\u201c\u684c\u9762\u73af\u5883\u201d\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u4f7f\u7528 <code>yum group<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u7528\u6237\u53ef\u4ee5\u8f7b\u677e\u5730\u5b89\u88c5\u3001\u66f4\u65b0\u3001\u5347\u7ea7\u6216\u5220\u9664\u591a\u4e2a\u76f8\u5173\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\"># \u5217\u51fa\u6240\u6709\u53ef\u7528\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u7ec4\uff1a\nyum group list\n\n# \u8be6\u7ec6\u5217\u51fa\u67d0\u4e2a\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u7ec4\uff1a\nyum group info &lt;group-name&gt;\n\n# \u5b89\u88c5\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u7ec4\uff1a\nyum group install &lt;group-name&gt;\n\n# \u5347\u7ea7\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u7ec4\uff1a\nyum group upgrade &lt;group-name&gt;\n\n# \u5220\u9664\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u7ec4\uff1a\nyum group remove &lt;group-name&gt;\n\n# \u5217\u51fa\u5df2\u5b89\u88c5\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u7ec4\uff1a\nyum group list installed\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<h3>yum history<\/h3>\n<blockquote>\n<p><code>yum history<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u5141\u8bb8\u7528\u6237\u67e5\u770b\u548c\u7ba1\u7406 <code>yum<\/code> \u8fdb\u884c\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c\u5386\u53f2\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5b89\u88c5\u3001\u5220\u9664\u3001\u66f4\u65b0\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u4e00\u4e9b\u64cd\u4f5c\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u975e\u5e38\u6709\u7528\u7684\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5f53\u4f60\u60f3\u56de\u6eda\u5230\u4e4b\u524d\u7684\u67d0\u4e2a\u72b6\u6001\u6216\u8005\u67e5\u770b\u8fc7\u53bb\u6267\u884c\u8fc7\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u65f6\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\"># \u67e5\u770b\u5386\u53f2\n# \u4f7f\u7528\u4e0b\u5217\u547d\u4ee4\u53ef\u4ee5\u5217\u51fa yum \u7684\u64cd\u4f5c\u5386\u53f2\uff1a\u8fd9\u5c06\u663e\u793a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5305\u542b\u6bcf\u6b21 yum \u64cd\u4f5c\u7684\u5217\u8868\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u64cd\u4f5c\u7684 ID\u3001\u64cd\u4f5c\u7c7b\u578b\u3001\u65e5\u671f\u7b49\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\nyum history list\n\n# \u67e5\u770b\u67d0\u4e2a\u64cd\u4f5c\u7684\u8be6\u7ec6\u4fe1\u606f,\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u4ee5\u4e0b\u547d\u4ee4\u67e5\u770b\u6307\u5b9aID\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c\u7684\u8be6\u7ec6\u4fe1\u606f\uff1a\nyum history info &lt;ID&gt;\n# \u6b64\u547d\u4ee4\u5c06\u5217\u51fa\u6b64\u64cd\u4f5c\u6d89\u53ca\u7684\u6240\u6709\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u53d8\u5316\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4ece\u65e7\u7248\u672c\u5347\u7ea7\u5230\u65b0\u7248\u672c\uff09\u3002\n\n# \u64a4\u9500\u67d0\u4e2a\u64cd\u4f5c\n# \u5982\u679c\u4f60\u60f3\u64a4\u9500\u67d0\u4e2a\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u8bef\u5220\u4e86\u67d0\u4e2a\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\uff09\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u4ee5\u4e0b\u547d\u4ee4\uff1a\nyum history undo &lt;ID&gt;\n# \u8fd9\u4f1a\u5c1d\u8bd5\u64a4\u9500\u6307\u5b9aID\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c\uff0c\u5c06\u7cfb\u7edf\u6062\u590d\u5230\u8be5\u64cd\u4f5c\u4e4b\u524d\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u3002\n\n# \u91cd\u505a\u67d0\u4e2a\u64cd\u4f5c\n# \u4e0e undo \u547d\u4ee4\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 redo \u547d\u4ee4\u6765\u91cd\u590d\u6267\u884c\u67d0\u4e2a\u64cd\u4f5c\uff1a\nyum history redo &lt;ID&gt;\n\n#\u53f2\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u9009\u9879\nnew\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u6700\u65b0\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u8bb0\u5f55\u3002\nsync\uff1a\u4eceRPM\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u4e2d\u540c\u6b65\u5386\u53f2\u8bb0\u5f55\u3002\nstats\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u5386\u53f2\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u7684\u7edf\u8ba1\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\naddon-info &lt;ID&gt;\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u6307\u5b9a\u64cd\u4f5c\u7684\u63d2\u4ef6\u6570\u636e\u3002\n\n# \u6ce8\u610f\u4e8b\u9879\n\u4f7f\u7528 history \u547d\u4ee4\u65f6\u8981\u5c0f\u5fc3\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f undo \u548c redo \u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u4f1a\u5f71\u54cd\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u3002\n\u5728\u4f7f\u7528 undo \u6216 redo \u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u6700\u597d\u5148\u67e5\u770b\u64cd\u4f5c\u7684\u8be6\u7ec6\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u786e\u4fdd\u4f60\u77e5\u9053\u4f1a\u53d1\u751f\u4ec0\u4e48\u3002<\/code><\/pre>\n<h3>yum info<\/h3>\n<blockquote>\n<p><code>yum info<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u7528\u4e8e\u83b7\u53d6\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u7684\u8be6\u7ec6\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\u5b83\u4e3a\u7528\u6237\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u6765\u67e5\u627e\u548c\u4e86\u89e3\u5b58\u50a8\u5728 YUM \u4ed3\u5e93\u4e2d\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u7684\u76f8\u5173\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\"># \u57fa\u672c\u7528\u6cd5\nyum info &lt;package_name&gt;\n\n# \u663e\u793a\u6240\u6709\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\nyum info all\n\n# \u67e5\u770b\u5df2\u5b89\u88c5\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u4fe1\u606f\nyum info installed\n\n# \u67e5\u770b\u7279\u5b9a\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\nyum info &lt;package_name&gt;\n\n# \u663e\u793a\u591a\u4e2a\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\nyum info &lt;package1&gt; &lt;package2&gt; ...\n\n# \u8f93\u51fa\u4e2d\u7684\u5b57\u6bb5\u89e3\u91ca\n\u4ee5\u4e0b\u662f yum info \u8f93\u51fa\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u5e38\u89c1\u5b57\u6bb5\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\uff1a\n\nName\uff1a\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u7684\u540d\u79f0\u3002\nArch\uff1a\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u7684\u67b6\u6784\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0cx86_64 \u6216 i386\uff09\u3002\nVersion\uff1a\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u7684\u7248\u672c\u53f7\u3002\nRelease\uff1a\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u7684\u53d1\u5e03\u53f7\u3002\nSize\uff1a\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u7684\u5927\u5c0f\u3002\nRepo\uff1a\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u6240\u5728\u7684 YUM \u4ed3\u5e93\u3002\nSummary\uff1a\u5173\u4e8e\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u7684\u7b80\u77ed\u63cf\u8ff0\u3002\nURL\uff1a\u4e0e\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u7f51\u7ad9\u6216\u9879\u76ee\u4e3b\u9875\u3002\nLicense\uff1a\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u7684\u8bb8\u53ef\u8bc1\u3002\nDescription\uff1a\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u7684\u8be6\u7ec6\u63cf\u8ff0<\/code><\/pre>\n<h3>yum install<\/h3>\n<blockquote>\n<p><code>yum install<\/code> \u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e38\u7528\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u5728\u4f7f\u7528 YUM\uff08Yellowdog Updater Modified\uff09\u5305\u7ba1\u7406\u5668\u7684 Linux \u53d1\u884c\u7248\u4e2d\u5b89\u88c5\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\"># yum install \u547d\u4ee4\u7528\u4e8e\u4ece YUM \u4ed3\u5e93\u4e2d\u5b89\u88c5\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u53ca\u5176\u6240\u6709\u5fc5\u9700\u7684\u4f9d\u8d56\u3002\nyum install &lt;package_name&gt;\n\n# \u5b89\u88c5\u5355\u4e2a\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\uff1a\n# \u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u4e2d\u5217\u51fa\u591a\u4e2a\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u6765\u4e00\u6b21\u6027\u5b89\u88c5\u5b83\u4eec\uff1a\n# \u8fd9\u5c06\u540c\u65f6\u5b89\u88c5 nano, wget, \u548c curl \u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u53ca\u5176\u4f9d\u8d56\u3002\nyum install nano wget curl\n\n# \u5b89\u88c5\u7279\u5b9a\u7248\u672c\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\uff1a\nyum install &lt;package_name&gt;-&lt;version&gt;\neg\uff1a\nyum install nginx-1.14.0\n\n# \u9009\u9879\u548c\u53c2\u6570\n-y\uff1a\u81ea\u52a8\u5e94\u7b54\u4e3a &quot;yes&quot; \u4ee5\u6240\u6709\u7684\u63d0\u793a\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u5728\u5b89\u88c5\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u5c31\u4e0d\u4f1a\u8be2\u95ee\u7528\u6237\u3002\nyum install nginx -y\n--nogpgcheck\uff1a\u5b89\u88c5\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u65f6\u4e0d\u68c0\u67e5 GPG \u7b7e\u540d\u3002\u867d\u7136\u8fd9\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u5fc5\u9700\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u5b89\u5168\u4e0a\u4e0d\u5efa\u8bae\u8fd9\u4e48\u505a\uff0c\u9664\u975e\u4f60\u786e\u4fe1\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u6765\u6e90\u662f\u53ef\u4fe1\u7684\u3002\n--exclude=&lt;package_name&gt;\uff1a\u4ece\u64cd\u4f5c\u4e2d\u6392\u9664\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u60f3\u5b89\u88c5\u6240\u6709\u66f4\u65b0\uff0c\u4f46\u60f3\u6392\u9664 kernel \u5305\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\uff1a\nyum install --exclude=kernel\n\n# \u6ce8\u610f\u4e8b\u9879\n\u5728\u6267\u884c yum install \u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u5efa\u8bae\u5148\u8fd0\u884c yum update \u547d\u4ee4\u4ee5\u786e\u4fdd\u4f60\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u548c YUM \u4ed3\u5e93\u662f\u6700\u65b0\u7684\u3002\n\u5b89\u88c5\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u4e4b\u524d\uff0cYUM \u4f1a\u5217\u51fa\u8981\u5b89\u88c5\u548c\u66f4\u65b0\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u53ca\u5176\u4f9d\u8d56\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u8be2\u95ee\u4f60\u662f\u5426\u786e\u8ba4\u5b89\u88c5\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u540c\u610f\uff0c\u5219\u4f1a\u5f00\u59cb\u4e0b\u8f7d\u548c\u5b89\u88c5\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002\nYUM \u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e3b\u8981\u4f18\u52bf\u662f\u5b83\u4f1a\u81ea\u52a8\u5904\u7406\u8f6f\u4ef6\u4f9d\u8d56\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5f53\u4f60\u5b89\u88c5\u4e00\u4e2a\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u65f6\uff0cYUM \u4f1a\u786e\u4fdd\u6240\u6709\u5fc5\u9700\u7684\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e5f\u88ab\u5b89\u88c5\u3002<\/code><\/pre>\n<h3>yum makecache<\/h3>\n<blockquote>\n<p><code>yum makecache<\/code> \u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7528\u4e8e\u751f\u6210\u548c\u66f4\u65b0\u5143\u6570\u636e\u7f13\u5b58\u7684 <code>yum<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u3002\u5f53\u4f60\u8bbf\u95ee YUM \u4ed3\u5e93\u5e76\u67e5\u8be2\u3001\u5b89\u88c5\u6216\u66f4\u65b0\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u65f6\uff0cYUM \u4f1a\u4f7f\u7528\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5143\u6570\u636e\u3002\u800c\u7531\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6570\u636e\u53ef\u80fd\u975e\u5e38\u5e9e\u5927\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5c06\u5176\u7f13\u5b58\u5230\u672c\u5730\u53ef\u4ee5\u52a0\u5feb\u540e\u7eed\u7684\u67e5\u8be2\u548c\u64cd\u4f5c\u901f\u5ea6\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\"># yum makecache \u7528\u4e8e\u751f\u6210\u548c\u5237\u65b0 YUM \u4ed3\u5e93\u5143\u6570\u636e\u7684\u7f13\u5b58\u3002\u6b64\u547d\u4ee4\u901a\u5e38\u5728\u4ed3\u5e93\u914d\u7f6e\u66f4\u6539\u540e\u6216\u65b0\u4ed3\u5e93\u88ab\u6dfb\u52a0\u5230\u7cfb\u7edf\u540e\u8fd0\u884c\u3002\nyum makecache\n\n# \u9009\u9879\nfast: \u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u66f4\u5feb\u7684\u53d8\u4f53\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u5f53\u7f13\u5b58\u6587\u4ef6\u8fc7\u671f\u65f6\u624d\u4f1a\u4ece\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u4e0b\u8f7d\u5143\u6570\u636e\u3002\u8fd9\u5bf9\u4e8e\u8282\u7701\u5e26\u5bbd\u548c\u65f6\u95f4\u975e\u5e38\u6709\u7528\u3002\nyum makecache fast\n\n# \u66f4\u65b0\u5143\u6570\u636e\u7f13\u5b58\uff1a\n# \u8fd0\u884c\u6b64\u547d\u4ee4\u4f1a\u4f7f YUM \u4e0b\u8f7d\u6700\u65b0\u7684\u4ed3\u5e93\u5143\u6570\u636e\u5e76\u66f4\u65b0\u5176\u7f13\u5b58\nyum makecache\n\n# \u5feb\u901f\u66f4\u65b0\uff1a\n# \u53ea\u6709\u5728\u5143\u6570\u636e\u6587\u4ef6\u8fc7\u671f\u65f6\uff0c\u6b64\u547d\u4ee4\u624d\u4f1a\u4ece\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u4e0b\u8f7d\u5b83\u4eec\u3002\nyum makecache fast\n\n# \u6ce8\u610f\u4e8b\u9879\n\u5728\u6267\u884c\u957f\u65f6\u95f4\u672a\u66f4\u65b0\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0a\u9996\u6b21\u8fd0\u884c yum \u547d\u4ee4\uff08\u5982 yum install \u6216 yum update\uff09\u65f6\uff0cYUM \u901a\u5e38\u4f1a\u9996\u5148\u6267\u884c makecache \u64cd\u4f5c\u3002\u4f46\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u5f53\u4f60\u6dfb\u52a0\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u4ed3\u5e93\u6216\u66f4\u6539\u73b0\u6709\u4ed3\u5e93\u7684\u914d\u7f6e\u65f6\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u9700\u8981\u624b\u52a8\u6267\u884c\u6b64\u547d\u4ee4\u3002\n\nyum makecache \u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u6d88\u8017\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u5e26\u5bbd\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4f1a\u4e0b\u8f7d\u6240\u6709\u4ed3\u5e93\u7684\u5b8c\u6574\u5143\u6570\u636e\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u5173\u5fc3\u5e26\u5bbd\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u6700\u597d\u5b9a\u671f\u8fd0\u884c\u6b64\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u9891\u7e41\u5730\u8fd0\u884c\u3002\n\n\u7531\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u53ea\u662f\u66f4\u65b0\u7f13\u5b58\uff0c\u5b83\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u4e0d\u4f1a\u6539\u53d8\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0a\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u9c9c\u7684\u7f13\u5b58\u786e\u4fdd\u4e86\u5f53\u4f60\u67e5\u8be2\u3001\u5b89\u88c5\u6216\u66f4\u65b0\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u65f6\uff0c\u4f60\u770b\u5230\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u662f\u6700\u65b0\u7684\u3002<\/code><\/pre>\n<h3>yum mark<\/h3>\n<blockquote>\n<p>\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u7248\u672c\u7684 <code>yum<\/code> \u4e2d\uff0c<code>yum mark<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u7528\u4e8e\u6807\u8bb0\u6216\u66f4\u6539\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u7684\u5b89\u88c5\u72b6\u6001\u3002\u8fd9\u901a\u5e38\u7528\u4e8e\u4e0e\u81ea\u52a8\u5220\u9664\u529f\u80fd\u4e00\u8d77\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u4ee5\u51b3\u5b9a\u54ea\u4e9b\u5305\u662f\u7528\u6237\u4e3b\u52a8\u5b89\u88c5\u7684\uff08\u5373\u624b\u52a8\u5b89\u88c5\u7684\uff09\u4ee5\u53ca\u54ea\u4e9b\u5305\u662f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5176\u4ed6\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u7684\u4f9d\u8d56\u9879\u88ab\u81ea\u52a8\u5b89\u88c5\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\"># \u7528\u9014\n# 1.\u624b\u52a8\u6807\u8bb0\u4e00\u4e2a\u5305\uff1a\u5f53\u4f60\u624b\u52a8\u5b89\u88c5\u4e00\u4e2a\u5305\u4f46\u5b83\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u81ea\u52a8\u5b89\u88c5\u7684\u4f9d\u8d56\u9879\u65f6\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 yum mark \u547d\u4ee4\u66f4\u6539\u5176\u72b6\u6001\u3002\n# 2.\u6807\u8bb0\u591a\u4e2a\u5305\uff1a\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u60f3\u5728\u5b89\u88c5\u6216\u5220\u9664\u5305\u540e\u66f4\u6539\u591a\u4e2a\u5305\u7684\u72b6\u6001\uff0cyum mark \u53ef\u4ee5\u5e2e\u52a9\u4f60\u505a\u5230\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u3002\n\n# \u57fa\u672c\u8bed\u6cd5\nyum mark install &lt;package-name&gt;\nyum mark remove &lt;package-name&gt;\n\n#\u9009\u9879\u548c\u53c2\u6570\ninstall\uff1a\u6807\u8bb0\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u5305\u4e3a\u624b\u52a8\u5b89\u88c5\u3002\nremove\uff1a\u6807\u8bb0\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u5305\u4e3a\u81ea\u52a8\u5b89\u88c5\u7684\u4f9d\u8d56\u3002\n\n# \u6807\u8bb0\u5305\u4e3a\u624b\u52a8\u5b89\u88c5\uff1a\n\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u624b\u52a8\u5b89\u88c5\u4e86 nano \u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u81ea\u52a8\u5b89\u88c5\u7684\u4f9d\u8d56\u9879\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u4ee5\u4e0b\u547d\u4ee4\u5c06\u5176\u6807\u8bb0\u4e3a\u624b\u52a8\u5b89\u88c5\uff1a\nyum mark install nano\n\n# \u6807\u8bb0\u5305\u4e3a\u81ea\u52a8\u5b89\u88c5\uff1a\n\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u5b89\u88c5\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5305\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982 httpd\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u8fd9\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86 apr \u88ab\u81ea\u52a8\u5b89\u88c5\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4f9d\u8d56\u9879\uff0c\u4f46\u540e\u6765\u4f60\u51b3\u5b9a\u4f60\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u60f3\u624b\u52a8\u7ba1\u7406 apr\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u4ee5\u4e0b\u547d\u4ee4\u5c06\u5176\u6807\u8bb0\u4e3a\u81ea\u52a8\u5b89\u88c5\uff1a\nyum mark remove apr\n\n# \u6ce8\u610f\u4e8b\u9879\n\u8fd0\u884c yum autoremove \u65f6\uff0c\u4efb\u4f55\u6807\u8bb0\u4e3a\u81ea\u52a8\u5b89\u88c5\uff08\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u624b\u52a8\u5b89\u88c5\uff09\u4e14\u4e0d\u518d\u88ab\u4efb\u4f55\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u4f9d\u8d56\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u90fd\u5c06\u88ab\u5220\u9664\u3002\n\u5728\u66f4\u6539\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u7684\u6807\u8bb0\u72b6\u6001\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u786e\u4fdd\u4f60\u4e86\u89e3\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\u4ec0\u4e48\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u8ba1\u5212\u5728\u672a\u6765\u4f7f\u7528 yum autoremove \u547d\u4ee4\u3002<\/code><\/pre>\n<h3>yum module<\/h3>\n<blockquote>\n<p><code>yum module<\/code> \u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b YUM \u7248\u672c\uff08\u7279\u522b\u662f\u90a3\u4e9b\u652f\u6301\u6a21\u5757\u5316\u5185\u5bb9\u7684\u7248\u672c\uff09\u4e2d\u7528\u4e8e\u7ba1\u7406\u6a21\u5757\u5316\u5185\u5bb9\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u3002\u6a21\u5757\u5316\u5185\u5bb9\u5141\u8bb8\u8f6f\u4ef6\u7ef4\u62a4\u8005\u63d0\u4f9b\u591a\u4e2a\u7248\u672c\u7684\u5e94\u7528\u7a0b\u5e8f\uff0c\u5e76\u786e\u4fdd\u7528\u6237\u80fd\u591f\u6839\u636e\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u9700\u6c42\u9009\u62e9\u548c\u7ba1\u7406\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u5e94\u7528\u7a0b\u5e8f\u6d41\uff08\u7248\u672c\uff09\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4e00\u4e2a\u7528\u6237\u60f3\u8981\u5728\u5176\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0a\u4f7f\u7528\u7279\u5b9a\u7248\u672c\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\uff08\u4f8b\u5982 Node.js 10 \u800c\u4e0d\u662f Node.js 12\uff09\uff0c\u6a21\u5757\u5316\u5185\u5bb9\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b9e\u73b0\u8fd9\u4e00\u76ee\u6807\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\"># \u7528\u6cd5\nyum module &lt;action&gt; &lt;module-name&gt;\n\u5176\u4e2d &lt;action&gt; \u662f\u4f60\u60f3\u8981\u6267\u884c\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c\uff0c&lt;module-name&gt; \u662f\u6a21\u5757\u7684\u540d\u79f0\u3002\n\u5e38\u89c1\u7684 &lt;action&gt; \u5305\u62ec\uff1a\nlist\uff1a\u5217\u51fa\u53ef\u7528\u7684\u6a21\u5757\u3002\ninfo\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u7279\u5b9a\u6a21\u5757\u7684\u8be6\u7ec6\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\ninstall\uff1a\u5b89\u88c5\u4e00\u4e2a\u6a21\u5757\u6d41\uff08\u5373\u7279\u5b9a\u7248\u672c\u7684\u6a21\u5757\uff09\u3002\nupdate\uff1a\u66f4\u65b0\u6a21\u5757\u3002\nremove\uff1a\u4ece\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u5220\u9664\u4e00\u4e2a\u6a21\u5757\u6d41\u3002\nreset\uff1a\u91cd\u7f6e\u6a21\u5757\u6d41\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u3002\nenable\uff1a\u542f\u7528\u6a21\u5757\u6d41\u3002\ndisable\uff1a\u7981\u7528\u6a21\u5757\u6d41\n\n# \u5217\u51fa\u6240\u6709\u53ef\u7528\u6a21\u5757\uff1a\nyum module list\n\n# \u83b7\u53d6\u7279\u5b9a\u6a21\u5757\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\uff1a\nyum module info &lt;module-name&gt;\n\n# \u5b89\u88c5\u7279\u5b9a\u7248\u672c\u7684\u6a21\u5757\uff1a\nyum module install &lt;module-name&gt;:&lt;stream&gt;\n\n# \u542f\u7528\u7279\u5b9a\u6a21\u5757\uff1a\nyum module enable &lt;module-name&gt;\n\n# \u7981\u7528\u7279\u5b9a\u6a21\u5757\uff1a\nyum module disable &lt;module-name&gt;\n\n#\u6ce8\u610f\u4e8b\u9879\uff1a\n\u5f53\u4f60\u5b89\u88c5\u6216\u542f\u7528\u4e00\u4e2a\u6a21\u5757\u6d41\u65f6\uff0c\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u7248\u672c\u4e5f\u4f1a\u88ab\u5b89\u88c5\u6216\u66f4\u65b0\u3002\n\n\u901a\u8fc7\u6a21\u5757\u5316\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u8f6f\u4ef6\u7ef4\u62a4\u8005\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e3a\u7279\u5b9a\u5e94\u7528\u7a0b\u5e8f\u63d0\u4f9b\u591a\u4e2a\u7248\u672c\uff0c\u5e76\u786e\u4fdd\u5b83\u4eec\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u517c\u5bb9\u6027\u3002<\/code><\/pre>\n<h3>yum provides<\/h3>\n<blockquote>\n<p><code>yum provides<\/code> \u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u975e\u5e38\u6709\u7528\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u5141\u8bb8\u7528\u6237\u67e5\u8be2\u54ea\u4e2a\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u3001\u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236\u6587\u4ef6\u6216\u5e93\u3002\u5728\u65e9\u671f\u7684 YUM \u7248\u672c\u4e2d\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a <code>yum whatprovides<\/code>\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\"># \u7528\u6cd5\nyum provides &lt;\u9879&gt;\n\u5176\u4e2d &lt;\u9879&gt; \u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u8def\u5f84\u3001\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0d\u5e26\u8def\u5f84\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u540d\u3001\u6216\u8005\u4e00\u4e2a\u901a\u914d\u7b26\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002\n\n# \u67e5\u8be2\u54ea\u4e2a\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\uff1a\nyum provides \/usr\/bin\/ls\n\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u4f1a\u544a\u8bc9\u4f60 \/usr\/bin\/ls \u662f\u7531\u54ea\u4e2a\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u3002\n\n# \u67e5\u8be2\u54ea\u4e2a\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u5e93\uff1a\nyum provides libpthread.so.0\n\n# \u4f7f\u7528\u901a\u914d\u7b26\u67e5\u8be2\uff1a\nyum provides &#039;*bin\/ls&#039;\n\n# \u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u5f88\u6709\u7528\uff1f\n\u5f53\u4f60\u5c1d\u8bd5\u7f16\u8bd1\u4e00\u4e2a\u7a0b\u5e8f\u65f6\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u9047\u5230\u9519\u8bef\uff0c\u63d0\u793a\u4f60\u7f3a\u5c11\u67d0\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u6216\u5e93\u3002yum provides \u547d\u4ee4\u5141\u8bb8\u4f60\u5feb\u901f\u627e\u5230\u9700\u8981\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b89\u88c5\u5b83\u3002\n\n\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u5f53\u4f60\u60f3\u8981\u77e5\u9053\u67d0\u4e2a\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u5de5\u5177\u6216\u7a0b\u5e8f\u662f\u7531\u54ea\u4e2a\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u65f6\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u4e5f\u975e\u5e38\u6709\u7528\u3002\n\n\u6ce8\u610f\uff1a\n\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u65b0\u7684 Linux \u53d1\u884c\u7248\u6216\u7248\u672c\u4e2d\uff0cYUM \u53ef\u80fd\u5df2\u88ab DNF \u66ff\u4ee3\uff0cDNF \u662f YUM \u7684\u4e0b\u4e00\u4ee3\u7248\u672c\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0a\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u80fd\u9700\u8981\u4f7f\u7528 dnf provides \u4ee3\u66ff yum provides\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u4e24\u8005\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u539f\u7406\u5927\u81f4\u76f8\u540c\u3002<\/code><\/pre>\n<h3>yum reinstall<\/h3>\n<blockquote>\n<p><code>yum reinstall<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u7528\u4e8e\u91cd\u65b0\u5b89\u88c5\u4e00\u4e2a\u5df2\u7ecf\u5728\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0a\u5b89\u88c5\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u3002\u8fd9\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u975e\u5e38\u6709\u7528\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u5f53\u4f60\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u7684\u67d0\u4e9b\u6587\u4ef6\u53ef\u80fd\u5df2\u7ecf\u88ab\u66f4\u6539\u3001\u635f\u574f\u6216\u5220\u9664\u65f6\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">#\u57fa\u672c\u7528\u6cd5\nyum reinstall &lt;package-name&gt;\n\u8fd9\u91cc\u7684 &lt;package-name&gt; \u662f\u4f60\u60f3\u8981\u91cd\u65b0\u5b89\u88c5\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u7684\u540d\u79f0\n\n# \u91cd\u65b0\u5b89\u88c5\u4e00\u4e2a\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\uff1a\nyum reinstall nano\n\n# \u91cd\u65b0\u5b89\u88c5\u591a\u4e2a\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\uff1a\nyum reinstall nano vim\n\n#\u6ce8\u610f\u4e8b\u9879\n\u5f53\u4f60\u4f7f\u7528 yum reinstall \u547d\u4ee4\u65f6\uff0c\u4e0d\u4f1a\u66f4\u6539\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u7684\u7248\u672c\u3002\u5b83\u53ea\u662f\u83b7\u53d6\u5f53\u524d\u5b89\u88c5\u7684\u7248\u672c\u7684\u65b0\u526f\u672c\u5e76\u5b89\u88c5\u5b83\u3002\n\n\u91cd\u65b0\u5b89\u88c5\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u4e0d\u4f1a\u66f4\u6539\u5176\u914d\u7f6e\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u662f\u6062\u590d\u4e00\u4e2a\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u7684\u9ed8\u8ba4\u914d\u7f6e\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u80fd\u9700\u8981\u5148\u624b\u52a8\u5220\u9664\u6216\u91cd\u547d\u540d\u914d\u7f6e\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u518d\u91cd\u65b0\u5b89\u88c5\u3002\n\n\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u80fd\u9700\u8981 root \u6743\u9650\u624d\u80fd\u4f7f\u7528 yum \u547d\u4ee4\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u4f60\u5e94\u8be5\u4f7f\u7528 sudo \u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff1asudo yum reinstall nano\u3002\n\n\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u65b0\u7684 Linux \u53d1\u884c\u7248\u6216\u7248\u672c\u4e2d\uff0cYUM \u53ef\u80fd\u5df2\u88ab DNF \u66ff\u4ee3\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0a\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u80fd\u9700\u8981\u4f7f\u7528 dnf reinstall \u4ee3\u66ff yum reinstall\u3002<\/code><\/pre>\n<h3>yum remove<\/h3>\n<blockquote>\n<p><code>yum remove<\/code> \u662f\u7528\u4e8e\u4ece\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u5378\u8f7d\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u3002\u5f53\u4f60\u4e0d\u518d\u9700\u8981\u67d0\u4e2a\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u6216\u9700\u8981\u4e3a\u5176\u91ca\u653e\u7a7a\u95f4\u65f6\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u6b64\u547d\u4ee4\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\"># \u7528\u6cd5\nyum remove &lt;package-name&gt;\n\u5176\u4e2d &lt;package-name&gt; \u662f\u4f60\u5e0c\u671b\u4ece\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u79fb\u9664\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u540d\u79f0\u3002\n\n# \u5378\u8f7d\u4e00\u4e2a\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\uff1a\nyum remove nano\n\n# \u5378\u8f7d\u591a\u4e2a\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\uff1a\nyum remove nano vim\n\n# \u540c\u65f6\u79fb\u9664\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u53ca\u5176\u4f9d\u8d56\uff1a\n\u5f53\u4f60\u4f7f\u7528 yum remove \u547d\u4ee4\u65f6\uff0cYUM \u4e5f\u4f1a\u5c1d\u8bd5\u79fb\u9664\u4e0d\u518d\u9700\u8981\u7684\u4f9d\u8d56\uff0c\u4ee5\u786e\u4fdd\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u6574\u6d01\u3002\n\n# \u6ce8\u610f\u4e8b\u9879\n\u5728\u6267\u884c yum remove \u547d\u4ee4\u540e\uff0cYUM \u4f1a\u663e\u793a\u4e00\u4e2a\u8981\u79fb\u9664\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u5217\u8868\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4f1a\u8be2\u95ee\u4f60\u662f\u5426\u786e\u5b9e\u8981\u7ee7\u7eed\u3002\u4f60\u9700\u8981\u786e\u8ba4\u6b64\u64cd\u4f5c\u624d\u4f1a\u7ee7\u7eed\u79fb\u9664\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002\n\u4e00\u4e9b\u6838\u5fc3\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u53ef\u80fd\u5177\u6709\u5f88\u591a\u4f9d\u8d56\uff0c\u5c1d\u8bd5\u79fb\u9664\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u53ef\u80fd\u5bfc\u81f4YUM\u63d0\u793a\u4f60\u79fb\u9664\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u8bf7\u8c28\u614e\u64cd\u4f5c\uff0c\u786e\u4fdd\u4f60\u77e5\u9053\u81ea\u5df1\u5728\u505a\u4ec0\u4e48\u3002\n\u4e3a\u4e86\u786e\u4fdd yum \u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u6267\u884c\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u80fd\u9700\u8981 root \u6743\u9650\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u4f60\u5e94\u8be5\u4f7f\u7528 sudo \u524d\u7f00\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff1asudo yum remove nano\u3002\n\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u65b0\u7684 Linux \u53d1\u884c\u7248\u6216\u7248\u672c\u4e2d\uff0cYUM \u53ef\u80fd\u5df2\u88ab DNF \u66ff\u4ee3\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0a\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u80fd\u9700\u8981\u4f7f\u7528 dnf remove \u4ee3\u66ff yum remove\u3002\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<h3>yum repolist<\/h3>\n<blockquote>\n<p><code>yum repolist<\/code> \u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7528\u4e8e\u5217\u51fa\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0a\u914d\u7f6e\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5e93\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u3002\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5e93\uff08\u901a\u5e38\u7b80\u79f0\u4e3a\u201crepo\u201d\uff09\u662f\u5b58\u50a8\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff0cYUM \u4f7f\u7528\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5e93\u6765\u67e5\u627e\u3001\u5b89\u88c5\u3001\u5347\u7ea7\u548c\u5220\u9664\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\"># \u57fa\u672c\u7528\u6cd5\nyum repolist\n\u6267\u884c\u6b64\u547d\u4ee4\u5c06\u5217\u51fa\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0a\u6240\u6709\u5df2\u914d\u7f6e\u548c\u53ef\u7528\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5e93\u3002\n\n# \u8f93\u51fa\u89e3\u91ca\n\u5f53\u4f60\u8fd0\u884c yum repolist\uff0c\u4f60\u4f1a\u770b\u5230\u7c7b\u4f3c\u4ee5\u4e0b\u7684\u8f93\u51fa\uff1a\nrepo id                     repo name                                     status\nbase\/7\/x86_64               CentOS-7 - Base                                10,019\nextras\/7\/x86_64             CentOS-7 - Extras                                 435\nupdates\/7\/x86_64            CentOS-7 - Updates                              2,500\n\n# \u89e3\u91ca\nrepo id\uff1a\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5e93\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u6807\u8bc6\u7b26\u3002\nrepo name\uff1a\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5e93\u7684\u4eba\u7c7b\u53ef\u8bfb\u540d\u79f0\u3002\nstatus\uff1a\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5e93\u4e2d\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u6570\u91cf\n\n# \u663e\u793a\u6240\u6709\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5e93\uff1a\nyum repolist all\n\u8fd9\u4f1a\u663e\u793a\u6240\u6709\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5e93\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5df2\u542f\u7528\u548c\u5df2\u7981\u7528\u7684\u3002\n\n# \u663e\u793a\u5df2\u542f\u7528\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5e93\uff1a\nyum repolist enabled\n\u9ed8\u8ba4\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0cyum repolist \u547d\u4ee4\u53ea\u663e\u793a\u5df2\u542f\u7528\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5e93\u3002\n\n# \u663e\u793a\u5df2\u7981\u7528\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5e93\uff1a\nyum repolist disabled<\/code><\/pre>\n<h3>yum repoquery<\/h3>\n<blockquote>\n<p><code>yum repoquery<\/code> \u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u884c\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u67e5\u8be2\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5e93\u4e2d\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b Linux \u53d1\u884c\u7248\u4e2d\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5de5\u5177\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u72ec\u7acb\u4e8e YUM \u7684\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u5355\u72ec\u5b89\u88c5\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u901a\u8fc7\u5b89\u88c5 <code>yum-utils<\/code> \u5305\uff09\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u5176\u4ed6\u7248\u672c\u4e2d\uff0c\u5b83\u53ef\u80fd\u5df2\u7ecf\u5185\u7f6e\u5728 YUM \u4e2d\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5de5\u5177\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u6bd4 <code>yum list<\/code> \u548c <code>yum info<\/code> \u66f4\u5f3a\u5927\u3001\u66f4\u8be6\u7ec6\u7684\u67e5\u8be2\u529f\u80fd\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\"># \u57fa\u672c\u7528\u6cd5\nyum repoquery [options] [package-name]\n\n# \u67e5\u8be2\u7279\u5b9a\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\uff1a\nyum repoquery &lt;package-name&gt;\n\u8fd9\u4f1a\u663e\u793a\u4e0e\u6307\u5b9a\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u540d\u5339\u914d\u7684\u6240\u6709\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u3002\n\n#\u5217\u51fa\u6240\u6709\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\uff1a\nyum repoquery &#039;*&#039;\n\n# \u663e\u793a\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\uff1a\nyum repoquery --description &lt;package-name&gt;\n\n# \u663e\u793a\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u7684\u4f9d\u8d56\u5173\u7cfb\uff1a\nyum repoquery --requires &lt;package-name&gt;\n\n# \u67e5\u8be2\u63d0\u4f9b\u7279\u5b9a\u529f\u80fd\u6216\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\uff1a\nyum repoquery --whatprovides &lt;feature-or-file&gt;\n\n# \u67e5\u8be2\u9700\u8981\u7279\u5b9a\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\uff1a\nyum repoquery --whatrequires &lt;package-name&gt;\n\n# \u67e5\u8be2\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5e93\u4e2d\u7684\u7279\u5b9a\u7248\u672c\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\uff1a\nyum repoquery &lt;package-name&gt;-&lt;version&gt;\n\n# \u5217\u51fa\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\uff1a\nyum repoquery --list &lt;package-name&gt;\n\n#\u6ce8\u610f\u4e8b\u9879\n\u548c\u5176\u4ed6 YUM \u547d\u4ee4\u4e00\u6837\uff0cyum repoquery \u9ed8\u8ba4\u53ea\u67e5\u8be2\u542f\u7528\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5e93\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u60f3\u4ece\u5df2\u7981\u7528\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5e93\u4e2d\u67e5\u8be2\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 --enablerepo \u9009\u9879\u3002<\/code><\/pre>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\"># \u9009\u9879\n-a, --all: \u67e5\u8be2\u6240\u6709\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u3002\n--show-duplicates: \u663e\u793a\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u7684\u6240\u6709\u7248\u672c\u3002\n--arch [arch], --archlist [arch]: \u4ec5\u663e\u793a\u7279\u5b9a\u67b6\u6784\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u3002\n-f FILE, --file FILE: \u663e\u793a\u62e5\u6709\u6307\u5b9a\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u3002\n--whatconflicts REQ: \u663e\u793a\u4e0e\u6307\u5b9a\u8981\u6c42\u51b2\u7a81\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u3002\n--whatdepends REQ: \u663e\u793a\u4f9d\u8d56\u3001\u5efa\u8bae\u3001\u8865\u5145\u3001\u589e\u5f3a\u6216\u63a8\u8350\u6307\u5b9a\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u6216\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u3002\n--whatobsoletes REQ: \u663e\u793a\u8fc7\u65f6\u7684\u6307\u5b9a\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u3002\n--whatprovides REQ: \u663e\u793a\u63d0\u4f9b\u6307\u5b9a\u8981\u6c42\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u3002\n--whatrequires REQ: \u663e\u793a\u9700\u8981\u6307\u5b9a\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u6216\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u3002\n--whatrecommends REQ: \u663e\u793a\u63a8\u8350\u6307\u5b9a\u8981\u6c42\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u3002\n--whatenhances REQ: \u663e\u793a\u589e\u5f3a\u6307\u5b9a\u8981\u6c42\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u3002\n--whatsuggests REQ: \u663e\u793a\u5efa\u8bae\u6307\u5b9a\u8981\u6c42\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u3002\n--whatsupplements REQ: \u663e\u793a\u8865\u5145\u6307\u5b9a\u8981\u6c42\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u3002\n--alldeps: \u68c0\u67e5\u975e\u660e\u786e\u7684\u4f9d\u8d56\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\n--exactdeps: \u4e25\u683c\u68c0\u67e5\u7ed9\u5b9a\u7684\u4f9d\u8d56\u6027\u3002\n--recursive: \u4e0e --whatrequires \u548c --requires --resolve \u4e00\u8d77\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u9012\u5f52\u67e5\u8be2\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u3002\n--deplist: \u663e\u793a\u6240\u6709\u7684\u4f9d\u8d56\u548c\u63d0\u4f9b\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u5217\u8868\u3002\n--resolve: \u89e3\u6790\u529f\u80fd\u5230\u539f\u59cb\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u3002\n--tree: \u4e3a\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u663e\u793a\u9012\u5f52\u6811\n--srpm: \u64cd\u4f5c\u5bf9\u5e94\u7684\u6e90RPM\u3002\n--latest-limit LATEST_LIMIT: \u663e\u793a\u7ed9\u5b9a\u540d\u79f0\u548c\u67b6\u6784\u7684N\u4e2a\u6700\u65b0\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u3002\n--disable-modular-filtering: \u4e5f\u5217\u51fa\u975e\u6d3b\u52a8\u6a21\u5757\u6d41\u4e2d\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u3002\n-i, --info: \u663e\u793a\u5173\u4e8e\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u7684\u8be6\u7ec6\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\n-l, --list: \u663e\u793a\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u4e2d\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u5217\u8868\u3002\n-s, --source: \u663e\u793a\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u7684\u6e90RPM\u540d\u79f0\u3002\n--changelogs: \u663e\u793a\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u7684\u66f4\u6539\u65e5\u5fd7\u3002\n--qf QUERYFORMAT, --queryformat QUERYFORMAT: \u5217\u51fa\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u7684\u663e\u793a\u683c\u5f0f\u3002\n--querytags: \u663e\u793a\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e0e --queryformat \u4e00\u8d77\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u6807\u7b7e\u3002\n--nevra: \u4f7f\u7528\u9ed8\u8ba4\u7684\u540d\u79f0-\u7248\u672c\u53f7\u683c\u5f0f\u663e\u793a\u627e\u5230\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u3002\n--nvr: \u4f7f\u7528\u540d\u79f0-\u7248\u672c\u53f7-\u53d1\u5e03\u683c\u5f0f\u663e\u793a\u627e\u5230\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u3002\n--envra: \u4f7f\u7528\u7248\u672c\u53f7:\u540d\u79f0-\u7248\u672c\u53f7-\u53d1\u5e03\u683c\u5f0f\u663e\u793a\u627e\u5230\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u3002\n--groupmember: \u663e\u793a\u6240\u9009\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u5728\u54ea\u4e9b\u7ec4\u4e2d\u5448\u73b0\u3002\n--duplicates: \u4ec5\u67e5\u8be2\u5df2\u5b89\u88c5\u7684\u91cd\u590d\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u3002\n--installonly: \u4ec5\u67e5\u8be2\u5df2\u5b89\u88c5\u7684installonly\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u3002\n--unsatisfied: \u4ec5\u67e5\u8be2\u6709\u672a\u6ee1\u8db3\u4f9d\u8d56\u6027\u7684\u5df2\u5b89\u88c5\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u3002\n--location: \u663e\u793a\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e0b\u8f7d\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3002\n--conflicts: \u663e\u793a\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u4e0e\u4e4b\u51b2\u7a81\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u3002\n--depends: \u663e\u793a\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f9d\u8d56\u3001\u589e\u5f3a\u3001\u63a8\u8350\u3001\u5efa\u8bae\u548c\u8865\u5145\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u3002\n--enhances: \u663e\u793a\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u53ef\u4ee5\u589e\u5f3a\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u3002\n--provides: \u663e\u793a\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u3002\n--recommends: \u663e\u793a\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u63a8\u8350\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u3002\n--requires: \u663e\u793a\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u4f9d\u8d56\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u3002\n--requires-pre: \u663e\u793a\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u5728\u8fd0\u884c%pre\u548c%post\u811a\u672c\u65f6\u6240\u9700\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u3002\n--suggests: \u663e\u793a\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u5efa\u8bae\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u3002\n--supplements: \u663e\u793a\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u53ef\u4ee5\u8865\u5145\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u3002\n--installed: \u4ec5\u663e\u793a\u5df2\u5b89\u88c5\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u3002\n--extras: \u663e\u793a\u4ec5\u5728\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0a\u53ef\u7528\u4f46\u4e0d\u5728\u4efb\u4f55\u53ef\u7528\u4ed3\u5e93\u4e2d\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u8fc7\u65f6\u7684\u6216\u624b\u52a8\u5b89\u88c5\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u3002\n--upgrades: \u4ec5\u663e\u793a\u63d0\u4f9b\u67d0\u4e2a\u5df2\u5b89\u88c5\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u7684\u5347\u7ea7\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u3002\n--unneeded: \u663e\u793a\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7 &quot;yum autoremove&quot; \u547d\u4ee4\u5220\u9664\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u3002\n--userinstalled: \u663e\u793a\u7531\u7528\u6237\u624b\u52a8\u5b89\u88c5\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u3002\n--recent: \u663e\u793a\u6700\u8fd1\u7f16\u8f91\u6216\u5b89\u88c5\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u3002\nKEY: \u7528\u4e8e\u67e5\u8be2\u7684\u5173\u952e\u5b57\u6216\u6761\u4ef6\u3002<\/code><\/pre>\n<h3>yum repository-packages<\/h3>\n<blockquote>\n<p><code>yum repository-packages<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u662f\u7528\u4e8e\u67e5\u8be2\u3001\u5b89\u88c5\u3001\u66f4\u65b0\u3001\u5220\u9664\u6765\u81ea\u7279\u5b9a\u4ed3\u5e93\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u975e\u5e38\u6709\u7528\u7684\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5f53\u4f60\u60f3\u8981\u4ece\u67d0\u4e2a\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u4ed3\u5e93\u6267\u884c\u64cd\u4f5c\u65f6\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">info: \u663e\u793a\u6765\u81ea\u6307\u5b9a\u4ed3\u5e93\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u7684\u8be6\u7ec6\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\n\u7528\u6cd5\uff1ayum repository-packages [repository] info [package-name]\ninstall: \u5b89\u88c5\u6765\u81ea\u6307\u5b9a\u4ed3\u5e93\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u3002\n\u7528\u6cd5\uff1ayum repository-packages [repository] install [package-name]\nlist: \u5217\u51fa\u6307\u5b9a\u4ed3\u5e93\u4e2d\u7684\u6240\u6709\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u3002\n\u7528\u6cd5\uff1ayum repository-packages [repository] list\nremove: \u5220\u9664\u6765\u81ea\u6307\u5b9a\u4ed3\u5e93\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u3002\n\u7528\u6cd5\uff1ayum repository-packages [repository] remove [package-name]\nsearch: \u5728\u6307\u5b9a\u4ed3\u5e93\u4e2d\u641c\u7d22\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u3002\n\u7528\u6cd5\uff1ayum repository-packages [repository] search [search-term]\nupdate: \u66f4\u65b0\u6765\u81ea\u6307\u5b9a\u4ed3\u5e93\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u3002\n\u7528\u6cd5\uff1ayum repository-packages [repository] update [package-name]\nupgrade: \u5347\u7ea7\u6765\u81ea\u6307\u5b9a\u4ed3\u5e93\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\uff08\u901a\u5e38\u4e0eupdate\u76f8\u540c\uff0c\u4f46\u8bed\u4e49\u4e0a\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u4e9b\u5dee\u5f02\uff09\u3002\n\u7528\u6cd5\uff1ayum repository-packages [repository] upgrade [package-name]\n\n#\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u53ea\u60f3\u8981\u4ece epel \u4ed3\u5e93\u66f4\u65b0 nginx\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u5982\u4e0b\u547d\u4ee4\uff1a\nyum repository-packages epel update nginx\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<h3>yum search<\/h3>\n<blockquote>\n<p><code>yum search<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u975e\u5e38\u6709\u7528\u7684\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u5b83\u5141\u8bb8\u7528\u6237\u5728\u6240\u6709\u53ef\u7528\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u4e2d\u641c\u7d22\u5177\u6709\u7279\u5b9a\u5173\u952e\u5b57\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u3002\u5f53\u4f60\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u4e00\u4e2a\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u7684\u786e\u5207\u540d\u79f0\u6216\u4f60\u60f3\u627e\u5230\u4e0e\u67d0\u4e2a\u4e3b\u9898\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u6240\u6709\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u65f6\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f88\u597d\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">yum search [keywords]\n\n# \u57fa\u672c\u641c\u7d22:\nyum search nginx\n\n# \u63cf\u8ff0\u4e2d\u7684\u641c\u7d22:\nYUM \u9ed8\u8ba4\u5728\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u540d\u79f0\u548c\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e2d\u641c\u7d22\u5173\u952e\u5b57\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u641c\u7d22\u7ed3\u679c\u53ef\u80fd\u5305\u62ec\u540d\u79f0\u4e2d\u6ca1\u6709\u5173\u952e\u5b57\u4f46\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e2d\u6709\u5173\u952e\u5b57\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u3002\n\n# \u641c\u7d22\u7ed3\u679c:\nyum search\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u8f93\u51fa\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u4e24\u5217\uff0c\u5de6\u5217\u662f\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u7684\u540d\u79f0\uff0c\u53f3\u5217\u662f\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u7684\u7b80\u77ed\u63cf\u8ff0\u3002\u8fd9\u53ef\u4ee5\u5e2e\u52a9\u4f60\u5feb\u901f\u4e86\u89e3\u6bcf\u4e2a\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\n\n# \u533a\u5206\u5927\u5c0f\u5199:\n\u8be5\u547d\u4ee4\u4e0d\u533a\u5206\u5927\u5c0f\u5199\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5yum search Nginx\u548cyum search nginx\u4f1a\u8fd4\u56de\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u3002\n\n# \u4f7f\u7528\u901a\u914d\u7b26:\nyum search\u652f\u6301\u4f7f\u7528\u901a\u914d\u7b26\uff0c\u5982*\uff0c\u6765\u589e\u5f3a\u641c\u7d22\u529f\u80fd\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0cyum search php-*\u53ef\u4ee5\u5e2e\u52a9\u627e\u5230\u4ee5php-\u5f00\u5934\u7684\u6240\u6709\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u3002\n\n# \u5339\u914d\u591a\u4e2a\u5173\u952e\u5b57:\n\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u540c\u65f6\u641c\u7d22\u591a\u4e2a\u5173\u952e\u5b57\uff0c\u53ea\u9700\u5728\u5173\u952e\u5b57\u4e4b\u95f4\u6dfb\u52a0\u7a7a\u683c\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff1ayum search web server\u4f1a\u641c\u7d22\u5305\u542b\u201cweb\u201d\u548c\u201cserver\u201d\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u3002\n\n#\u4f7f\u7528\u573a\u666f\n\u67e5\u627e\u7279\u5b9a\u8f6f\u4ef6\u7684\u7248\u672c:\n\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u60f3\u627e\u51fa\u4e0e\u67d0\u4e2a\u8f6f\u4ef6\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u6240\u6709\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5176\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u7248\u672c\u6216\u5b50\u5305\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528yum search\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u67e5\u627ePython\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u6240\u6709\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\uff1ayum search python.\n\n\u63a2\u7d22\u65b0\u8f6f\u4ef6:\n\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u542c\u8bf4\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u5de5\u5177\u6216\u5e93\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u5176\u5728 YUM \u4ed3\u5e93\u4e2d\u7684\u786e\u5207\u540d\u79f0\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u6b64\u547d\u4ee4\u8fdb\u884c\u641c\u7d22\u3002\n\n\u627e\u5230\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u5de5\u5177\u6216\u5e93:\n\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u6b63\u5728\u8fdb\u884c\u67d0\u79cd\u5f00\u53d1\u6216\u914d\u7f6e\uff0c\u5e76\u60f3\u77e5\u9053\u662f\u5426\u6709\u4e0e\u4f60\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u5de5\u5177\u6216\u5e93\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528yum search\u52a0\u4e0a\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u5173\u952e\u5b57\u8fdb\u884c\u641c\u7d22\u3002<\/code><\/pre>\n<h3>yum shell<\/h3>\n<blockquote>\n<p><code>yum shell<\/code> \u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0d\u592a\u5e38\u7528\u4f46\u975e\u5e38\u6709\u7528\u7684 <code>yum<\/code> \u529f\u80fd\u3002\u5b83\u5141\u8bb8\u7528\u6237\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u4ea4\u4e92\u5f0f\u4f1a\u8bdd\u4e2d\u6267\u884c\u591a\u4e2a <code>yum<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u3002\u8fd9\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6267\u884c\u8981\u6c42\u591a\u4e2a\u6b65\u9aa4\u7684\u590d\u6742\u4efb\u52a1\u7279\u522b\u6709\u7528\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u5141\u8bb8\u4f60\u5728\u5355\u4e2a\u4e8b\u52a1\u4e2d\u6267\u884c\u6240\u6709\u6b65\u9aa4\uff0c\u786e\u4fdd\u64cd\u4f5c\u7684\u4e00\u81f4\u6027\u548c\u5b8c\u6574\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">yum shell\n\u8fd9\u5c06\u6253\u5f00\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u4ea4\u4e92\u5f0f\u4f1a\u8bdd\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u5176\u4e2d\u8f93\u5165\u5e76\u6267\u884c\u591a\u4e2a yum \u547d\u4ee4\u3002\n\n#\u4e8b\u52a1\u547d\u4ee4:\n\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728 yum shell \u4e2d\u6267\u884c\u4efb\u4f55\u6807\u51c6\u7684 yum \u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u5982 install, remove, update \u7b49\u3002\neg:\n> install nginx\n> update httpd\n\n#\u6267\u884c\u4e8b\u52a1:\n\u8f93\u5165\u547d\u4ee4\u540e\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528 run \u547d\u4ee4\u6267\u884c\u6240\u6709\u5217\u51fa\u7684\u4e8b\u52a1\n> run\n\n# \u64a4\u9500\u6216\u91cd\u7f6e:\n\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e0d\u6267\u884c\u67d0\u4e9b\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 reset \u547d\u4ee4\u6e05\u9664\u5f53\u524d\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u5217\u8868\uff1a\n> reset\n\n#\u9000\u51fa:\n\u5b8c\u6210\u540e\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528 exit \u6216 quit \u9000\u51fa yum shell\u3002\n\n# \u4f7f\u7528\u573a\u666f\n1.\u590d\u6742\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u7ba1\u7406\u4efb\u52a1:\n\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u9700\u8981\u5728\u5355\u4e2a\u4e8b\u52a1\u4e2d\u6267\u884c\u591a\u4e2a\u64cd\u4f5c\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5b89\u88c5\u4e00\u4e9b\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\uff0c\u5220\u9664\u5176\u4ed6\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u66f4\u65b0\u5176\u4ed6\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\uff09\uff0cyum shell \u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f88\u597d\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u3002\n2.\u811a\u672c\u548c\u81ea\u52a8\u5316:\n\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 echo \u6216\u8f93\u5165\u91cd\u5b9a\u5411\u5c06\u591a\u4e2a yum \u547d\u4ee4\u4f20\u9012\u7ed9 yum shell\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u5728\u811a\u672c\u6216\u81ea\u52a8\u5316\u4efb\u52a1\u4e2d\u4f7f\u7528\u3002\n\n\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a\necho -e &quot;install nginx\\nrun&quot; | yum shell\n3.\u51cf\u5c11\u91cd\u590d\u7684\u4f9d\u8d56\u89e3\u6790:\n\u5728 yum shell \u4e2d\uff0c\u5f53\u4f60\u8f93\u5165\u591a\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u5e76\u6267\u884c\u5b83\u4eec\u65f6\uff0cyum \u53ea\u9700\u89e3\u6790\u4f9d\u8d56\u5173\u7cfb\u4e00\u6b21\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u6bcf\u6b21\u547d\u4ee4\u90fd\u89e3\u6790\u3002\u8fd9\u53ef\u4ee5\u63d0\u9ad8\u6548\u7387\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5f53\u6d89\u53ca\u5230\u5927\u91cf\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u6216\u590d\u6742\u7684\u4f9d\u8d56\u5173\u7cfb\u65f6\u3002\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<h3>yum swap<\/h3>\n<blockquote>\n<p><code>yum swap<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u662f\u7528\u6765\u4ea4\u6362\uff08\u5373\uff0c\u66ff\u6362\uff09\u4e00\u4e2a\u5df2\u5b89\u88c5\u7684\u5305\u5230\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u5305\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u5f88\u6709\u7528\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5f53\u4f60\u60f3\u8981\u66ff\u6362\u4e00\u4e2a\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u800c\u4e0d\u6253\u65ad\u5176\u4f9d\u8d56\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u3002\u6b64\u547d\u4ee4\u5c06\u5c1d\u8bd5\u5378\u8f7d\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u5e76\u5b89\u88c5\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u786e\u4fdd\u6240\u6709\u7684\u4f9d\u8d56\u5173\u7cfb\u90fd\u5f97\u5230\u6ee1\u8db3\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">yum swap &lt;\u8981\u79fb\u9664\u7684\u5305&gt; &lt;\u8981\u5b89\u88c5\u7684\u5305&gt;\n\n# \u5047\u8bbe\u4f60\u5b89\u88c5\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5305 packageA\uff0c\u73b0\u5728\u4f60\u60f3\u66ff\u6362\u5b83\u4e3a packageB\uff0c\u4f46\u4f60\u4e0d\u60f3\u7834\u574f\u4efb\u4f55\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e packageA \u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u3002\u8fd9\u65f6\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 yum swap:\nyum swap packageA packageB\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<h3>yum updateinfo<\/h3>\n<blockquote>\n<p><code>yum updateinfo<\/code> \u662f\u7528\u4e8e\u67e5\u770b\u4e0e\u5df2\u5b89\u88c5\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u6216\u53ef\u7528\u66f4\u65b0\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u548c\u901a\u77e5\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u3002\u5b83\u53ef\u4ee5\u5e2e\u52a9\u7528\u6237\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u67d0\u4e2a\u66f4\u65b0\u662f\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u662f\u5426\u89e3\u51b3\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b89\u5168\u95ee\u9898\u6216\u4fee\u590d\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u9519\u8bef\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\"># list\uff1a\u5217\u51fa\u6240\u6709\u4e0e\u66f4\u65b0\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\nyum updateinfo list\n\n# info\uff1a\u4e3a\u6240\u6709\u66f4\u65b0\u63d0\u4f9b\u8be6\u7ec6\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\u3002\nyum updateinfo info\n\n# summary\uff1a\u63d0\u4f9b\u5173\u4e8e\u66f4\u65b0\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u603b\u7ed3\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u6709\u591a\u5c11\u5b89\u5168\u66f4\u65b0\u3001\u591a\u5c11\u9519\u8bef\u4fee\u590d\u7b49\nyum updateinfo summary\n\n# bugfix\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u4e0e\u9519\u8bef\u4fee\u590d\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u66f4\u65b0\u3002\nyum updateinfo list bugfix\n\n# enhancement\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u589e\u5f3a\u529f\u80fd\u7684\u66f4\u65b0\u3002\nyum updateinfo list enhancement\n\n# security\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u4e0e\u5b89\u5168\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u66f4\u65b0\u3002\nyum updateinfo list security\n\n#cve\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u4e0e\u7279\u5b9aCVE\u7f16\u53f7\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u5b89\u5168\u66f4\u65b0\u3002CVE\u7f16\u53f7\u662f\u516c\u5f00\u7684\u5b89\u5168\u6f0f\u6d1e\u548c\u66dd\u9732\u7684\u6807\u8bc6\u7b26\u3002\nyum updateinfo list cve CVE-2021-XXXX\n\n# sec-severity\uff1a\u6309\u5b89\u5168\u4e25\u91cd\u6027\u7b5b\u9009\u66f4\u65b0\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u8981\u67e5\u770b\u6240\u6709\u201c\u91cd\u8981\u201d\u5b89\u5168\u66f4\u65b0\uff1a\nyum updateinfo list sec-severity:Important<\/code><\/pre>\n<h3>yum upgrade<\/h3>\n<blockquote>\n<p><code>yum upgrade<\/code> \u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7528\u4e8e\u66f4\u65b0\u5df2\u5b89\u88c5\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u53ca\u5176\u4f9d\u8d56\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u3002\u5b83\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4f1a\u66f4\u65b0\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\uff0c\u8fd8\u4f1a\u5220\u9664\u90a3\u4e9b\u5728\u4ed3\u5e93\u4e2d\u5df2\u7ecf\u88ab\u6807\u8bb0\u4e3a\u8fc7\u65f6\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">yum upgrade\n\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u5c06\u5c1d\u8bd5\u66f4\u65b0\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0a\u7684\u6240\u6709\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u53ca\u5176\u4f9d\u8d56\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\n\n#upgrade \u4e0e update \u7684\u533a\u522b\nyum \u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e24\u4e2a\u7528\u4e8e\u66f4\u65b0\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\uff1aupdate \u548c upgrade\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u5728\u529f\u80fd\u4e0a\u975e\u5e38\u76f8\u4f3c\uff0c\u4f46\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u5173\u952e\u7684\u533a\u522b\uff1a\nyum update \u4f1a\u66f4\u65b0\u6240\u6709\u5df2\u5b89\u88c5\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u5230\u6700\u65b0\u7248\u672c\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5220\u9664\u5df2\u88ab\u6807\u8bb0\u4e3a\u8fc7\u65f6\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u3002\nyum upgrade \u9664\u4e86\u6267\u884c\u6240\u6709 yum update \u6240\u505a\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u8fd8\u4f1a\u5220\u9664\u90a3\u4e9b\u5728\u4ed3\u5e93\u4e2d\u5df2\u7ecf\u88ab\u6807\u8bb0\u4e3a\u8fc7\u65f6\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u3002\n\u56e0\u6b64\uff0cyum upgrade \u5728\u5927\u591a\u6570\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u66f4\u5f7b\u5e95\u7684\u66f4\u65b0\u9009\u9879\u3002\n\n# \u9009\u9879\n#--security\uff1a\u4ec5\u5347\u7ea7\u4e0e\u5b89\u5168\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u3002\nyum upgrade --security\n\n# --exclude=package_name\uff1a\u66f4\u65b0\u65f6\u6392\u9664\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u4e0d\u60f3\u66f4\u65b0 httpd \u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\uff1a\nyum upgrade --exclude=httpd\n\n#package_name\uff1a\u53ea\u5347\u7ea7\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u53ca\u5176\u4f9d\u8d56\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u8981\u4ec5\u66f4\u65b0 httpd \u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\uff1a\nyum upgrade httpd\n\n#   --obsoletes\uff1a\u6b64\u9009\u9879\u5728 yum upgrade \u4e2d\u9ed8\u8ba4\u542f\u7528\uff0c\u5141\u8bb8 yum \u5904\u7406\u8fc7\u65f6\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4f7f\u7528 yum update\uff0c\u6b64\u9009\u9879\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u6765\u5904\u7406\u8fc7\u65f6\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u3002\n\n# --downloadonly\uff1a\u4ec5\u4e0b\u8f7d\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u5b89\u88c5\u3002\u8fd9\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5728\u6709\u9650\u7684\u5e26\u5bbd\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u975e\u5e38\u6709\u7528\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u6d41\u91cf\u4f4e\u5cf0\u65f6\u4e0b\u8f7d\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u5728\u7a0d\u540e\u8fdb\u884c\u5b89\u88c5\u3002\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<h3>yum upgrade-minimal<\/h3>\n<blockquote>\n<p><code>yum upgrade-minimal<\/code> \u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u5c3d\u53ef\u80fd\u5c11\u5730\u5347\u7ea7\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u4ee5\u6ee1\u8db3\u5b89\u5168\u3001\u5173\u952e\u548c\u5f53\u524d\u7684\u5b89\u88c5\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u9700\u6c42\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">yum upgrade-minimal\n\u884c\u6b64\u547d\u4ee4\u5c06\u4f1a\u68c0\u67e5\u5e76\u5347\u7ea7\u90a3\u4e9b\u5bf9\u7cfb\u7edf\u6709\u91cd\u8981\u5f71\u54cd\u6216\u4e0e\u5b89\u5168\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u66f4\u65b0\u3002\u4e0e yum upgrade \u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u5b83\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5c1d\u8bd5\u66f4\u65b0\u6240\u6709\u53ef\u7528\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u3002\n\n# --security\uff1a\u4ec5\u5347\u7ea7\u4e0e\u5b89\u5168\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u3002\nyum upgrade-minimal --security\n\n# --bugfix\uff1a\u4ec5\u5347\u7ea7\u5305\u542b\u9519\u8bef\u4fee\u590d\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u3002\nyum upgrade-minimal --bugfix\n\n# --obsoletes\uff1a\u6b64\u9009\u9879\u5728 yum upgrade \u548c yum upgrade-minimal \u4e2d\u9ed8\u8ba4\u542f\u7528\uff0c\u5141\u8bb8 yum \u5904\u7406\u8fc7\u65f6\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u3002\n\n# package_name\uff1a\u4ec5\u5c1d\u8bd5\u5bf9\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u6267\u884c\u6700\u5c0f\u66f4\u65b0\u3002\nyum upgrade-minimal package_name\n\n#\u4f18\u70b9\u548c\u5e94\u7528\u573a\u666f\nyum upgrade-minimal \u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u5728\u9700\u8981\u6700\u5c0f\u66f4\u6539\u7684\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u5e94\u7528\u66f4\u65b0\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5728\u751f\u4ea7\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0d\u5e0c\u671b\u7acb\u5373\u5e94\u7528\u6240\u6709\u66f4\u65b0\uff0c\u4f46\u4ecd\u5e0c\u671b\u786e\u4fdd\u6240\u6709\u5b89\u5168\u8865\u4e01\u90fd\u88ab\u5e94\u7528\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528 upgrade-minimal \u53ef\u4ee5\u5e2e\u52a9\u4f60\u5b9e\u73b0\u8fd9\u4e00\u76ee\u6807\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u964d\u4f4e\u56e0\u5927\u91cf\u66f4\u65b0\u800c\u53ef\u80fd\u5bfc\u81f4\u7684\u6f5c\u5728\u98ce\u9669\u3002<\/code><\/pre>\n<h2>zip<\/h2>\n<blockquote>\n<p><code>zip<\/code> \u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e38\u7528\u7684 Linux \u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u5c06\u6587\u4ef6\u548c\u76ee\u5f55\u6253\u5305\u6210 ZIP \u538b\u7f29\u6587\u4ef6\u683c\u5f0f\u3002\u4ee5\u4e0b\u662f <code>zip<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u8be6\u7ec6\u8bb2\u89e3\uff1a<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p><code>zip<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u683c\u5f0f\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">zip [options] zipfile files<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u5176\u4e2d\uff0c<code>options<\/code> \u4e3a\u53ef\u9009\u53c2\u6570\uff0c<code>zipfile<\/code> \u4e3a\u8981\u521b\u5efa\u7684 ZIP \u6587\u4ef6\u540d\uff0c<code>files<\/code> \u4e3a\u8981\u538b\u7f29\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u6216\u76ee\u5f55\u5217\u8868\u3002<\/p>\n<p><code>zip<\/code> \u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u5e38\u7528\u9009\u9879\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>-r<\/code>: \u9012\u5f52\u5730\u5c06\u76ee\u5f55\u4e0b\u7684\u6240\u6709\u5b50\u76ee\u5f55\u548c\u6587\u4ef6\u90fd\u538b\u7f29\u5230 ZIP \u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-q<\/code>: \u9759\u9ed8\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u4e0d\u663e\u793a\u538b\u7f29\u8fdb\u5ea6\u548c\u8b66\u544a\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-j<\/code>: \u538b\u7f29\u65f6\u4e0d\u4fdd\u7559\u6587\u4ef6\u6216\u76ee\u5f55\u7684\u8def\u5f84\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u53ea\u5c06\u6587\u4ef6\u672c\u8eab\u538b\u7f29\u5230 ZIP \u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-m<\/code>: \u538b\u7f29\u540e\u5220\u9664\u539f\u6587\u4ef6\u3002<\/li>\n<li><code>-u<\/code>: \u53ea\u538b\u7f29\u66f4\u65b0\u6216\u65b0\u589e\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol>\n<li>\u5c06\u6587\u4ef6\u5939 <code>example<\/code> \u6253\u5305\u6210 <code>example.zip<\/code>\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">zip -r example.zip example\/<\/code><\/pre>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li>\u5c06\u6587\u4ef6\u5939 <code>example<\/code> \u6253\u5305\u6210 <code>example.zip<\/code>\uff0c\u5e76\u4f7f\u7528\u9759\u9ed8\u6a21\u5f0f\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">zip -rq example.zip example\/<\/code><\/pre>\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li>\u5c06\u6587\u4ef6\u5939 <code>example<\/code> \u6253\u5305\u6210 <code>example.zip<\/code>\uff0c\u5e76\u53bb\u6389\u8def\u5f84\u4fe1\u606f\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">zip -j example.zip example\/*<\/code><\/pre>\n<ol start=\"4\">\n<li>\u5c06\u6587\u4ef6\u5939 <code>example<\/code> \u6253\u5305\u6210 <code>example.zip<\/code>\uff0c\u538b\u7f29\u540e\u5220\u9664\u539f\u6587\u4ef6\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">zip -rm example.zip example\/<\/code><\/pre>\n<ol start=\"5\">\n<li>\u5c06\u6587\u4ef6\u5939 <code>example<\/code> \u6253\u5305\u6210 <code>example.zip<\/code>\uff0c\u4ec5\u538b\u7f29\u65b0\u589e\u6216\u66f4\u65b0\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre><code class=\"language-css\">zip -ru example.zip example\/<\/code><\/pre>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>named-checkconf named-checkconf \u7528\u4e8e\u68c0\u67e5 named \u914d\u7f6e\u6587\u4ef6\uff08\u901a\u5e38 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[65],"tags":[66],"views":284,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/8.141.4.74\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/393"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/8.141.4.74\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/8.141.4.74\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/8.141.4.74\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/8.141.4.74\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=393"}],"version-history":[{"count":16,"href":"http:\/\/8.141.4.74\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/393\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":507,"href":"http:\/\/8.141.4.74\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/393\/revisions\/507"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/8.141.4.74\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=393"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/8.141.4.74\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=393"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/8.141.4.74\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=393"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}